Generated by All in One SEO Pro v4.9.10, this is an llms-full.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # EL-CELL EL-Cell GmbH ## Posts ### [News](https://www.el-cell.com/?page_id=92) **Published:** January 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [What is coulombic efficiency in a lithium-ion battery?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-coulombic-efficiency-in-a-lithium-ion-battery/) **Published:** August 18, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Coulombic efficiency reveals irreversible lithium loss—even 99.9% CE causes significant capacity fade. Here's what researchers must know. **Content:** Coulombic efficiency is a fundamental metric in battery research, yet it is often misunderstood or conflated with other efficiency measures. For researchers working with lithium-ion systems, understanding what coulombic efficiency reveals about a cell and what drives it down is essential for producing reliable, publishable results. This article addresses the most common questions about coulombic efficiency in lithium-ion batteries, from its basic definition to practical measurement and improvement strategies in the laboratory. ## What is coulombic efficiency in a lithium-ion battery? Coulombic efficiency (CE) is the ratio of charge extracted from a battery cell during discharge to the charge inserted during the preceding charge step, expressed as a percentage. In a lithium-ion cell, it quantifies how much of the lithium that was stored can actually be recovered. A CE of 100% would mean that no charge is lost between cycles. The metric is calculated as: **CE (%) = (Discharge capacity / Charge capacity) × 100** In practice, CE is always below 100% because some lithium ions and electrons are consumed in irreversible side reactions rather than contributing to useful charge storage. These losses manifest as capacity that cannot be recovered on discharge. The closer CE is to 100% over repeated cycles, the more reversible the electrochemical processes within the cell are which is precisely what researchers aim to achieve in high-performance electrode materials. ## Why does coulombic efficiency matter for battery research? Coulombic efficiency matters because it is a direct indicator of irreversible lithium loss per cycle. Even a CE of 99.9%, which sounds negligible leads to substantial capacity fade over hundreds of cycles, as lithium inventory is progressively consumed by side reactions. For battery materials researchers, CE is therefore one of the most sensitive diagnostic metrics available. Beyond capacity retention, CE provides mechanistic insight. A drop in CE at a specific cycle often signals a change in the electrode surface, electrolyte decomposition, or structural degradation of the active material. Tracking CE alongside specific capacity (in mAh/g or mAh/cm²) allows researchers to distinguish between different failure modes without requiring additional characterisation techniques. CE is also critical for comparing electrode materials fairly. Two materials may show similar initial capacities but very different long-term stability, and CE over repeated cycling reveals this distinction far earlier than raw capacity data alone. ## What causes low coulombic efficiency in lithium-ion cells? Low coulombic efficiency in lithium-ion cells is primarily caused by the irreversible consumption of lithium ions and electrolyte in side reactions that do not contribute to charge storage. The most significant sources of CE loss are: - **Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) formation:** During the first charge, the electrolyte reacts with the anode surface (typically graphite or silicon) at potentials outside the electrolyte’s electrochemical stability window. This forms the SEI layer, consuming lithium irreversibly and accounting for the majority of first-cycle CE loss. - **Electrolyte decomposition:** Ongoing electrolyte reduction or oxidation at electrode surfaces beyond the first cycle continues to consume lithium and generate gaseous or solid by-products. - **Lithium plating:** At high C-rates or low temperatures, lithium may plate on the anode surface rather than intercalate, leading to metallic lithium that can become electrically isolated (dead lithium) and is no longer accessible. - **Active material degradation:** Structural changes in electrode materials such as cracking in high-capacity anodes like silicon expose fresh surfaces that react with the electrolyte, generating additional SEI and reducing CE. - **Transition metal dissolution:** In certain cathode materials, dissolved transition metal ions can migrate to the anode and catalyse further electrolyte decomposition. Identifying which mechanism dominates requires systematic experimental design, including controlled C-rates, temperature conditions, and cell configurations that isolate individual contributions. ## What is the difference between first-cycle and steady-state coulombic efficiency? First-cycle coulombic efficiency refers to the CE measured during the very first charge-discharge cycle, whereas steady-state coulombic efficiency describes the CE value that stabilises after the initial formation cycles. These two quantities reflect fundamentally different phenomena and should not be conflated. ### First-cycle coulombic efficiency First-cycle CE is dominated by SEI formation on the anode surface. Because the SEI consumes lithium irreversibly, first-cycle CE is almost always significantly lower than in subsequent cycles values for graphite anodes are typically in the range of 90–95%, while silicon-based anodes can be considerably lower due to their large surface-area expansion. This initial lithium loss directly reduces the practical capacity of a full cell, which is why improving first-cycle CE is a major research objective in pre-lithiation and electrolyte additive studies. ### Steady-state coulombic efficiency After the SEI has stabilised over several formation cycles, CE rises and approaches a steady value. Steady-state CE reflects the ongoing reversibility of lithium insertion and extraction, as well as any slower degradation processes. Measuring steady-state CE accurately requires many cycles and a high-precision measurement setup, since differences of 0.01% between materials can translate into meaningful differences in long-term cycle life. ## How is coulombic efficiency measured accurately in the lab? Accurate coulombic efficiency measurement requires precise control of charge and discharge conditions, stable cell hardware, and a galvanostat capable of high current accuracy. Any source of measurement error or cell variability will obscure the small differences in CE that distinguish high-performance materials from lower-performing ones. Key requirements for reliable CE measurement include: - **Stable, reproducible test cells:** Cell geometry, electrode area, stack pressure, and electrolyte volume must be consistent across replicates. Variability in cell assembly introduces artefacts that can mask genuine CE differences. - **Temperature control:** CE is sensitive to temperature. Measurements should be performed at a defined, stable temperature to ensure comparability between experiments and across laboratories. - **Low-noise galvanostatic control:** The galvanostat must deliver precise, stable current with minimal noise, particularly at low C-rates where small current errors accumulate over long measurement periods. - **Appropriate C-rate selection:** CE values depend on the applied C-rate. Measurements should specify the C-rate used (e.g., C/10 or C/20), and comparisons should be made only at equivalent rates. - **Sufficient replicates:** Because CE differences between materials can be very small, statistical confidence requires multiple independent cell assemblies tested under identical conditions. Half-cell configurations are commonly used for CE measurements of anode or cathode materials individually, as they allow the working electrode to be assessed against a lithium metal reference without the confounding effects of the counter electrode. Full-cell measurements are necessary when assessing CE in a system-level context. ## How can coulombic efficiency be improved in battery research? Coulombic efficiency can be improved by reducing irreversible lithium consumption through electrolyte engineering, electrode surface modification, and optimised formation protocols. The most effective approach depends on the dominant loss mechanism identified for the specific material system under study. Practical strategies include: - **Electrolyte additives:** Small quantities of additives such as vinylene carbonate or fluoroethylene carbonate can direct SEI formation, producing a more compact and stable interphase that reduces ongoing lithium consumption. - **Pre-lithiation:** Introducing additional lithium into the anode before cycling compensates for first-cycle losses, effectively recovering the capacity consumed during SEI formation. - **Surface coatings on active materials:** Applying thin coatings to electrode particles can limit direct contact between the active material and the electrolyte, reducing parasitic reactions. - **Formation protocol optimisation:** Slow formation cycles at low C-rates allow a more uniform and stable SEI to develop, which typically results in higher steady-state CE in subsequent cycling. - **Electrode porosity and loading optimisation:** Electrode architecture affects electrolyte access and local current density, both of which influence CE. Optimising these parameters through systematic experimental variation can yield meaningful improvements. Each strategy introduces variables that must be carefully controlled and measured. Robust experimental design, with consistent cell hardware and measurement conditions, is a prerequisite for drawing valid conclusions about which intervention genuinely improves CE. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports accurate coulombic efficiency research Measuring coulombic efficiency reliably demands hardware that eliminates experimental artefacts and delivers reproducible results across replicates. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test equipment specifically for this level of precision. Our product ecosystem addresses the key requirements for accurate CE measurement directly: - **Standardised test cells:** The [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) and ECC series provide consistent electrode geometry, defined stack pressure, and controlled electrolyte volume, reducing cell-to-cell variability that would otherwise obscure small CE differences. - **Temperature-controlled measurement:** The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates a temperature-controlled cell chamber with up to 16 independent test channels, enabling CE measurements at defined, stable temperatures across multiple replicates simultaneously. - **High-precision galvanostatic control:** Our PAT-Tester-x-8 and [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) instruments provide accurate current control with potentiostat and galvanostat (PStat/GStat) functionality, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for complementary diagnostic measurements. - **Specialised cell formats:** For researchers studying electrode expansion alongside CE, the [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer enables simultaneous thickness-change measurement with sub-5-nanometre resolution connecting coulombic losses to mechanical behaviour in the same experiment. If you are designing a CE measurement protocol or setting up a battery materials research workflow, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which test cell configuration and measurement platform best fits your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the internal resistance of a lithium-ion battery?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-internal-resistance-of-a-lithium-ion-battery/) **Published:** April 25, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Internal resistance shapes how lithium-ion batteries perform — here's what causes it and how researchers measure it. **Content:** The internal resistance of a lithium-ion battery is a fundamental parameter in battery research, directly influencing how a cell performs under real operating conditions. Understanding its origins, how it is measured, and what it reveals about electrode and electrolyte behaviour is essential for anyone working on battery materials development or cell characterisation. ## What is the internal resistance of a lithium-ion battery? The internal resistance of a lithium-ion battery is the total opposition to current flow within the cell, arising from the combined resistances of the electrodes, electrolyte, separator, and contact interfaces. It is typically expressed in ohms (Ω) or milliohms (mΩ) and represents energy lost as heat during charge and discharge cycles. Internal resistance is not a single, fixed material property. It is a composite parameter that changes with state of charge, temperature, cycling history, and cell design. In a research context, distinguishing the individual contributions to total internal resistance is often more informative than measuring a single aggregate value. ## What causes internal resistance in a lithium-ion battery? Internal resistance in a lithium-ion battery arises from several distinct physical and chemical sources operating simultaneously within the cell. Each component of the cell contributes a measurable resistance, and these contributions sum to produce the total observed value. ### Ohmic contributions The electrolyte, current collectors, electrode bulk material, and all contact resistances between layers contribute to ohmic resistance. This component responds instantaneously to an applied current or voltage step. In liquid-electrolyte cells, the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte is a primary determinant of this value. ### Interfacial and kinetic contributions The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer that forms on the anode surface during the first charge cycles introduces significant interfacial resistance. Charge-transfer resistance at both electrodes, which reflects the kinetics of the lithium intercalation reaction, also contributes. These components are frequency-dependent and are best resolved using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). ### Diffusion-related contributions At longer timescales, solid-state diffusion of lithium ions within the active material particles limits the rate at which charge can be stored or released. This diffusion impedance appears at low frequencies in an EIS spectrum and becomes increasingly significant at high C-rates. ## How does internal resistance affect battery performance? Higher internal resistance directly reduces the energy available from a cell during discharge and increases heat generation under load. The voltage drop across the internal resistance under current is given by Ohm’s law, meaning that a cell with elevated resistance delivers a lower terminal voltage than its open-circuit voltage, reducing usable capacity at a given cut-off voltage. In research settings, changes in internal resistance over cycling are a sensitive indicator of degradation mechanisms. An increase in charge-transfer resistance may signal SEI growth or particle cracking, while a rise in ohmic resistance often points to current-collector corrosion or contact degradation. Tracking these changes allows researchers to identify failure modes at the materials level rather than inferring them from capacity fade alone. ## How is internal resistance measured in a laboratory? Internal resistance in a laboratory setting is measured using two principal methods: direct-current (DC) pulse techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Each method captures different aspects of the total resistance and is suited to different research questions. - **DC pulse method:** A short current pulse is applied, and the instantaneous voltage response is used to calculate resistance via Ohm’s law. This approach captures primarily the ohmic component and is fast and straightforward to implement. - **Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS):** A small sinusoidal perturbation is applied across a range of frequencies, and the complex impedance response is recorded. The resulting Nyquist or Bode plot allows separation of ohmic resistance, charge-transfer resistance, SEI resistance, and diffusion impedance into distinct contributions. EIS is the preferred technique in battery materials research because it provides mechanistic detail that DC methods cannot resolve. Measurements should be conducted at a well-defined state of charge and temperature, as both variables significantly affect the impedance spectrum. ## What’s the difference between ohmic resistance and impedance in a battery? Ohmic resistance is the purely resistive, frequency-independent component of a battery’s total opposition to current flow, representing instantaneous energy dissipation. Impedance is the broader, frequency-dependent quantity that encompasses ohmic resistance, capacitive elements, inductive elements, and diffusion processes—all of which vary with the frequency of the applied signal. In practice, ohmic resistance appears as the real-axis intercept of a Nyquist plot at high frequencies. The full impedance spectrum extends across many decades of frequency, revealing semicircles associated with charge-transfer and SEI processes at intermediate frequencies, and Warburg-type diffusion tails at low frequencies. Reducing battery performance to a single ohmic resistance value discards the mechanistic information that impedance analysis provides, which is why EIS has become a standard characterisation technique in battery research. ## What factors influence internal resistance measurements in research cells? Internal resistance measurements in research cells are sensitive to a range of experimental variables, and controlling these is essential for obtaining reproducible, comparable results across experiments and between laboratories. - **Temperature:** Ionic conductivity in the electrolyte and charge-transfer kinetics at the electrodes are both strongly temperature-dependent. Measurements should be performed at a controlled, recorded temperature. - **State of charge (SoC):** Impedance spectra change significantly across the SoC window. Comparing measurements at different SoC values without accounting for this introduces systematic error. - **Cell geometry and stack pressure:** In research cells, contact resistance between layers depends on the applied stack pressure. Inconsistent pressure leads to variability in the ohmic resistance component. - **Electrode preparation:** Electrode thickness, porosity, and active material loading all affect both ionic and electronic transport within the electrode, and therefore the measured impedance. - **Electrolyte volume and wetting:** Insufficient electrolyte or incomplete wetting of the electrode and separator introduces additional interfacial resistance that is not intrinsic to the materials under study. - **Measurement frequency range and perturbation amplitude:** The frequency range selected for EIS must be appropriate to resolve all relevant processes. The perturbation amplitude should be small enough to remain within the linear-response regime of the cell. Standardising these variables within a research programme is as important as the measurement technique itself. Poorly controlled experimental conditions are a common source of irreproducible impedance data in battery research. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports internal resistance and impedance measurements Accurate internal resistance and impedance characterisation depends on well-designed test cells that minimise extraneous contributions to the measured signal. EL-Cell GmbH develops and manufactures electrochemical test cells and measurement instruments specifically for battery materials research, addressing the experimental control requirements described above. - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** provides reproducible stack pressure and defined electrode geometry, reducing contact resistance variability between experiments and enabling consistent EIS measurements across a research programme. - The **[PAT-Tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a fully featured potentiostat/galvanostat with EIS capability and a temperature-controlled cell chamber, allowing impedance measurements to be performed under defined thermal conditions without additional equipment. - The **[ECD-5-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer can be operated alongside impedance measurements, enabling simultaneous tracking of electrode thickness changes and resistance evolution during cycling. If your research requires reproducible impedance data from well-controlled research cells, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which test cell configuration and measurement system best suits your experimental needs. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [New separator for PAT insulation sleeves](https://www.el-cell.com/new-separator-for-pat-insulation-sleeves/) **Published:** July 10, 2017 **Author:** Dr. Matthias Hahn **Excerpt:** FS-5P double-layer separator for Li-ion batteries offers excellent wettability and replaces glass fiber for PAT-Core insulation sleeves. **Content:** The FS-5P is a double-layered separator comprising a 180 µm-thick nonwoven PP cloth (Freudenberg FS 2226 E) and a 38 µm-thick microporous UHMW-PE membrane (Gore Heerlen Solupor 5P09B). We offer PAT insulation sleeves with this FS-5P separator, either with or without a lithium reference. When installed in the PAT insulation sleeve, the PE membrane of the double-layered separator always faces the lower electrode of the [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/). FS-5P exhibits excellent wettability with all common Li-ion battery electrolytes, thanks to the high porosity of the two layers and a special surface treatment of the PP fibers.In many cases, we consider F5-5P to be the better, glass-free replacement for GF/A glass fiber (260 µm thick). For use with the PAT-Core, we recommend a lower plunger height that exceeds the thickness of the lower electrode by approximately. 100 µm (about half of the thickness of the compressed FS-5P separator). For example, for a 120 µm thick cathode as the lower electrode in the PAT-Core, use a lower plunger with a [height number of 200 or 250](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator/). The table below shows a comparison of our standard separator materials: Separator FS-5P (Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Gore Heerlen Solupor 5P09B) Whatman GF/A Celgard QT17P2HX Thickness 220µm 260µm 16.5µm Material PP fiber/PE membrane Borosilicate glass fiber PVDF/PP/PE/PP/PVDF Porosity FS: 67%/ 5P: 86% 91% 54% Wettability Good Excellent Good Resistance to dendrites Good Modest Good Ability for full cell cycle tests Good Good Good Ability for half cell cycle tests (vs. Li) Good Good Modest Ability for full cell EIS Excellent Excellent Excellent Ability for individual electrode EIS Modest Good Modest Order no (Insulation sleeve (PP) with Li reference) ECC1-00-0210-V/X ECC1-00-0210-O/X ECC1-00-0420-O/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Matthias_200.webp) Dr. Matthias Hahn , Senior Scientist, Co-founder of EL-CELL Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and brings over 15 years of hands-on research experience in electrochemistry, gained at institutions such as Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) **Categories:** News, PAT-Core **Tags:** pat-core --- ### [What is the difference between capacity and energy density in battery cells?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-capacity-and-energy-density-in-battery-cells/) **Published:** June 17, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Capacity measures charge; energy density adds voltage context. Master both metrics to evaluate electrode materials accurately. **Content:** Battery capacity and energy density are two of the most frequently cited metrics in electrochemical research, yet they describe fundamentally different properties of a cell. Understanding the distinction between capacity and energy density is essential for interpreting experimental results, comparing electrode materials, and designing cells that meet specific research objectives. This article addresses each concept in turn, explains how they relate to one another, and outlines measurement approaches relevant to laboratory-scale battery cell testing. ## What is capacity in a battery cell? Battery capacity is the total amount of electrical charge a cell can store and deliver, expressed in milliampere-hours (mAh) or, when normalised to electrode mass, in mAh/g. It quantifies how much charge passes through the external circuit during a full discharge under defined conditions, and it is one of the primary outputs of galvanostatic cycling experiments. In research contexts, it is important to distinguish between absolute capacity (mAh) and specific capacity (mAh/g or mAh/cm²). Absolute capacity depends on the total amount of active material in the electrode, whereas specific capacity is a material property that allows direct comparison between different electrode formulations regardless of electrode loading. When reporting results in peer-reviewed work, always specify which normalisation has been applied. ### Theoretical versus practical capacity Theoretical capacity is calculated from the molar mass and the number of electrons transferred per formula unit during the electrochemical reaction. Practical capacity is always lower because not all active material participates fully in the reaction, and because overpotential, kinetic limitations, and electrolyte decomposition reduce the usable charge window. The ratio of charge extracted on discharge to charge inserted on charge is the coulombic efficiency, a key indicator of reversibility and the extent of side reactions. ## What is energy density and how is it measured? Energy density is the amount of energy stored per unit mass or unit volume of a battery cell. Gravimetric energy density, expressed in Wh/kg, normalises stored energy to cell mass. Volumetric energy density, expressed in Wh/L, normalises it to cell volume. Both metrics are calculated by integrating the voltage-capacity curve over a full discharge cycle. In practice, energy density is measured by recording the discharge voltage profile during galvanostatic cycling and integrating the product of voltage and incremental charge over the full discharge. The result gives energy in Wh, which is then divided by the mass or volume of the relevant component. Depending on the research context, the denominator may be the active material mass, the electrode mass including binder and conductive additive, or the total cell mass including packaging and electrolyte. ### Specific energy versus energy density The term specific energy refers to gravimetric energy density (Wh/kg) and is often used interchangeably with it in the literature. Volumetric energy density (Wh/L) is a separate quantity that becomes particularly important when physical space is constrained. For electrode material screening, gravimetric specific energy is typically the primary figure of merit; for full-cell design optimisation, volumetric energy density carries equal or greater weight. ## What is the difference between capacity and energy density in battery cells? The key distinction is that battery capacity measures the amount of charge a cell can deliver, while energy density measures the amount of energy stored relative to mass or volume. A cell with high capacity does not necessarily have high energy density because energy density also depends on the operating voltage. Two materials with identical specific capacity but different average discharge voltages will have different gravimetric energy densities. This relationship is expressed directly in the formula: energy (Wh) = capacity (Ah) × average voltage (V). A lithium-ion cathode material operating at a higher average potential will yield greater energy density than one with the same specific capacity but a lower discharge plateau. This is why voltage-profile shape, not just total charge, must be considered when evaluating new electrode materials. ## Why do both metrics matter in battery research? Capacity and energy density address different research questions and should be reported together to give a complete picture of electrode or cell performance. Capacity data reveal how much charge a material can reversibly store, which is critical for assessing electrochemical activity and degradation over cycling. Energy density data contextualise that charge storage within a practical framework that accounts for operating voltage. For materials researchers, specific capacity in mAh/g is the standard metric for comparing new active materials against established benchmarks. For cell engineers and industrial R&D scientists, energy density at the cell level determines whether a material translates into a practically useful system. Both metrics are needed to bridge the gap between fundamental electrochemistry and applied cell design. Tracking how both evolve over repeated cycles also provides insight into capacity-fade mechanisms, voltage decay, and the long-term impact of SEI (solid electrolyte interphase) growth on anode surfaces. ## How does cell design affect energy density and capacity? Cell design influences both energy density and capacity through electrode geometry, mass loading, electrolyte volume, and the balance between active and inactive components. Increasing active material mass loading per unit area raises areal capacity (mAh/cm²) but can introduce transport limitations that reduce practical capacity at higher C-rates. Minimising the mass of inactive components such as current collectors, separators, and packaging improves gravimetric energy density without changing the intrinsic properties of the electrode material. ### Electrode balancing in full cells In a full cell, the capacity ratio between the negative and positive electrodes must be carefully controlled. An imbalanced cell can result in lithium plating on the anode during charging, which reduces both capacity and safety margins. The N/P ratio (negative-to-positive capacity ratio) is a design parameter that directly affects the usable capacity of the full cell and must be accounted for when constructing research-grade cells intended to simulate commercial configurations. ### Electrolyte and separator contributions The electrolyte and separator do not store charge directly, but their mass and volume reduce the overall energy density of the assembled cell. In laboratory half-cell testing, excess electrolyte is commonly used to avoid electrolyte starvation, but this inflates the inactive mass and makes cell-level energy density figures unrepresentative of practical designs. Researchers should be explicit about which components are included in the mass or volume used for normalisation. ## How do you accurately measure capacity and energy density in lab cells? Accurate measurement of capacity and energy density in laboratory cells requires controlled galvanostatic cycling with well-defined voltage limits, a stable temperature environment, and consistent cell assembly. The C-rate must be specified, as capacity is rate-dependent and comparisons between studies are only valid at equivalent rates. Temperature affects both ionic conductivity and reaction kinetics, so isothermal conditions are necessary for reproducible results. - Define precise voltage cut-off limits for both charge and discharge to ensure consistent state-of-charge windows across cycles. - Record the full voltage-capacity curve, not just the end-point capacity, to enable energy calculation by integration. - Weigh electrodes before and after cell assembly to obtain accurate active material mass for specific capacity normalisation. - Specify the C-rate and temperature for every reported measurement. - Use electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) alongside galvanostatic cycling to separate ohmic, kinetic, and diffusion contributions to capacity loss. Reproducibility is a persistent challenge in laboratory cell testing, particularly when comparing results across different research groups. Standardised test-cell geometry, consistent electrode-preparation protocols, and well-characterised reference electrodes in three-electrode configurations all contribute to data quality. Experimental artefacts introduced by poorly designed hardware can obscure genuine material behaviour and compromise the publishability of results. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports capacity and energy density measurements EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test equipment specifically for the rigorous capacity and energy density measurements described above. Our product ecosystem is built around reproducibility, standardised cell geometry, and compatibility between instruments, which are practical requirements for generating data that holds up to peer review. - **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) and [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/):** Standardised laboratory test cells with well-defined electrode areas and controlled stack pressure, enabling consistent areal capacity measurements and reproducible full-cell assembly. - **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/):** A multichannel battery tester with an integrated temperature-controlled cell chamber, potentiostat/galvanostat (PStat/GStat), and EIS capability, supporting precise galvanostatic cycling and impedance measurements in a single instrument. - **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/):** A high-resolution electrochemical dilatometer that quantifies electrode thickness changes during cycling with sub-5 nm resolution, providing direct insight into volume changes that affect cell-level energy density. - **EL-Software:** Data acquisition and analysis software designed to integrate with our test cells and testers, enabling straightforward extraction of capacity, coulombic efficiency, and energy values from cycling data. If you are designing experiments to characterise new electrode materials or validate cell configurations, [contact us](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/) to discuss which combination of test cells and instrumentation best suits your research requirements. Further information about our approach to electrochemical test equipment development is available on the [EL-Cell GmbH about page](https://www.el-cell.com/about-us/who-we-are/). **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [Should you use a commercial force test cell or build a custom fixture for SSB research?](https://www.el-cell.com/should-you-use-a-commercial-force-test-cell-or-build-a-custom-fixture-for-ssb-research/) **Published:** July 22, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Commercial or custom? Discover which stack pressure solution best fits your solid-state battery research stage and goals. **Content:** For solid-state battery (SSB) research, the choice between a commercial force test cell and a custom fixture depends primarily on the stage and scope of your work. Commercial force test cells offer validated, reproducible stack pressure control out of the box, making them a practical starting point for most labs. Custom fixtures become relevant when experimental constraints fall outside what commercial designs can accommodate. ## What makes stack pressure control so critical in SSB research? Stack pressure control is critical in solid-state battery research because solid electrolytes do not flow to compensate for volume changes during cycling. Unlike liquid electrolytes, which redistribute freely to maintain interfacial contact, ceramic or polymer solid electrolytes require sustained mechanical pressure to preserve electrode-electrolyte contact throughout charge and discharge. Loss of contact directly increases interfacial resistance and accelerates cell failure. During cycling, electrode materials expand and contract with lithium insertion and extraction. In a liquid-electrolyte cell, the electrolyte accommodates these dimensional changes passively. In a solid-state cell, the same volume changes can open micro-gaps at the electrode-electrolyte interface, dramatically increasing cell impedance. Applying and maintaining a defined stack pressure suppresses this delamination mechanism and keeps interfacial resistance stable across cycles. Stack pressure also affects the densification of solid electrolyte pellets and composite electrodes. Insufficient pressure during assembly or testing can leave residual porosity that increases ionic resistance. Excessive pressure risks fracturing brittle ceramic electrolytes. Controlling pressure within a defined window is therefore not a secondary consideration but a primary experimental variable in SSB research. ## What is a commercial force test cell and what does it measure? A commercial force test cell is a standardised electrochemical test cell equipped with an integrated or attachable load-measurement system that monitors and, in some designs, controls the compressive force applied to the cell stack during electrochemical cycling. It measures both electrochemical performance and the mechanical response of the cell simultaneously. In practice, a force test cell records stack pressure as a function of time, state of charge, and cycle number alongside conventional electrochemical data such as voltage, capacity, and coulombic efficiency. Some designs integrate a load cell directly into the current collector assembly, while others use an external frame with a calibrated spring or pneumatic actuator to apply a defined pre-load. The key measurements a force test cell provides include: - Compressive force or pressure on the cell stack in real time - Electrode stack thickness change correlated with electrochemical state - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data under controlled mechanical load - Capacity, coulombic efficiency, and voltage profiles under defined stack pressure This combination of mechanical and electrochemical data is particularly valuable for SSB research, where the two domains are tightly coupled. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) is an example of a commercial force test cell designed specifically for this type of coupled measurement in a laboratory format. ## What are the limitations of conventional test cells for SSB work? Conventional test cells present several well-documented challenges for solid-state battery research that go beyond simple specification constraints. Assembly failure rates are a significant practical problem: studies cite a failure rate of around 43% for conventional test cells, and even experienced builders typically achieve only 4 out of 5 working cells. Inexperienced researchers fall below a 50% success rate. This level of attrition wastes materials, time, and effort — particularly when working with scarce solid electrolyte samples. Conventional cells also lack an integrated force sensor. Only the initial applied pressure is recorded, and mechanical settling over the course of an experiment can reduce that pressure without any means of detection. This makes it impossible to distinguish genuine electrochemical effects from artefacts caused by undetected pressure loss. Pressure distribution is a further concern. Conventional cell designs compress electrode material inhomogeneously, introducing variability across the active area that complicates data interpretation. Similarly, conventional plungers embed particles during use and must be ground or polished between measurements, gradually altering cell geometry and introducing additional sources of irreproducibility. Material choices in conventional cells also add preparation burden. Many designs use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum before use. O-ring seals are a further source of contamination risk. These factors extend preparation time and increase the likelihood of moisture-related degradation in moisture-sensitive solid electrolyte systems. When SSB experiments require electrode dimensions, pressure regimes, or environmental conditions outside standard design parameters, conventional commercial cells may not be suitable without modification. Common specification-level limitations include: - **Fixed electrode area:** Most commercial cells are designed around a standard electrode diameter. Researchers working with non-standard pellet sizes or large-format electrodes may find the active area incompatible. - **Pressure range constraints:** Commercial designs typically cover a defined pressure window. Some SSB electrolyte systems require pressures at the high end or beyond what a standard spring-loaded cell can deliver consistently. - **Limited in-situ access:** Adding optical, X-ray, or neutron diffraction access to a commercial cell format is rarely straightforward. Cells designed for operando synchrotron experiments often require geometries that commercial products do not support. - **Temperature range:** Commercial cells rated for standard laboratory temperatures may not be suitable for elevated-temperature SSB testing without additional hardware. - **Integration with external actuators:** Some research programmes require active pressure control via servo-actuators or pneumatic systems rather than passive spring loads. Adapting a commercial cell to an external actuator can be mechanically complex. These limitations do not make commercial force test cells unsuitable for SSB research in general. For the majority of laboratory studies involving pellet-format cells at standard electrode dimensions, they remain the most practical option. The limitations become relevant only when experimental design demands fall outside the standard specification. ## When does building a custom fixture make sense for SSB experiments? Building a custom fixture makes sense when the experimental requirements are well-defined, the limitations of commercial cells have been confirmed through direct evaluation, and the research programme is sufficiently long-term to justify the engineering investment. Custom fixtures are not a starting point for most labs. Specific scenarios where custom fixtures are justified include: - **Non-standard electrode geometries:** Research on large-format or irregularly shaped solid electrolyte membranes may require a bespoke cell body that no commercial product accommodates. - **Active pressure control:** Experiments designed to hold stack pressure constant as the cell expands and contracts require closed-loop actuator systems that go beyond passive spring loading. - **Multi-modal operando experiments:** Combining electrochemical cycling with synchrotron X-ray diffraction, neutron imaging, or acoustic emission monitoring typically requires custom cell geometries with specific window materials and beam access ports. - **Extreme temperature or pressure regimes:** Testing solid-state cells at temperatures above several hundred degrees Celsius or under very high stack pressures requires materials and tolerances that standard commercial cells are not designed for. - **Integration into automated test rigs:** Large-scale screening programmes that require mechanical integration with robotic handling or custom clamping mechanisms may benefit from purpose-built fixtures aligned with the broader system architecture. Before committing to a custom build, it is worth confirming whether the requirement can be met by an existing commercial product or by a manufacturer-supplied customisation of a standard design. Custom development carries significant time and cost, and the resulting fixture must still be validated for mechanical and electrochemical performance before it can generate reliable data. ## How do reproducibility and data quality compare between the two approaches? Commercial force test cells generally offer higher reproducibility than custom fixtures, particularly early in a research programme, because they are manufactured to consistent tolerances, tested against defined specifications, and used across multiple laboratories. Custom fixtures can match or exceed commercial reproducibility, but only after a thorough validation process that takes time and resources to complete. Reproducibility in force test measurements depends on several factors: - **Dimensional consistency:** Cell body tolerances directly affect how uniformly pressure is distributed across the electrode stack. Commercial cells are machined to validated tolerances; custom fixtures require equivalent quality control to achieve the same consistency. - **Load cell calibration:** Both approaches require calibrated force measurement. Commercial cells typically ship with calibration data. Custom fixtures must be calibrated independently and recalibrated periodically. - **Assembly protocol:** Reproducible assembly is critical for solid-state battery testing, where small variations in pellet thickness or alignment affect contact pressure. Commercial cells often include assembly guides and tooling that help standardise this process. - **Seal integrity:** Consistent sealing prevents electrolyte degradation from atmospheric moisture or oxygen. Commercial cells are tested for leak performance; custom fixtures require equivalent seal validation. For publication-quality data, the standard of the fixture matters less than the rigour of the validation process. A well-validated custom fixture can produce data of equal quality to a commercial cell. However, data from a commercial cell is more directly comparable with results from other laboratories using the same platform, which carries practical value for benchmarking and peer review. ## Which option is right for your SSB research setup? For most SSB research programmes, a commercial force test cell is the right starting point. It provides validated stack pressure control, established assembly protocols, and data that is directly comparable with other laboratories using the same format. A custom fixture is appropriate only when specific experimental requirements cannot be met by any available commercial design. A practical decision framework: 1. **Define the experimental requirements precisely** before evaluating hardware. Identify the required electrode area, pressure range, temperature window, and any in-situ measurement access needed. 2. **Evaluate commercial options against those requirements.** Many apparent limitations of commercial cells can be addressed through manufacturer customisation rather than a full custom build. 3. **Assess the research timeline.** If results are needed within months, a commercial cell is almost always the faster path. Custom fixture development, validation, and troubleshooting typically take considerably longer. 4. **Consider the data comparability requirement.** If the work will be benchmarked against published results from other groups, using the same commercial platform simplifies that comparison. 5. **Evaluate cost and technical capacity.** Custom fixture development requires machining expertise, materials knowledge, and an in-house validation programme. These resources are not available in every lab. For researchers working with standard pellet geometries and pressure ranges consistent with common solid electrolyte systems, a commercial [solid-state battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) will meet the requirement in the large majority of cases. Custom fixtures remain a specialist tool for well-defined edge cases, not a general alternative to commercial solutions. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports force testing in solid-state battery research EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures test cells and instrumentation specifically for battery materials research, including solid-state battery testing under controlled stack pressure. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid address many of the shortcomings associated with conventional test cells. Both use the PAT-Solid-Core insert, which features guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression across the electrode area — eliminating the inhomogeneous pressure distribution common in conventional designs. The tungsten carbide plungers withstand high mechanical loads without embedding particles, so no grinding or polishing between measurements is required and cell geometry remains stable over time. Both cells also use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs in place of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs significantly less moisture than PEEK, reducing contamination risk and cutting preparation time by removing the need for extended vacuum drying cycles. Standardised assembly procedures mean that nearly every cell runs without failure — a marked improvement over the roughly 43% failure rate reported for conventional test cell designs. Our product range addresses the core requirements discussed in this article: - The [**PAT-Cell-Force**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) provides integrated force measurement alongside electrochemical cycling, enabling simultaneous recording of stack pressure and electrochemical performance data in a validated, reproducible format. An optional gas pressure sensor can be added to measure force changes caused by gas evolution separately from mechanical ones, allowing the two contributions to be distinguished. - The [**PAT-Cell-Solid**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is designed for solid electrolyte systems, with geometry and materials suited to the assembly and pressure requirements of ceramic and polymer electrolyte cells. - The [**PAT-Cell-Press**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) applies defined uniaxial pressure during electrochemical testing, supporting research programmes that require precise mechanical loading beyond passive spring designs. - The [**ECD-4-nano**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer measures electrode thickness changes with sub-5-nanometre resolution, providing the dimensional data needed to understand stack pressure evolution during cycling. - For labs with requirements outside standard product specifications, we offer customisation of existing designs to accommodate specific electrode dimensions, pressure ranges, or integration requirements. If you are evaluating whether a commercial force test cell or a customised solution is appropriate for your solid-state battery research, contact EL-Cell GmbH directly to discuss your experimental requirements. Our team can help you identify the most appropriate configuration from our [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) or advise on customisation options where standard designs do not fully meet your needs. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What does a force test cell data sheet tell you before you buy?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-does-a-force-test-cell-data-sheet-tell-you-before-you-buy/) **Published:** July 23, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Decode force test cell data sheets — 6 key specs, common misreads, and what they mean for your battery research. **Content:** A force test cell data sheet communicates the mechanical, thermal, and electrochemical boundaries within which the cell can operate reliably. Buyers who read these documents carefully can match a cell to their experimental requirements before committing to a purchase. The sections below address the most important data sheet parameters and the questions researchers most frequently get wrong. ## What key specifications appear on a force test cell data sheet? A force test cell data sheet typically lists six categories of specification: mechanical load range, force resolution, electrode stack dimensions and compatibility, operating temperature range, pressure ratings, and electrochemical parameters such as voltage window and current capacity. Together, these values define whether the cell is suitable for a given experiment. Most data sheets present these parameters in a compact table, but the values only become meaningful when read in relation to one another. A high maximum force rating is of limited value if the cell’s electrode diameter is too small to produce representative stack pressure at that load. Researchers should treat the data sheet as a system description rather than a list of independent figures. - **Force range:** the minimum and maximum axial load the cell can apply or measure - **Force resolution:** the smallest detectable change in load, typically expressed in millinewtons or micronewtons - **Electrode diameter:** determines active area and, by extension, the pressure in mN/cm² or kPa at a given load - **Temperature range:** the lower and upper operating limits of the cell body and any integrated sensor - **Voltage window:** the electrochemical stability range of the cell materials - **Sealing pressure rating:** relevant when working with liquid or solid electrolytes under confinement ## How does force range and resolution affect your experiment? Force range determines which electrode chemistries and stack configurations the cell can accommodate, while force resolution governs the sensitivity with which mechanical changes during cycling can be detected. If the resolution is too coarse relative to the stress changes expected in a given material, meaningful data will be lost in the noise floor. Solid-state battery testing places particularly demanding requirements on both parameters. Solid electrolytes require controlled stack pressure to maintain ionic contact, and the pressure must remain within a defined window throughout cycling. A cell with insufficient force range cannot apply the required pre-load; a cell with poor resolution cannot detect the subtle pressure variations that accompany lithiation and delithiation. The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is designed specifically to meet these requirements for solid-state battery research. For softer electrode materials such as silicon-composite anodes, volume changes of 100% or more during cycling generate substantial force fluctuations. In these cases, a wide force range combined with fine resolution is necessary to capture the full mechanical response without saturating the sensor. Conversely, for graphite electrodes with modest volume change, a narrower but more sensitive range may be preferable. When comparing data sheets, note whether the stated resolution refers to the sensor alone or to the complete measurement chain, including the mechanical compliance of the cell body. These two figures can differ by an order of magnitude. It is also worth noting that conventional test cells do not include a force sensor at all — only initial pressure is read, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without detection. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) and [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) from EL-CELL both include an integrated force sensor. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added, enabling force changes caused by gas evolution to be measured separately from purely mechanical ones. ## What does electrode stack compatibility tell you about a force cell? Electrode stack compatibility describes the range of electrode diameters, separator thicknesses, and total stack heights the cell can accommodate without compromising sealing, current collection, or force transmission. This information tells you directly whether the cell is suited to your existing electrode preparation workflow. Most force test cells are designed around a fixed electrode diameter, typically between 12 mm and 18 mm, which determines the active area used to convert force readings into pressure values. If your electrodes are prepared at a different diameter, the conversion factor changes, and pressure uniformity across the stack may be compromised. Stack height compatibility is equally important. Force cells that use a spring-loaded or screw-driven mechanism have a defined travel range. Exceeding that range by stacking too many layers, or using an unusually thick separator, can prevent proper closure and lead to inconsistent contact resistance. The data sheet should state the acceptable stack height range explicitly; if it does not, contact the manufacturer before ordering. Conventional cells also compress electrode material inhomogeneously. The PAT-Solid-Core insert, used in both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid, addresses this with guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool that ensures homogeneous compression across the electrode stack. For solid-state battery testing, stack compatibility takes on additional significance because pelletised solid electrolytes have precise thickness requirements and are sensitive to non-uniform loading. A cell designed for liquid-electrolyte stacks may not distribute force evenly enough for solid-electrolyte work. The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) addresses this by providing controlled uniaxial pressure suited to pelletised electrolyte formats. ## How do temperature and pressure ratings influence cell selection? Temperature and pressure ratings define the environmental envelope within which the cell maintains its specified mechanical and electrochemical performance. Exceeding either rating risks seal failure, dimensional drift in the cell body, or corruption of the force signal. Temperature ratings are particularly relevant when testing at elevated temperatures to simulate accelerated ageing, or at sub-ambient temperatures to characterise low-temperature electrolyte behaviour. The data sheet should specify both the operating range of the cell body and, separately, the range of any integrated force sensor, as these often differ. A cell body rated to 80 °C may incorporate a sensor rated only to 60 °C. Sealing design has a direct bearing on temperature performance and contamination risk. Conventional cells are typically sealed with O-rings and often use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120 °C under vacuum. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs instead of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs considerably less moisture, reducing both contamination risk and preparation time. Pressure ratings in force test cells refer to the internal gas pressure that the sealing system can contain. This is distinct from the axial stack pressure applied by the force mechanism. Researchers working with gassing electrodes, or conducting in-situ gas analysis alongside force measurements, need to verify that the cell can maintain electrolyte confinement at the pressures generated during cycling. The [PAT-Cell-Press](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) is designed for applications where gas analysis and pressure containment are combined requirements. When combining a force cell with a temperature-controlled chamber, confirm that the thermal expansion coefficients of the cell materials are accounted for in the force calibration. Thermal expansion of the cell body can introduce apparent force offsets that are not related to electrode behaviour. ## What electrical and electrochemical specs should you check before buying? The electrical and electrochemical specifications to verify on a force test cell data sheet are the voltage window, current rating, contact resistance, and compatibility with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). These parameters determine whether the cell will introduce artefacts into the data or limit the measurement techniques available. The voltage window must be compatible with the cathode material under investigation. High-voltage cathodes such as lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO) require cell components stable above 4.5 V versus Li/Li⁺. Data sheets should specify the voltage window of the current collectors, seals, and any coatings used in the current path. Contact resistance is a frequently overlooked specification. High or variable contact resistance inflates measured overpotential and distorts electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra, making it difficult to deconvolute true electrode impedance from cell artefacts. A well-designed force cell minimises contact resistance through controlled spring loading or direct mechanical contact at the current collector interface. EIS compatibility depends on the cell’s electrical shielding, the geometry of the current path, and the inductance introduced by the cell body. Force test cells with long current leads or complex internal geometries can introduce inductive artefacts at high frequencies. If EIS is part of your measurement protocol, check whether the manufacturer provides representative Nyquist plots or equivalent circuit data for the cell. For researchers using the [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/), the data sheet includes contact resistance values measured under defined pre-load conditions, which allows direct comparison with other cell formats. ## Which data sheet values are most commonly misread by buyers? The most commonly misread data sheet values are force resolution versus force accuracy, electrode diameter versus active area, and temperature range of the cell body versus temperature range of the integrated sensor. Confusing these paired values leads to mismatched equipment and unreliable experimental data. ### Force resolution versus force accuracy Resolution describes the smallest change in force the sensor can detect; accuracy describes how close the measured value is to the true value. A sensor with high resolution but poor accuracy will detect small changes reliably but report them on an offset or non-linear scale. Both values must be acceptable for the intended application. Data sheets sometimes report only resolution, which can give a misleadingly optimistic picture of measurement quality. ### Electrode diameter versus active area Electrode diameter is a linear dimension; active area is derived by squaring the radius and multiplying by pi. A small change in diameter produces a proportionally larger change in area. Researchers who read the diameter value and use it directly in pressure calculations will underestimate or overestimate stack pressure. Always convert diameter to area before calculating pressure in kPa or mN/cm². ### Nominal versus maximum ratings Some data sheets list nominal operating values alongside absolute maximum ratings. Operating a cell continuously at its maximum rated force or temperature accelerates wear on seals and load-bearing components. The nominal values are the ones to use for routine experimental design; the maximum values indicate the limits beyond which damage is likely, not the recommended operating point. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports force test cell selection EL-Cell GmbH designs force test cells specifically for battery materials research, with data sheets that provide the full set of parameters discussed above. The product range addresses a broad set of experimental requirements, from standard lithium-ion cycling to demanding solid-state battery testing under controlled stack pressure. An overview of the full system is available on the [PAT Series Overview](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) page. Conventional test cells also present a significant assembly challenge. Studies cite an assembly failure rate of around 43% for standard formats — even experienced builders typically achieve only 4 out of 5 working cells, while inexperienced assemblers fall below 50%. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL standardize and simplify preparation so that nearly every cell runs without failure. Another limitation of conventional plungers is that they embed particles during use and must be ground or polished between measurements, gradually altering cell geometry over time. EL-CELL uses tungsten carbide plungers that withstand high mechanical loads without this degradation, preserving cell geometry across the full lifetime of the components. - The [**PAT-Cell-Force**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) is designed for operando force and displacement measurements during electrochemical cycling, with a defined force range, resolution, and electrode diameter specified in the data sheet - The [**PAT-Cell-Solid**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) provides controlled uniaxial pressure for solid-state electrolyte testing, with pressure ratings and stack compatibility documented for pelletised electrolyte formats - Both cells are compatible with the [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/), which supports EIS measurements, allowing force and electrochemical data to be collected simultaneously without additional instrumentation - EL-Cell’s technical team can assist in interpreting data sheet values and matching cell specifications to experimental requirements before purchase — the [Application Laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) is available to support more complex measurement challenges If you are evaluating force test cells for an upcoming research programme, contact EL-Cell GmbH directly to discuss your electrode geometry, force requirements, and measurement protocol. The team can provide representative data and, where standard products do not meet the requirements, advise on customised configurations. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What are the hidden costs of using low-precision force test cells in solid-state battery development?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-are-the-hidden-costs-of-using-low-precision-force-test-cells-in-solid-state-battery-development/) **Published:** July 20, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Imprecise stack pressure corrupts solid-state battery data—discover the hidden R&D costs draining your lab's budget and timelines. **Content:** Low-precision force test cells introduce hidden costs that extend well beyond the price of the instrument itself. In solid-state battery research, where stack pressure is a primary experimental variable, imprecise force control produces unreliable electrochemical data, inflates the number of repeat experiments required, and delays publication timelines. The questions below unpack each of these cost drivers in practical terms. ## What goes wrong when force control is imprecise in solid-state cells? Imprecise force control in solid-state cells causes inconsistent interfacial contact between the solid electrolyte and electrode layers, leading to variable resistance, uneven current distribution, and irreproducible cycling behaviour. Because solid-state electrolytes cannot wet electrode surfaces the way liquid electrolytes do, mechanical contact quality is the primary determinant of cell performance, and any variation in applied force translates directly into variation in the data. The consequences are specific and measurable: - **Delamination at low pressures:** Insufficient stack pressure causes electrode-electrolyte interfaces to separate during cycling, producing apparent capacity fade that reflects poor contact rather than true material degradation. - **Electrolyte fracture at high pressures:** Ceramic solid electrolytes such as oxide and sulphide materials are brittle. Uncontrolled overpressure can introduce microcracks that alter ionic transport pathways and generate artefacts in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra. - **Pressure drift during cycling:** Electrode materials expand and contract with lithiation state. Without active or well-calibrated passive force control, the stack pressure changes continuously, meaning no two cycles occur under the same mechanical conditions. Conventional cells compound this problem further: they do not include a force sensor, so only the initial pressure is read, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without any detection. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL include an integrated force sensor that monitors force continuously. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added, allowing researchers to distinguish force changes caused by gas evolution from those caused by mechanical settling. The result is that the electrochemical signal becomes a convolution of material properties and mechanical artefacts, making it difficult to attribute observations to either cause with confidence. ## How does inaccurate stack pressure affect electrochemical data quality? Inaccurate stack pressure degrades electrochemical data quality by introducing mechanical variability as an uncontrolled experimental parameter. When pressure is not precisely defined and held constant, metrics such as specific capacity (mAh/g), coulombic efficiency, and overpotential become functions of both material properties and contact conditions, producing data that cannot be reliably compared across cells or experimental runs. EIS is particularly sensitive to this problem. The impedance response of a solid-state cell reflects contributions from bulk ionic conductivity, grain boundary resistance, and interfacial resistance. If the applied force is inconsistent, interfacial resistance values shift between measurements, making it impossible to deconvolute genuine material changes from mechanical artefacts. Researchers attempting to track SEI layer (Solid Electrolyte Interphase) formation or electrolyte degradation over cycles will find their impedance data uninterpretable if the mechanical boundary condition is not fixed. Capacity measurements are equally affected. Variable contact resistance introduces additional overpotential that shifts cut-off voltages, artificially truncating or extending capacity values. Over many cycles, this compounds into apparent degradation trends that reflect contact quality rather than electrode chemistry. ## What are the hidden cost multipliers in solid-state battery R&D? The hidden costs of low-precision force test cells in solid-state battery research accumulate across consumables, researcher time, and instrument depreciation, often exceeding the cost difference between a low-precision and a high-precision cell many times over. The most significant multipliers are repeat experiments, wasted electrolyte material, and delayed decision-making in material screening workflows. Conventional test cells also carry a high assembly failure rate — studies cite 43% — meaning even experienced builders achieve only around 4 out of every 5 working cells, while inexperienced assemblers fall below 50%. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL standardize and simplify preparation so that nearly every cell runs without failure, directly reducing this source of wasted material and time. - **Consumable waste:** Solid electrolyte materials, particularly sulphide-based ceramics, are expensive to synthesise or procure. Each failed experiment that must be repeated because of irreproducible force conditions consumes material that cannot be recovered. - **Researcher time:** Diagnosing whether an anomalous result reflects a genuine material property or a mechanical artefact requires additional experiments. This diagnostic overhead can consume days or weeks of researcher time per project. - **Instrument utilisation:** Test channels occupied by repeat experiments are unavailable for new conditions. In labs with limited channel capacity, this creates scheduling bottlenecks that slow the overall pace of research. - **Delayed material screening decisions:** Industrial R&D teams running high-throughput screening depend on reliable data to advance or reject candidate materials. Noisy data from imprecise force control introduces uncertainty that delays go/no-go decisions, extending project timelines. These costs are rarely attributed to the test cell itself in post-project reviews, which is why they remain hidden. They appear instead as general inefficiency, high consumable spend, or extended project duration. ## How does poor force precision slow down the path to publication? Poor force precision slows publication by generating datasets with high inter-cell variability that cannot pass peer review without extensive statistical justification or additional experiments. Reviewers of solid-state battery manuscripts routinely scrutinise experimental reproducibility, and data collected under undefined or variable stack pressure conditions will draw direct challenges to the validity of reported results. The practical delays are sequential. First, the researcher must identify that variability exists, which may not be apparent until a full dataset is assembled. Second, additional experiments are required to establish whether the variability is mechanical or chemical in origin. Third, if mechanical, the experimental series must be repeated under controlled conditions. Each of these stages adds weeks to months to a project timeline, and each consumes resources that could otherwise advance the research itself. Beyond reproducibility, publication in high-impact journals increasingly requires operando or in-situ characterisation data. Acquiring meaningful operando data from a solid-state cell requires stable, well-defined mechanical conditions throughout the measurement. Imprecise force control makes this category of experiment unreliable, effectively closing off a class of experiments that are becoming standard in the field. ## What specifications should a force test cell meet for solid-state battery research? A force test cell for solid-state battery research should provide defined, measurable, and stable uniaxial stack pressure throughout the full electrochemical measurement, with a force range and resolution appropriate to the electrolyte type being tested. Minimum requirements include a calibrated force application mechanism, compatibility with inert atmosphere assembly, and electrode area dimensions that match standard pellet press formats. Key specifications to evaluate include: - **Force range:** Sulphide electrolytes typically require lower pressures (in the range of a few MPa) than oxide ceramics. The cell should cover the relevant range without requiring separate hardware configurations. - **Force stability over time:** Pressure should remain consistent as electrode volume changes during cycling. Cells relying solely on a fixed bolt torque will experience pressure drift as the stack expands and contracts. - **Homogeneous compression:** Conventional cells compress electrode material inhomogeneously. The PAT-Solid-Core insert, used in both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid, uses guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression across the electrode area. - **Plunger durability:** Conventional plungers embed particles during use and must be ground or polished between measurements, gradually altering cell geometry. EL-CELL uses tungsten carbide plungers that withstand high mechanical loads without this degradation, preserving cell geometry across measurements. - **Sealing and material compatibility:** Conventional cells are typically sealed with O-rings and often use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs instead of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs less moisture, reducing contamination risk and preparation time — a particular advantage when working with moisture-sensitive sulphide electrolytes. - **EIS compatibility:** The cell design should minimise parasitic inductance and capacitance to allow clean impedance spectra across a wide frequency range. - **Atmosphere control:** Sulphide electrolytes are moisture-sensitive. The cell must be assemblable and sealable in a glovebox environment without compromising force calibration. - **Current collector contact:** Contact geometry should ensure uniform current distribution across the electrode area to avoid edge effects that confound area-normalised capacity (mAh/cm²) measurements. Cells that meet these specifications allow researchers to treat stack pressure as a defined experimental variable rather than an uncontrolled source of noise — a prerequisite for publication-quality solid-state battery data. ## When should labs upgrade their force test cell setup? Labs should upgrade their force test cell setup when inter-cell variability cannot be explained by material or processing differences, when EIS data shows inconsistent interfacial resistance values across nominally identical cells, or when a research programme transitions from liquid-electrolyte to solid-state systems. These are the clearest indicators that the mechanical boundary condition of the test is limiting data quality. Additional upgrade triggers include: - Expanding into operando or in-situ measurements that require stable mechanical conditions over extended periods - Beginning to work with brittle oxide or sulphide electrolytes that require precise pressure control to avoid fracture - Scaling up from exploratory experiments to systematic material screening, where reproducibility across many cells becomes essential - Receiving reviewer comments on manuscript submissions that question the reproducibility of electrochemical data The decision to upgrade is also relevant when a lab is establishing its experimental protocols from the outset. Retrofitting force control into an existing workflow is more disruptive than specifying the correct cell from the beginning of a solid-state research programme. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports force-controlled solid-state battery testing EL-Cell GmbH designs test cells and supporting instrumentation specifically for the mechanical and electrochemical demands of solid-state battery research. Our [product range](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) addresses the core challenges described above through purpose-built hardware that treats stack pressure as a controlled experimental parameter rather than an incidental feature. Relevant capabilities include: - **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/):** A test cell with integrated force measurement and control, designed for cycling solid-state and other pressure-sensitive electrode systems under defined uniaxial load. Force is monitored continuously, allowing researchers to correlate electrochemical response with mechanical state throughout the experiment. An optional gas pressure sensor enables separate measurement of force changes caused by gas evolution, distinguishing them from purely mechanical effects. - **[PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/):** Optimised for solid electrolyte pellet formats, with geometry and contact design suited to the assembly requirements of ceramic electrolyte systems. Like the PAT-Cell-Force, it uses the PAT-Solid-Core insert with guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers for homogeneous compression, and benefits from the same aluminium seals, glass-metal feedthroughs, and PPS housing that minimise moisture uptake and simplify glovebox preparation. - **[PAT-Cell-Press](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/):** Provides controlled uniaxial pressure for cells requiring higher and more precisely defined stack loads, extending the accessible pressure range for hard ceramic electrolytes. - **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/):** Integrates galvanostatic and potentiostatic cycling with EIS capability across up to 16 channels, providing the electrochemical measurement infrastructure needed to run force-controlled solid-state experiments at scale. All products are designed to work together as a compatible measurement ecosystem, reducing integration effort and ensuring that mechanical and electrochemical data are collected under consistent, well-defined conditions. Researchers working on solid-state battery materials are welcome to [contact us](https://el-cell.com/contact/) to discuss which configuration best fits their experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the difference between static and dynamic force application in battery test cells?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-static-and-dynamic-force-application-in-battery-test-cells/) **Published:** August 7, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Static vs. dynamic force in battery test cells—discover which method delivers accurate electrochemical results for your research. **Content:** Static force application maintains a fixed mechanical load on a battery test cell throughout the experiment, while dynamic force application adjusts the applied load in response to changes in the electrode stack – such as thickness variations caused by lithiation and delithiation. The distinction matters because the mechanical boundary condition directly influences electrochemical behaviour, particularly in thick electrodes, composite cathodes, and solid-state configurations. The sections below address each method in detail and outline when one approach is more appropriate than the other. ## How does force application affect battery test cell measurements? The mechanical load applied to a battery test cell influences ionic transport, interfacial contact resistance, and the structural integrity of electrode materials. When electrodes expand or contract during cycling, the contact pressure between the electrode, separator, and current collector changes – and this change affects measured capacity, impedance, and cycle life. Controlling or monitoring that pressure is therefore a meaningful experimental variable, not simply a practical concern. In conventional flooded liquid-electrolyte cells, moderate stack pressure is sufficient to maintain contact and is often held constant. In solid-state battery testing, however, the electrolyte itself is a rigid ceramic or polymer layer that requires precise and sustained mechanical pressure to ensure adequate interfacial contact across the entire electrode surface. In these configurations, the applied force is not incidental – it is a primary experimental parameter that must be defined and reported alongside electrochemical data. Researchers working with silicon-based anodes, sulphide electrolytes, or oxide solid electrolytes are particularly sensitive to this issue. Silicon anodes can expand by more than 300% volumetrically during lithiation, and maintaining consistent contact pressure throughout that expansion requires a deliberate mechanical strategy. ## What is static force application in battery test cells? Static force application means a fixed, pre-set mechanical load is applied to the cell stack at assembly and held constant throughout the experiment. The force does not respond to changes in electrode thickness or stack pressure during cycling. This is the most common approach in standard laboratory test cells and is achieved using springs, torque-controlled bolts, or fixed spacers. Static loading is straightforward to implement and reproducible when assembly protocols are followed consistently. It is well suited to: - Liquid-electrolyte half-cells and full cells where electrode swelling is modest - Screening experiments where mechanical boundary conditions are secondary to electrochemical performance - High-throughput testing where simplicity and speed of assembly are priorities - Baseline comparisons where a defined, fixed pressure is required for reproducibility The limitation of static force is that as the electrode stack expands or contracts, the actual contact pressure deviates from the initial set point. A spring-loaded design mitigates this to some degree by allowing small displacements while maintaining approximate force, but it cannot compensate for large volumetric changes without a corresponding shift in the applied load. Conventional cells also do not include a force sensor — only initial pressure is read, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without detection. ## What is dynamic force application in battery test cells? Dynamic force application adjusts the mechanical load on the cell stack in real time, or according to a defined force profile, as the electrode dimensions change during cycling. Rather than holding a fixed spring compression or bolt torque, a dynamic system uses a controlled actuator – typically a motorised piston or pneumatic mechanism – combined with a force sensor to maintain a target pressure regardless of electrode thickness changes. This approach allows researchers to: - Hold constant contact pressure across the full charge and discharge cycle - Apply a programmed force profile – for example, ramping pressure during formation or reducing it during rest periods - Decouple mechanical and electrochemical variables by independently controlling stack pressure - Measure the force evolution as a function of state of charge, providing mechanical data alongside electrochemical data Dynamic force control is particularly relevant for [solid-state battery testing](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/), where the electrolyte layer requires continuous and well-defined pressure to maintain ionic contact. It is also valuable when studying electrode materials that undergo significant volume changes, because a static load would either over-constrain the electrode at full lithiation or lose contact at full delithiation. ## How do static and dynamic force compare for electrode swelling studies? For electrode swelling studies, dynamic force application provides more mechanistically informative data than static force. Static loading records thickness change under a fixed mechanical constraint, whereas dynamic loading allows the researcher to separate the contributions of electrochemical expansion from mechanical compliance – or to hold pressure constant and observe how the electrochemistry responds. When using static force in a dilatometry experiment, the measured displacement reflects both the intrinsic electrode expansion and the elastic response of the cell hardware. When using dynamic force, the system can be configured to apply zero additional load beyond the sensor weight, giving a true free-swelling measurement, or to apply a defined pressure that mimics real pouch cell or prismatic cell stack conditions. For materials characterisation work – particularly when reporting expansion coefficients for new electrode materials – dynamic or zero-load conditions are preferable because they avoid convoluting material behaviour with hardware compliance. For applied studies that aim to replicate industrial cell conditions, a defined static or dynamic pressure that matches the target application is more representative. ## When should researchers choose dynamic over static force? Dynamic force control is the appropriate choice when the mechanical boundary condition is itself a research variable, or when electrode volume changes are large enough to cause meaningful deviations from the initial static load. Specific scenarios that warrant dynamic force include: - **Solid-state electrolyte cells:** Sulphide and oxide electrolytes require sustained and precisely defined stack pressure to maintain ionic contact. A static bolt torque will not compensate for creep or dimensional changes in the electrolyte layer over extended cycling. - **Silicon and silicon-composite anodes:** Large volumetric expansion during lithiation means a static spring load will be significantly over- or under-compressed depending on the state of charge. - **Formation protocol studies:** Researchers investigating the effect of mechanical constraint on solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation benefit from applying defined pressure profiles during the first few cycles. - **Operando mechanical characterisation:** When force evolution over cycling is a reported output rather than a controlled input, dynamic measurement with a calibrated load cell is necessary. - **Long-term cycling studies:** Over hundreds of cycles, electrode and electrolyte creep can cause a static load to drift substantially. A dynamic system corrects for this continuously. Static force remains appropriate for most liquid-electrolyte screening work, where the added complexity of dynamic control is not justified by the experimental objectives. ## What equipment supports dynamic force control in lab test cells? Dynamic force control in laboratory-scale test cells requires a combination of a precision load cell, a controlled actuator, and software capable of closed-loop force regulation. The hardware must be compatible with the electrochemical measurement chain so that force data and electrochemical data are recorded synchronously. Several cell formats support this capability. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) is a coin-cell-format test cell designed specifically for force-controlled cycling experiments. It incorporates an integrated force sensor that records stack pressure continuously during electrochemical measurements, making it suitable for electrode swelling studies and solid-state cell research where mechanical data must accompany electrochemical data. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added to measure force changes caused by gas evolution separately from mechanical ones. The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) extends this to higher-pressure applications, supporting the stack pressures required for oxide-based solid electrolytes. Both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid use the PAT-Solid-Core insert, which features guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression of electrode material — addressing the inhomogeneous compression that is common in conventional test cells. These tungsten carbide plungers also withstand high mechanical loads without embedding particles or degrading over time, eliminating the need for grinding or polishing between measurements that conventional plungers require. For dilatometry – where the primary output is dimensional change rather than applied force – the [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) provides sub-5 nm displacement resolution under controlled load conditions, allowing researchers to quantify electrode expansion and contraction with high precision across a defined pressure range. ## Reducing assembly failure and contamination risk Conventional test cells have a notably high assembly failure rate — studies cite figures as high as 43%. Even experienced builders typically achieve only 4 out of 5 working cells, while inexperienced assemblers fall below 50%. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL standardize and simplify the preparation process so that nearly every cell runs without failure, regardless of operator experience. Contamination risk during preparation is another practical concern. Conventional cells are typically sealed with O-rings and often use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs instead of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs less moisture than PEEK, reducing contamination risk and cutting preparation time. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports force-controlled battery testing We design and manufacture test cells and instruments specifically for researchers who need to control or characterise mechanical boundary conditions during electrochemical experiments. Our product range addresses both static and dynamic force requirements within a single, interoperable ecosystem: - The [**PAT-Cell-Force**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) provides integrated force sensing in a coin-cell-compatible format, recording stack pressure synchronously with electrochemical data - The [**PAT-Cell-Solid**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) supports elevated stack pressures required for solid-state electrolyte testing, including oxide and sulphide ceramic systems - The [**ECD-4-nano**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) delivers sub-5 nm displacement resolution for quantitative electrode swelling characterisation under defined mechanical loads - The [**PAT-Tester-i-16**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates galvanostatic and potentiostatic cycling with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) capabilities, enabling complete electrochemical and mechanical datasets from a single instrument platform - All instruments are supported by **EL-Software**, which allows force, displacement, and electrochemical channels to be logged and exported together We also operate our own electrochemical laboratory and can perform test measurements for research groups that require data before committing to instrument procurement. If you are working on [solid-state cell development](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) or electrode swelling characterisation and want to discuss which force application approach fits your experimental design, contact us directly to speak with one of our application specialists. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do you know when your solid-state battery test results are being skewed by fixture limitations?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-you-know-when-your-solid-state-battery-test-results-are-being-skewed-by-fixture-limitations/) **Published:** July 30, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Fixture flaws mimic real material failures in solid-state battery testing — here's how to tell the difference. **Content:** Fixture limitations skew solid-state battery test results when stack pressure is inconsistent, contact resistance is uncontrolled, or cell geometry introduces artefacts that mimic material behaviour. These errors are particularly difficult to detect because they produce data that looks plausible — capacity fade, impedance growth, and voltage polarisation all have legitimate electrochemical causes. The sections below address the most common fixture-related failure modes and how to distinguish them from genuine material responses. ## What fixture variables most commonly distort solid-state battery measurements? The fixture variables that most commonly distort solid-state battery measurements are stack pressure, current collector contact quality, temperature uniformity, and cell alignment. Each of these can independently introduce artefacts, and in combination they can make a poorly performing fixture indistinguishable from a poorly performing electrolyte or electrode material. Solid-state cells are uniquely sensitive to mechanical boundary conditions because the electrolyte is a rigid solid rather than a liquid that conforms to surfaces. Any gap, misalignment, or pressure non-uniformity at the electrode-electrolyte interface translates directly into measurable electrochemical deviation. The most frequently encountered distortion sources include: - **Stack pressure:** Too little pressure leaves interfacial voids; too much can crack brittle oxide or sulphide electrolytes - **Current collector contact:** Uneven or oxidised contact surfaces introduce parasitic resistance that appears in impedance spectra - **Thermal gradients:** Non-uniform temperature across the cell area produces spatially variable ionic conductivity - **Cell alignment:** Off-centre stacking creates edge effects and uneven current distribution - **Torque inconsistency:** Manual assembly without controlled torque leads to irreproducible pressure between repeat experiments Because these variables interact, isolating a single cause requires systematic control of each one independently before drawing conclusions about the material under test. ## How does stack pressure affect solid-state battery test data? Stack pressure directly controls the quality of solid-solid interfaces throughout the cell stack, and even modest pressure variation produces measurable changes in interfacial impedance, capacity utilisation, and cycling stability. In solid-state cells, pressure is not merely a mechanical consideration — it is an electrochemical variable that must be treated with the same rigour as temperature or current density. At insufficient pressure, interfacial voids between the electrode and solid electrolyte increase the effective ionic resistance at that boundary. This manifests as a large semicircle in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at intermediate frequencies, which can be misread as a high grain-boundary resistance intrinsic to the electrolyte material. As pressure increases, this semicircle typically collapses — confirming the artefact is mechanical rather than chemical. Excessive pressure introduces a different set of problems. Brittle electrolyte materials, particularly sulphide-based systems, can develop microcracks under loads that exceed their fracture threshold. These cracks increase electronic shorting pathways and reduce the effective ionic cross-section, producing erratic capacity values and elevated self-discharge. Neither outcome reflects the material’s intrinsic properties. Reproducible research therefore requires a test cell capable of applying and maintaining a defined, measurable uniaxial force throughout cycling. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) is designed precisely for this purpose, providing direct force measurement rather than inferred torque values. Conventional cells do not include a force sensor — only initial pressure is read at assembly, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without detection. The PAT-Cell-Force addresses this with an integrated force sensor, so the actual force on the stack is known throughout the experiment. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added, allowing force changes caused by gas evolution to be measured separately from purely mechanical ones. Cells that rely on spring washers or fixed-torque bolts without direct force measurement cannot confirm what pressure the stack actually experienced, particularly as electrode volume changes during cycling alter the mechanical state of the assembly. ## What are the signs that contact resistance is corrupting your EIS results? Contact resistance corruption in EIS results is indicated by a high-frequency intercept that shifts between measurements without any change to the material, a depressed or flattened high-frequency semicircle, and impedance values that change when the cell is disassembled and reassembled without altering the electrodes or electrolyte. In a well-assembled solid-state cell, the high-frequency real-axis intercept in a Nyquist plot represents the bulk ionic resistance of the electrolyte plus the electronic resistance of the current collectors and leads. If this value is larger than expected based on the electrolyte’s known conductivity, or if it varies between nominally identical cells, parasitic contact resistance is the most likely explanation. Additional diagnostic indicators include: - Impedance that decreases after applying additional mechanical pressure to the cell housing - A high-frequency semicircle that cannot be assigned to a known electrochemical process and disappears when contact surfaces are cleaned or replaced - Asymmetric impedance response between charge and discharge half-cycles that correlates with current collector condition rather than state of charge - Scatter in EIS data that correlates with the assembly operator rather than with the electrolyte batch Oxidised current collector surfaces are a common and underappreciated source of contact resistance in research environments. Gold-plated or stainless steel current collectors maintained in inert atmosphere assembly conditions substantially reduce this variable. If EIS measurements are taken outside a controlled environment, surface contamination between assembly and measurement can introduce resistance that is attributed incorrectly to the electrolyte. ## How can you tell if capacity loss is from the material or the test setup? Capacity loss originating from the test setup rather than the material can be identified by comparing cells assembled under different fixture conditions but using identical electrode and electrolyte batches. If the capacity loss rate correlates with fixture variables — pressure, contact quality, temperature — rather than with material composition, the setup is the primary source of degradation. Several diagnostic approaches help isolate the origin of capacity fade: - **Reassembly test:** Disassemble a cell showing capacity loss, inspect the components, and reassemble with fresh current collectors. If capacity recovers substantially, the loss was contact-related rather than material-related. - **Pressure variation series:** Cycle nominally identical cells at different defined stack pressures. Capacity that varies systematically with pressure indicates a fixture-dominated response. - **Coulombic efficiency tracking:** Low coulombic efficiency in early cycles that stabilises is consistent with SEI (solid electrolyte interphase) formation. Coulombic efficiency that remains low and erratic across many cycles is more consistent with intermittent contact loss or micro-shorting through cracked electrolyte. - **Post-mortem analysis:** Physical inspection of the electrolyte pellet for cracking, and of electrode surfaces for non-uniform contact marks, directly reveals mechanical failure modes. A critical distinction is between gradual, smooth capacity fade — which is characteristic of material degradation mechanisms such as lithium dendrite growth or electrolyte decomposition — and stepped or irregular capacity loss, which more commonly reflects mechanical instability in the fixture. ## What test cell design features minimise fixture-related artefacts? Test cell designs that minimise fixture-related artefacts in solid-state battery testing share several key features: defined and measurable uniaxial stack pressure, chemically inert and low-resistance current collectors, precise cell alignment guides, hermetic sealing compatible with reactive electrolyte materials, and thermal uniformity across the electrode area. Pressure control is the single most impactful design feature for solid-state work. Cells that incorporate a calibrated spring mechanism or an integrated load cell allow the researcher to specify and verify the force applied to the stack, rather than inferring it from bolt torque. This is essential for comparing results between laboratories or between different researchers within the same group. Beyond pressure, the following design characteristics reduce systematic error: - Gold-plated or otherwise protected current collector surfaces to minimise contact resistance and oxidation - Precision-machined alignment features that ensure coaxial stacking of all layers - Electrochemically inert cell body materials compatible with sulphide and oxide electrolyte chemistries - Sealed designs that prevent atmospheric moisture ingress during long-term cycling experiments - Geometry that accommodates electrode thickness changes without altering the applied pressure outside the intended range - Homogeneous compression of electrode material — the PAT-Solid-Core insert, used in both the [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) and the [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/), achieves this through guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool, in contrast to conventional cells where compression is often inhomogeneous - Robust plunger materials — tungsten carbide withstands high mechanical loads without embedding particles into the plunger surface, which is a known problem with softer materials that gradually alters cell geometry and requires grinding or polishing between measurements - Aluminium seals and glass-metal feedthroughs rather than O-rings, and PPS plastic rather than PEEK — PPS absorbs significantly less moisture than PEEK, which requires drying at 120°C under vacuum and poses a greater contamination risk during cell preparation For researchers working with force test cells such as the [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) or the [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/), the ability to monitor and control stack pressure throughout the experiment — not only at assembly — is a meaningful improvement over fixed-geometry designs. ## When should you suspect the fixture rather than the electrolyte? The fixture should be the primary suspect when unexpected results are irreproducible across nominally identical cells, when performance varies with the assembly operator, when impedance or capacity changes are not accompanied by any expected chemical signature, or when results improve after modifying the mechanical assembly without changing any electrochemical component. A useful diagnostic heuristic is to ask whether the observation is physically consistent with what the material can actually do. If impedance values are an order of magnitude larger than the electrolyte’s known bulk conductivity would predict, the excess resistance is almost certainly mechanical in origin. If capacity is substantially lower than the theoretical value for the electrode material at the applied C-rate, and the shortfall cannot be explained by known electrochemical limitations, fixture contact quality is a more parsimonious explanation than an uncharacterised material failure. Specific scenarios that should redirect suspicion toward the fixture include: - Results that improve monotonically as stack pressure increases, up to a plateau — indicating that full contact was not achieved at lower pressures - Impedance that changes between measurements taken on the same cell without any cycling in between - Capacity values that scatter widely across a batch of cells made from the same materials - Voltage profiles that show unexpected plateaus or polarisation spikes that disappear after reassembly - Performance that degrades faster in one laboratory than in another using the same electrolyte composition Assembly failure rate is another dimension of fixture-related error that is easy to overlook. Studies on conventional test cells cite an assembly failure rate of around 43% — even experienced builders achieve only 4 out of 5 working cells, and inexperienced ones fall below 50%. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL are designed to standardise and simplify preparation so that nearly every cell runs without failure, which also reduces the risk of attributing assembly-related failures to material problems. Establishing a baseline with a well-characterised reference material — one whose electrochemical behaviour is already well understood — is a practical way to calibrate a new fixture and confirm that it is not introducing systematic error before committing to a series of experiments on novel materials. EL-Cell’s [Application Laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) can support this process by providing measurement services on well-defined reference systems. ## How EL-Cell GmbH helps with solid-state battery testing EL-Cell GmbH designs test cells specifically for the mechanical and electrochemical demands of solid-state battery research. Our [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) product range addresses the fixture variables described throughout this article with hardware engineered to give researchers control over the conditions that matter most. - The **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/)** applies and maintains a defined uniaxial stack pressure throughout cycling, with an integrated force sensor providing direct force measurement rather than inferred torque values — eliminating one of the most common sources of irreproducibility in solid-state testing. An optional gas pressure sensor allows force changes due to gas evolution to be tracked independently of mechanical settling. - The **[PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/)** is designed specifically for pelletised solid electrolyte systems, with geometry and materials selected to minimise contact resistance and accommodate the mechanical properties of oxide and sulphide electrolytes. Both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid use the PAT-Solid-Core insert with guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool for homogeneous compression. - The **[PAT-Cell-Press](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/)** provides controlled uniaxial pressure for pouch-format and pressed-pellet assemblies, supporting systematic pressure variation studies - All PAT Series cells are compatible with the [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/), which integrates EIS capability directly into the cycling platform — allowing impedance measurements without reconnecting cables or disturbing the mechanical state of the cell - Our complete ecosystem approach means current collectors, sealing components, and cell hardware are designed to work together, reducing the risk of compatibility-related artefacts from mixed-source components If you are working on solid-state electrolyte characterisation or electrode-electrolyte interface studies and need to verify that your test setup is not limiting your data quality, we are glad to discuss your experimental requirements. Contact our [applications team](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) or visit our [PAT Series overview](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) to review the specifications in detail. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How understanding cell swelling dynamics improves force test cell experimental design](https://www.el-cell.com/how-understanding-cell-swelling-dynamics-improves-force-test-cell-experimental-design/) **Published:** August 6, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Poor swelling control causes hidden measurement errors in force test cells — here's how to fix your experimental design. **Content:** Cell swelling is a measurable, mechanically significant phenomenon that directly affects how lithium-ion and solid-state battery materials behave under cycling conditions. Understanding swelling dynamics is not merely an academic exercise – it has direct consequences for how force test cells are configured, what measurements are meaningful, and whether experimental results reflect real material behaviour or artefacts of poor setup design. This article builds progressively from the electrochemical origins of swelling through to practical guidance on experimental design. Whether you are configuring a [force test cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force/) for the first time or refining an existing protocol, the concepts covered here will help you make more deliberate and defensible choices. ## What is cell swelling and why does it occur in lithium-ion batteries? Cell swelling refers to the volumetric expansion of electrode materials that occurs during lithium intercalation and de-intercalation. When lithium ions insert into a host material – graphite during charge, for example – the crystal lattice expands to accommodate them. When they leave, the lattice contracts. This is a reversible, thermodynamically driven process, but its magnitude and rate vary considerably depending on the material chemistry involved. In graphite anodes, volumetric expansion can reach approximately 10% at full lithiation, while silicon-based anodes are well known for expansions exceeding 300% at full lithiation. On the cathode side, layered oxide materials such as NMC also undergo lattice-level strain during cycling, though typically at lower absolute magnitudes. These changes are not merely structural curiosities – they generate internal stresses that influence capacity retention, Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer stability, and long-term cell performance. For researchers, the key insight is that swelling is not a single event but a dynamic process. The rate, direction, and magnitude of dimensional change shift across different states of charge, C-rates, and temperatures. Treating swelling as a static quantity will lead to experimental designs that miss the most mechanistically informative regions of the charge-discharge cycle. ## How swelling dynamics change under mechanical constraint When an electrode is free to expand, swelling proceeds according to its intrinsic material properties. When it is constrained – as it is inside a force test cell – the situation becomes more complex. Mechanical constraint converts dimensional change into internal stress, and that stress feeds back into the electrochemical behaviour of the cell. Under constraint, several important effects emerge: - Lithium diffusion kinetics can slow as compressive stress opposes ion insertion into the lattice. - Contact resistance between electrode layers and current collectors changes as the stack is compressed or relaxed at different states of charge. - Electrolyte distribution within the porous electrode structure shifts as mechanical pressure redistributes the liquid or solid electrolyte phase. - In solid-state battery testing, stack pressure is critical for maintaining ionic contact across the solid electrolyte interface – loss of contact due to swelling or shrinkage can produce apparent capacity fade that is purely mechanical in origin. This feedback between mechanical state and electrochemical response is precisely why force test cells are valuable. They allow researchers to apply and monitor defined mechanical boundary conditions, making it possible to separate intrinsic material behaviour from artefacts of unconstrained or poorly controlled setups. ## Key parameters that define force test cell behaviour A force test cell is characterised by several interdependent parameters, each of which must be understood before designing a meaningful experiment. ### Applied force and pressure distribution The initial stack pressure applied at assembly defines the mechanical starting condition. In solid-state battery testing, this is particularly important because insufficient pressure can prevent adequate contact across the solid electrolyte layer. Too much pressure can cause fractures in brittle electrolyte materials. The target pressure range depends on the specific electrolyte chemistry and electrode morphology under investigation. Conventional test cells compress electrode material inhomogeneously. The PAT-Solid-Core insert, used in both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid, addresses this directly by using guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression across the electrode stack. ### Force resolution and dynamic range Swelling-induced forces evolve continuously during cycling. A load cell with insufficient resolution will miss small but mechanistically significant force changes, particularly in early-cycle SEI formation events where dimensional changes are subtle. The dynamic range must accommodate both the initial assembly force and the peak forces generated at full lithiation. Conventional test cells do not include a force sensor — only the initial pressure is read at assembly, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without detection. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL include an integrated force sensor that monitors force continuously throughout cycling. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added, enabling force changes caused by gas evolution to be measured separately from those of mechanical origin — a distinction that is otherwise impossible to make. ### Thermal coupling Temperature affects both the rate of swelling and the mechanical properties of the electrode stack. Experiments conducted without temperature control conflate thermal expansion with electrochemically driven dimensional change, making it impossible to isolate the contribution of each. A temperature-controlled cell environment is therefore not optional for quantitative swelling studies. ## Matching experimental design to research objectives Building on the parameters described above, the next step is to align the experimental configuration with the specific research question being addressed. Different objectives require different measurement priorities. For studies focused on material characterisation, the primary goal is to measure swelling as a function of state of charge with minimal interference from the test setup itself. This calls for a well-defined, reproducible initial pressure, a load cell with high resolution, and a stable temperature environment. The electrode geometry should be standardised to allow comparison across samples. For studies aimed at understanding degradation mechanisms, the experimental design must capture how swelling behaviour evolves across many cycles. This means logging force data continuously alongside electrochemical parameters such as coulombic efficiency and differential capacity. Changes in the force profile over cycles can indicate SEI growth, lithium plating, or delamination before these effects become visible in the capacity data. For solid-state battery testing, maintaining a defined stack pressure throughout the measurement is the central challenge. Unlike liquid electrolyte cells, where the electrolyte can redistribute to accommodate dimensional changes, solid electrolyte cells require the mechanical boundary condition to remain within a specified range at all states of charge. This often means designing the experiment around the swelling envelope of the specific electrode-electrolyte combination, not applying a generic protocol. ## Common measurement errors caused by overlooking swelling dynamics Several reproducible classes of error arise when swelling dynamics are not properly accounted for in force test cell experiments. - **Pressure drift during cycling:** If the cell is assembled at a fixed displacement rather than a fixed force, the internal pressure will change as the electrode stack swells and contracts. This introduces a variable mechanical boundary condition that is rarely reported but significantly affects the electrochemical data. - **Irreversible capacity attributed to chemistry:** In solid-state cells, a drop in apparent capacity may reflect loss of interfacial contact due to swelling-induced delamination rather than any electrochemical degradation. Without force monitoring, these two causes are indistinguishable. - **Inconsistent results across laboratories:** Differences in assembly torque, spring preload, or cell housing compliance between laboratories can produce different mechanical boundary conditions even when the same nominal protocol is followed. This is a common source of inter-laboratory variability that is rarely discussed in published methods sections. - **Artefacts at the beginning and end of charge:** Rapid force changes occur at the onset of phase transitions in the electrode material. If the data acquisition rate for force is lower than for electrochemical parameters, these transient events are missed, and the correlation between force and electrochemical state becomes misleading. ## Integrating swelling data into a complete experimental workflow Swelling data becomes most informative when it is treated as a co-primary measurement rather than an ancillary output. This means synchronising force and displacement data with the electrochemical data stream from the outset of experimental design, not adding it retrospectively. A coherent workflow typically involves the following steps: 1. **Pre-characterisation:** Before cycling, measure the initial thickness and compliance of the electrode stack at the target assembly pressure. This establishes a baseline against which all subsequent dimensional changes are referenced. 2. **Synchronised data acquisition:** Configure the potentiostat or galvanostat to log force, displacement, voltage, and current on a common time axis. Misaligned timestamps between instruments are a frequent source of errors in post-processing. 3. **State-of-charge resolved analysis:** Plot force as a function of state of charge rather than time alone. This reveals the pressure envelope across the full charge-discharge cycle and identifies the states of charge at which mechanical stress is highest. 4. **Cycle-resolved tracking:** Extract force metrics – such as peak force, minimum force, and hysteresis – on a per-cycle basis. Progressive changes in these values are often the earliest indicators of mechanical degradation within the cell. 5. **Cross-correlation with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS):** Periodic EIS measurements taken at defined force states can reveal how interfacial resistance evolves with mechanical condition. This is particularly valuable in solid-state battery testing, where ionic contact resistance is directly linked to stack pressure. When swelling data is integrated in this way, it transforms from a secondary observation into a diagnostic tool that can distinguish between electrochemical, mechanical, and coupled failure modes with considerably greater precision. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports force test cell research EL-Cell GmbH designs test cells and instrumentation specifically for the kind of mechanically resolved electrochemical research described in this article. A key advantage of the EL-CELL approach is reliability: conventional test cells carry a high assembly failure rate — studies cite figures as high as 43%. Even experienced builders typically achieve only 4 out of 5 working cells, while inexperienced ones fall below 50%. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid standardise and simplify preparation so that nearly every cell runs without failure. Material choices also matter for data quality. Conventional cells are typically sealed with O-rings and often use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs instead of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs less moisture, reducing contamination risk and cutting preparation time. Conventional plungers embed particles during use and must be ground or polished between measurements, gradually altering cell geometry. EL-CELL uses tungsten carbide plungers that withstand high mechanical loads without this degradation, preserving cell geometry across the full lifetime of the hardware. Our product range addresses the full measurement chain required for rigorous swelling studies: - The **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/)** is a spring-loaded test cell that applies a defined, reproducible force to the electrode stack throughout cycling, eliminating pressure drift caused by fixed-displacement assembly. - The **[PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/)** is designed for solid-state battery testing under controlled stack pressure, with the mechanical boundary conditions needed for reliable ionic contact across solid electrolyte layers. - The **[ECD-4-nano dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** provides sub-5 nm resolution thickness measurements, enabling quantitative tracking of electrode dimensional changes across the full state-of-charge range. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates galvanostatic and potentiostatic cycling with EIS capability and a temperature-controlled cell chamber, allowing synchronised electrochemical and mechanical data acquisition from a single instrument. All instruments are designed to work together within the [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) ecosystem, so force, displacement, electrochemical, and impedance data share a common time axis without requiring custom integration work. If you are designing or refining a force test cell experiment, contact us to discuss your specific electrode chemistry and measurement requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What emerging solid electrolyte materials demand from next-generation test cell hardware](https://www.el-cell.com/what-emerging-solid-electrolyte-materials-demand-from-next-generation-test-cell-hardware/) **Published:** July 13, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Solid electrolytes break conventional test cell assumptions — discover the hardware principles that actually deliver reproducible solid-state battery data. **Content:** Solid electrolytes impose a fundamentally different set of demands on test cell hardware compared to conventional liquid electrolyte systems. Where liquid electrolytes conform to electrode surfaces and accommodate dimensional changes with relative ease, solid electrolytes are mechanically rigid, chemically sensitive, and highly dependent on interfacial contact quality. Understanding what these materials require — and why conventional hardware falls short — is essential for generating reliable, reproducible data in solid-state battery research. This article builds from the basic electrochemical distinctions between solid and liquid electrolytes through to the specific hardware design principles that solid-state testing demands. Each section adds a layer of understanding, so that by the end, the connection between material properties and instrument requirements becomes clear. ## What makes solid electrolytes fundamentally different from liquid ones A liquid electrolyte is a solution or ionic liquid that flows freely, fills pores, and maintains continuous ionic contact with both electrodes regardless of minor surface irregularities. A solid electrolyte is a crystalline, glassy, or polymer-based material that conducts ions through a fixed lattice or chain structure, with no ability to conform or redistribute under changing conditions. This distinction has profound consequences for how ions travel across the electrolyte-electrode interface. In a liquid system, the interface is dynamic and self-healing to some degree. In a solid system, the interface is fixed. Any gap, crack, or delamination between the solid electrolyte and the electrode directly interrupts ionic transport and increases resistance. The three principal solid electrolyte families each introduce their own complications: - **Oxide-based ceramics** (such as garnet-type LLZO or NASICON-type materials) are brittle, require high sintering temperatures, and are sensitive to atmospheric moisture and CO₂. - **Sulphide-based electrolytes** (such as LGPS or argyrodite Li₆PS₅Cl) offer higher ionic conductivity but react with moisture to release toxic H₂S, demanding inert atmosphere handling throughout. - **Polymer electrolytes** (such as PEO-based systems) are mechanically flexible but require elevated operating temperatures and exhibit significant conductivity dependence on temperature and pressure. For example, a sulphide pellet exposed to ambient air for even a few minutes during cell assembly can undergo surface degradation that raises interfacial resistance by orders of magnitude — an effect that would be invisible to a researcher unaware of the contamination. The test data would appear to reflect the material’s intrinsic properties when in fact they reflect handling damage. ## How solid electrolyte properties shape testing constraints The physical and chemical properties described above translate directly into constraints on how a test cell must be designed and operated. Three properties in particular drive hardware requirements: ionic conductivity, mechanical stiffness, and atmospheric sensitivity. ### Ionic conductivity and the role of contact pressure Solid electrolytes generally exhibit lower room-temperature ionic conductivity than liquid counterparts, though best-in-class sulphides now approach liquid electrolyte values. More critically, the effective conductivity measured in a test cell depends heavily on the quality of solid-solid contact at the electrode interfaces. Poor contact creates high-resistance zones that dominate electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra and distort capacity measurements. Applying controlled uniaxial pressure to the cell stack improves and maintains interfacial contact throughout cycling. This is not optional in solid-state testing — it is a requirement. The pressure must be defined, reproducible, and stable across temperature variations and electrode thickness changes during charge and discharge. ### Dimensional changes during cycling Electrode materials expand and contract as lithium is inserted and extracted. In a liquid electrolyte cell, this is accommodated by the fluid. In a solid electrolyte cell, the rigid electrolyte layer transmits these stresses mechanically. Without controlled pressure compensation, cycling-induced strain can fracture the electrolyte pellet, delaminate interfaces, or generate voids that progressively increase cell resistance. Monitoring these dimensional changes — and controlling the pressure environment — is therefore central to understanding degradation mechanisms. ### Atmospheric sensitivity during assembly Sulphide electrolytes in particular require assembly under inert gas (argon or dry nitrogen) with controlled humidity levels, typically below 0.1 ppm H₂O. Test cell hardware must therefore be compatible with glove box assembly, meaning compact form factors, simple sealing mechanisms, and no components that absorb or release moisture. ## Critical hardware requirements for solid electrolyte test cells Building on the constraints above, solid-state battery testing requires test cells that meet a specific set of structural and functional criteria that differ substantially from those designed for liquid electrolyte research. - **Defined, controllable uniaxial pressure:** The cell must apply a known force perpendicular to the electrode stack and maintain it throughout cycling. This rules out spring-loaded designs with poorly characterised force profiles. - **Rigid, dimensionally stable housing:** Thermal expansion of the cell body must be minimal and predictable so that applied pressure does not drift with temperature. - **Inert atmosphere compatibility:** The cell must be assemblable inside a glove box. Sealing must prevent atmospheric ingress after removal. - **Compatibility with EIS measurement:** Electrical connections must support four-point or two-point EIS measurements with minimal parasitic impedance contributions from the hardware itself. - **Dilatometric capability:** For research into electrode expansion and electrolyte deformation, the hardware should allow simultaneous measurement of stack thickness changes during electrochemical cycling. A [force test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) addresses the pressure requirement directly by integrating a calibrated spring or mechanical loading mechanism that applies a defined force to the cell stack. This is the foundational hardware choice for solid-state battery testing, as it replaces guesswork about contact quality with a reproducible, quantified parameter. ## Where conventional test cells fall short for solid-state research Conventional test cells introduce a range of practical and technical shortcomings that become especially consequential when working with solid electrolytes. Understanding these limitations explains why purpose-built hardware such as the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL represents a meaningful step forward. One of the most immediate problems is assembly reliability. Conventional test cells have a high assembly failure rate — studies cite 43%. Even experienced builders achieve only 4 out of 5 working cells on average, while inexperienced researchers fall below 50%. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid standardise and simplify preparation to the point where nearly every cell runs without failure, removing a significant source of wasted time and material. A second limitation concerns force measurement. Conventional cells do not include a force sensor — only initial pressure is set, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without any means of detection. EL-CELL cells include an integrated force sensor that tracks applied force throughout the experiment. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added, enabling researchers to measure force changes caused by gas evolution separately from those caused by mechanical settling — a distinction that is otherwise impossible to make. Compression homogeneity is a further area where conventional cells underperform. Standard designs compress electrode material inhomogeneously, which introduces variability across the pellet face and complicates data interpretation. The PAT-Solid-Core insert, used in both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid, uses guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression across the entire electrode area. Sealing and material choice also matter more than is often appreciated. Conventional cells are typically sealed with O-rings and often use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum before use. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs instead of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs substantially less moisture, reducing both contamination risk and the preparation time needed before glove box assembly. Finally, plunger durability is a practical concern that compounds over time. Conventional plungers embed electrode particles during use and must be ground or polished between measurements, a process that gradually alters cell geometry and introduces measurement-to-measurement variability. EL-CELL uses tungsten carbide plungers that withstand high mechanical loads without this surface degradation, preserving cell geometry across repeated experiments. ## Matching measurement techniques to solid electrolyte chemistries Different solid electrolyte chemistries require different measurement priorities. The hardware must support the appropriate techniques for the material under investigation. ### EIS for interfacial characterisation EIS is the primary tool for separating bulk electrolyte resistance, grain boundary resistance, and interfacial resistance in solid-state cells. For oxide ceramics with high grain boundary resistance, EIS measurements must extend to high frequencies (above 1 MHz) to resolve the bulk response. For polymer electrolytes, temperature-dependent EIS sweeps are essential because conductivity varies strongly with temperature. ### Galvanostatic cycling with controlled pressure Galvanostatic cycling at defined C-rates (charge/discharge rate relative to capacity) reveals capacity fade, coulombic efficiency (the ratio of charge extracted to charge inserted per cycle), and overpotential evolution. In solid-state cells, overpotential is particularly sensitive to interfacial contact quality, so changes in overpotential during cycling often indicate mechanical degradation rather than purely electrochemical processes. ### Operando dilatometry For researchers studying electrode volume changes and electrolyte deformation simultaneously with electrochemical data, operando dilatometry provides direct measurement of stack thickness as a function of state of charge. This technique is especially valuable for identifying the onset of electrolyte cracking or void formation before it manifests as measurable capacity loss. ## Why test cell hardware failures produce misleading solid-state data A common misconception in solid-state research is that poor data quality reflects poor material quality. In practice, hardware-related artefacts are at least as frequent a source of unreliable data, and they are often more difficult to identify. Consider the following failure modes and their electrochemical signatures: - **Insufficient or uneven contact pressure:** Produces high and variable interfacial resistance, which appears in EIS as a large, poorly defined semicircle. A researcher might incorrectly attribute this to a high-resistance electrolyte material rather than a contact problem. - **Pressure loss during cycling:** As electrodes expand and contract, a cell without active pressure compensation loses contact progressively. This manifests as steadily increasing overpotential and apparent capacity fade — symptoms that mimic electrolyte degradation. - **Moisture ingress during or after assembly:** Surface degradation of sulphide electrolytes raises interfacial resistance and introduces new EIS features that can be misinterpreted as intrinsic material properties. - **Parasitic impedance from hardware connections:** Poorly designed current collectors or contact springs contribute resistance and inductance that distort EIS spectra, particularly at high frequencies where bulk electrolyte responses are measured. The consequence of these artefacts is not merely inconvenient scatter in data. In a research context, they can lead to incorrect conclusions about material performance, wasted synthesis effort, and results that cannot be reproduced in other laboratories using different hardware. Reproducibility in solid-state battery testing is inseparable from hardware standardisation. ## Designing a test cell setup for next-generation solid-state research Drawing together the concepts covered in the preceding sections, a well-designed solid-state battery testing setup requires decisions at each level: the test cell itself, the pressure control mechanism, the measurement instrumentation, and the environmental controls during assembly. The starting point is selecting a test cell geometry appropriate for the electrolyte form factor. Pelletised ceramics and sulphides are typically tested in cylindrical cells with flat, parallel current collectors that distribute pressure evenly across the pellet face. Thin-film or polymer electrolytes may require different geometries. In all cases, the cell must allow the application and monitoring of defined uniaxial force throughout the experiment. Pressure selection is a variable that must be treated as an experimental parameter, not a fixed constant. Different electrolyte materials have different optimal pressure ranges for maximising interfacial contact without fracturing brittle pellets. Systematic pressure variation — combined with EIS measurements at each pressure — allows researchers to identify the optimal operating point for a given material and electrode combination. The measurement protocol should integrate: 1. Initial EIS characterisation before cycling to establish baseline resistance components. 2. Galvanostatic cycling at defined C-rates with periodic EIS interruptions to track resistance evolution. 3. Operando thickness measurement if electrode volume changes are under investigation. 4. Post-mortem analysis protocols that preserve the cell atmosphere during disassembly. Temperature control is a further variable that is often underestimated. For polymer electrolytes, small temperature deviations significantly alter ionic conductivity and therefore apparent electrochemical performance. For oxide ceramics, temperature affects grain boundary resistance. A test setup that does not control or monitor cell temperature introduces an uncontrolled variable that undermines data reproducibility. The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) integrates mechanical pressure control with compatibility for temperature-controlled environments, addressing both requirements in a single platform. Finally, documentation of every assembly step — including atmosphere conditions, applied pressure, and torque values for cell closure — is as important as the electrochemical data itself. Solid-state battery testing is highly sensitive to procedural variables, and reproducibility depends on treating assembly as a controlled experimental procedure rather than a routine preparation step. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports solid-state battery testing EL-Cell GmbH designs test cell hardware specifically for the demands that solid electrolyte materials place on measurement systems. Our product range addresses the core requirements discussed throughout this article: - The **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/)** applies defined, calibrated uniaxial pressure to the cell stack, making contact pressure a controlled and reproducible experimental parameter rather than an unknown variable. - The **[PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/)** is designed specifically for pelletised solid electrolyte systems, with a geometry and sealing mechanism suited to glove box assembly and inert atmosphere maintenance. - The **[PAT-Cell-Press](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/)** provides high-force capability for materials requiring elevated stack pressure, with compatibility for temperature-controlled cell chambers. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer measures electrode and electrolyte thickness changes with sub-5 nm resolution during electrochemical cycling, enabling operando dilatometry alongside standard electrochemical measurements. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates galvanostatic/potentiostatic cycling with EIS capability across up to 16 channels, providing the measurement platform needed to run systematic, multi-variable solid-state testing programmes. All components are designed to work together as an interoperable system, which reduces compatibility uncertainties and simplifies the process of building a reproducible solid-state testing workflow. If you are establishing or expanding a solid-state battery research programme and want to discuss which hardware configuration suits your specific electrolyte chemistry and experimental objectives, please contact our technical team directly. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [Why the mechanical testing gap is slowing solid-state battery commercialization](https://www.el-cell.com/why-the-mechanical-testing-gap-is-slowing-solid-state-battery-commercialization/) **Published:** July 8, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Uncharacterized stack pressure and volume change are silently derailing solid-state battery scale-up — here's what the data gap really costs. **Content:** The commercialisation of solid-state batteries is progressing more slowly than many research roadmaps anticipated. One underappreciated reason is the mechanical testing gap: the absence of standardised, well-characterised methods for measuring the mechanical behaviour of solid-state cells under realistic electrochemical conditions. Without these data, researchers cannot reliably predict how cells will perform under the stresses of repeated cycling, and manufacturers cannot translate laboratory results into scalable production processes. This article builds from first principles. It defines the mechanical testing gap, explains why solid-state architectures generate mechanical demands that liquid-electrolyte cells do not, and describes the instrumentation approaches that are closing the distance between laboratory measurement and commercial readiness. ## What is the mechanical testing gap in solid-state batteries? The mechanical testing gap refers to the lack of standardised, quantitative methods for characterising the mechanical state of a solid-state battery cell during electrochemical operation. In conventional lithium-ion cells with liquid electrolytes, mechanical effects are present but are often managed through cell design tolerances. In solid-state cells, mechanical behaviour is inseparable from electrochemical performance. The gap has two dimensions. First, there is an instrumentation dimension: many laboratory setups lack the sensors, force measurement systems, or dimensional resolution required to capture the relevant mechanical signals. Second, there is a methodological dimension: even where instruments exist, there is no consensus on how to apply controlled stack pressure, what force ranges are relevant, or how to correlate mechanical data with electrochemical outputs such as impedance or capacity fade. For example, a researcher cycling a sulphide-based solid electrolyte cell may observe capacity loss over 50 cycles without being able to determine whether the cause is chemical degradation at the electrode-electrolyte interface, delamination driven by volume change, or crack propagation through the electrolyte layer. Without mechanical characterisation, these failure modes are indistinguishable from electrochemical data alone. ## Why solid-state cells create unique mechanical demands Solid-state batteries replace the liquid or gel electrolyte with a solid ionic conductor, which fundamentally changes the mechanical environment inside the cell. A liquid electrolyte is compliant: it flows to fill voids created by electrode volume changes during lithiation and delithiation. A solid electrolyte cannot do this. Every dimensional change in the electrode must be accommodated mechanically, either through elastic deformation, plastic flow, or fracture. ### Volume change at the electrode level During cycling, electrode active materials expand and contract as lithium ions are inserted and extracted. In graphite anodes, this volume change is approximately 10% per cycle. In silicon-containing anodes, it can exceed 300%. In a liquid-electrolyte cell, this movement is partially decoupled from the electrolyte. In a solid-state cell, the electrode and electrolyte are in rigid contact, so volume changes translate directly into internal stress. - Oxide-based solid electrolytes (such as garnets and NASICON-type materials) are brittle and fracture under tensile stress. - Sulphide-based electrolytes are more ductile but require controlled stack pressure to maintain ionic contact at interfaces. - Polymer electrolytes deform viscoelastically, making their mechanical response time-dependent and temperature-sensitive. ### Stack pressure as an active variable In solid-state cells, applied stack pressure is not merely a packaging consideration: it is an electrochemical variable. Insufficient pressure leads to interfacial delamination and loss of ionic contact, which manifests as increased cell impedance and reduced accessible capacity. Excessive pressure can cause electrolyte fracture or induce lithium creep in cells using metallic lithium anodes. The optimal pressure window is material-specific and can shift during cycling as the cell geometry evolves. This means that [force test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) capable of applying and measuring defined stack pressures throughout a full cycling protocol are a prerequisite for generating reproducible solid-state battery testing data, not an optional enhancement. ## How uncharacterised mechanics slow the path to commercialisation Building on the mechanical demands described above, the consequences of leaving these variables uncharacterised are significant for anyone attempting to move a solid-state cell chemistry from research to production. Reproducibility is the first casualty. If two nominally identical cells are assembled with different stack pressures because the test fixture does not control or record this parameter, their electrochemical data will diverge. This makes it difficult to distinguish genuine material performance from experimental artefacts, and it undermines the statistical validity of any dataset intended for publication or process transfer. Failure analysis is the second casualty. Post-mortem examination of a cycled solid-state cell can identify physical damage, but without in-situ mechanical data recorded during cycling, it is not possible to determine in which cycle, at which state of charge, and under which conditions the damage initiated. This gap between observation and causation slows the iterative development cycle that is essential for improving cell chemistry and architecture. - Uncontrolled stack pressure introduces a hidden variable that inflates cell-to-cell variation. - Without dimensional data, volume change contributions to impedance growth cannot be separated from chemical degradation contributions. - Scale-up decisions made on the basis of mechanically uncharacterised data carry higher technical risk. ## Assembly reliability and material design in conventional versus EL-CELL test cells Beyond the measurement gap itself, the reliability of the test cell assembly process has a direct impact on data quality. Conventional test cells carry a high assembly failure rate — studies cite 43% of cells failing to work as intended. Even experienced builders achieve only around 4 out of 5 working cells, while inexperienced assemblers fall below a 50% success rate. This level of variability makes it difficult to build statistically meaningful datasets and wastes both materials and time. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL address this directly. Both cells use the PAT-Solid-Core insert, which features guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression of electrode material — something conventional cells, which compress electrode material inhomogeneously, cannot guarantee. The standardised assembly procedure means that nearly every cell runs without failure, removing a significant source of experimental noise before cycling even begins. The choice of materials also matters. Conventional cells are typically sealed with O-rings and often use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum before use. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs instead of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs considerably less moisture than PEEK, which reduces contamination risk and shortens preparation time — a meaningful advantage when working with moisture-sensitive solid electrolyte materials. Plunger durability is a further consideration. Conventional plungers embed electrode particles during use and must be ground or polished between measurements, a process that gradually alters the cell geometry and introduces additional variability. EL-CELL tungsten carbide plungers withstand high mechanical loads without this degradation, maintaining consistent geometry across many measurement cycles. Conventional test cells also lack integrated force sensing. Only the initial applied pressure is known, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without detection. EL-CELL cells include an integrated force sensor that tracks pressure throughout the experiment. An optional gas pressure sensor can be added to measure force changes caused by gas evolution separately from mechanical ones, enabling more precise attribution of the signals recorded. ## Electrochemical dilatometry and in-situ strain monitoring explained Electrochemical dilatometry is the measurement of dimensional changes in an electrode or cell stack as a function of electrochemical state. It provides a direct, quantitative record of volume change that can be correlated with capacity, voltage, and impedance data acquired simultaneously. The operating principle is straightforward. A displacement sensor monitors the thickness of the cell stack with sub-micrometre resolution while the cell is being cycled. Expansion during lithiation and contraction during delithiation appear as periodic displacement signals. Irreversible expansion, which accumulates over many cycles, is associated with processes such as electrolyte decomposition, gas evolution, or lithium plating. ### What dilatometry reveals that electrochemical data cannot Consider a cell showing gradual capacity fade over 100 cycles. Electrochemical data alone cannot distinguish between active material loss, growing interfacial resistance, and loss of ionic contact due to delamination. Dilatometry can separate these mechanisms: delamination produces a change in the expansion-contraction profile before it produces a measurable change in capacity, providing earlier diagnostic information. For solid-state cells specifically, dilatometry under controlled stack pressure provides a coupled mechanical-electrochemical dataset. The [ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) achieves a displacement resolution of better than 5 nm, which is sufficient to resolve the sub-micrometre thickness changes that occur in thin-film electrode configurations relevant to solid-state research. ### In-situ strain monitoring in force test cells An alternative approach to dilatometry is the integration of force sensors directly into the test cell body. Rather than measuring displacement at fixed load, these cells measure the force generated by electrode expansion under constrained conditions. This is the configuration relevant to solid-state cells where the electrolyte layer cannot accommodate free expansion. Force test cells record the evolution of internal stress as a function of cycle number and state of charge. These data are directly relevant to predicting electrolyte fracture risk and to defining the pressure management strategy required in a scaled cell format. ## Closing the gap: matching instruments to solid-state test requirements The practical implication of the preceding sections is that solid-state battery testing requires instruments that can simultaneously control or measure stack pressure, record dimensional change, and acquire electrochemical data. No single measurement modality is sufficient on its own. When selecting test equipment for solid-state research, the relevant instrument capabilities are: - **Defined and measurable stack pressure:** the test cell must apply a known, stable pressure throughout cycling and ideally record how that pressure evolves as the cell expands or contracts. - **Sub-micrometre displacement resolution:** relevant for detecting early-stage delamination or electrolyte cracking before these events become visible in capacity data. - **Compatibility with inert atmosphere assembly:** most solid-state electrolyte materials are sensitive to moisture and oxygen, requiring glovebox-compatible cell designs. - **Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) capability:** EIS provides information about interfacial resistance that, when combined with mechanical data, allows more precise attribution of degradation mechanisms. - **Temperature control:** many solid electrolytes show strong temperature dependence in ionic conductivity, and mechanical properties also vary with temperature. Researchers should also consider whether their test cell format supports the electrolyte geometry they are working with. Pellet-pressed sulphide electrolytes, cast oxide films, and polymer membranes each impose different assembly requirements, and a test cell designed for one format may not generate representative data for another. The path from laboratory measurement to commercialisation runs through reproducible, mechanically characterised data. Closing the mechanical testing gap is not a peripheral concern: it is a prerequisite for the kind of systematic, comparable research that enables scale-up decisions to be made on a sound technical basis. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports solid-state battery testing EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures test cells and instruments that directly address the mechanical and electrochemical requirements described in this article. Our product range includes purpose-built solutions for solid-state battery testing research: - **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/):** a test cell with an integrated force sensor and defined stack pressure capability, designed for in-situ measurement of internal stress during cycling. It is directly suited to sulphide and oxide solid electrolyte formats where stack pressure is an active electrochemical variable. - **[PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/):** a test cell developed specifically for solid-state battery testing, supporting glovebox assembly and controlled-pressure configurations. - **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/):** a high-resolution electrochemical dilatometer with sub-5 nm displacement resolution, enabling quantitative measurement of electrode and cell stack thickness changes correlated with electrochemical data. - **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/):** a multichannel battery tester with integrated EIS capability and a temperature-controlled cell chamber, providing the electrochemical measurement infrastructure needed alongside mechanical data acquisition. All instruments are designed to operate as an interoperable system, so mechanical and electrochemical datasets are acquired under consistent, controlled conditions. If you are establishing a solid-state battery testing workflow or need to add mechanical characterisation to an existing setup, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which instrument configuration is appropriate for your electrolyte chemistry and experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is a force test cell and how is it used in battery research?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-a-force-test-cell-and-how-is-it-used-in-battery-research/) **Published:** July 9, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Discover how force test cells expose hidden battery degradation—from silicon swelling to solid-state pressure loss—that voltage data alone misses. **Content:** A force test cell is a battery test cell equipped with a load sensor that measures the mechanical force exerted by electrodes during electrochemical cycling. It records compressive stress in real time alongside voltage and current data. The sections below address the most common questions researchers ask when considering force measurement as part of their experimental workflow. ## What mechanical forces occur inside a battery cell during cycling? During charge and discharge, electrode materials expand and contract as ions intercalate into and de-intercalate from the host lattice. These volume changes generate compressive or tensile stress within the electrode stack, and that stress is transmitted to the cell casing as a measurable force. The magnitude and direction of the force depend on the active material, the state of charge, and the cycling rate. In graphite anodes, lithiation proceeds through several staging transitions, each producing a distinct step-wise volume increase. At full lithiation to LiC6, graphite expands by roughly 10% in the c-axis direction. Silicon-based anodes are more extreme, with volumetric expansion exceeding 300% at full lithiation. On the cathode side, layered oxides such as NMC (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide) and LFP (lithium iron phosphate) also change volume, though typically by smaller amounts. In a constrained cell geometry, these dimensional changes translate directly into force. When the electrodes are held between rigid platens, as in a force test cell, the stack cannot expand freely and instead builds pressure. This pressure varies cyclically with state of charge and accumulates over time as the cell ages. ## How does a force test cell measure electrode stress? A force test cell integrates a calibrated load cell into the cell body, positioned so that the electrode stack compresses or decompresses against it during cycling. The load cell converts mechanical force into an electrical signal, which is recorded continuously alongside the electrochemical data from the potentiostat or battery tester. The result is a time-resolved force profile correlated directly with voltage, current, and capacity. The key design requirement is a rigid cell housing that constrains the stack without introducing compliance artefacts. If the housing deflects under load, the measured force will underestimate the true stress. High-quality force test cells use stiff metallic housings and precision-machined components to minimise this error. Calibration is straightforward: the load cell is zeroed before cell assembly, and the applied pre-load (if any) is recorded as a baseline. During cycling, the signal represents the change in force relative to that baseline. Pre-loading the stack to a defined pressure is common practice, particularly for solid-state cells where intimate electrode-electrolyte contact depends on applied pressure. Conventional test cells do not include a force sensor — only the initial pressure is set at assembly, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without detection. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL both include an integrated force sensor that tracks these changes continuously. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added, allowing force changes caused by gas evolution to be measured and distinguished from purely mechanical ones. ## What can force data reveal that voltage curves cannot? Force data captures mechanical events in the electrode that produce no clear electrochemical signature in the voltage profile. Phase transitions, particle cracking, gas evolution, and electrolyte decomposition can all produce changes in the force signal before they are visible in the capacity or voltage data. This makes force measurement a sensitive early indicator of degradation mechanisms. - **Phase transitions:** In graphite, the staging transitions during lithiation appear as distinct inflections in the force curve, providing a mechanical fingerprint of the intercalation sequence that complements differential capacity analysis. - **Particle cracking:** Repeated large-volume changes in materials such as silicon cause particle fracture over many cycles. As particles crack, the electrode loses mechanical cohesion and the force response gradually changes, often showing reduced peak force and altered hysteresis. - **Gas evolution:** Gas generated within the cell, for example from electrolyte oxidation or lithium plating, increases the internal pressure and appears as an anomalous force increase that is not correlated with the normal charge-discharge cycle. - **SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interphase) growth:** The SEI layer that forms on the anode surface during early cycles contributes to irreversible thickness increase. This shows up as a gradual baseline drift in the force signal across the first few formation cycles. - **Cycle-to-cycle drift:** Progressive changes in the force baseline over hundreds of cycles reflect cumulative mechanical degradation, including electrode swelling, binder fatigue, and loss of stack pressure. Voltage curves alone cannot distinguish between these mechanisms. Force data, when analysed alongside coulombic efficiency and capacity fade, allows researchers to attribute degradation to specific physical processes. ## Which battery chemistries and electrode materials benefit most from force testing? Force testing is most informative for electrode materials that undergo large or structurally complex volume changes during cycling. Silicon-dominant anodes, lithium metal, and solid-state cell configurations are the primary use cases, but the technique adds value across a broad range of chemistries. **Silicon and silicon-composite anodes** are the clearest case. The extreme volume change of silicon makes mechanical stress a first-order concern for cell design and lifetime. Force data directly quantifies how different binder systems, particle sizes, and electrode architectures manage that stress. **Lithium metal anodes** present a different challenge. Lithium plates and strips unevenly, and the force signal reflects the stochastic nature of that process. Monitoring force during lithium deposition can help identify conditions that promote dendritic growth or mossy lithium formation. **Solid-state batteries** are particularly well suited to force test cells. Solid electrolytes are mechanically rigid and sensitive to contact pressure. Maintaining adequate stack pressure is essential for low interfacial resistance, and force measurement provides direct feedback on whether that pressure is maintained throughout cycling. This is one reason force test cells have become standard equipment in solid-state battery testing programmes. **NMC and NCA cathodes** exhibit anisotropic lattice changes that generate stress at the particle level. At high states of charge, lattice contraction in the c-axis can cause intergranular cracking in polycrystalline particles. Force measurement at the cell level does not resolve individual particles, but it can detect the cumulative mechanical response associated with this degradation mode. **LFP cathodes** undergo a two-phase reaction with relatively modest volume change, but force data is still useful for detecting anomalies in the phase transition and for characterising the mechanical behaviour of thick electrodes at high C-rates. ## How is a force test cell integrated into a typical lab workflow? A force test cell connects to a standard battery tester or potentiostat/galvanostat in the same way as any other test cell, with the addition of a data acquisition channel for the load cell signal. Most researchers record force data using a separate data logger synchronised to the electrochemical instrument, or use an instrument that natively supports auxiliary analogue inputs. The typical workflow proceeds as follows: 1. **Cell assembly:** Electrodes and separator are assembled under controlled atmosphere if required. The load cell is zeroed and the stack is placed in the cell housing. A defined pre-load may be applied using a torque-controlled fastener or a calibrated spring. 2. **Baseline recording:** Before cycling begins, the resting force is recorded as a function of time to confirm that the assembly is stable and that there is no ongoing swelling from electrolyte uptake. 3. **Cycling with synchronised force acquisition:** The battery tester runs the desired protocol (formation cycles, rate capability test, long-term cycling) while the force signal is recorded at the same time resolution as the electrochemical data. 4. **Data analysis:** Force is plotted against time, voltage, and state of charge. Differential force analysis (dF/dQ or dF/dV) can be used to identify phase transitions and compare samples. 5. **Post-mortem correlation:** If the cell is disassembled after testing, the force history can be correlated with physical observations such as electrode delamination, lithium plating marks, or electrolyte discolouration. Force test cells are compatible with standard electrochemical techniques including cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), so they can be incorporated into any existing measurement sequence without modification. ## What is the difference between a force test cell and an electrochemical dilatometer? A force test cell measures the stress generated by a constrained electrode stack, while an electrochemical dilatometer measures the free linear expansion of an electrode under minimal or controlled load. The two techniques are complementary and answer different questions about electrode mechanics. In a force test cell, the electrode stack is held between rigid platens. The electrodes cannot expand freely, so dimensional change is converted into force. The output is a force-versus-time or force-versus-state-of-charge curve. This configuration is relevant to how electrodes behave inside a real cell, where they are constrained by the casing. In an electrochemical dilatometer, the electrode is free to expand in one direction, and a high-resolution displacement sensor records the thickness change. The output is a thickness-versus-time or thickness-versus-state-of-charge curve, expressed in absolute units (typically micrometres or nanometres). This configuration is used to characterise the intrinsic volume change of an electrode material under near-zero load, independent of cell design constraints. The practical distinction matters for experimental design: - Use a force test cell when you want to understand the mechanical loads that electrodes impose on the cell structure, or when you are evaluating how a cell responds to a defined stack pressure. - Use an electrochemical dilatometer when you want to quantify the absolute dimensional change of an electrode material, compare materials, or characterise expansion kinetics at high resolution. - Use both in parallel when you need a complete picture of both the dimensional change and the resulting mechanical stress, for example when optimising electrode formulations for a solid-state cell. The resolution requirements also differ. Dilatometers such as the [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) are designed to resolve sub-nanometre thickness changes, which requires a very low applied load and a highly sensitive displacement sensor. Force test cells do not need sub-nanometre resolution, but they do require accurate load cell calibration and a rigid housing to avoid compliance errors. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports force measurement in battery research We design and manufacture test cells specifically for researchers who need to combine electrochemical and mechanical measurements in a single experiment. Our [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) is built for exactly this purpose, providing calibrated force measurement alongside full electrochemical functionality in a format compatible with the rest of the [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) ecosystem. For solid-state battery research, the [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is designed to apply and maintain defined stack pressures, which is a prerequisite for reproducible solid electrolyte testing. Both cells connect directly to our [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) instrument, which supports auxiliary analogue inputs for synchronised force data acquisition. Both the PAT-Cell-Force and the PAT-Cell-Solid are designed to address well-documented limitations of conventional test cells. Assembly failure rates in conventional cells are high — studies cite a 43% failure rate overall, and even experienced researchers typically achieve only 4 out of 5 working cells, while inexperienced builders fall below 50%. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid standardise and simplify preparation so that nearly every cell runs without failure. Both cells use the PAT-Solid-Core insert, which features guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression of electrode material — something conventional cells, which compress electrode material inhomogeneously, cannot guarantee. These tungsten carbide plungers also withstand high mechanical loads without embedding particles or degrading over time. Conventional plungers embed particles during use and must be ground or polished between measurements, gradually altering cell geometry; the tungsten carbide plungers used here eliminate that problem entirely. Sealing is another area where conventional cells fall short. Standard designs rely on O-rings and PEEK housings, and PEEK absorbs significant moisture, requiring drying at 120°C under vacuum. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs instead of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs far less moisture, which reduces contamination risk and cuts preparation time. What we offer for force-based battery research: - Calibrated force test cells with rigid housings to minimise compliance artefacts - Integrated force sensors with an optional gas pressure sensor for separating mechanical and gas-evolution contributions - Test cells designed for solid-state and high-pressure applications - Homogeneous electrode compression via guided tungsten carbide plungers and the PAT-Solid-Core insert - Aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs with PPS housings for reduced moisture uptake and faster preparation - Fully integrated instrumentation that records electrochemical and mechanical data simultaneously - High-resolution dilatometry with the [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) for complementary thickness measurements - A complete, interoperable research ecosystem under the [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) brand, from cell hardware to software If you are setting up a force measurement workflow or need guidance on which cell configuration suits your electrode chemistry, contact us directly to discuss your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How does stack pressure affect solid-state battery test accuracy?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-does-stack-pressure-affect-solid-state-battery-test-accuracy/) **Published:** July 16, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Poor stack pressure control corrupts solid-state battery data — here's what researchers must know to fix it. **Content:** Stack pressure has a direct and measurable effect on solid-state battery test accuracy. Insufficient or inconsistent pressure leads to poor interfacial contact between the solid electrolyte and electrode layers, which introduces artefacts into electrochemical measurements and obscures the true performance of the materials under study. The sections below address the most common questions researchers encounter when designing pressure-controlled solid-state battery tests. ## Why does stack pressure vary so much between solid-state cell designs? Stack pressure varies between solid-state cell designs because the mechanical properties of the constituent materials differ substantially across electrolyte chemistries, electrode compositions, and cell geometries. Unlike liquid electrolyte cells, where the electrolyte conforms to electrode surfaces, solid electrolytes require applied mechanical force to maintain intimate interfacial contact throughout cycling. Several factors drive this variability: - **Electrolyte stiffness:** Oxide-based solid electrolytes such as garnets and NASICONs are rigid ceramics that fracture under excessive pressure, whereas sulphide-based electrolytes are softer and consolidate more readily under moderate compressive loads. - **Electrode volume change:** High-capacity anodes, including silicon and lithium metal, undergo significant volumetric expansion and contraction during cycling, causing the stack pressure to fluctuate if the cell hardware does not accommodate this movement. - **Pellet versus tape geometry:** Cold-pressed pellet assemblies distribute pressure differently from thin-film tape-cast laminates, so the applied load required to achieve equivalent contact quality differs between formats. - **Cell hardware compliance:** Rigid cell housings maintain a nominally fixed displacement, meaning that as electrode thickness changes, the interfacial force changes too. Spring-loaded or servo-controlled fixtures can compensate for this, but standard hardware does not. Understanding which of these factors dominates in a given experimental system is the starting point for designing a reproducible test protocol. ## How does stack pressure affect ionic conductivity in solid electrolytes? Stack pressure affects ionic conductivity in solid electrolytes primarily through its influence on grain-to-grain contact and interfacial resistance at the electrode-electrolyte boundary. Under-pressurised assemblies contain voids and delaminated interfaces that impede Li-ion transport, artificially inflating the resistance measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). At the grain level, compressive stress improves contact between electrolyte particles in pellet-form materials, reducing grain-boundary resistance. However, excessive pressure introduces mechanical stress that can crack brittle ceramic electrolytes, creating conductive pathways for short circuits rather than improving ionic transport. At the electrode-electrolyte interface, pressure determines how well the electrode layer conforms to the electrolyte surface. For lithium metal anodes, insufficient pressure promotes void formation as lithium is stripped, leading to contact loss and rising overpotential. The relationship between applied pressure and interfacial resistance is therefore non-linear: there is a practical optimum range beyond which further compression is either ineffective or damaging. This pressure-conductivity relationship means that EIS spectra collected at different stack pressures are not directly comparable. Researchers comparing data across laboratories or cell formats must account for the mechanical boundary conditions under which measurements were made. ## What happens to test data when stack pressure is inconsistent? Inconsistent stack pressure produces test data that conflates mechanical artefacts with genuine electrochemical behaviour. The most common consequences are irreproducible capacity values, anomalous impedance spectra, and premature apparent capacity fade that does not reflect true material degradation. Specific data artefacts associated with pressure inconsistency include: - **Elevated and variable bulk resistance:** EIS measurements show a bulk resistance that shifts between cycles or between nominally identical cells, making it impossible to isolate electrolyte or interface contributions. - **Irregular overpotential:** Voltage profiles show erratic polarisation that is not reproducible, complicating the extraction of thermodynamic quantities such as open-circuit voltage. - **Apparent capacity fade:** Loss of interfacial contact mimics capacity fade in galvanostatic cycling data, leading to incorrect conclusions about electrode degradation or electrolyte stability. - **Short circuits:** In sulphide electrolyte systems, uncontrolled high pressure can cause electrolyte fracture and lithium dendrite propagation, resulting in sudden cell failure that is misattributed to the electrode chemistry. - **Poor inter-cell reproducibility:** When pressure is applied manually or via torque-tightened screws without calibration, the actual force on the stack differs between assemblies, making statistical comparison across replicates unreliable. For publication-quality data, mechanical boundary conditions must be treated as experimental variables with the same rigour as temperature, current density, and electrolyte composition. ## How is stack pressure controlled and measured in lab test cells? Stack pressure in lab test cells is controlled either by applying a defined displacement (strain-controlled) or a defined force (load-controlled). Each approach has distinct implications for how pressure evolves during cycling, and the choice between them should reflect the research question being addressed. ### Displacement-controlled methods In displacement-controlled setups, the cell hardware fixes the separation between current collectors. Torque-tightened screws on a standard coin cell or cylindrical cell fall into this category. The actual force on the stack is not measured directly and changes as the electrode thickness evolves. This approach is simple but provides no quantitative information about stack pressure during the experiment. Conventional test cells of this type also carry a notably high assembly failure rate — studies cite a figure as high as 43%. Even experienced builders typically achieve only four out of five working cells, while inexperienced assemblers fall below a 50% success rate. ### Load-controlled and instrumented methods Load-controlled setups apply a defined force using springs, pneumatic actuators, or servo-driven pistons. Integrated load cells measure the force continuously, allowing the researcher to track how stack pressure evolves with cycling. Some test cell designs incorporate both force measurement and displacement measurement simultaneously, enabling the researcher to calculate the mechanical work done on the stack and to correlate volumetric changes with electrochemical events. For in-situ dilatometry, the electrode thickness change is measured directly alongside electrochemical data, providing a complete picture of the mechanical-electrochemical coupling. [Force test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) designed for solid-state research combine these capabilities in a format compatible with standard potentiostat and galvanostat hardware. ## What pressure range is recommended for solid-state battery testing? There is no single universally recommended pressure range for solid-state battery testing because the optimum depends on the electrolyte chemistry, electrode materials, and cell geometry. However, broad guidance from the literature and laboratory practice identifies ranges that are commonly used as starting points for different electrolyte classes. - **Sulphide-based electrolytes:** These materials are mechanically compliant and typically require moderate pressures in the range of a few MPa to consolidate the pellet and maintain interfacial contact. Very high pressures are generally unnecessary and can cause electrolyte extrusion. - **Oxide-based ceramic electrolytes:** Rigid garnets and NASICON-type materials require careful pressure management. Sufficient force is needed to ensure contact, but the brittle nature of these ceramics means that even modest overloading can cause fracture. - **Polymer and composite electrolytes:** These are mechanically compliant and often require lower pressures, though they may need elevated temperature to achieve adequate ionic conductivity, which in turn affects their mechanical response to load. Rather than adopting a literature value uncritically, researchers should conduct a pressure-dependence study as part of cell optimisation: measure impedance or capacity as a function of applied pressure to identify the plateau where further compression no longer improves performance. This empirical approach accounts for the specific materials and assembly quality in a given laboratory. ## Should stack pressure be held constant or allowed to vary during cycling? Whether stack pressure should be held constant or allowed to vary during cycling depends on the experimental objective. Constant-pressure operation is generally preferable for electrochemical characterisation because it decouples mechanical variables from electrochemical ones. Allowing pressure to vary is appropriate when the research goal is to study how realistic mechanical boundary conditions affect cell performance. In constant-pressure mode, a load-controlled fixture maintains a defined force on the stack throughout cycling. This ensures that interfacial contact quality remains nominally stable, making it easier to attribute changes in impedance or capacity to electrochemical rather than mechanical causes. It is the preferred condition for comparing electrolyte formulations or electrode coatings. In constant-displacement mode, the pressure evolves as electrode volume changes. This more closely resembles the constraint experienced by a cell inside a battery module, where the surrounding structure limits expansion. Studying how capacity and impedance evolve under these conditions provides data relevant to cell design and module engineering. A third approach is to deliberately vary pressure in a controlled sequence to map the pressure-performance relationship. This is particularly useful when characterising new solid electrolyte formulations where the optimum operating pressure is not yet known. Regardless of the chosen protocol, the pressure history should be recorded and reported alongside the electrochemical data, as it is a primary experimental variable in solid-state battery research. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports solid-state battery testing under controlled pressure EL-Cell GmbH designs test cells and instrumentation specifically for the mechanical and electrochemical demands of solid-state battery research. Our product range addresses the core challenges described in this article: - The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) applies and measures stack pressure in situ via an integrated force sensor, allowing researchers to define and maintain a target force throughout cycling and to record how pressure evolves with electrode volume change. An optional gas pressure sensor can be added to distinguish force changes caused by gas evolution from those of purely mechanical origin. The PAT-Solid-Core insert, used in both the PAT-Cell-Force and the PAT-Cell-Solid, employs guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers together with a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression of electrode material — eliminating the inhomogeneous loading that is common with conventional cell designs. - The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is designed for solid electrolyte pellet assemblies, providing a well-defined uniaxial pressure environment compatible with sulphide and oxide electrolyte formats. Together with the PAT-Cell-Force, it standardises and simplifies cell preparation to the point where nearly every assembled cell runs without failure — a marked improvement over the high failure rates associated with conventional test cells. - Both cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs in place of O-rings, and PPS plastic rather than PEEK for the housing. PEEK absorbs significant moisture and must be dried at 120°C under vacuum; PPS absorbs considerably less moisture, reducing both contamination risk and preparation time. The tungsten carbide plungers resist particle embedding under high mechanical loads and do not require grinding or polishing between measurements, preserving cell geometry over the full course of a study. - The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer measures electrode thickness changes with sub-5 nm resolution, enabling direct correlation between mechanical strain and electrochemical state. - All test cells are compatible with the [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/), which supports EIS, galvanostatic cycling, and potentiostatic measurements within a single instrument, eliminating the need for separate hardware for different measurement modes. If you are developing a solid-state battery test protocol or need to establish reproducible pressure conditions for a new electrolyte system, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss your experimental requirements. We can advise on cell selection, pressure protocols, and compatible instrumentation to support your research programme. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do force test cells compare across different solid electrolyte chemistries?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-force-test-cells-compare-across-different-solid-electrolyte-chemistries/) **Published:** July 17, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Oxide, sulfide, and polymer electrolytes demand different pressures and setups — find out which force test cell fits your solid-state research. **Content:** Force test cells behave differently across solid electrolyte chemistries because each material class has distinct mechanical properties, ionic transport mechanisms, and sensitivity to applied pressure. Oxide-based electrolytes, sulfide-based electrolytes, and polymer electrolytes each impose different requirements on stack pressure, electrode contact, and dimensional tolerance. The sections below address the most common technical questions researchers encounter when selecting and configuring force test cells for solid-state battery work. ## What mechanical loads do different solid electrolyte chemistries actually require? Different solid electrolyte chemistries require substantially different mechanical loads during testing. Sulfide-based electrolytes are soft and deformable, typically requiring relatively modest stack pressures in the range of a few MPa to maintain pellet integrity and electrode contact. Oxide ceramics are rigid and brittle, demanding careful pressure control to avoid fracture. Polymer electrolytes require comparatively low pressures but are sensitive to temperature. The mechanical behaviour of each chemistry reflects its microstructure. Sulfide electrolytes such as argyrodites and LGPS-type materials can be cold-pressed into dense pellets at room temperature, which means they conform reasonably well to electrode surfaces under moderate load. However, too little pressure leaves interfacial voids, while too much can cause pellet cracking or short circuits due to particle migration. Oxide ceramics, including garnet-type LLZO and NASICON-type materials, are sintered at high temperatures and arrive in the test cell as rigid discs. These materials do not deform plastically at room temperature. The applied load in this case serves primarily to ensure electrical contact and suppress interfacial resistance rather than to densify the electrolyte. Fracture risk is a real concern, and uniaxial pressure must be applied uniformly. Polymer and composite electrolytes occupy a middle ground. They are viscoelastic and respond to both pressure and temperature. At elevated operating temperatures, they soften and conform more readily to electrode surfaces, meaning the required load is lower but must be maintained consistently throughout the measurement. ## How does applied stack pressure affect ionic conductivity in solid electrolytes? Applied stack pressure affects ionic conductivity in solid electrolytes primarily by altering grain-to-grain contact and reducing interfacial resistance. In sulfide electrolytes, increasing pressure densifies the pellet and reduces pore volume, which directly improves bulk ionic conductivity. In oxide ceramics, pressure has a smaller effect on bulk conductivity but significantly reduces grain boundary and electrode-electrolyte interfacial resistance. For sulfide-based materials, the relationship between pressure and conductivity is relatively well understood. Cold-pressed pellets become denser as pressure increases, and the percolating network of conducting grains improves. Beyond an optimum pressure, however, further densification yields diminishing returns and may introduce mechanical damage. In oxide ceramics, bulk conductivity is largely set by the sintering process and is not meaningfully altered by the pressures achievable in a laboratory test cell. What pressure does control is the quality of contact between the electrolyte disc and the electrode layers. Poor contact introduces series resistance that can be mistaken for low ionic conductivity if not properly accounted for in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. Polymer electrolytes show a more complex response. At temperatures below their glass transition or melting point, they are stiff and contact is poor regardless of pressure. Above those temperatures, the material flows slightly under load and contact improves. This means that pressure and temperature must be optimised together when testing polymer-based systems. ## What are the key differences between oxide, sulfide, and polymer electrolyte testing setups? The key differences between oxide, sulfide, and polymer electrolyte testing setups relate to atmosphere control, temperature requirements, and mechanical configuration. Sulfide electrolytes are moisture-sensitive and require inert-atmosphere assembly. Oxide ceramics are stable in air but demand precise uniaxial alignment to avoid fracture. Polymer electrolytes require elevated temperature control and are incompatible with solvents used in some electrode preparations. ### Atmosphere and contamination control Sulfide electrolytes react with atmospheric moisture to produce hydrogen sulfide gas. Assembly must take place inside a dry room or glovebox, and the test cell must maintain a sealed environment throughout the measurement. Any ingress of moisture degrades the electrolyte and invalidates results. Oxide electrolytes are generally stable in ambient conditions, though some garnet materials are sensitive to CO2 and humidity over extended periods. Assembly outside a controlled atmosphere is feasible for short-duration experiments, but long-term cycling studies benefit from sealed cell designs. ### Temperature and pressure coupling Polymer and composite electrolytes are typically tested at temperatures between 40 °C and 80 °C to achieve adequate ionic conductivity. This requires a test cell that can be placed inside a temperature-controlled environment while maintaining defined stack pressure. Oxide and sulfide systems are more commonly tested at room temperature, though elevated temperature studies are increasingly relevant for understanding degradation mechanisms. ## How do force test cells measure thickness changes across solid electrolyte types? Force test cells measure thickness changes in solid electrolyte assemblies by coupling a displacement sensor with a defined mechanical load applied to the cell stack. As electrode materials expand or contract during cycling, the piston or plunger transmits these dimensional changes to the sensor. The resolution and range required depend on the electrolyte chemistry and the electrode materials used. In sulfide-based systems, electrode volume changes can be substantial. Silicon or lithium metal anodes undergo large volumetric expansion during lithiation, and the soft electrolyte deforms alongside them. A force test cell with a high-resolution displacement measurement can track these changes continuously, providing operando dilatometry data that correlates with electrochemical performance. Oxide ceramic systems present a different challenge. The rigid electrolyte disc does not deform, so thickness changes reflect electrode behaviour alone. The measurement must be sensitive enough to detect small changes in electrode thickness without being masked by compliance in the cell hardware itself. Rigid cell designs with minimal mechanical play are important here. Polymer systems expand and contract thermally as well as electrochemically. Separating thermal expansion from electrochemically driven thickness change requires careful baseline correction and consistent temperature control throughout the experiment. [Force test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) designed for solid-state work typically include provisions for temperature stabilisation to address this issue. ## Which solid electrolyte chemistry is most compatible with standard force test cell hardware? Sulfide-based solid electrolytes are generally the most compatible with standard force test cell hardware, provided the cell is assembled under an inert atmosphere. Their mechanical compliance allows them to conform to electrode surfaces under moderate pressure, and their room-temperature processability simplifies assembly. Oxide ceramics require more precise alignment and pressure uniformity, while polymer systems add temperature control requirements. Standard force test cell designs typically apply uniaxial pressure through a spring or screw mechanism, with a displacement sensor measuring stack height. This configuration suits sulfide pellet assemblies well because the material accommodates slight misalignments without fracturing. The same hardware can be used for oxide ceramics, but alignment tolerances become more critical and fracture risk must be managed. Polymer electrolyte testing is feasible with standard hardware if the cell can be placed in a temperature-controlled environment. The main limitation is that most standard force test cells are not designed to be heated internally, so an external oven or climate chamber is required. Some researchers use the [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) platform, which accommodates solid electrolyte pellet assemblies directly and simplifies the experimental setup considerably. ## What should researchers consider when selecting a force test cell for solid-state battery work? When selecting a force test cell for solid-state battery work, researchers should consider pressure range and uniformity, displacement resolution, atmosphere compatibility, temperature capability, and electrode geometry. No single design is optimal for all three electrolyte chemistries, so the choice should be driven by the specific materials and experimental questions under investigation. - **Pressure range:** Sulfide systems typically require a few MPa; oxide systems may need higher pressures for good contact but with strict uniformity requirements to avoid fracture. - **Displacement resolution:** Operando thickness measurements require sub-micrometre resolution. For nanometre-scale changes in thin-film or composite electrolyte systems, higher-resolution dilatometry instruments such as the [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) are more appropriate. - **Atmosphere compatibility:** Cells used for sulfide electrolytes must seal reliably against atmospheric moisture. Assembly must be carried out under inert gas. - **Temperature control:** Polymer and composite electrolyte work requires stable elevated temperatures. Confirm that the cell and its housing are compatible with the required temperature range. - **Electrode geometry:** Coin-type and pellet-type geometries impose different constraints on pressure distribution. Larger electrode areas require more careful attention to load uniformity across the stack. - **EIS compatibility:** Many solid-state studies rely on impedance spectroscopy to characterise interfacial resistance. Confirm that the cell design supports low-noise EIS measurements at the relevant frequencies. - **Assembly reliability:** Conventional test cells have a high assembly failure rate — studies cite figures as high as 43%. Even experienced builders achieve only around 4 out of 5 working cells, while inexperienced assemblers fall below 50%. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL standardize and simplify preparation so that nearly every cell runs without failure. - **Force monitoring:** Conventional cells do not include a force sensor, meaning only the initial pressure is recorded and any reduction due to mechanical settling goes undetected. EL-CELL cells include an integrated force sensor. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added to measure force changes caused by gas evolution separately from mechanical ones. - **Homogeneous compression:** Conventional cells compress electrode material inhomogeneously. The PAT-Solid-Core insert, used in both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid, uses guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression. - **Sealing and moisture contamination:** Conventional cells are typically sealed with O-rings and often use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120 °C under vacuum. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs instead of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs less moisture, reducing contamination risk and preparation time. - **Plunger durability:** Conventional plungers embed particles during use and must be ground or polished between measurements, gradually altering cell geometry. EL-CELL uses tungsten carbide plungers that withstand high mechanical loads without this degradation. It is also worth considering whether the force test cell integrates with existing potentiostat and galvanostat hardware in the laboratory. Instrument compatibility across the measurement chain reduces systematic error and simplifies data management, particularly when combining electrochemical cycling data with simultaneous mechanical measurements. The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) is designed with this in mind, integrating cycling, EIS, and temperature control into a single instrument. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports force test cell research across solid electrolyte chemistries EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures test cells and instrumentation specifically for solid-state battery research, with products that address the mechanical, thermal, and electrochemical requirements described above. Our equipment is used in academic and industrial laboratories working across all three major solid electrolyte chemistry classes. - The [**PAT-Cell-Force**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) applies defined uniaxial stack pressure while simultaneously measuring displacement, enabling operando mechanical and electrochemical data from a single experiment. It includes an integrated force sensor and uses the PAT-Solid-Core insert with guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers for homogeneous compression. An optional gas pressure sensor allows force changes from gas evolution to be measured independently of mechanical changes. - The [**PAT-Cell-Solid**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is designed specifically for solid electrolyte assemblies, with a geometry suited to pellet-type cells and compatibility with inert-atmosphere assembly workflows. Like the PAT-Cell-Force, it uses the PAT-Solid-Core insert with tungsten carbide plungers and aluminum seals with glass-metal feedthroughs, avoiding the moisture absorption associated with PEEK housings and O-ring seals. - The **PAT-Cell-Press II** provides controlled isostatic-type pressure for more uniform load distribution across the electrode stack, which is particularly relevant for brittle oxide ceramic electrolytes. - The [**ECD-4-nano**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer offers displacement resolution of better than 5 nm, enabling precise measurement of thickness changes in thin or low-expansion solid electrolyte systems. - All test cells are compatible with the [**PAT-Tester-i-16**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/), which integrates cycling, EIS, and temperature control into a single instrument, supporting the combined measurements that solid-state research increasingly demands. If you are designing an experimental setup for [solid state battery testing](https://el-cell.com/applications/solid-state-batteries/) and need guidance on selecting the right combination of test cell and instrumentation for your specific electrolyte chemistry, contact EL-Cell GmbH directly to discuss your requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What are the most common force test cell configurations used in SSB labs today?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-are-the-most-common-force-test-cell-configurations-used-in-ssb-labs-today/) **Published:** July 24, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Discover which force test cell configurations SSB labs rely on—and why stack pressure defines your data quality. **Content:** Solid-state battery (SSB) labs most commonly use spring-loaded, pneumatic, and hydraulic force test cell configurations to apply controlled stack pressure during electrochemical cycling. The choice between these configurations depends primarily on the electrolyte chemistry, the required pressure range, and whether the experiment demands constant force or constant displacement. The sections below address the most frequently asked questions about force test cell design and selection for SSB research. ## Why does stack pressure matter so much in solid-state battery testing? Stack pressure is critical in solid-state battery testing because solid electrolytes require intimate mechanical contact between electrode and electrolyte layers to maintain low interfacial resistance. Unlike liquid electrolytes, which wet electrode surfaces spontaneously, solid electrolytes cannot redistribute themselves to fill gaps created by electrode volume changes during cycling. Without adequate and well-controlled pressure, interfacial voids form, ionic resistance rises, and capacity fade accelerates. The practical consequence is that pressure directly affects the reproducibility of electrochemical data. Two nominally identical cells cycled at different stack pressures will produce measurably different impedance spectra, different capacity retention curves, and different coulombic efficiency values. For publication-quality data, the applied force must be defined, stable, and reported alongside all other experimental parameters. Stack pressure also influences mechanical degradation. Applying too little pressure allows delamination; applying too much can fracture brittle oxide electrolyte pellets or cause lithium metal to creep and short-circuit through sulfide electrolytes. The optimal pressure window is material-specific and often narrow, which is why dedicated force test cells with precise load control are necessary rather than simple fixed-torque assembly. ## What are the main force test cell configurations used in SSB labs? The three principal force test cell configurations found in SSB labs are spring-loaded cells, pneumatic cells, and hydraulic cells. Spring-loaded designs are the most widely deployed because they are compact, require no external infrastructure, and are straightforward to integrate into standard battery testers. Pneumatic and hydraulic configurations are preferred when precise, adjustable, or very high pressures are needed throughout an experiment. ### Spring-loaded configurations Spring-loaded force test cells use calibrated disc springs or coil springs to apply a defined compressive load to the cell stack. The spring constant determines how much the applied force changes as the electrode stack expands or contracts during cycling. Stiffer springs approximate constant-displacement conditions; softer springs allow more volume change at a relatively stable force. This configuration suits most oxide electrolyte work and many sulfide systems where pressures in the range of a few MPa are sufficient. ### Pneumatic and hydraulic configurations Pneumatic cells use regulated gas pressure acting on a piston or membrane to apply force, allowing the pressure to be adjusted in real time without disassembling the cell. Hydraulic cells operate on the same principle using incompressible fluid, which offers greater stability at very high pressures. Both configurations are particularly relevant for sulfide electrolytes, which typically require higher stack pressures, and for experiments where the researcher needs to vary pressure as an independent variable during a single cycling protocol. ## What is the difference between constant-force and constant-displacement setups? In a constant-force setup, the applied load on the cell stack remains fixed regardless of how much the electrodes expand or contract. In a constant-displacement setup, the distance between the cell’s end plates is fixed, so the force changes as the stack volume changes. The distinction matters because it determines whether the experiment controls mechanical stress or mechanical strain on the electrolyte and electrode assembly. Constant-force configurations are better suited to studies that examine how a specific pressure level affects cycling performance, interfacial resistance, or capacity retention. Pneumatic and soft-spring cells approximate this condition. Constant-displacement configurations are more appropriate when the researcher wants to measure the force generated by electrode expansion directly, for example to characterise the mechanical behaviour of a new anode material under realistic confinement. In practice, no spring-loaded cell is perfectly constant-force because the spring compresses or extends as the stack thickness changes. The degree of force variation depends on the spring rate and the magnitude of the thickness change. For electrodes with large volume changes, such as silicon-based anodes or lithium metal, this variation can be significant and should be accounted for in data interpretation. ## How do in-situ force measurements work inside a test cell? In-situ force measurement integrates a load cell or force sensor directly into the mechanical path of the test cell, so the compressive load on the electrode stack is recorded continuously alongside electrochemical data such as voltage, current, and impedance. The sensor is typically positioned between the current collector and the end plate, or within the piston assembly, to capture the full stack force without introducing parasitic resistance into the electrical circuit. The signal from the force sensor is logged synchronously with the electrochemical channels of the battery tester. This allows the researcher to correlate force evolution with specific electrochemical events: the onset of lithium plating, phase transitions in the active material, or the build-up of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode. Sudden force increases during charging, for example, can indicate lithium dendrite formation before a short circuit becomes apparent in the voltage trace. Accurate in-situ force measurement requires that the sensor is calibrated under the thermal and chemical conditions of the experiment, since temperature changes and electrolyte vapour can introduce drift. Cells designed for this purpose typically include provisions for sealing the sensor from the electrolyte environment while maintaining a direct and rigid mechanical connection to the stack. Conventional test cells do not include a force sensor — only the initial pressure is set, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without any indication. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) addresses this directly by incorporating an integrated force sensor that records load continuously throughout cycling. An optional gas pressure sensor can be added to distinguish force changes caused by gas evolution from those caused by mechanical settling or electrode expansion. This is designed specifically for in-situ force monitoring in a compact format compatible with standard [PAT-Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) infrastructure. ## Which force test cell configuration is best for oxide versus sulfide electrolytes? Oxide electrolytes, such as garnet-type materials and NASICON-structured ceramics, are mechanically stiff and brittle. They are typically tested at moderate stack pressures, often in the range of 1 to 10 MPa, using spring-loaded force test cells. The primary concern is avoiding fracture, so configurations that provide stable, moderate, and well-defined pressure without risk of overshoot are preferred. Sulfide electrolytes, including argyrodite and LGPS-type materials, are softer and can be cold-pressed into dense pellets at room temperature. They generally require higher stack pressures, sometimes exceeding 100 MPa during cell assembly, and benefit from pneumatic or hydraulic configurations that can sustain elevated pressures stably over long cycling periods. Sulfide cells are also sensitive to atmospheric moisture, so the force test cell must be compatible with inert-atmosphere assembly and operation. Polymer and composite electrolytes occupy an intermediate position. They are mechanically compliant and can accommodate volume changes without fracture, but they still require sufficient pressure to maintain electrode contact, particularly at lower temperatures where polymer electrolytes stiffen. Spring-loaded cells with moderate spring rates are generally adequate, though the specific pressure requirement depends on the polymer system and the operating temperature. ## What should researchers consider when selecting a force test cell for SSB work? Selecting a force test cell for solid-state battery research requires matching the cell’s mechanical specification to the electrolyte chemistry, the electrode geometry, and the measurement objectives. The following factors are the most important to evaluate before committing to a configuration. - **Pressure range and resolution:** Confirm that the cell can apply and measure forces across the full range relevant to the electrolyte system, with sufficient resolution to detect small changes during cycling. - **Force control mode:** Decide whether constant-force or constant-displacement conditions are more appropriate for the experiment, and verify that the cell design supports the chosen mode. - **In-situ monitoring capability:** If force evolution during cycling is a research variable, the cell must incorporate a load sensor with synchronous data acquisition rather than relying on a fixed spring assembly. - **Temperature compatibility:** Many SSB experiments are conducted at elevated temperatures to improve ionic conductivity. The force test cell and its sealing components must be rated for the intended temperature range. - **Atmosphere compatibility:** Sulfide electrolytes require assembly in a dry room or glove box. The cell must be sealable against moisture ingress and compatible with inert-atmosphere handling. - **Electrode area and stack geometry:** The cell’s active area must match the electrode dimensions used in the study. Mismatched geometry introduces non-uniform pressure distribution, which compromises data quality. - **Compatibility with ancillary measurements:** If electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), dilatometry, or optical observation are planned alongside force measurement, the cell design must accommodate those additional measurement modes without compromising mechanical integrity. Instrument compatibility across the full experimental workflow is also a practical consideration. Using test cells, potentiostats, and data acquisition software from a single interoperable platform reduces the risk of signal synchronisation errors and simplifies data analysis. The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is one example of a cell designed to address the specific mechanical and electrochemical requirements of solid-state research within a standardised platform. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports force testing in solid-state battery research We design and manufacture force test cells and supporting instrumentation specifically for the demands of solid-state battery research. Our product range addresses the full range of configurations discussed in this article, with particular attention to mechanical precision, atmosphere compatibility, and synchronous data acquisition. Conventional test cell assembly has a notably high failure rate — studies cite figures as high as 43%. Even experienced builders achieve only around 4 out of 5 working cells, while less experienced assemblers fall below 50%. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL are designed to standardise and simplify preparation so that nearly every cell runs without failure. Both cells use the PAT-Solid-Core insert, which features guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool. This ensures homogeneous compression of electrode material — something conventional cells frequently fail to achieve. The tungsten carbide plungers also withstand high mechanical loads without embedding particles or degrading over time. Conventional plungers suffer from particle embedding during use and must be ground or polished between measurements, which gradually alters cell geometry. The tungsten carbide construction eliminates this problem. EL-CELL cells also differ from conventional designs in their sealing approach. Conventional cells typically rely on O-rings and PEEK housings; PEEK absorbs significant moisture and requires drying at 120°C under vacuum before use. EL-CELL cells instead use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs in place of O-rings, and PPS plastic in place of PEEK. PPS absorbs considerably less moisture, which reduces contamination risk and cuts preparation time. - The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) provides continuous in-situ force monitoring during electrochemical cycling, with direct integration into the [PAT-Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) data acquisition ecosystem. - The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is designed for solid electrolyte assemblies, with geometry and sealing options suited to both oxide and sulfide systems. - The [PAT-Cell-Press](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) enables uniaxial pressing of solid electrolyte pellets and electrode stacks to defined pressures prior to electrochemical testing, ensuring consistent stack preparation across experiments. - All PAT-Series cells are compatible with the [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/), which supports simultaneous electrochemical cycling, EIS, and auxiliary sensor data logging across up to 16 channels. If you are establishing a solid-state battery testing workflow or selecting force test cell configurations for a specific electrolyte system, [contact our Application Laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) to discuss your experimental requirements and identify the most appropriate instrument combination. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How creep and relaxation in solid electrolytes affect force test cell readings](https://www.el-cell.com/how-creep-and-relaxation-in-solid-electrolytes-affect-force-test-cell-readings/) **Published:** August 3, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Viscoelastic artefacts in solid electrolytes silently distort force readings — here's how to eliminate them. **Content:** Creep and relaxation in solid electrolytes introduce systematic mechanical artefacts into force measurements that, if unaccounted for, can lead to misinterpretation of electrochemical data. Solid state battery testing depends on accurate force readings to monitor stack pressure, electrode expansion, and electrolyte integrity — yet the viscoelastic nature of many solid electrolyte materials means that the forces recorded by a test cell are not always a direct reflection of the electrochemical processes occurring within it. Understanding the mechanical behaviour of these materials is therefore a prerequisite for generating reliable, reproducible data. This article builds from foundational definitions through to practical experimental design, giving researchers a framework for identifying, accounting for, and minimising the influence of creep and relaxation in [force test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) measurements. ## What are creep and relaxation in solid electrolytes? Creep and relaxation are two manifestations of viscoelastic behaviour — the tendency of a material to exhibit both elastic (spring-like) and viscous (flow-like) responses to mechanical stress over time. **Creep** describes the progressive deformation of a material under a constant applied stress. Rather than deforming instantaneously to a fixed strain and remaining there, a viscoelastic material continues to deform slowly as time passes, even when the applied load does not change. **Relaxation** is the complementary phenomenon: when a material is held at a constant strain, the internal stress it exerts decreases over time as the material redistributes load internally. For solid electrolytes — including oxide ceramics, sulphide glasses, and polymer-based systems — both behaviours are well established. A sulphide electrolyte pellet held under a fixed stack pressure will gradually thin over hours or days (creep), while a pellet compressed to a fixed thickness will exert progressively less force on the current collectors (relaxation). The rate and magnitude of these effects depend strongly on material composition, temperature, and the magnitude of the applied stress. ## How solid electrolyte mechanics influence force readings In a force test cell, a load sensor monitors the mechanical force exerted by the electrode stack. The intention is to use this signal as a proxy for physical changes within the cell — electrode swelling during lithiation, for example, or electrolyte densification under pressure. Viscoelastic behaviour complicates this interpretation in two distinct ways: - **Apparent force drift:** When a cell is assembled and brought to a target pressure, the force reading will decline over time even in the absence of any electrochemical activity. This is relaxation. A researcher who does not allow sufficient equilibration time before beginning a measurement will record a baseline that is still evolving, making it impossible to isolate electrochemically driven force changes. - **Irreversible deformation:** Creep can permanently alter the geometry of the electrolyte pellet or separator, changing the effective stack dimensions. This affects the calibration relationship between force and pressure, and can introduce cumulative errors across long-term cycling experiments. For example, consider a cell assembled with a sulphide electrolyte at 50 MPa stack pressure. If the electrolyte creeps by even a few micrometres over the first hour, the force sensor will record a drop in load that has nothing to do with the electrochemistry. Without awareness of this effect, a researcher might incorrectly attribute the force decrease to an electrochemical event such as initial lithiation of the anode. It is also worth noting that conventional test cells do not include a force sensor at all — only the initial pressure applied during assembly is known, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without any means of detection. This makes it impossible to distinguish a genuine electrochemical force change from a slow mechanical drift. The PAT-Cell-Force from EL-CELL addresses this directly with an integrated force sensor. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added, enabling researchers to measure force changes caused by gas evolution separately from purely mechanical ones — a critical capability when these two contributions would otherwise be conflated. ## Key variables that amplify or dampen these effects Building on the distinction between creep and relaxation established above, it is useful to identify which experimental variables have the greatest influence on the magnitude of these effects. This allows researchers to design protocols that either minimise viscoelastic artefacts or at least keep them consistent across experiments. ### Material class Polymer electrolytes are the most susceptible to both creep and relaxation, given their inherently viscoelastic nature at room temperature. Sulphide electrolytes exhibit moderate creep, particularly at elevated temperatures or high pressures. Oxide ceramics (such as garnet-type materials) are comparatively rigid, though they are not immune — especially when used in composite form with polymer binders. ### Temperature Elevated temperature accelerates both creep and relaxation. For experiments conducted above ambient temperature — which is common when testing materials with limited ionic conductivity at room temperature — the time-dependent force drift will be more pronounced and must be factored into the measurement protocol. ### Applied stress magnitude Higher stack pressures generally accelerate creep. There is often a threshold below which creep is negligible for a given material; operating near this threshold, where electrochemical performance remains acceptable, can reduce the mechanical artefact without compromising the measurement. ### Dwell time and loading rate The rate at which pressure is applied during cell assembly influences the initial stress state of the electrolyte. Rapid loading can introduce a larger initial elastic component that then relaxes quickly, producing a steep early force drop. Slow, controlled loading allows the material to distribute stress more evenly, resulting in a more stable baseline. ## Interpreting force test cell data with creep in mind Accurate interpretation of [force test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) data requires separating mechanical artefacts from electrochemically driven signals. The key principle is that any force change observed in the cell is the sum of contributions from electrochemical processes and time-dependent mechanical behaviour. A practical approach is to record a baseline force trace under open-circuit conditions before beginning any electrochemical protocol. If the force is still drifting during this period, the electrolyte has not yet reached mechanical equilibrium. Attempting to measure small force changes due to, for example, a partial lithiation step against an unstable baseline will produce data that cannot be meaningfully interpreted. When the baseline has stabilised, subsequent force changes can be attributed with greater confidence to electrochemical events. Even so, it is good practice to compare the rate and direction of force change with what is physically expected. A force increase during lithiation of a graphite anode, for instance, is consistent with known volume expansion behaviour. An unexpected force decrease during the same process warrants further investigation before drawing conclusions. ## Common measurement errors and how to avoid them Several recurring errors arise specifically from insufficient attention to viscoelastic behaviour in solid state battery testing. Recognising these patterns is the first step towards eliminating them. - **Insufficient equilibration time:** Assembling a cell and immediately beginning an electrochemical measurement is one of the most common sources of artefactual force data. Allow the assembled cell to equilibrate at the target temperature and pressure until the force reading is stable — this may take anywhere from minutes to several hours depending on the electrolyte material. - **Attributing baseline drift to electrochemistry:** A slow, monotonic force decrease that continues across multiple cycles is more likely to reflect ongoing creep than a reversible electrochemical process. Compare the drift rate during rest periods with that during active cycling to distinguish the two. - **Neglecting temperature stabilisation:** Force sensors and electrolyte materials both respond to temperature changes. If the cell has not reached thermal equilibrium with its environment, thermally driven dimensional changes will be superimposed on both the mechanical and electrochemical signals. - **Using inconsistent assembly torque or pressure:** Variability in assembly procedures introduces variability in the initial stress state of the electrolyte, making it difficult to compare results across experiments or between cells. Standardising assembly with a defined loading protocol is essential for reproducibility. - **Overlooking cumulative creep in long-term cycling:** Over hundreds of cycles, even modest creep rates can produce significant changes in stack geometry. Periodic checks of the force baseline during rest periods can help identify whether cumulative deformation is occurring. A further source of error that is easy to overlook is inhomogeneous compression of the electrode material. Conventional test cells compress electrode stacks unevenly, introducing local pressure gradients that distort both mechanical and electrochemical data. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL address this through the PAT-Solid-Core insert, which uses guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression across the electrode area. These tungsten carbide plungers also withstand high mechanical loads without embedding particles or degrading — a problem that affects conventional plungers, which must be ground or polished between measurements and gradually change cell geometry as a result. ## Designing experiments that account for viscoelastic behaviour With the error sources identified above in mind, it is possible to design experimental protocols that systematically account for viscoelastic behaviour rather than treating it as an uncontrolled nuisance. ### Pre-measurement conditioning Subject the assembled cell to a defined conditioning period at the target temperature and pressure before recording any data. For polymer electrolytes, this may involve a controlled temperature ramp followed by an isothermal hold. For sulphide electrolytes, a fixed-pressure dwell period is typically sufficient. The conditioning period should be long enough that the rate of force change falls below a defined threshold — for example, less than a specified force per unit time over a defined window. ### Reference measurements and controls Include a control cell assembled under identical conditions but held at open circuit throughout the experiment. The force trace from this control represents the purely mechanical contribution to the signal. Subtracting this from the force trace of the electrochemically active cell provides a cleaner estimate of the electrochemically driven force changes. ### Separating timescales Viscoelastic relaxation typically operates on timescales of minutes to hours, while many electrochemical processes — particularly at low C-rates — operate on similar timescales. Where possible, design protocols that either operate faster than the mechanical relaxation timescale (to treat the mechanical response as approximately constant) or much slower (to allow full mechanical equilibration between steps). Intermediate timescales are the most difficult to interpret cleanly. ### Documenting assembly and loading conditions Record the applied pressure, loading rate, assembly temperature, and equilibration time for every experiment. This information is essential for identifying the source of anomalous force data after the fact, and for ensuring that results from different experiments or different operators can be meaningfully compared. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports force measurements in solid state battery research EL-Cell GmbH designs test cells and instruments specifically for the kind of mechanically sensitive measurements described in this article. For researchers working with solid electrolytes, the following products are directly relevant: - The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) is a test cell with an integrated force sensor, designed to monitor stack pressure continuously during electrochemical cycling. It is compatible with solid electrolyte configurations and provides the stable, calibrated force baseline that controlled viscoelastic studies require. An optional gas pressure sensor can be added to separate force contributions from gas evolution from those arising purely from mechanical changes — an important distinction when both phenomena are present simultaneously. - The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is configured specifically for solid state battery testing, with geometry and component tolerances suited to the assembly pressures typical of sulphide and oxide electrolyte systems. Both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid use the PAT-Solid-Core insert with guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool, ensuring homogeneous compression of electrode material and maintaining consistent cell geometry across measurements. - The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) provides multi-channel potentiostat and galvanostat functionality with integrated temperature control, enabling the kind of thermally stabilised, long-term cycling protocols that minimise thermally driven force artefacts. Reliable solid state battery testing also depends on cell assembly quality. Conventional test cells have a high assembly failure rate — studies cite a figure as high as 43%, and even experienced builders typically achieve only four out of five working cells, while less experienced ones fall below 50%. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid are designed to standardise and simplify preparation so that nearly every cell runs without failure. Part of this reliability comes from the sealing approach: EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs rather than O-rings, and PPS plastic rather than PEEK. PEEK housings, which are common in conventional designs, absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum. PPS absorbs considerably less moisture, reducing contamination risk and cutting preparation time. All products are part of the [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) — a single, interoperable research ecosystem built around the [PAT Core Concept](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) — which means force, electrochemical, and thermal data can be recorded and analysed within a consistent framework. Researchers who need to discuss experimental design for solid electrolyte force measurements are welcome to contact us directly — we can advise on cell selection, assembly protocols, and measurement strategies suited to specific material systems. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [Why inconsistent clamping force is silently corrupting your solid-state battery data](https://www.el-cell.com/why-inconsistent-clamping-force-is-silently-corrupting-your-solid-state-battery-data/) **Published:** July 10, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Inconsistent clamping force corrupts solid-state battery data silently — here's how to finally control it. **Content:** Inconsistent clamping force is one of the most common sources of unreliable data in solid-state battery research, yet it rarely appears on troubleshooting checklists. Unlike liquid electrolyte systems, where ionic transport occurs in a fluid phase that naturally conforms to electrode geometry, solid-state cells depend entirely on physical contact between rigid or semi-rigid components. When the pressure holding those components together varies between experiments, or even within a single experiment, the data you collect reflect mechanical artefacts as much as genuine electrochemical behaviour. This article works through the problem systematically, from the basic physics of clamping force to practical steps for building a pressure-aware testing protocol. ## What is clamping force and why does it matter in solid-state batteries? Clamping force is the compressive load applied perpendicular to the electrode stack in a battery test cell, expressed as a pressure in megapascals (MPa) acting across the active area. In a conventional liquid electrolyte cell, the separator and electrolyte together accommodate small geometric imperfections and distribute ionic current fairly evenly. In a solid-state cell, there is no liquid phase to fill gaps, so the mechanical stack pressure directly determines the quality and uniformity of ionic contact at every interface. The practical consequence is that solid-state battery testing is, in a meaningful sense, a mechanical experiment as much as an electrochemical one. The applied pressure influences ionic conductivity across grain boundaries, interfacial resistance, and the degree to which electrode particles remain in contact with the solid electrolyte during cycling. A cell assembled with insufficient or non-uniform pressure will show elevated impedance, poor rate capability, and accelerated capacity fade, none of which reflect the true properties of the materials under investigation. For researchers working with force test cells and solid-state battery testing platforms, understanding clamping force is therefore a prerequisite for interpreting any result with confidence. The [PAT Core Concept](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) is built around exactly this principle — ensuring that mechanical and electrochemical variables are controlled and measured together. ## How clamping force shapes electrode-electrolyte interfaces The electrode-electrolyte interface in a solid-state cell is not a smooth, continuous plane. At the microscopic level, it is a collection of discrete contact points between electrode particles and the solid electrolyte surface. The fraction of that surface area that actually participates in ion transport depends directly on how firmly the two layers are pressed together. ### Contact area and ionic resistance When pressure is too low, the effective contact area is small, ionic current is forced through a limited number of pathways, and the interfacial resistance measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) appears artificially high. Increasing pressure expands the contact area, reduces interfacial resistance, and improves the homogeneity of current distribution across the electrode. This is a reversible effect at moderate pressures, which means that pressure changes during cycling directly modulate the impedance spectra you record. ### Pressure and electrolyte densification Many solid electrolyte materials, particularly oxide-based ceramics and sulphide-based powders, require a minimum stack pressure to maintain adequate particle-to-particle contact and suppress void formation. Sulphide electrolytes in particular are comparatively soft and deform plastically under pressure, meaning that initial cold-pressing conditions and ongoing stack pressure during cycling both influence the final microstructure of the electrolyte layer. An electrolyte pellet that was densified at one pressure and then tested at a different pressure will not behave as a representative sample of the intended material. ## The hidden ways inconsistent pressure corrupts your measurements Pressure inconsistency does not always produce obvious failures such as short circuits or zero capacity. More often, it introduces subtle systematic errors that are difficult to distinguish from genuine material behaviour. - **Impedance artefacts:** Variations in contact pressure between nominally identical cells produce different interfacial resistance values in EIS, making it appear that material batches are inconsistent when the variability is purely mechanical. - **Capacity fade misattribution:** If stack pressure decreases during cycling due to electrode volume changes, the resulting capacity fade is frequently attributed to electrolyte degradation or lithium dendrite formation rather than loss of interfacial contact. - **Coulombic efficiency errors:** Non-uniform current distribution caused by uneven pressure leads to localised lithium plating or stripping, which reduces coulombic efficiency and produces results that cannot be replicated in cells with different pressure distributions. - **Rate capability underestimation:** At higher C-rates, the penalty for poor interfacial contact is amplified. A cell tested under low or variable pressure will appear to have worse rate capability than the same material tested under controlled, uniform pressure. Each of these errors is compounded when comparing results across different laboratories, different cell designs, or different operators, because pressure is rarely reported with the same rigour as temperature or electrolyte composition. ## Key sources of pressure variation in lab test cells Understanding where pressure variation originates is necessary before it can be controlled. In a typical lab test cell assembly, there are several distinct mechanisms that introduce inconsistency. ### Torque-based assembly Most standard test cells use bolts or screws to apply clamping force. The relationship between applied torque and resulting pressure depends on thread friction, bolt material, and surface condition, all of which vary between assembly events. Two cells assembled to the same torque specification by different operators, or even by the same operator on different days, can have meaningfully different stack pressures. This is one of the most pervasive sources of inter-cell variability in solid-state battery testing. Studies have found that conventional test cells carry a high assembly failure rate — cited at 43% in some research — meaning that even experienced builders achieve only around 4 out of 5 working cells, while inexperienced ones fall below 50%. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) and [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) from EL-CELL standardize and simplify preparation so that nearly every cell runs without failure. ### Electrode volume changes during cycling Electrode materials expand and contract as lithium is inserted and extracted. In a rigid cell housing, this volume change translates directly into pressure change. A cell that was assembled at 10 MPa may reach 15 MPa at full lithiation if the housing does not accommodate the expansion. Conversely, if the housing is slightly loose, pressure may drop below the minimum required for adequate contact during delithiation. Neither condition is visible from the electrochemical data alone without simultaneous pressure monitoring. Conventional cells do not include a force sensor — only the initial pressure is read, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without detection. EL-CELL cells include an integrated force sensor, and an optional gas pressure sensor can also be added to measure force changes caused by gas evolution separately from mechanical ones. The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer is specifically designed to quantify these volume changes with sub-nanometre resolution, providing the mechanical ground truth that pressure data alone cannot supply. ### Thermal effects Temperature cycling causes differential thermal expansion between cell components made from different materials, such as stainless steel current collectors, polymer gaskets, and ceramic electrolyte pellets. Even modest temperature changes during testing can shift the effective stack pressure by a measurable amount, introducing a thermally driven pressure artefact that correlates with any temperature-dependent electrochemical measurement. ### Creep and relaxation Polymer components and soft electrode materials relax under sustained load. A cell that reaches the target pressure immediately after assembly may show a lower pressure after several hours due to viscoelastic relaxation of gaskets or binder materials. This is particularly relevant for long-duration experiments such as calendar ageing studies or slow-rate cycling protocols. Conventional cells are typically sealed with O-rings and often use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs instead of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs less moisture, reducing contamination risk and preparation time. ## How to control and monitor stack pressure in your experiments Controlling stack pressure requires moving beyond torque-based assembly and adopting hardware and measurement approaches that provide direct, quantitative feedback on the force applied to the cell stack. ### Force-controlled cell designs Specialised force test cells such as the [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) incorporate an integrated load sensor that measures the actual pressure on the electrode stack in real time. This replaces the indirect and variable torque-to-pressure relationship with a direct measurement, allowing the researcher to set a precise target pressure and verify that it is maintained throughout the experiment. For solid-state battery testing, this capability is not a convenience feature but a prerequisite for generating reproducible data. Both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid use the PAT-Solid-Core insert, which features guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression of electrode material — addressing the inhomogeneous compression that is common with conventional cell designs. These tungsten carbide plungers also withstand high mechanical loads without embedding particles or degrading over time, unlike conventional plungers that must be ground or polished between measurements, gradually altering cell geometry. ### Spring-loaded and pneumatic pressure systems An alternative approach uses calibrated springs or pneumatic actuators to apply a defined, constant force to the cell stack. Spring-loaded systems maintain a relatively constant pressure as the electrode volume changes, because the spring deflects to accommodate expansion without a large increase in force. Pneumatic systems offer the additional advantage of programmable pressure profiles, which can be used to investigate the effect of pressure on cell performance systematically. ### In-situ pressure logging Regardless of the pressure application method, logging pressure as a function of time alongside electrochemical data is the only way to confirm that pressure remained within the intended range throughout an experiment. Pressure data also enables post-hoc analysis of the relationship between volume changes and electrochemical response, which is directly relevant to understanding mechanical degradation mechanisms in solid-state cells. ## Build a pressure-aware solid-state testing protocol Building on the sources of pressure variation and control methods described above, a practical pressure-aware protocol addresses each failure mode in sequence, from assembly through to data analysis. ### Assembly - Use a cell design with an integrated force sensor or a calibrated external load cell rather than relying on torque alone. - Record the stack pressure immediately after assembly and after any thermal equilibration period to account for initial relaxation. - Define a target pressure range for each material system and treat cells assembled outside that range as invalid, just as you would treat cells with incorrect electrolyte volume. ### During cycling - Log stack pressure continuously alongside voltage, current, and temperature. - Set pressure thresholds that trigger a flag or halt the experiment if pressure deviates beyond an acceptable range. - If using a spring-loaded or pneumatic system, verify that the compliance range of the system is matched to the expected volume change of the electrode materials under investigation. ### Data reporting and comparison - Report the initial stack pressure, the pressure range during cycling, and the pressure application method as standard metadata alongside electrochemical results. - When comparing results across cells or laboratories, normalise for pressure before attributing differences to material properties. - Use EIS measurements taken at consistent, defined pressure values as reference points for interfacial resistance, rather than comparing spectra collected under undefined or variable pressure conditions. Treating pressure as a controlled experimental variable, rather than an assembly detail, brings solid-state battery testing into alignment with the rigour applied to temperature, electrolyte composition, and electrode loading. The result is data that is genuinely comparable across experiments and that reflects the properties of the materials rather than the mechanics of the cell assembly. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports controlled solid-state battery testing EL-Cell GmbH designs test cells and instrumentation specifically for the pressure-sensitive demands of solid-state battery research. Our [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) product portfolio addresses the key challenges described in this article in a directly practical way: - **PAT-Cell-Force:** A [force test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) with an integrated load sensor that measures stack pressure in real time, enabling quantitative pressure control and continuous logging throughout the experiment. The PAT-Solid-Core insert uses guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression, and the tungsten carbide construction eliminates the particle embedding and gradual geometry changes associated with conventional plungers. This is the central tool for any pressure-aware solid-state testing protocol. - **PAT-Cell-Solid:** A dedicated test cell for [solid-state battery testing](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/), designed to accommodate the specific assembly and pressure requirements of solid electrolyte systems, including oxide and sulphide-based materials. Like the PAT-Cell-Force, it uses the PAT-Solid-Core insert for homogeneous compression, aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs in place of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK to minimise moisture absorption and reduce preparation time. - **PAT-Tester-i-16:** Our [multichannel battery tester](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates with PAT Series cells to log pressure, temperature, and electrochemical data in a single, synchronised data stream, removing the need for separate data acquisition systems and reducing the risk of misaligned timestamps between mechanical and electrochemical measurements. - **ECD-4-nano:** For researchers who need to correlate pressure with electrode thickness change, our [high-resolution electrochemical dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) quantifies stack expansion and contraction with a resolution better than 5 nm, providing the mechanical ground truth that pressure data alone cannot supply. If you are developing or refining a solid-state testing protocol and want to discuss which combination of cells and instrumentation is appropriate for your material system, [contact our Application Laboratory team directly](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/). We are happy to work through the experimental requirements with you. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How solid-state battery testing at scale requires rethinking force application methods](https://www.el-cell.com/how-solid-state-battery-testing-at-scale-requires-rethinking-force-application-methods/) **Published:** August 5, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Scaling solid-state battery testing? Discover why force application methods must fundamentally change — and how to choose the right approach. **Content:** Solid-state battery testing at scale demands a fundamentally different approach to force application compared to conventional liquid-electrolyte cells. Unlike cells with a liquid or gel electrolyte that can conform to electrode surfaces, solid-state cells rely on intimate physical contact between rigid or semi-rigid layers — and that contact is governed almost entirely by applied mechanical pressure. As research programmes move from coin-cell screening to pouch-format or multi-layer stack configurations, the methods used to apply, monitor, and control that pressure must evolve accordingly. This article works through the core principles of force application in solid-state battery testing, from the electrochemical reasons pressure matters to the practical decisions researchers face when scaling up their test protocols. ## What makes force application different in solid-state batteries? In a conventional liquid-electrolyte cell, the electrolyte fills gaps between electrode particles and the separator, maintaining ionic contact even when electrode geometry changes during cycling. In a solid-state cell, the electrolyte is a rigid or semi-rigid solid — a ceramic, glass-ceramic, or polymer material — and ionic transport depends on direct physical contact between layers. This distinction has a direct consequence: if the applied stack pressure is insufficient, contact resistance at the electrode-electrolyte interface increases, and electrochemical performance degrades. If pressure is excessive, brittle solid electrolytes can crack, creating internal short circuits or mechanical failure. For example, oxide-based solid electrolytes such as LLZO (lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide) are particularly sensitive to this balance. They require meaningful stack pressure to achieve acceptable interfacial contact, yet they fracture at relatively modest loads compared to polymer electrolytes. This narrow operating window is one reason why force application in solid-state testing cannot be treated as a secondary concern. ## How stack pressure affects electrochemical performance Stack pressure influences several measurable electrochemical parameters simultaneously, which makes it a critical experimental variable rather than a passive mechanical condition. The most direct effect is on interfacial impedance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements on solid-state cells routinely show that the interfacial resistance component — visible as a semicircle in the Nyquist plot — decreases as contact pressure increases, up to a threshold. Beyond that threshold, further pressure yields diminishing returns or introduces mechanical damage. Pressure also affects: - **Coulombic efficiency:** Poor interfacial contact promotes uneven current distribution, which can accelerate lithium dendrite formation and reduce cycle-to-cycle charge recovery. - **Capacity retention:** Delamination caused by electrode volume changes during cycling is suppressed by adequate stack pressure, helping maintain specific capacity (mAh/g) over extended cycling. - **Rate capability:** At higher C-rates, the impact of interfacial resistance becomes more pronounced, meaning that pressure-related contact losses are amplified under fast charge or discharge conditions. Understanding these relationships at the laboratory scale is a prerequisite for translating results to any larger format — and it is precisely why force test cells such as the [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) have become standard equipment in solid-state battery research. ## Why scaling up solid-state testing breaks conventional approaches Building on the electrochemical sensitivity described above, the challenge intensifies when researchers move beyond small-format cells. At the coin-cell scale, a simple spring or fixed screw torque can provide approximately uniform pressure across a small electrode area. At larger electrode areas, the same approach introduces significant pressure gradients. Conventional spring-loaded or torque-controlled cell housings were designed primarily for liquid-electrolyte systems, where pressure uniformity is less critical. In solid-state cells, a pressure gradient across the electrode face produces a corresponding gradient in interfacial resistance — meaning that different regions of the electrode cycle at different effective rates. This undermines the reproducibility that research data requires. There is also a dynamic dimension to the problem. Solid electrodes expand and contract during lithiation and delithiation, and in a fixed-displacement cell housing, this volume change translates directly into changes in stack pressure. A cell that begins a test at the correct pressure may be operating well outside the optimal range by the end of a charge or discharge cycle. Tracking this with an [electrochemical dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) or force-sensing test cell reveals how substantially pressure can shift within a single cycle. ## Limitations of conventional test cells for solid-state research Beyond pressure gradients and dynamic force drift, conventional test cells present several additional challenges that are worth understanding before selecting equipment for a solid-state testing programme. **High assembly failure rates.** Studies cite an assembly failure rate of around 43% for conventional test cells. Even experienced builders achieve only 4 out of 5 working cells, while inexperienced assemblers fall below 50%. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL address this directly by standardizing and simplifying cell preparation, so that nearly every assembled cell runs without failure. **No integrated force sensing.** Conventional cells do not include a force sensor. Only the initial pressure is set, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without any detection. EL-CELL cells include an integrated force sensor, so force evolution is tracked continuously throughout cycling. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added, allowing researchers to distinguish force changes caused by gas evolution from those caused by mechanical settling. **Inhomogeneous compression of electrode material.** Conventional cells compress electrode material inhomogeneously. The PAT-Solid-Core insert, used in both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid, uses guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression across the electrode stack. **Moisture absorption from housing materials.** Conventional cells are typically sealed with O-rings and often use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs instead of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs considerably less moisture, reducing contamination risk and shortening preparation time. **Plunger degradation over time.** Conventional plungers embed particles during use and must be ground or polished between measurements, gradually altering cell geometry and compromising reproducibility. EL-CELL uses tungsten carbide plungers that withstand high mechanical loads without this type of surface degradation. ## Key force application methods used in solid-state test cells Researchers working with solid-state battery testing have developed several approaches to applying and controlling stack pressure, each with distinct advantages depending on the experimental context. ### Fixed-displacement (rigid) clamping The simplest approach uses a rigid housing with a fixed screw torque to set an initial displacement. This method is reproducible in the sense that the same torque produces the same initial geometry, but it does not maintain constant force as the cell expands or contracts. It is most appropriate for electrolytes and electrode combinations with low volume change and high mechanical compliance. ### Spring-loaded clamping Incorporating calibrated springs into the cell housing allows the applied force to vary within a defined range as electrode thickness changes. The spring constant determines how sensitive the force is to displacement: a stiff spring maintains more constant force, while a soft spring accommodates larger volume changes with less force variation. This is a practical middle ground for many research applications. ### Pneumatic and hydraulic pressure application For precise, adjustable, and continuously controlled stack pressure, pneumatic or hydraulic systems apply a defined force independent of cell thickness changes. This approach is particularly valuable when studying pressure-dependent phenomena or when comparing results across different electrolyte compositions, because the pressure variable can be held truly constant or programmatically varied. ### Instrumented force sensing Integrating a load cell directly into the test cell assembly allows real-time measurement of stack force throughout cycling. When combined with displacement measurement, this enables simultaneous tracking of both mechanical and electrochemical data — an approach directly relevant to operando studies of electrode mechanics. ## Matching force control to your testing goals The appropriate force application method depends on what the experiment is designed to measure. Choosing the wrong approach does not simply introduce noise — it can systematically bias results in ways that are difficult to detect without dedicated force measurement. Consider the following decision points: - **Screening studies:** When comparing many electrolyte or electrode compositions at low throughput, spring-loaded cells offer acceptable reproducibility with minimal setup complexity. - **Pressure-dependent characterisation:** When the research question involves how performance varies with stack pressure, pneumatic or hydraulic control is necessary to isolate pressure as an independent variable. - **Operando mechanical studies:** When electrode volume change or stress evolution is the primary measurement target, instrumented force sensing with simultaneous displacement tracking is the appropriate tool. - **Protocol development for scale-up:** When the goal is to establish pressure parameters that will inform larger-format cell design, quantitative force data from instrumented cells is essential. A common misconception is that any consistent assembly procedure produces comparable results. In solid-state testing, consistency of assembly torque does not guarantee consistency of applied force — particularly across different electrolyte thicknesses, electrode densities, or temperature conditions. ## Building a reproducible solid-state testing workflow Reproducibility in solid-state battery testing requires treating force application as a controlled experimental parameter from the outset, not as a fixed assembly step. A reliable workflow typically includes the following elements: 1. **Define the target pressure range** based on the electrolyte material class and electrode system, using literature values or preliminary characterisation data as a starting point. 2. **Select a force application method** matched to the precision required by the research question, as outlined in the section above. 3. **Record force and displacement data** at minimum at the start and end of each test, and ideally continuously throughout cycling, to detect pressure drift and correlate it with electrochemical changes. 4. **Control temperature independently** of the mechanical assembly, since thermal expansion of cell components can introduce pressure changes that confound mechanical measurements. 5. **Report force conditions in publications** with the same rigour applied to electrochemical parameters — stack pressure, spring constant or system compliance, and any observed force evolution during cycling. Applying these steps consistently transforms force application from an uncontrolled variable into a documented experimental condition, which is a prerequisite for generating data that other groups can replicate or build upon. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports solid-state battery testing EL-Cell GmbH designs test cells and instrumentation specifically for the kind of controlled, quantitative solid-state battery testing described in this article. Our product range addresses the full range of force application requirements discussed above: - The **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/)** is a force test cell designed for solid-state and other pressure-sensitive battery systems, enabling defined and reproducible stack pressure application with integrated force measurement. - The **[PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/)** is purpose-built for solid-state electrolyte testing, accommodating the mechanical and geometric requirements of ceramic and polymer solid electrolyte assemblies. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer provides sub-5 nm resolution displacement measurement, allowing researchers to quantify electrode thickness changes and correlate them with force and electrochemical data in the same experiment. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates galvanostatic and potentiostatic cycling with EIS capability and temperature control, providing a complete measurement environment for solid-state cell characterisation. These instruments are designed to work together as a compatible system, so force, displacement, electrochemical, and thermal data can be collected under consistent, well-defined conditions. If you are establishing or scaling a solid-state testing programme, contact us to discuss which combination of test cells and instrumentation best fits your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [Why force test cells are indispensable for validating solid-state battery separators](https://www.el-cell.com/why-force-test-cells-are-indispensable-for-validating-solid-state-battery-separators/) **Published:** July 15, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Solid-state separator validation demands controlled pressure. Discover why force test cells are essential. **Content:** Force test cells are indispensable for validating solid-state battery separators because they replicate the mechanical boundary conditions that separators experience inside a real cell stack. Without controlled, measurable pressure, laboratory separator testing produces data that cannot be reliably extrapolated to device-level performance. This article builds from the fundamentals of solid-state separator science through to a practical qualification framework, giving researchers a clear map from concept to experimental design. ## What are solid-state battery separators and what makes them unique? In a conventional lithium-ion cell, the separator is a porous polymer membrane whose primary role is electronic isolation between electrodes while allowing ionic transport through a liquid electrolyte. In a solid-state cell, this function is fulfilled by a solid electrolyte layer that is simultaneously the separator and the ionic conductor. This dual role changes the material requirements fundamentally. A solid-state separator must combine high ionic conductivity with mechanical integrity, chemical stability against both electrode materials, and the ability to maintain intimate interfacial contact under the stresses of cycling. Common material classes include oxide ceramics such as garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), sulphide-based electrolytes such as Li6PS5Cl (argyrodite), and polymer or composite systems. Each class presents distinct mechanical behaviour. Oxide ceramics are brittle and prone to cracking under point loads. Sulphide electrolytes are softer and deformable but sensitive to moisture and shear. Polymer composites are more compliant but may creep under sustained pressure. Validating any of these materials requires test methods that account for their specific mechanical character rather than treating them as passive, inert membranes. ## Why mechanical stress matters inside a solid-state cell Mechanical stress in a solid-state cell is not incidental; it is a primary electrochemical variable. Unlike liquid electrolyte cells, where the electrolyte can redistribute freely to fill gaps, a solid separator must maintain continuous physical contact with both electrode surfaces at all times. Loss of contact creates interfacial resistance that manifests as overpotential and, ultimately, capacity fade. ### Sources of stress during cycling Several mechanisms generate mechanical stress throughout the life of a solid-state cell: - **Electrode volume change:** Lithium metal anodes expand and contract during plating and stripping. Silicon-containing anodes can expand by several hundred percent on full lithiation. These dimensional changes impose cyclic compressive and tensile loads on the separator layer. - **Dendrite formation:** Lithium dendrites nucleate preferentially at sites of poor contact or low local pressure. Insufficient stack pressure accelerates dendrite propagation through grain boundaries or defects in the solid electrolyte. - **Thermal expansion mismatch:** Electrodes and solid electrolytes have different coefficients of thermal expansion. Temperature cycling during charge and discharge generates differential stresses at the interface. - **Creep and relaxation:** Soft solid electrolytes under sustained load may creep, altering contact geometry over time in ways that are invisible without continuous force monitoring. Understanding these stress sources makes it clear that separator validation cannot be performed in a static, pressure-free environment. The separator must be tested under conditions that reproduce the dynamic mechanical environment of an operating cell. ## How force test cells replicate real operating conditions Force test cells are electrochemical test cells equipped with integrated mechanisms to apply, maintain, and measure uniaxial pressure on the cell stack during electrochemical cycling. This is the key distinction from standard coin cells or pouch cells used in routine screening: the applied force is both controlled and quantified throughout the experiment. A well-designed force test cell allows the researcher to set a defined stack pressure before cycling begins and to monitor how that pressure evolves as electrodes expand or contract. For example, if a lithium metal anode plates material during charge, the stack thickness increases. In a rigid cell housing with a fixed gap, this generates a measurable increase in contact force. In a cell with a compliant spring element, the force can be held approximately constant while displacement is recorded. Both modes yield information that a standard coin cell cannot provide. ### Key design features that enable controlled loading - **Integrated load cell or pressure sensor:** Provides real-time force data correlated with electrochemical measurements such as voltage, current, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). - **Defined contact geometry:** A flat, well-defined piston area converts force readings into reproducible pressure values in MPa, enabling comparison across laboratories. - **Adjustable spring or screw mechanism:** Allows the researcher to select between constant-force and constant-displacement operating modes depending on the experimental question. - **Compatibility with solid electrolyte formats:** The cell geometry must accommodate pelletised, tape-cast, or thin-film solid electrolyte specimens without introducing edge effects or uneven load distribution. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) is designed precisely around these requirements, providing simultaneous force and displacement measurement alongside full electrochemical data acquisition. ## Advantages of EL-CELL force test cells over conventional test cells Conventional test cells introduce a range of practical and scientific limitations that can compromise separator validation results. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL address these limitations directly through deliberate design choices at every level of the cell architecture. ### Assembly reliability Conventional test cells have a high assembly failure rate — studies cite 43%. Even experienced builders only achieve 4 out of 5 working cells, while inexperienced ones fall below 50%. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid standardize and simplify preparation so that nearly every cell runs without failure, making them particularly well suited to laboratories where solid-state cell assembly is not yet routine. ### Continuous force monitoring Conventional cells do not include a force sensor — only initial pressure is read, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without detection. EL-CELL cells include an integrated force sensor that tracks pressure throughout the entire experiment. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added to measure force changes caused by gas evolution separately from mechanical ones, allowing researchers to distinguish between different sources of pressure change within the same cell. ### Homogeneous compression Conventional cells compress electrode material inhomogeneously, introducing local pressure gradients that distort both mechanical and electrochemical measurements. The PAT-Solid-Core insert, used in both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid, uses guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression across the entire electrode area. ### Sealing and moisture contamination Conventional cells are typically sealed with O-rings and often use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs instead of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs less moisture, reducing contamination risk and preparation time — an important advantage when working with moisture-sensitive sulphide electrolytes. ### Plunger durability Conventional plungers embed particles during use and must be ground or polished between measurements, gradually altering cell geometry and introducing variability across experiments. EL-CELL uses tungsten carbide plungers that withstand high mechanical loads without this degradation, preserving cell geometry and measurement consistency over many cycles of use. ## Applying force testing to separator validation workflows Building on the understanding of why mechanical stress matters, the practical question is how to integrate force test cells into a structured separator validation workflow. The goal is to move from material characterisation to performance qualification under conditions representative of a real device. ### Stage 1: Baseline mechanical characterisation Before electrochemical cycling, the separator specimen should be characterised under load to establish its compressive response. Applying a defined force ramp while recording displacement yields a stress-strain profile that identifies the elastic and plastic deformation regimes. This baseline is essential for selecting the appropriate operating pressure range in subsequent electrochemical tests. ### Stage 2: Impedance profiling as a function of pressure With the separator assembled against blocking electrodes, EIS spectra recorded at incremental pressure steps reveal how interfacial resistance changes with contact force. This pressure-impedance relationship is a direct indicator of how well the separator maintains ionic contact. A separator that shows a steep resistance drop with a modest pressure increase is more tolerant of contact loss than one that requires very high pressures to achieve acceptable conductivity. ### Stage 3: Galvanostatic cycling under controlled pressure Full electrochemical cycling with simultaneous force monitoring allows the researcher to correlate capacity retention, coulombic efficiency, and overpotential evolution with changes in stack pressure. Sudden force changes during cycling can indicate cracking events in brittle oxide separators or dendrite-induced deformation in sulphide systems. ## Interpreting force and electrochemical data together The value of force test cells lies in the simultaneous acquisition of mechanical and electrochemical data. Interpreting these data streams in isolation misses the causal relationships between them. A common pattern in oxide ceramic separators is a gradual increase in the high-frequency resistance component in EIS spectra accompanied by a slow decrease in stack force. This combination suggests progressive delamination at one of the electrode-electrolyte interfaces, where the separator is pulling away from the electrode surface rather than cracking internally. The force signal identifies the mechanical event; the EIS spectrum localises it to the interface. For sulphide electrolytes under high pressure, the opposite pattern can occur: force remains stable or increases, but low-frequency impedance grows, indicating that lithium redistribution or secondary phase formation is impeding bulk ionic transport without changing the mechanical contact geometry. Distinguishing these failure modes requires both data channels. Practical interpretation guidelines include: - Plot force and cell voltage on the same time axis to identify correlated events. - Record EIS at defined intervals (for example, every 10 cycles) to track interface evolution without interrupting the force baseline. - Use dV/dQ analysis alongside force data to identify phase transitions in the electrode that may be driving mechanical events. - Compare force profiles between cells assembled at different pressures to establish the sensitivity of performance metrics to stack loading. ## Building a robust separator qualification framework A qualification framework for solid-state separators combines the mechanical and electrochemical test stages described above into a structured decision process. The aim is to define pass and fail criteria at each stage so that materials are eliminated early on the basis of fundamental properties rather than only after extended cycling. A practical framework might proceed as follows: 1. **Dimensional and density screening:** Verify thickness uniformity and relative density before any electrochemical assembly. Non-uniform separators introduce uncontrolled pressure gradients that invalidate force measurements. 2. **Compressive response profiling:** Establish the elastic modulus and onset of plastic deformation. Reject materials that deform irreversibly at pressures below the target operating range. 3. **Pressure-dependent ionic conductivity:** Use EIS with blocking electrodes to map conductivity as a function of applied pressure. Define a minimum acceptable conductivity at the target stack pressure. 4. **Short-term cycling under force monitoring:** Run 50 to 100 cycles with continuous force and voltage logging. Flag materials showing force drops greater than a defined threshold or sudden impedance increases. 5. **Post-mortem analysis:** Disassemble cells after cycling and correlate physical observations (cracks, delamination, lithium deposits) with the force and impedance signatures recorded during cycling. This staged approach concentrates experimental resources on materials that have already passed earlier, less expensive tests. It also generates a documented evidence base that supports qualification decisions in a corporate R&D or regulatory context. Connecting the qualification framework back to the earlier discussion of failure modes, the framework works because each stage is designed to probe a specific failure mechanism. Stage 2 addresses brittle fracture risk. Stage 3 addresses contact resistance sensitivity. Stages 4 and 5 address dynamic failure during cycling. No single test covers all mechanisms, which is why a sequential, multi-stage approach is necessary. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports solid-state battery testing EL-Cell GmbH provides the instrumentation needed to implement the validation workflow described in this article. Our product range addresses each stage of separator qualification, from mechanical characterisation to full electrochemical cycling under controlled pressure. - **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/):** Applies and measures uniaxial stack pressure during electrochemical cycling, with simultaneous force, displacement, and electrochemical data acquisition. Includes an integrated force sensor and supports an optional gas pressure sensor for separating mechanical and gas-evolution-driven pressure changes. Suitable for pelletised and tape-cast solid electrolyte specimens. - **[PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/):** A dedicated solid-state test cell designed for assembling and cycling cells with solid electrolyte layers under defined conditions, compatible with the [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) docking infrastructure. Both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid use the PAT-Solid-Core insert with guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers for homogeneous compression and long-term plunger durability. - **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/):** A multichannel battery tester with integrated EIS capability and a temperature-controlled cell chamber, enabling pressure-dependent impedance profiling and long-term cycling protocols within a single instrument. - **EL-Software:** Provides correlated visualisation of force, displacement, voltage, and impedance data, supporting the multi-channel data interpretation described in this article. All instruments operate within the [PAT Series ecosystem](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/), ensuring data compatibility and instrument interoperability across the qualification workflow. If you are developing a separator validation protocol or setting up a solid-state battery testing laboratory, contact us to discuss which configuration best matches your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What next-generation force test cell designs reveal about scalability challenges](https://www.el-cell.com/what-next-generation-force-test-cell-designs-reveal-about-scalability-challenges/) **Published:** August 16, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Discover how next-generation force test cells expose scalability limits in battery materials research — and what that means for your workflow. **Content:** Next-generation force test cell designs reveal a set of recurring scalability challenges that arise when laboratory-scale mechanical measurement must translate into reproducible, high-throughput research workflows. Understanding these challenges requires first establishing what force test cells measure, how that measurement connects to electrochemical behaviour, and where design decisions begin to constrain or enable scale. This article builds from foundational definitions through to practical application, covering the mechanical principles, design trade-offs, and workflow implications that battery materials researchers encounter when working with force-sensitive electrochemical test cells. ## What is a force test cell and what does it measure? A force test cell is an electrochemical test cell equipped with a load sensor that measures the mechanical force exerted by electrode materials as they expand and contract during cycling. Rather than tracking electrochemical signals alone, it captures the mechanical response of the cell stack in real time. During lithium intercalation and deintercalation, electrode materials undergo volumetric changes. In graphite anodes, for example, full lithiation produces roughly a ten percent volume increase. In silicon-containing anodes, this expansion is far more pronounced. A force test cell quantifies the stress these changes generate within a constrained cell geometry, providing data that is directly relevant to understanding mechanical degradation, delamination, and cycle-life behaviour. The measurement output is typically force in Newtons or pressure in MPa, recorded alongside standard electrochemical parameters such as voltage, current, and capacity. This dual-channel approach makes force test cells particularly useful for correlating mechanical events with electrochemical phenomena, including capacity fade, overpotential increases, and changes in coulombic efficiency. ## How mechanical stress and electrochemical performance are linked Mechanical stress within a cell is not merely a structural concern. It directly influences the electrochemical interfaces that govern performance, particularly the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer that forms on the anode surface during initial cycling. When electrode particles expand and contract repeatedly, the SEI layer is placed under cyclic mechanical stress. Cracking or delamination of the SEI exposes fresh anode surface to the electrolyte, triggering renewed SEI formation and consuming lithium irreversibly. This manifests as a measurable reduction in coulombic efficiency over successive cycles. In solid-state battery testing, where a solid electrolyte is used in place of a liquid, the mechanical coupling between the electrode and electrolyte is even more direct. Insufficient or uneven stack pressure can create interfacial voids that increase contact resistance and raise the overpotential required to drive lithium-ion transport. Conversely, excessive pressure can fracture brittle ceramic electrolyte pellets. Force test cells such as the [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) provide the data needed to identify and maintain the optimal pressure window for solid-state systems. ## Key design features that define next-generation force test cells Next-generation force test cells are distinguished by several design features that improve measurement precision, experimental flexibility, and compatibility with advanced battery chemistries. ### Integrated load sensing Earlier approaches to mechanical measurement often relied on external load frames separate from the electrochemical cell, and conventional test cells do not include a force sensor at all — only the initial pressure is read, meaning that mechanical settling can reduce it over time without detection. Modern designs such as those from EL-CELL integrate the load sensor directly into the cell housing, reducing compliance in the measurement chain and improving the accuracy of force readings. The integrated force sensor in EL-CELL cells continuously tracks load changes throughout cycling, and an optional gas pressure sensor can be added to measure force changes caused by gas evolution separately from mechanical ones. This integration also simplifies the experimental setup and reduces the risk of misalignment between mechanical and electrochemical measurement axes. ### Controlled and adjustable stack pressure For solid-state battery testing, the ability to set and maintain a defined stack pressure throughout cycling is essential. Next-generation cells such as the [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) incorporate spring-loaded or screw-adjustable mechanisms that allow researchers to apply a specific preload and monitor how that load evolves as the electrode stack changes thickness. This is particularly important when characterising solid electrolytes under realistic operating pressures. ### Homogeneous electrode compression Conventional test cells compress electrode material inhomogeneously, introducing variability that undermines measurement reproducibility. The PAT-Solid-Core insert, used in both the [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) and the [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/), addresses this directly through guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool that ensure homogeneous compression across the entire electrode area. These tungsten carbide plungers also withstand high mechanical loads without embedding particles into their surface — a problem that affects conventional plungers, which must be ground or polished between measurements and gradually alter cell geometry as a result. ### Sealing materials and moisture contamination Conventional test cells are typically sealed with O-rings and often use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum to reduce contamination risk. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs instead of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs considerably less moisture than PEEK, reducing contamination risk and shortening preparation time without the need for high-temperature vacuum drying. ### Compatibility with in-situ and operando techniques Many next-generation force test cells are designed to be compatible with additional measurement modalities, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), dilatometry, and optical access. This multi-modal capability allows researchers to correlate force data with impedance spectra or thickness changes recorded simultaneously, building a more complete picture of cell behaviour. Instruments such as the [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) extend this approach by combining dilatometric and electrochemical measurement within a single platform. ## Where scalability challenges emerge in force test cell design Scalability in the context of force test cells refers to two related but distinct problems: scaling measurement accuracy across a range of electrode thicknesses and active areas, and scaling experimental throughput across multiple parallel test channels. ### Assembly reliability and preparation consistency Before measurement accuracy can be considered, cells must first be assembled successfully. Conventional test cells have a high assembly failure rate — studies cite 43% — meaning that even experienced builders achieve only around 4 out of 5 working cells, while inexperienced ones fall below 50%. This level of attrition is a significant barrier to throughput at scale. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) and [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) from EL-CELL standardize and simplify preparation so that nearly every cell runs without failure, making them far better suited to high-throughput research workflows. ### Electrode area and force uniformity As electrode area increases, maintaining uniform pressure distribution across the entire active surface becomes progressively more difficult. Small misalignments in the cell stack, variations in electrode coating thickness, or slight deviations in separator uniformity all produce localised pressure gradients. At small electrode areas, these gradients are minor. At larger areas, they introduce systematic measurement error and can cause non-uniform electrochemical utilisation across the electrode surface. ### Sensor resolution versus dynamic range Force sensors face an inherent trade-off between resolution and dynamic range. A sensor calibrated to measure small force changes with high resolution will saturate if the electrode generates unexpectedly large mechanical excursions. Conversely, a sensor with a wide dynamic range may lack the resolution to detect subtle force events that precede mechanical failure. Selecting the correct sensor specification for a given electrode chemistry requires prior knowledge of the expected force regime, which is not always available when characterising novel materials. ### Thermal management at scale Temperature affects both the mechanical properties of electrode materials and the force readings themselves, since thermal expansion of the cell hardware contributes a background signal that must be subtracted from the electrode-generated force. In single-channel setups, this correction is straightforward. In multi-channel systems operating at different temperatures simultaneously, thermal cross-talk between channels and differential hardware expansion become sources of measurement uncertainty that are difficult to eliminate entirely. ## How design trade-offs shape scalability decisions Building on the scalability challenges described above, the design decisions that researchers and instrument developers face when configuring force test cell systems are rarely straightforward optimisations. They involve genuine trade-offs between competing requirements. One central trade-off is between cell rigidity and measurement sensitivity. A stiffer cell housing constrains electrode expansion more completely, which produces a larger, more easily measured force signal. However, the constrained boundary condition does not replicate the free-swelling behaviour of a pouch cell or the lightly constrained environment of a prismatic cell. Researchers must decide whether they are characterising intrinsic material properties, which may favour a stiffer constraint, or mimicking realistic operating conditions, which may require a softer or pressure-controlled boundary. A second trade-off involves cell footprint and parallelisation. Smaller cells are easier to handle, require less active material, and can be packed more densely into a multi-channel test station. However, smaller electrode areas amplify edge effects and reduce the statistical representativeness of the measurement. Larger electrode areas improve representativeness but increase material consumption and reduce the number of parallel experiments that fit within a given instrument capacity. A third consideration is the balance between standardisation and flexibility. Standardised cell geometries simplify data comparison across experiments and between laboratories. Flexible or modular designs allow researchers to adapt the cell to non-standard electrode formats or to incorporate additional sensors. Next-generation force test cells increasingly attempt to offer both through modular hardware architectures, as exemplified by the [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) approach, though this adds mechanical complexity and potential sources of variability. ## Applying force test cell insights to real battery development workflows Force test cell data is most valuable when it is integrated into the broader experimental workflow rather than treated as a standalone measurement. In practice, this means aligning force measurements with electrochemical cycling protocols, dilatometry data, and post-mortem analysis. For electrode development, force measurements during the first few formation cycles can identify whether a new binder formulation or coating density is mechanically stable before committing to longer cycle-life studies. A sharp increase in force during the first lithiation, followed by incomplete force recovery on delithiation, is an early indicator of irreversible mechanical deformation. For solid-state battery development, force test cells provide direct feedback on the stack pressure required to maintain adequate interfacial contact throughout cycling. This information is essential for designing the mechanical housing of prototype solid-state cells and for specifying the stack pressure that must be maintained in any future scaled-up format. In quality control workflows, force signatures can serve as a rapid screening tool. Electrodes or cell stacks that deviate from a reference force profile can be flagged for further investigation without waiting for full cycle-life data. This shortens the feedback loop between material synthesis and performance characterisation. Connecting force data to EIS measurements adds another layer of interpretive depth. Changes in interfacial resistance measured by EIS can be correlated with specific force events, helping to distinguish between resistance increases caused by SEI growth, electrode delamination, or electrolyte decomposition. The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) supports this workflow by providing integrated EIS capability alongside multi-channel electrochemical cycling. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports force and solid-state battery testing EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures test cells and instruments that address the measurement challenges described throughout this article. Our product range includes dedicated solutions for force measurement and solid-state battery testing, with the following capabilities: - The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) is a force-sensing test cell that measures stack pressure continuously during electrochemical cycling, with a design optimised for reproducible electrode compression and integration with standard PAT Series hardware. - The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is designed specifically for solid-state battery testing, providing controlled and measurable stack pressure for pelletised solid electrolyte systems. - The [PAT-Cell-Press](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) allows researchers to apply defined uniaxial pressure to cell stacks, supporting experiments that require precise mechanical boundary conditions. - The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) provides up to 16 independent test channels with integrated EIS capability and temperature-controlled cell chambers, enabling parallel force and electrochemical measurements at scale. - All hardware is designed as part of an interoperable ecosystem, so force, impedance, and dilatometry data can be collected in a single experimental setup without compatibility issues between instruments. Researchers working on electrode mechanics, solid electrolyte characterisation, or mechanical degradation studies are welcome to [contact our Application Laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) directly to discuss experimental requirements and instrument configurations suited to their specific workflows. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How to select the right force test cell for your solid-state battery chemistry](https://www.el-cell.com/how-to-select-the-right-force-test-cell-for-your-solid-state-battery-chemistry/) **Published:** July 27, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Stack pressure is a critical variable in solid-state batteries — choose the wrong force test cell and your data suffers. **Content:** Selecting the right force test cell for solid-state battery research requires matching mechanical design to electrochemical demands. Unlike conventional liquid-electrolyte cells, solid-state systems impose stack pressure as a fundamental experimental variable, meaning the test cell itself becomes part of the measurement. This article builds from the basics of force test cell operation through to a practical selection framework suited to different solid-state chemistries. ## What is a force test cell and how does it work? A force test cell is a laboratory electrochemical cell designed to apply, monitor, and control a defined mechanical load across the electrode stack during cycling. The cell housing incorporates a spring, piston, or external compression mechanism that maintains contact pressure between the electrodes and the solid electrolyte separator throughout the experiment. In a standard liquid-electrolyte cell, the electrolyte wets electrode surfaces and fills voids, compensating for minor surface irregularities. In a solid-state cell, ionic transport across the electrolyte layer depends on intimate physical contact between solid surfaces. Without controlled pressure, interfacial resistance rises, and in some chemistries the electrolyte can crack or delaminate entirely. The working principle is straightforward: a load-bearing element transmits a calibrated force to the current collector, which distributes it across the electrode area. The resulting pressure, expressed in MPa or N/cm², is either set mechanically before the experiment or adjusted dynamically via an external actuator. Some designs also incorporate a load cell to record force continuously alongside electrochemical data, allowing researchers to correlate pressure evolution with capacity fade or impedance changes. ## Why stack pressure is critical in solid-state batteries Stack pressure governs interfacial contact quality in solid-state batteries, and insufficient or excessive pressure produces measurably different failure modes. This makes pressure not merely a cell assembly parameter but an active experimental variable that must be controlled and reported. At the electrode-electrolyte interface, contact resistance is inversely related to the real contact area between two solid surfaces. Applying pressure increases this contact area, reducing the ionic resistance at the interface. For oxide-based electrolytes such as garnet-type materials, the surfaces are hard and rough, requiring relatively high pressures to achieve adequate contact. Sulphide-based electrolytes are softer and deform more readily under moderate loads, while polymer electrolytes can flow slightly and self-seal under gentle compression. Pressure also affects lithium metal anodes directly. Lithium creep under applied stress helps maintain contact as the anode thins during stripping. Without sufficient back-pressure, voids nucleate at the lithium-electrolyte interface, leading to localised current density increases and, ultimately, dendrite formation through the electrolyte. Conversely, excessive pressure can cause electrolyte fracture in brittle ceramic systems. The practical consequence is that the optimal pressure window is chemistry-specific, and the test cell must be capable of operating reliably within that window throughout the full cycle life of the experiment. ## Key force test cell parameters to evaluate Before selecting a force test cell, researchers should evaluate several interdependent parameters that together determine whether the cell is suited to the target chemistry and measurement goals. ### Pressure range and resolution The cell must cover the pressure range relevant to the chemistry under study. Sulphide electrolytes typically require pressures in the range of a few MPa, whereas oxide ceramics may require tens of MPa. The load measurement system should offer sufficient resolution to detect pressure changes during cycling, which can signal electrode volume changes or contact degradation. Conventional test cells do not include a force sensor — only initial pressure is read, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without detection. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/pat-series/pat-cell-force/) and [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/pat-series/pat-cell-solid/) from EL-CELL include an integrated force sensor, and an optional gas pressure sensor can be added to measure force changes caused by gas evolution separately from mechanical ones. ### Active electrode area Smaller electrode areas simplify uniform pressure distribution but limit the absolute capacity available per cycle. Larger areas are closer to practical cell formats but require more careful platen flatness and parallelism to avoid pressure gradients across the stack. The choice should reflect whether the experiment prioritises material screening or format-relevant data. ### Temperature compatibility Many solid electrolytes require elevated temperatures to achieve acceptable ionic conductivity, or the experiment may target performance characterisation across a temperature range. The cell hardware, sealing materials, and any integrated sensor components must remain dimensionally stable and chemically inert across the intended temperature window. ### Electrochemical measurement capability Force test cells should be compatible with the full range of electrochemical techniques used in solid-state research, including galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS is particularly valuable for resolving interfacial resistance contributions from the bulk electrolyte, the electrode-electrolyte interface, and grain boundaries, all of which respond to changes in stack pressure. ### Atmosphere control Sulphide electrolytes are moisture-sensitive and must be assembled and tested in inert atmospheres. The cell design should permit assembly inside a glovebox and maintain a sealed internal environment during measurement. Some designs also allow gas monitoring, which is relevant when investigating oxidative or reductive gas evolution at high voltages. ### Sealing materials and moisture absorption Conventional test cells are typically sealed with O-rings and often use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs instead of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs less moisture, reducing contamination risk and preparation time — an important advantage when working with moisture-sensitive sulphide chemistries. ## Matching cell design to your solid-state chemistry Building on the parameters above, the next step is mapping those requirements to the specific demands of the solid electrolyte class being studied. Different chemistries impose fundamentally different mechanical and environmental constraints. ### Sulphide electrolytes Sulphide-based systems such as argyrodite (Li6PS5Cl) or LGPS (Li10GeP2S12) are soft, cold-pressable, and highly moisture-sensitive. A force test cell for sulphide work should offer moderate pressure capacity, reliable hermetic sealing, and straightforward glovebox-compatible assembly. Because these electrolytes deform plastically under pressure, the contact quality is generally easier to achieve than with ceramics, but the chemical sensitivity demands rigorous atmosphere control throughout. ### Oxide and garnet electrolytes Garnet-type electrolytes such as LLZO (Li7La3Zr2O12) are rigid and brittle. Achieving adequate contact typically requires either high applied pressure or an interlayer material such as a soft polymer or a lithium-wetting coating. The test cell must distribute pressure uniformly to avoid stress concentrations that fracture the pellet. For these systems, the flatness tolerance of the current collector platens is a critical hardware specification. ### Polymer and composite electrolytes Polymer electrolytes and polymer-ceramic composites are mechanically compliant and generally less demanding in terms of pressure range. However, they are often tested at elevated temperatures where the polymer softens, meaning the pressure may evolve during the experiment as the electrolyte flows. A cell that records force continuously provides more meaningful data in this scenario than one with a fixed mechanical preload. ## Common selection mistakes and how to avoid them Several recurring errors appear in force test cell selection, most of which stem from applying liquid-electrolyte cell logic to solid-state experiments. - **Treating pressure as a fixed assembly step rather than a variable:** In solid-state research, pressure should be treated as an experimental parameter with the same rigour as temperature or C-rate. Cells that do not record or control pressure continuously cannot provide reproducible data. - **Underestimating the importance of electrode area uniformity:** Pressing a brittle ceramic pellet with a slightly misaligned platen introduces asymmetric stress that causes cracking. Always verify platen parallelism before assembly. Conventional cells compress electrode material inhomogeneously; the PAT-Solid-Core insert, used in both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid, uses guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression. - **Ignoring thermal expansion of the cell hardware:** At elevated temperatures, metal components expand at different rates than ceramic electrolytes. A cell that applies the correct pressure at room temperature may apply substantially different pressure at 60 °C or 80 °C. Select hardware with matched thermal expansion coefficients or use cells with active pressure feedback. - **Assuming one cell design covers all solid-state chemistries:** The mechanical and environmental requirements of sulphide, oxide, and polymer electrolytes differ enough that a single cell design is unlikely to be optimal across all three. Define the primary chemistry first, then select accordingly. - **Overlooking contact resistance contributions from the cell hardware itself:** Current collector materials, surface finish, and coating choices all contribute to the total cell resistance. In high-impedance solid-state systems, hardware resistance can become a non-negligible fraction of the measured total. Conventional plungers can embed particles during use and must be ground or polished between measurements, gradually altering cell geometry; EL-CELL uses tungsten carbide plungers that withstand high mechanical loads without this degradation. - **Overlooking assembly failure rates:** Conventional test cells have a high assembly failure rate — studies cite 43%. Even experienced builders only achieve 4 out of 5 working cells, while inexperienced ones fall below 50%. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL standardize and simplify preparation so that nearly every cell runs without failure. ## Build a selection framework for your research needs A structured selection process reduces the risk of purchasing a cell that constrains the experiment rather than enabling it. The following framework applies the concepts covered in earlier sections to a practical decision sequence. 1. **Define the electrolyte class and its mechanical requirements.** Identify whether the electrolyte is sulphide, oxide, polymer, or composite, and establish the pressure range and atmosphere requirements from the literature or from prior experience in the group. 2. **Specify the electrochemical techniques required.** If EIS is essential for interfacial characterisation, confirm that the cell geometry and hardware are compatible with impedance measurements at the relevant frequencies. High-inductance hardware or poor shielding degrades EIS data quality at high frequencies. 3. **Determine whether continuous force monitoring is needed.** For fundamental studies of interfacial mechanics or volume change during cycling, a cell with an integrated load cell provides data that a fixed-spring design cannot. For routine material screening under defined conditions, a simpler fixed-load design may be sufficient. 4. **Assess temperature requirements.** If the experiment requires temperatures above ambient, verify that all cell components are rated for that range and that the pressure delivery mechanism remains calibrated across the temperature window. 5. **Evaluate compatibility with existing instrumentation.** The test cell should connect directly to the available potentiostat or battery tester without requiring custom adapters that introduce additional contact resistance or mechanical instability. 6. **Consider throughput and parallelism.** If the research programme involves screening many electrode compositions, selecting a cell format that integrates with a multi-channel tester reduces bottlenecks and ensures consistent testing conditions across channels. Applying this framework before procurement avoids the common outcome of discovering mid-experiment that the cell limits the measurement rather than the material under study. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports force test cell selection for solid-state research EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures test cells and instrumentation specifically for the demands of solid-state battery research. Our product range addresses the full spectrum of requirements identified in the selection framework above. - The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/pat-series/pat-cell-force/) applies and monitors defined stack pressure throughout cycling, with continuous force recording that allows researchers to correlate mechanical and electrochemical data directly. An integrated force sensor captures pressure changes in real time, and an optional gas pressure sensor enables force changes caused by gas evolution to be distinguished from purely mechanical ones. - The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/pat-series/pat-cell-solid/) is designed specifically for solid electrolyte systems, offering hermetic sealing and compatibility with glovebox assembly for moisture-sensitive sulphide chemistries. Both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid use the PAT-Solid-Core insert with guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression of electrode material. - The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/testers/pat-tester-i-16/) provides up to 16 independent test channels with full EIS capability, allowing parallel characterisation of multiple electrode compositions under controlled pressure and temperature conditions. - All PAT Series cells share a common form factor and connection standard, ensuring compatibility across the instrument range without custom adapters. - Our in-house electrochemical laboratory can perform test measurements for customers who need to validate a protocol or obtain reference data before committing to a full experimental programme. If you are designing a solid-state battery testing workflow and need guidance on cell selection, contact the EL-Cell team directly to discuss your specific chemistry and measurement requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [Why electrode-electrolyte contact quality determines your test cell accuracy](https://www.el-cell.com/why-electrode-electrolyte-contact-quality-determines-your-test-cell-accuracy/) **Published:** August 2, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Poor electrode-electrolyte contact corrupts EIS, capacity, and cycling data — here's how to fix it systematically. **Content:** Electrode-electrolyte contact quality is one of the most consequential variables in any electrochemical test cell, yet it receives far less attention than electrode formulation or cycling protocol. Poor contact at the interface introduces artefacts that are difficult to distinguish from genuine material behaviour, leading to data that cannot be reproduced or published with confidence. This article builds from first principles through to practical assembly guidance, giving researchers a systematic framework for evaluating and improving contact quality in their test cells. ## What is electrode-electrolyte contact and why does it matter? Electrode-electrolyte contact refers to the physical and chemical quality of the interface between an electrode material and the electrolyte that surrounds or permeates it. At this interface, ionic charge carriers must transfer between the electrolyte phase and the electronic conductor of the electrode, a process that governs every electrochemical measurement made in the cell. The interface is not a simple two-dimensional boundary. In porous electrodes, it extends throughout the entire electrode volume, meaning that the quality of contact is a function of electrolyte wetting depth, electrode surface roughness, and the mechanical pressure holding components together. In solid-state systems, where a liquid electrolyte is replaced by a solid ionic conductor, the contact challenge becomes even more pronounced because the electrolyte cannot flow to fill voids. For example, consider a half-cell assembled with a partially wetted electrode. Regions of the active material that have no electrolyte contact are electrochemically inactive, effectively reducing the usable electrode area without any visible indication during assembly. The measured specific capacity in mAh/g will appear lower than the true material value, and the researcher may incorrectly attribute the deficit to the material itself. ## How poor contact propagates error through your measurements Contact deficiencies do not produce a single, identifiable error signal. Instead, they propagate through multiple measurement parameters simultaneously, making root-cause diagnosis difficult after the fact. Incomplete wetting increases the effective interfacial impedance. When electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is performed, this manifests as an artificially enlarged charge-transfer resistance semicircle. A researcher comparing two electrode formulations using EIS may conclude that one material has inherently slower kinetics, when the true cause is uneven electrolyte distribution across the electrode surface. Under galvanostatic cycling, poor contact creates localised current density gradients. Areas with good contact carry a disproportionate share of the applied current, accelerating local degradation and producing capacity fade that appears to reflect the material’s intrinsic cycling stability. Coulombic efficiency measurements are particularly sensitive to this effect, because parasitic reactions at stressed interfacial regions consume charge that is never recovered. - Elevated and irreproducible internal resistance values - Artificially depressed specific capacity in mAh/g or mAh/cm² - Premature capacity fade attributed incorrectly to material degradation - Distorted EIS spectra with inflated charge-transfer resistance - High cell-to-cell variability that undermines statistical confidence ## Key factors that govern contact quality in lab test cells Understanding which physical variables control contact quality allows researchers to intervene deliberately rather than rely on chance. Four factors dominate in most lab-scale test cells. ### Stack pressure Applied stack pressure determines how intimately the electrode, separator, and electrolyte are held together. Insufficient pressure leaves gaps, particularly after the separator absorbs electrolyte and swells. Excessive pressure can close electrode pores, restricting ionic transport. In solid-state battery testing, stack pressure is critical because solid electrolytes cannot conform to surface irregularities without mechanical force. [Force test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) are specifically designed to apply and monitor defined, reproducible stack pressures throughout cycling, which is why they are a standard tool for solid-state battery testing where contact loss under volume change is a primary failure mode. ### Electrolyte wetting time Liquid electrolytes require time to penetrate the porous structure of a composite electrode. Assembling a cell and beginning cycling immediately is a common source of irreproducible data. Wetting kinetics depend on electrolyte viscosity, electrode porosity, and the surface energy of the active material and binder. Allowing sufficient rest time before the first charge or discharge cycle gives the electrolyte time to equilibrate throughout the electrode volume. ### Surface preparation and cleanliness Oxide layers, adsorbed moisture, and particulate contamination on electrode surfaces all increase interfacial resistance. Electrode preparation in a controlled atmosphere, typically an argon-filled glovebox, prevents adventitious oxidation and moisture uptake that would otherwise compromise the interface before the cell is even closed. ### Separator integrity and placement A misaligned or damaged separator creates regions of direct electronic contact between electrodes, causing local short circuits. Even a separator that appears intact may have pinholes that produce soft shorts, detectable only through careful open-circuit voltage monitoring after assembly. ## How to assess contact quality before and during testing Contact quality can be evaluated at several stages of the experimental workflow, and early detection prevents wasted cycling time on fundamentally compromised cells. Before cycling begins, a brief EIS measurement at open-circuit voltage provides a baseline impedance spectrum. The high-frequency intercept with the real axis gives the ohmic resistance of the cell, which reflects contact and electrolyte resistance combined. A value that is unexpectedly high, or inconsistent across nominally identical cells, signals a contact problem before any capacity data has been collected. Monitoring the open-circuit voltage during the wetting period is a simple but informative check. A stable open-circuit voltage after electrolyte addition indicates that the cell is equilibrating correctly. Rapid drift or an unusually low open-circuit voltage suggests either a soft short or incomplete electrolyte distribution. During cycling, tracking the evolution of internal resistance through periodic EIS measurements or direct current pulse methods reveals whether contact is degrading. In electrode materials that undergo significant volume change during lithiation, contact loss is progressive and will appear as a gradual increase in impedance over successive cycles. The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer allows researchers to directly correlate volume change with electrochemical response, making it easier to identify when dimensional changes are contributing to contact degradation. ## Common assembly mistakes that compromise the interface The majority of contact-quality problems in research cells originate during assembly rather than from the materials themselves. Recognising these mistakes is the first step to eliminating them. - **Insufficient electrolyte volume:** Using too little electrolyte leaves portions of the electrode dry. The minimum volume needed depends on electrode porosity and separator thickness, and should be determined empirically for each electrode formulation. - **Immediate cycling after assembly:** Starting a cycling protocol before the electrolyte has fully wetted the electrode stack compresses the wetting process into the first charge cycle, distorting first-cycle coulombic efficiency and Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) formation data. - **Uneven torque on cell fasteners:** In coin cells and custom test cells, uneven mechanical closure creates non-uniform stack pressure. Using a torque wrench or a defined closure procedure eliminates this variable. - **Electrode calendering inconsistency:** Variations in electrode thickness across a batch change the stack compression achieved at a given closure torque, introducing cell-to-cell variability that is difficult to decouple from material variability. - **Glovebox moisture ingress:** Even brief exposure to elevated moisture levels during assembly can hydrate the electrolyte salt or oxidise lithium metal reference electrodes, both of which alter the interfacial chemistry before the first measurement. ## Build a contact-quality checklist for reproducible results A systematic pre-assembly and post-assembly checklist converts the principles above into a repeatable laboratory procedure. The goal is to eliminate contact quality as a source of variability before attributing differences between cells to material properties. Building on the factors covered in the sections above, the following checklist addresses each critical control point in sequence. 1. **Electrode characterisation:** Measure electrode thickness and mass loading for every electrode before assembly. Reject electrodes that fall outside a defined tolerance to ensure consistent stack compression. 2. **Atmosphere control:** Confirm glovebox oxygen and moisture levels are within specification before beginning assembly. Log these values alongside the cell identifier. 3. **Electrolyte volume:** Dispense electrolyte gravimetrically or with a calibrated micropipette. Record the volume added for each cell. 4. **Wetting rest period:** Allow a defined rest period at open-circuit before beginning any electrochemical measurement. The duration should be validated for each electrode system. 5. **Baseline EIS measurement:** Record an EIS spectrum at open-circuit voltage before the first cycle. Compare the ohmic resistance across all cells in a batch and flag outliers. 6. **Open-circuit voltage check:** Confirm that the open-circuit voltage is within the expected range for the electrode chemistry and is stable over a short observation window. 7. **Stack pressure verification:** For cells where pressure is controlled mechanically, confirm the applied force before sealing. For solid-state cells, verify that the target pressure is maintained throughout the experiment. Applying this checklist consistently across a batch reduces the proportion of cells that must be discarded due to assembly-related artefacts, and makes it far easier to identify genuine material behaviour in the data that remains. If you would prefer to have contact quality assessed by specialists, the [EL-Cell Application Laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) offers measurement services using the full PAT Series hardware and software ecosystem. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports electrode-electrolyte contact quality in research EL-Cell GmbH designs test cells and instrumentation specifically to give researchers control over the variables that determine contact quality. Several products in our portfolio address the challenges described throughout this article. Assembly reliability is a significant practical concern with conventional test cell designs. Studies report an assembly failure rate of around 43% for standard cells, and even experienced researchers typically achieve only four out of five working cells. For less experienced builders, success rates can fall below 50%. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) and [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) from EL-CELL standardize and simplify the preparation process so that nearly every assembled cell runs without failure. Conventional test cells also lack any means of monitoring force during cycling. Only the initial pressure is set at assembly, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without any indication to the researcher. Both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid include an integrated force sensor that tracks pressure continuously throughout the experiment. An optional gas pressure sensor can be added to distinguish force changes caused by gas evolution from those arising from mechanical sources — a distinction that is impossible to make with conventional hardware. Homogeneous compression of the electrode stack is another area where conventional cells fall short. Standard designs compress electrode material inhomogeneously, introducing variability in contact quality across the electrode area. Both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid use the PAT-Solid-Core insert, which employs guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression across the entire electrode surface. The choice of materials in the cell housing also affects preparation time and contamination risk. Conventional cells are commonly sealed with O-rings and built with PEEK housings. PEEK absorbs significant moisture and must be dried at 120°C under vacuum before use. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs in place of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. Because PPS absorbs considerably less moisture than PEEK, contamination risk is reduced and preparation time is shortened. Finally, the tungsten carbide plungers used in EL-CELL cells offer a durability advantage over conventional alternatives. Standard plungers embed particles during use and must be ground or polished between measurements, gradually altering the cell geometry over time. Tungsten carbide withstands high mechanical loads without this form of degradation, preserving the cell geometry across many measurement cycles. - The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) applies a defined, continuously monitored stack pressure throughout cycling, making it the appropriate choice whenever electrode volume change or solid electrolyte contact loss is under investigation. - The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is engineered for solid-state battery testing, with a geometry that accommodates the high pressures required to maintain contact between solid electrolyte and electrode layers. - The [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) provides a versatile platform for liquid electrolyte systems, with a well-defined stack geometry that supports reproducible assembly across batches. - The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates galvanostatic cycling with EIS capability across up to 16 channels, enabling the baseline and in-cycle impedance measurements described in the assessment section above without requiring a separate instrument. - Our complete [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) ecosystem ensures that cell hardware, tester, and software are fully compatible, removing instrument mismatch as a source of measurement uncertainty. If you are developing a testing protocol for a new electrode system or transitioning to solid-state cell formats, contact us to discuss which cell configuration and measurement approach best fits your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What force distribution data tells you about solid-state battery degradation](https://www.el-cell.com/what-force-distribution-data-tells-you-about-solid-state-battery-degradation/) **Published:** July 29, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Force distribution data exposes hidden stress patterns in solid-state batteries — unlocking earlier, more precise degradation diagnosis. **Content:** Force distribution data reveals where mechanical stress concentrates within a solid-state battery cell, how that stress evolves with cycling, and which regions are most vulnerable to failure. Unlike conventional liquid-electrolyte cells, solid-state batteries transmit mechanical loads directly through their electrode and electrolyte layers, making spatial force information a direct window into degradation processes. Understanding what this data means, and how to collect it systematically, is increasingly central to solid-state battery research in 2026. This article builds from the fundamentals of force distribution upward, moving through the degradation mechanisms it governs, the practical appearance of force data, its connection to specific failure modes, and finally its integration with electrochemical measurements. Each concept builds on the last, so readers unfamiliar with mechanical characterisation in battery research will find a clear progression from definition to application. ## What is force distribution in solid-state batteries? Force distribution refers to the spatial variation of compressive or tensile stress across the active area of a solid-state battery cell during operation. Rather than measuring a single bulk pressure value, force distribution characterisation captures how mechanical load is shared, or unevenly concentrated, across different regions of the cell stack. In a liquid-electrolyte cell, the electrolyte conforms to electrode surfaces and distributes ionic contact relatively uniformly. In a solid-state cell, the electrolyte is a rigid or semi-rigid layer, so any dimensional mismatch between components creates localised stress concentrations that cannot self-correct. This mechanical rigidity is what makes force distribution a uniquely informative measurement for solid-state systems. For example, if an oxide ceramic electrolyte sits between two electrodes with different volumetric expansion coefficients, the regions where expansion is greatest will bear disproportionately high compressive loads during lithiation. Mapping those loads spatially, rather than averaging them, tells the researcher where contact is being maintained and where it is being lost. - **Uniform force distribution:** indicates good interfacial contact across the electrode area and consistent electrochemical activity - **Localised high-force regions:** suggest areas of constrained expansion, often associated with cracking or delamination risk - **Localised low-force regions:** indicate loss of contact, reduced ionic pathways, and likely underutilised active material ## How mechanical stress drives degradation mechanisms Mechanical stress in solid-state batteries arises primarily from the volumetric changes that electrodes undergo during lithiation and delithiation. These changes are not uniform across a single electrode particle, across the electrode thickness, or across the cell area, and the resulting stress gradients drive several distinct degradation pathways. ### Interfacial delamination When an electrode expands during cycling and the solid electrolyte cannot accommodate that expansion, tensile stress builds at the electrode-electrolyte interface. If this stress exceeds the adhesion strength of the interface, delamination occurs. Delaminated regions lose ionic contact entirely, effectively removing that portion of the electrode from the electrochemical circuit. Capacity fade follows directly, because the active material in delaminated zones can no longer participate in charge storage. ### Electrolyte cracking Ceramic solid electrolytes are brittle. Cyclic compressive and tensile loading, particularly at localised stress concentrations, propagates micro-cracks through the electrolyte layer. These cracks create new surfaces, some of which become electronically connected to the electrode, leading to short-circuit pathways. Even sub-critical cracking that does not immediately short the cell increases ionic resistance and accelerates capacity loss over subsequent cycles. ### Lithium metal anode creep and void formation In cells using a lithium metal anode, the interplay between stripping and plating creates a different mechanical challenge. During stripping, lithium is consumed unevenly, leaving voids at the anode-electrolyte interface. These voids reduce contact area and concentrate current density at the remaining contact points, which in turn accelerates local degradation. The force distribution signature of void formation is a progressive reduction in measured load in specific regions, even while bulk stack pressure appears unchanged. ## What force distribution data actually looks like Force distribution is typically measured using thin-film pressure sensor arrays placed within the cell stack or integrated into a [force test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) designed for this purpose. The output is a two-dimensional map of pressure values across the electrode area, recorded at defined intervals during cycling. In a healthy cell at the beginning of life, the force map is relatively uniform, with modest variation across the active area. As cycling proceeds, the map evolves. Regions of high stress develop at electrode edges, where mechanical constraint is greatest, and at locations corresponding to microstructural heterogeneities in the electrode coating. The temporal evolution of the force map is equally informative. Key signatures to observe include: - **Reversible force variation:** force rises on lithiation and falls on delithiation in a consistent pattern, indicating mechanically stable cycling - **Progressive force increase in localised zones:** suggests accumulating irreversible strain, often preceding visible cracking - **Sudden force drops in a region:** consistent with delamination or electrolyte fracture events - **Asymmetric force recovery:** force does not return to its pre-lithiation baseline, indicating permanent dimensional change or void accumulation The absolute force values matter less than the spatial gradients and their evolution over cycles. A cell showing a 20% variation in force across its area after 50 cycles warrants closer investigation than one showing the same average force but with uniform distribution. ## Linking force signatures to specific failure modes Building on the degradation mechanisms described above, specific force signatures can be matched to specific failure modes with reasonable confidence when the data is interpreted alongside cell history and post-mortem analysis. Delamination events typically produce a sharp, spatially localised force drop that does not recover on subsequent cycles. The affected region shows reduced electrochemical activity in any concurrent mapping measurement. Electrolyte cracking, by contrast, often appears as a sudden redistribution of force rather than a net loss, because the cracked electrolyte fragment shifts load to adjacent intact regions. Lithium void formation produces a slower, more diffuse reduction in force across the anode-facing side of the stack, often correlated with rising overpotential in the electrochemical data. Edge effects deserve particular attention. Electrode edges experience higher mechanical constraint because the surrounding cell hardware restricts free expansion. Force maps consistently show elevated stress at the perimeter of the active area, and this is frequently where the first signs of degradation appear. Recognising this pattern allows researchers to distinguish genuine material failure from an artefact of cell geometry. - **Sharp localised force drop, non-recoverable:** delamination - **Force redistribution without net change:** electrolyte cracking and fragment displacement - **Gradual diffuse force reduction, anode-side:** lithium void formation - **Persistent elevated force at cell perimeter:** edge constraint, potential initiation site for further degradation ## Integrating force data with electrochemical measurements Force distribution data gains its greatest interpretive value when recorded simultaneously with electrochemical measurements. The combination allows researchers to establish causal relationships between mechanical events and electrochemical responses, rather than inferring one from the other after the fact. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is particularly complementary to force mapping. Interfacial resistance, which EIS quantifies through the charge-transfer resistance component of the impedance spectrum, increases when contact area is lost through delamination or void formation. When a force map shows a localised pressure drop in the same cycle where EIS records a step increase in interfacial resistance, the two measurements together confirm contact loss at that location. Neither measurement alone would be conclusive. Galvanostatic cycling data adds a third layer. Overpotential, the difference between the thermodynamic electrode potential and the actual potential measured under current, rises when ionic pathways are disrupted. A cell showing progressive overpotential growth, rising interfacial resistance by EIS, and a diffuse force reduction on the anode side presents a coherent picture of advancing void formation. This kind of multi-modal diagnosis is now standard practice in rigorous solid-state battery research. Practical considerations for integrated measurements include: - Synchronising force and electrochemical data acquisition to a common timestamp so that transient events can be correlated precisely - Recording EIS spectra at defined states of charge rather than only at full charge or discharge, to capture impedance evolution across the lithiation window - Using consistent applied stack pressure between experiments, since force distribution patterns depend on the baseline compressive load applied to the cell - Separating the contributions of electrode expansion and electrolyte deformation when interpreting force maps, particularly in cells using polymer or composite electrolytes with significant viscoelastic character The integration of force and electrochemical data also supports more rigorous cycle-life modelling. Mechanical degradation indicators derived from force maps can serve as early warning signals that predict electrochemical performance decline before it becomes measurable in capacity or coulombic efficiency alone. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports force distribution research in solid-state batteries EL-Cell GmbH designs test cells and instrumentation specifically for the kind of multi-modal, mechanically resolved measurements described in this article. Our product range addresses the practical requirements of solid-state battery testing at the research cell level. A persistent challenge in solid-state battery research is assembly reliability. Conventional test cells carry a high assembly failure rate — studies cite figures as high as 43%. Even experienced builders achieve only around 4 out of 5 working cells, while less experienced assemblers fall below a 50% success rate. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) and [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) from EL-CELL address this directly by standardising and simplifying cell preparation so that nearly every assembled cell runs without failure. Conventional test cells also present a measurement gap: they do not include a force sensor, meaning only the initial applied pressure is known. Mechanical settling during cycling can reduce that pressure over time without any indication to the researcher. Both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid include an integrated force sensor that tracks force continuously throughout the experiment. An optional gas pressure sensor can be added to isolate force changes caused by gas evolution from those caused by purely mechanical effects — a distinction that is otherwise impossible to make. Homogeneous compression of electrode material is another area where conventional cells fall short. Standard cell designs compress electrode material inhomogeneously, introducing variability that complicates data interpretation. The PAT-Solid-Core insert, used in both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid, employs guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression across the electrode area. These tungsten carbide plungers also withstand high mechanical loads without embedding particles or degrading over time — a common problem with conventional plungers, which must be ground or polished between measurements and gradually alter cell geometry as a result. Sealing and material choices further distinguish EL-CELL test cells from conventional alternatives. Standard cells are typically sealed with O-rings and often use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum before use. EL-CELL cells use aluminium seals and glass-metal feedthroughs in place of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs substantially less moisture, reducing both contamination risk and the preparation time required before a cell can be assembled in a controlled environment. - The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) is a dedicated force test cell that measures the force exerted by the electrode stack during cycling, enabling direct correlation between mechanical and electrochemical data within a single, reproducible cell format - The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is designed for solid-state electrolyte testing, providing controlled stack pressure and compatibility with ceramic, polymer, and composite electrolyte systems - The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) provides up to 16 independent test channels with full potentiostat and galvanostat capability, including EIS, allowing simultaneous mechanical and electrochemical characterisation across multiple cells in a single experiment - The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer complements force measurements by quantifying electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 5 nm, providing a direct measure of volumetric strain at the single-electrode level All instruments are designed to work together as part of a single, compatible research ecosystem, which simplifies data synchronisation and reduces integration effort in complex multi-modal experiments. If you are developing a solid-state battery testing workflow and want to discuss which combination of instruments fits your experimental requirements, contact the EL-Cell team directly. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the role of scanning electron microscopy in battery testing?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-role-of-scanning-electron-microscopy-in-battery-testing/) **Published:** August 13, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Discover how scanning electron microscopy exposes hidden battery degradation — from particle fractures to SEI layers — at nanometre resolution. **Content:** Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) plays a central role in battery testing by providing high-resolution images of electrode microstructure, surface morphology, and material degradation at the nanometre to micrometre scale. It allows researchers to directly observe physical changes in battery materials before, during, and after electrochemical cycling. The sections below address the most common questions about how SEM is applied in battery research. ## How does scanning electron microscopy work on battery materials? Scanning electron microscopy works by directing a focused beam of electrons across a sample surface and detecting the signals emitted in response. These signals — primarily secondary electrons and backscattered electrons — are used to construct high-resolution images of surface topography and compositional contrast. For battery materials, this provides direct visual information about particle morphology, coating uniformity, and structural integrity at resolutions that optical microscopy cannot achieve. In practice, battery electrode samples are prepared by disassembling cells in a controlled environment, typically an inert-atmosphere glovebox, to prevent reactions with air and moisture. The electrode is then mounted, often cross-sectioned using a focused ion beam (FIB) or mechanical polishing, and coated with a thin conductive layer if the material is poorly conductive. The electron beam is then scanned across the surface under vacuum, generating images that reveal features down to the nanometre scale. For lithium-ion electrode materials, SEM is particularly informative because it captures the physical consequences of electrochemical processes — such as particle cracking, binder distribution, and porosity changes — that are invisible to bulk analytical techniques. ## What can SEM reveal about electrode microstructure? SEM can reveal a wide range of structural features in battery electrodes, including particle size and shape, surface roughness, pore distribution, coating thickness, and the spatial arrangement of active material, conductive carbon, and binder. These microstructural characteristics directly influence electrochemical performance parameters such as rate capability, capacity retention, and ionic transport through the electrode. Specific features that SEM imaging can identify include: - **Particle morphology:** Size distribution and shape of active material particles, which affect surface area and lithium-ion diffusion pathways - **Crack formation:** Mechanical fractures in particles resulting from repeated volume changes during cycling - **Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer:** Surface deposits on anode materials formed during the first cycles, visible as irregular surface films - **Electrode porosity:** The distribution and connectivity of pores, which governs electrolyte penetration and ionic conductivity - **Delamination:** Separation of the active material layer from the current collector, a common degradation pathway - **Coating uniformity:** Homogeneity of surface coatings applied to improve stability or conductivity Cross-sectional SEM imaging is particularly valuable for examining the full electrode thickness, revealing how microstructure varies from the current collector surface to the electrode-electrolyte interface. ## How is SEM used in battery failure analysis? SEM is one of the primary tools for battery failure analysis because it allows researchers to directly observe the physical mechanisms responsible for capacity fade, impedance rise, or catastrophic failure. By comparing SEM images of pristine and cycled electrodes, researchers can identify which degradation mechanisms are active and at what stage they become significant. Common failure modes identifiable by SEM include: - **Particle fracture:** High-capacity materials such as silicon or layered oxide cathodes undergo large volume changes during lithiation and delithiation, leading to cracking that disconnects active material from the conductive network - **Lithium plating:** Metallic lithium deposited on graphite anodes under fast charging conditions or at low temperatures, visible as irregular deposits or dendritic structures - **Electrolyte decomposition products:** Thick or heterogeneous SEI layers that increase impedance and consume lithium inventory - **Binder degradation:** Loss of mechanical cohesion in the electrode, visible as voids or separated regions between particles - **Separator damage:** Punctures or localised melting in the separator material, relevant in thermal runaway investigations Post-mortem SEM analysis, conducted after cells are cycled to defined end-of-life criteria, is a standard method for correlating electrochemical data with physical degradation. This approach is most informative when SEM observations are combined with electrochemical measurements taken during the cell’s lifetime. ## What is the difference between SEM and SEM-EDS in battery research? Standard SEM provides morphological and topographical information based on electron emission signals, but it does not identify the chemical composition of the features observed. SEM combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS, also written as SEM-EDX) adds elemental analysis by detecting the characteristic X-rays emitted when the electron beam interacts with the sample. In battery research, SEM-EDS allows researchers to map the spatial distribution of elements across an electrode cross-section or surface. The practical distinction matters considerably in battery characterisation: - **SEM alone** answers questions about morphology: Where are the cracks? How thick is the coating? What is the particle size distribution? - **SEM-EDS** answers questions about composition: What elements are present at the crack surface? Is the SEI layer enriched in fluorine or oxygen? Has transition metal dissolution occurred, and where have those metals deposited? EDS elemental mapping is particularly useful for identifying contamination, verifying coating composition, and tracking transition metal migration from cathode to anode — a known degradation mechanism in layered oxide materials. However, EDS has limited sensitivity for light elements such as lithium, which cannot be reliably detected by standard EDS detectors. This is an important constraint when characterising lithium-containing phases or the SEI layer composition. ## What are the limitations of SEM for battery characterisation? SEM is a powerful imaging technique, but it has several important limitations that researchers must account for when interpreting results. Understanding these constraints is essential for designing experiments that draw valid conclusions from SEM data. Key limitations include: - **Sample preparation artefacts:** Disassembly, washing, drying, and sectioning of electrodes can introduce physical damage or chemical changes that are indistinguishable from genuine degradation features - **Sensitivity to air and moisture:** Lithium-containing materials and reactive surfaces require strict inert-atmosphere handling to prevent surface oxidation or hydrolysis before imaging - **Static, ex-situ observation:** Standard SEM captures a single snapshot in time; it cannot observe dynamic processes such as SEI growth or particle fracture as they occur during cycling - **Limited lithium detection:** As noted above, EDS cannot reliably quantify lithium, which restricts compositional analysis of lithium-rich phases - **Surface-only information:** Without cross-sectioning, SEM images only the outermost surface, which may not represent the bulk electrode condition - **Beam damage:** Prolonged electron beam exposure can damage sensitive materials, including polymer binders and certain electrolyte residues - **Small sampling area:** SEM examines a small region of the electrode, which may not be representative of the full electrode area These limitations do not diminish the value of SEM, but they reinforce the need to combine it with complementary techniques to build a complete picture of electrode behaviour. ## How does SEM complement electrochemical testing in battery research? SEM and electrochemical testing address fundamentally different but complementary aspects of battery behaviour. Electrochemical methods such as galvanostatic cycling, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry quantify performance metrics — capacity, coulombic efficiency, overpotential, and impedance — but they do not directly reveal the physical or chemical mechanisms responsible for those measurements. SEM provides the structural evidence that explains why electrochemical performance changes over time. A typical research workflow integrates both approaches: 1. Baseline electrochemical characterisation establishes the initial performance of a cell or electrode formulation 2. Cycling proceeds to a defined state of health or number of cycles 3. Post-mortem SEM analysis of the harvested electrode identifies the physical changes that occurred 4. Correlation between electrochemical data and SEM observations allows mechanistic interpretation For example, a rise in cell impedance measured by EIS may be attributed to SEI thickening, particle fracture, or binder degradation — but only SEM can distinguish between these mechanisms. Similarly, a sudden drop in specific capacity may correspond to delamination or lithium plating that is directly visible in SEM images. In-situ and operando SEM, conducted in specialised environmental SEM instruments or using purpose-built liquid cells, extends this complementarity further by enabling real-time observation of electrode changes during electrochemical polarisation. This approach is technically demanding but provides mechanistic insight that ex-situ analysis cannot replicate. The combination of structural characterisation and electrochemical measurement is the standard approach in rigorous battery materials research, and the two techniques are most powerful when they are designed as an integrated experimental programme rather than applied independently. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports battery characterisation research EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test equipment specifically for battery materials researchers who need to generate reproducible, publication-quality data. Whilst SEM is an external characterisation tool, the electrochemical data it must be correlated with depends entirely on the quality and consistency of the test cells and instrumentation used. Conventional test cells present a significant practical challenge: studies cite an assembly failure rate of around 43% for standard designs. Even experienced builders typically achieve only 4 out of 5 working cells, while less experienced researchers fall below a 50% success rate. Beyond assembly reliability, conventional cells compress electrode material inhomogeneously, are sealed with O-rings in PEEK housings that absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum, and use plungers that embed particles during use — requiring grinding or polishing between measurements and gradually altering cell geometry. Conventional cells also lack a force sensor, meaning only the initial pressure is recorded; mechanical settling can reduce it over time without detection. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL address these issues directly. Both cells use the PAT-Solid-Core insert, which features guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression of electrode material. Tungsten carbide withstands high mechanical loads without embedding particles, eliminating the need for grinding or polishing between measurements and preserving cell geometry over time. In place of O-rings and PEEK housings, EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs, together with PPS plastic, which absorbs significantly less moisture than PEEK — reducing contamination risk and preparation time without the need for prolonged vacuum drying. The PAT-Cell-Force additionally includes an integrated force sensor that continuously monitors mechanical load throughout cycling; an optional gas pressure sensor can be added to separate force changes caused by gas evolution from purely mechanical ones. Together, these design features standardise and simplify cell preparation to the point where nearly every cell runs without failure. Our products support SEM-integrated research workflows in the following ways: - **Controlled cell formats:** The [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) provides a reproducible, standardised cell geometry that simplifies post-mortem electrode harvesting for SEM analysis, with minimal risk of sample distortion during disassembly - **In-situ strain measurement:** The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer quantifies electrode thickness changes with sub-5 nm resolution during cycling, providing mechanical data that directly complements SEM observations of particle fracture and volume change - **Multichannel electrochemical testing:** The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) supports up to 16 independent channels with full potentiostat/galvanostat and EIS capability, enabling parallel cycling experiments that can be terminated at different states of health for comparative SEM analysis - **Optical in-situ monitoring:** The [ECC-Opto-10](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) cell allows optical observation during cycling, which can be used alongside SEM post-mortem work to track surface changes over time If you are designing an experiment that combines electrochemical characterisation with post-mortem SEM analysis, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which cell format and instrumentation best suits your electrode materials and experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do you test solid-state batteries for EV applications?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-you-test-solid-state-batteries-for-ev-applications/) **Published:** July 19, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Solid-state battery testing demands specialized protocols — master stack pressure, EIS, and dilatometry for reliable EV results. **Content:** Solid-state battery testing requires specialised hardware and protocols that differ substantially from those used for conventional liquid electrolyte cells. Because solid-state electrolytes are mechanically rigid and ionically sensitive to interfacial contact, standard coin cell formats and liquid-based assumptions do not transfer directly. The sections below address the key experimental questions researchers encounter when setting up solid-state battery characterisation workflows. ## What makes solid-state batteries more difficult to test than liquid electrolyte cells? Solid-state batteries present unique testing challenges because the electrolyte is a rigid or semi-rigid solid rather than a liquid that self-wets electrode surfaces. Ionic conduction across electrode-electrolyte interfaces depends critically on physical contact, which cannot be established simply by filling a cell with solution. This means that cell assembly procedures, applied pressure, and stack geometry all become primary experimental variables rather than secondary concerns. Several additional factors distinguish solid-state battery testing from conventional electrochemical characterisation: - **Interface resistance:** Poor contact between the solid electrolyte and electrode materials generates high interfacial impedance that can dominate measured cell resistance and mask intrinsic material properties. - **Mechanical constraints:** Electrode volume changes during cycling can fracture brittle solid electrolytes, making dimensional monitoring essential. - **Atmospheric sensitivity:** Many solid-state electrolyte materials, particularly sulphide-based compounds, are highly sensitive to moisture and oxygen, requiring inert assembly environments. - **Temperature dependence:** Ionic conductivity in solid electrolytes is strongly temperature-dependent, so isothermal control is critical for reproducible results. ## What electrochemical tests are used to evaluate solid-state batteries? Solid-state battery characterisation relies on the same core electrochemical methods used for liquid cells, but each test must be interpreted with solid-state-specific considerations in mind. The principal techniques are galvanostatic cycling, rate capability testing, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Galvanostatic cycling at defined C-rates provides specific capacity in mAh/g (or mAh/cm² for thin-film architectures) and tracks coulombic efficiency over repeated charge-discharge cycles. Coulombic efficiency is a particularly sensitive indicator in solid-state systems because irreversible lithium consumption at interfaces is not masked by electrolyte decomposition products in the same way as in liquid cells. Rate capability testing, in which the cell is cycled at progressively higher C-rates, quantifies how well ionic transport through the solid electrolyte sustains capacity at practical current densities. Capacity retention at high C-rates reflects the combined effect of bulk ionic conductivity, interfacial resistance, and electrode tortuosity. CV is used to identify redox processes, detect parasitic reactions at electrode-electrolyte interfaces, and assess the electrochemical stability windows of the solid electrolyte itself. ## How does stack pressure affect solid-state battery test results? Stack pressure is one of the most consequential experimental variables in solid-state battery testing because applied mechanical load directly controls interfacial contact area between the solid electrolyte and electrode layers. Insufficient pressure results in elevated interfacial resistance and non-uniform current distribution; excessive pressure can fracture brittle electrolyte pellets or cause electrode delamination. Reproducible results require that stack pressure be defined, maintained, and reported as part of the experimental protocol. For oxide-based solid electrolytes, pressures in the range of a few MPa are commonly used, whereas sulphide-based systems may require lower pressures due to their more deformable nature. Pressure also interacts with electrode expansion: as active materials expand during lithiation, the stack pressure rises unless the cell hardware accommodates dimensional change. Conventional test cells do not include a force sensor — only the initial pressure is set, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without detection. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) addresses this directly with an integrated force sensor that monitors stack pressure throughout the experiment. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added, allowing force changes caused by gas evolution to be distinguished from purely mechanical ones. Comparing results across laboratories or between cycling conditions is only meaningful when stack pressure is controlled and documented, making hardware with defined and measurable force application essential for systematic solid-state battery research. ## What is electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and why is it essential for solid-state cells? Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a technique in which a small sinusoidal voltage or current perturbation is applied to a cell across a range of frequencies, and the resulting impedance response is measured. EIS is essential for solid-state battery characterisation because it can deconvolute contributions from bulk electrolyte resistance, grain boundary resistance, and electrode-electrolyte interfacial resistance, which are all present simultaneously in solid-state systems. In a liquid electrolyte cell, bulk electrolyte resistance is typically small and relatively constant. In a solid-state cell, grain boundary conduction and interfacial contact resistance can each contribute substantially to total cell impedance, and these contributions appear at different characteristic frequencies in the EIS spectrum. Fitting equivalent circuit models to the impedance data allows researchers to track how each resistance component evolves with cycling, temperature, or applied pressure. EIS is also used to monitor the formation and growth of interphases at electrode surfaces. In solid-state systems, these interphases are often referred to as solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers on the anode side, and their impedance contribution can be isolated from other resistive elements using frequency-resolved analysis. The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) supports EIS measurements across all 16 channels, enabling parallel impedance characterisation of multiple solid-state cells under controlled conditions. ## How do you monitor electrode expansion in solid-state battery testing? Electrode expansion in solid-state batteries is monitored using electrochemical dilatometry, a technique that measures the thickness change of a cell stack as a function of state of charge or cycle number. Because solid electrolytes cannot accommodate volume changes through fluid redistribution as liquid electrolytes do, dimensional changes in active materials translate directly into mechanical stress within the stack. Dilatometric measurements provide quantitative data on the expansion and contraction of electrode materials during lithiation and delithiation. This information is relevant for several reasons: - Irreversible thickness increase across cycles indicates structural degradation, electrolyte cracking, or lithium plating. - Asymmetric expansion and contraction profiles can reveal kinetic limitations or phase transformation behaviour in active materials. - Operando dilatometry combined with galvanostatic cycling allows the mechanical and electrochemical responses to be correlated directly. High-resolution dilatometry is particularly important for thin-film solid-state architectures, where absolute dimensional changes are small. Instruments capable of sub-nanometre resolution, such as the [ECD-4-nano dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/), are well suited to this class of measurement. ## What test cell hardware is best suited for solid-state battery research? Test cell hardware for solid-state battery research must provide controlled and measurable uniaxial stack pressure, reliable electrical contacts, and compatibility with inert atmosphere assembly. Standard coin cell hardware is generally unsuitable because it applies poorly defined and uncontrolled pressure, and does not allow pressure to be varied or monitored during cycling. Preferred hardware formats for solid-state battery testing include: - **Pressure-controlled test cells:** Cells with defined spring or screw-applied loads that maintain consistent interfacial contact throughout cycling. - **Cells with integrated force monitoring:** Hardware that measures actual stack force during the experiment, allowing pressure changes caused by electrode expansion to be recorded alongside electrochemical data. - **Temperature-controlled environments:** Cell chambers that maintain isothermal conditions, which is essential given the strong temperature dependence of solid electrolyte conductivity. - **Hermetic sealing:** Cells designed for assembly in a glovebox and capable of maintaining an inert atmosphere during extended cycling. Conventional test cells have a high assembly failure rate — studies cite 43%, and even experienced builders achieve only around 4 out of 5 working cells, while inexperienced ones fall below 50%. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) and the [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) from EL-CELL standardize and simplify preparation so that nearly every cell runs without failure. Both cells use the PAT-Solid-Core insert, which features guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression of electrode material — a significant advantage over conventional cells, which compress electrode material inhomogeneously. The tungsten carbide plungers also withstand high mechanical loads without embedding particles or degrading, unlike conventional plungers that must be ground or polished between measurements, gradually altering cell geometry. EL-CELL cells further improve on conventional designs through their sealing approach. Where conventional cells rely on O-rings and often use PEEK housings — which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum — EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs in place of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs less moisture, reducing contamination risk and preparation time. The PAT-Cell-Force is specifically designed for pressure-controlled electrochemical testing and allows the applied stack force to be set and monitored, making it well suited to [solid-state battery research](https://el-cell.com/applications/battery-testing/solid-state-batteries/). The PAT-Cell-Solid accommodates thicker and more rigid stack configurations typical of ceramic or sulphide electrolyte systems. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports solid-state battery testing EL-Cell GmbH offers a complete set of instruments and test cells developed with solid-state battery characterisation requirements in mind. Our product range addresses the principal experimental challenges described above, from pressure control and impedance measurement to high-resolution dilatometry. All products are part of the [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/), a single interoperable research ecosystem built around a common cell format and measurement philosophy. - **[PAT-Cell-Force:](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/)** Enables defined and monitored uniaxial stack pressure throughout galvanostatic cycling and EIS measurements, with direct force readout integrated into the experimental workflow. An integrated force sensor tracks pressure continuously, and an optional gas pressure sensor allows force changes from gas evolution to be measured separately from mechanical ones. - **[PAT-Cell-Solid:](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/)** Accommodates solid electrolyte pellet geometries and supports inert atmosphere assembly, suitable for oxide, sulphide, and polymer electrolyte systems. Together with the PAT-Cell-Force, it uses the PAT-Solid-Core insert with guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers for homogeneous electrode compression. - **[ECD-4-nano:](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** High-resolution electrochemical dilatometer with sub-5 nm resolution for operando monitoring of electrode and stack thickness changes in solid-state cells. - **[PAT-Tester-i-16:](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** Multichannel battery tester with integrated EIS capability across all 16 channels, temperature-controlled cell chamber, and full compatibility with the PAT-Cell series, enabling parallel solid-state battery characterisation under defined conditions. All instruments are designed as part of a single interoperable research ecosystem, so data from cycling, impedance, and dilatometry measurements can be acquired and managed within a consistent workflow. Researchers requiring guidance on experimental setup for solid-state battery testing are welcome to [contact our team](https://el-cell.com/contact/) to discuss specific requirements. You can also learn more about the underlying [PAT Core Concept](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) that unifies the hardware and measurement approach across the full product range. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do researchers test solid-state batteries at the cell level?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-researchers-test-solid-state-batteries-at-the-cell-level/) **Published:** August 12, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Discover how researchers test solid-state batteries using EIS, pressure control, and operando diagnostics — and why standard protocols fall short. **Content:** Researchers test solid-state batteries at the cell level using specialised hardware that applies controlled mechanical pressure to the electrode stack, combined with electrochemical methods such as galvanostatic cycling, rate capability testing, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Unlike liquid electrolyte cells, solid-state systems require intimate interfacial contact between rigid components, which means mechanical and electrochemical variables are deeply coupled. The sections below address the most common questions that arise when setting up and running solid-state cell-level experiments. ## What makes solid-state battery testing different from liquid electrolyte cells? Solid-state battery testing differs from liquid electrolyte cell testing primarily because the electrolyte cannot flow to fill interfacial voids. In a conventional liquid electrolyte cell, the separator and electrolyte conform to electrode surfaces under light compression. In a solid-state cell, ionic transport across the electrolyte-electrode interface depends entirely on physical contact quality, which must be maintained mechanically throughout cycling. This has several practical consequences for researchers: - Stack pressure must be defined and controlled as an experimental variable, not simply applied as an assembly step. - Volume changes in electrodes during cycling directly affect interfacial resistance, so pressure evolution matters over the full cycle life. - Cell hardware must tolerate higher compressive loads without deforming or short-circuiting. - Electrolyte fracture and delamination are failure modes with no direct equivalent in liquid electrolyte systems. These differences mean that protocols developed for liquid electrolyte half cells or coin cells cannot be transferred directly to solid electrolyte cell testing without modification. ## What electrochemical methods are used to characterise solid-state cells? The primary electrochemical methods used to characterise solid-state cells are galvanostatic cycling, rate capability testing, and EIS. Galvanostatic cycling at defined C-rates establishes specific capacity (mAh/g or mAh/cm²), coulombic efficiency, and capacity retention over repeated charge and discharge cycles. EIS is particularly informative for solid-state systems because it can resolve contributions from bulk electrolyte resistance, grain boundary resistance, and interfacial resistance as separate arc features in the Nyquist plot. Additional methods that are routinely applied include: - **Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT):** Separates thermodynamic overpotential from kinetic overpotential, which is useful when distinguishing bulk ionic transport limitations from interfacial contact resistance. - **Potentiostatic EIS:** Applied at defined states of charge to track how interfacial impedance evolves as the electrode undergoes lithiation and delithiation. - **DC polarisation:** Used to estimate ionic and electronic conductivity of the solid electrolyte pellet, particularly for oxide and sulphide electrolytes. - **Cyclic voltammetry (CV):** Applied at slow scan rates to identify redox features and electrochemical stability windows of the electrolyte under operating conditions. EIS is especially valuable because changes in interfacial resistance over cycles can serve as an early indicator of contact loss or electrolyte cracking before capacity fade becomes measurable. The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) supports all of these methods in a single multichannel instrument, combining galvanostat and potentiostat modes with integrated EIS capability. ## How is stack pressure controlled during solid-state cell testing? Stack pressure in solid-state cell testing is controlled by mounting the cell in hardware that applies and maintains a defined uniaxial load on the electrode stack throughout cycling. This is achieved either through spring-loaded mechanisms, pneumatic systems, or dead-weight loading, depending on the required pressure range and whether dynamic pressure tracking is needed. Pressure must remain within a defined window: too low and interfacial contact degrades; too high and the electrolyte pellet fractures. For research applications, a force-instrumented cell that records stack pressure continuously is preferable to a static compression fixture. Continuous pressure data allows researchers to correlate mechanical changes with electrochemical events, such as a sudden impedance rise coinciding with a pressure drop that indicates delamination. Conventional test cells do not include a force sensor — only the initial pressure is set, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without any means of detection. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) and [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) from EL-CELL address this directly by integrating a calibrated force sensor into the cell body. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added to measure force changes caused by gas evolution separately from those caused by mechanical settling. Typical pressure requirements vary by electrolyte class: - **Sulphide electrolytes:** Generally require lower pressures (often in the range of a few MPa) because they deform plastically and conform to electrode surfaces relatively easily. - **Oxide electrolytes (LLZO and related garnets):** Require higher pressures and often elevated temperatures during assembly to achieve adequate interfacial contact. - **Polymer electrolytes:** Moderate pressures at operating temperature; viscoelastic behaviour means pressure relaxation over time must be accounted for. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) is designed specifically for this purpose, integrating a calibrated force sensor directly into the cell body so that stack pressure is recorded as a function of cycle number alongside the electrochemical data. ## What in-situ and operando techniques can be applied to solid-state test cells? In-situ and operando techniques that can be applied to solid-state test cells include dilatometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray tomography, neutron diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy, depending on the cell geometry and the beamline or instrument access available. The key requirement is that the test cell hardware must accommodate the probe without compromising the mechanical boundary conditions that solid-state cells require. Dilatometry is among the most accessible operando methods for solid-state research. The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer measures the thickness change of the electrode stack with nanometre resolution during cycling, providing direct information on electrode expansion, electrolyte creep, and contact evolution without requiring synchrotron access. For diffraction and imaging techniques, cells must be designed with X-ray or neutron transparent windows and low-absorption body materials. Operando XRD tracks structural phase transitions in active materials and can detect electrolyte degradation products as they form. Tomography provides three-dimensional information on void formation, crack propagation, and delamination within the stack. Operando Raman spectroscopy can be applied to solid-state cells with optical access to monitor local chemical changes at the electrolyte-electrode interface, though signal interpretation is more complex than in liquid electrolyte systems due to the absence of a liquid phase to normalise against. ## What cell hardware is required for solid-state battery research? Solid-state battery research requires cell hardware that provides controlled uniaxial pressure, electrical isolation between components, a defined electrode area, and compatibility with the electrolyte processing conditions, which often include dry-room or inert-atmosphere assembly. Standard coin cells and Swagelok-type cells are frequently used for initial screening but offer limited pressure control and no instrumentation for force or displacement. Assembly reliability is a significant practical concern with conventional test cells. Studies report an assembly failure rate of around 43% for standard hardware, meaning that even experienced builders achieve only approximately 4 out of every 5 working cells, while less experienced users fall below a 50% success rate. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL are designed to standardise and simplify preparation so that nearly every assembled cell runs without failure. Conventional cells also compress electrode material inhomogeneously. Both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid use the PAT-Solid-Core insert, which features guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression across the electrode area. These tungsten carbide plungers withstand high mechanical loads without embedding particles or degrading over time — a common problem with conventional plungers, which must be ground or polished between measurements, gradually altering cell geometry. Sealing and material choices also differ significantly. Conventional cells are typically sealed with O-rings and often use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum before use. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs instead of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs considerably less moisture than PEEK, reducing contamination risk and shortening preparation time. For more rigorous research, dedicated solid-state test cells offer significant advantages: - Defined and reproducible stack geometry with precise electrode area - Integrated or attachable force measurement to quantify and control stack pressure - Compatibility with temperature-controlled environments for elevated-temperature testing - Modular design allowing different current collector and separator configurations - Compatibility with external instruments for EIS, dilatometry, or optical access The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is purpose-built for solid-state electrolyte research, providing the mechanical and electrochemical boundary conditions needed for reproducible solid-state cell-level testing. For experiments requiring simultaneous force and electrochemical data, the [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) extends this capability with integrated load sensing. ## What are the most common failure modes observed during solid-state cell testing? The most common failure modes in solid-state cell testing are interfacial delamination, electrolyte cracking, lithium dendrite penetration through the solid electrolyte, and active material particle fracture. Each of these failure modes has a distinct electrochemical signature, which is why combining cycling data with impedance measurements and operando diagnostics is standard practice in rigorous solid-state research. The main failure modes and their observable indicators are: - **Interfacial delamination:** Progressive increase in interfacial resistance visible in EIS; often correlates with a drop in stack pressure in force-instrumented cells. Caused by volume mismatch between electrode and electrolyte during cycling. - **Electrolyte cracking:** Sudden increase in cell resistance or internal short circuit. More common in brittle oxide electrolytes under excessive stack pressure or thermal cycling. - **Lithium dendrite penetration:** Manifests as a soft short circuit, characterised by a gradual decrease in open-circuit voltage and anomalous self-discharge. Current density, stack pressure, and electrolyte density all influence the onset of this failure mode. - **Active material particle fracture:** Capacity fade without a corresponding increase in interfacial resistance; often identified by post-mortem scanning electron microscopy (SEM) rather than electrochemical data alone. - **Electrolyte decomposition:** Irreversible capacity loss and growth of new impedance features in EIS spectra, particularly at high voltages or in systems where the electrolyte electrochemical stability window is exceeded. Distinguishing between these failure modes requires careful experimental design, including controlled pressure, well-defined electrode areas, and periodic EIS measurements throughout the cycle life rather than only at the beginning and end of the test. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports solid-state battery research EL-Cell GmbH develops and manufactures the hardware, instrumentation, and software that researchers need to conduct reproducible solid-state battery cell-level testing. Our product ecosystem is built around the [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/), which is designed so that mechanical, electrochemical, and diagnostic measurements are captured from the same cell under consistent boundary conditions. Key capabilities we offer for solid-state research include: - **[PAT-Cell-Solid:](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/)** A dedicated test cell for solid electrolyte systems with defined electrode geometry and compatibility with inert-atmosphere assembly. - **[PAT-Cell-Force:](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/)** Integrates a calibrated force sensor to record stack pressure continuously alongside electrochemical data, enabling direct correlation between mechanical and electrochemical events. - **[ECD-4-nano:](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** A high-resolution electrochemical dilatometer that quantifies electrode stack thickness changes with a resolution of better than 5 nm, providing operando mechanical data without synchrotron access. - **[PAT-Tester-i-16:](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** A multichannel battery tester with integrated EIS capability, temperature-controlled cell chamber, and docking station, supporting up to 16 channels with potentiostat and galvanostat modes. - **EL-Software:** Data acquisition and analysis software designed to work across the [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/), allowing EIS, cycling, and force data to be recorded and analysed within a single interoperable workflow. If you are setting up a solid-state research programme or looking to improve the reproducibility of your existing cell-level tests, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss the right configuration for your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What does cycle life testing reveal about solid-state batteries?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-does-cycle-life-testing-reveal-about-solid-state-batteries/) **Published:** August 17, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Discover how cycle life testing uncovers critical degradation mechanisms in solid-state batteries — and why it matters for researchers. **Content:** Cycle life testing reveals the rate at which a solid-state battery loses capacity and efficiency over repeated charge and discharge cycles, exposing the specific degradation mechanisms that limit long-term performance. For researchers working with solid-state chemistries, these tests provide quantitative data on capacity fade, coulombic efficiency trends, and impedance growth that cannot be inferred from single-cycle measurements alone. The sections below address the most common questions researchers encounter when designing and interpreting cycle life studies for solid-state cells. ## How does cycle life testing work for solid-state batteries? Cycle life testing applies repeated charge and discharge cycles to a solid-state cell at a defined C-rate, recording capacity, voltage, and coulombic efficiency at each cycle. The test continues until the cell reaches a predefined end-of-life criterion, typically 80% retention of the initial discharge capacity. The resulting data set maps how solid-state battery performance evolves over time under controlled electrochemical stress. In practice, a standard protocol involves several stages: - **Formation cycles:** A small number of slow cycles at low C-rates to stabilise the electrode-electrolyte interfaces before the main cycling sequence begins. - **Reference performance tests:** Periodic low-rate cycles inserted throughout the protocol to separate rate-dependent effects from true capacity loss. - **Continuous cycling:** Repeated galvanostatic charge and discharge at the target C-rate, often with voltage cut-offs appropriate to the active material chemistry. - **Diagnostic interruptions:** Scheduled electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements to track resistance growth without disassembling the cell. Temperature control is particularly important for solid-state cells. Ionic conductivity in solid electrolytes is strongly temperature-dependent, so even modest thermal drift during cycling can introduce artefacts that obscure genuine degradation trends. Running tests inside a temperature-controlled chamber eliminates this variable. ## What degradation mechanisms do cycling tests expose in solid-state batteries? Cycle life testing exposes several solid-state battery degradation mechanisms that are distinct from those seen in liquid-electrolyte cells. The most commonly identified include interfacial delamination, lithium dendrite formation through grain boundaries, electrolyte cracking under volume change, and contact loss at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Each mechanism produces a recognisable signature in the cycling data. ### Interfacial resistance growth As a solid-state cell cycles, the contact area between electrode particles and the solid electrolyte can decrease due to volumetric strain. Active materials expand and contract during lithiation and delithiation, and solid electrolytes cannot accommodate this movement the way liquid electrolytes do. The result is progressive delamination, which EIS measurements capture as a rising interfacial resistance arc. Coulombic efficiency typically remains high even as this process advances, making impedance tracking essential for early detection. ### Mechanical fracture and lithium penetration Repeated cycling generates cumulative mechanical stress within the solid electrolyte layer. Oxide and sulphide electrolytes differ substantially in their fracture behaviour, but both can develop micro-cracks that provide pathways for lithium dendrite propagation. Cycling data often shows this as sudden voltage drops or internal short-circuit events rather than gradual capacity fade. Monitoring cell thickness during cycling, alongside electrochemical data, helps researchers distinguish mechanical failure from purely electrochemical degradation. ## How does solid-state battery cycle life compare to lithium-ion? Solid-state batteries do not yet consistently outperform conventional lithium-ion cells in cycle life under laboratory conditions. While solid electrolytes eliminate solvent decomposition and suppress some liquid-phase side reactions, the mechanical and interfacial challenges described above introduce new failure modes that can limit cycle numbers. The comparison depends heavily on electrolyte chemistry, stack pressure, and electrode design. Sulphide-based solid electrolytes generally show better room-temperature ionic conductivity and more conformal contact with electrode particles, which supports longer cycle life in well-optimised cells. Oxide-based electrolytes are mechanically harder and chemically more stable but require higher sintering temperatures and careful interface engineering to achieve acceptable contact. Polymer-based systems operate at elevated temperatures and exhibit different capacity fade profiles again. For researchers making direct comparisons, it is important to test equivalent electrode loadings and apply the same C-rate protocols to both cell types. Differences in areal capacity (mAh/cm²) and stack pressure conditions can make comparisons misleading if not carefully controlled. ## What factors most affect cycle life results in solid-state cell testing? The factors that most affect solid-state battery cycle life results in laboratory testing are stack pressure, temperature, C-rate, and the quality of electrode-electrolyte interface preparation. These variables interact with one another, and varying any one of them without controlling the others makes it difficult to attribute capacity fade to a specific mechanism. - **Stack pressure:** Solid-state cells require applied pressure to maintain contact across the electrode-electrolyte interfaces. Too little pressure leads to contact loss and rising impedance; too much can fracture brittle electrolyte pellets. Consistent, calibrated pressure throughout cycling is critical for reproducible results. Conventional test cells do not include a force sensor, meaning only the initial pressure is set and any reduction caused by mechanical settling goes undetected. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) and [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) from EL-CELL include an integrated force sensor that tracks pressure continuously throughout the test. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added to measure force changes caused by gas evolution separately from mechanical ones. - **Temperature:** Ionic conductivity in solid electrolytes varies with temperature, affecting both rate capability and the distribution of current density at interfaces. Tests conducted without active temperature control introduce uncontrolled variation. - **C-rate:** Higher C-rates impose larger overpotentials and generate more localised current density at grain boundaries, accelerating dendrite nucleation. Cycle life tests at multiple C-rates reveal whether failure is rate-limited or intrinsic to the material system. - **Interface preparation:** The method used to press or sinter the cell, the surface chemistry of the active materials, and the presence or absence of buffer layers all influence how quickly interfacial resistance grows during cycling. Conventional test cells compress electrode material inhomogeneously, which introduces variability from the outset. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid use the PAT-Solid-Core insert, which features guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression. These tungsten carbide plungers also withstand high mechanical loads without embedding particles or degrading over time — a known problem with conventional plungers, which must be ground or polished between measurements and gradually alter cell geometry as a result. ## What equipment is needed to run accurate solid-state cycle life tests? Accurate solid-state cycle life testing requires a battery test cell designed to apply and maintain controlled stack pressure, a multi-channel battery tester with EIS capability, and a temperature-controlled environment. Standard coin cells used for liquid-electrolyte research are not suitable because they cannot sustain the defined and adjustable pressures that solid-state interfaces require. Dedicated test cells for solid-state research, such as the [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/), allow researchers to apply defined stack pressure while maintaining a sealed, inert atmosphere. This is important because many sulphide electrolytes are air- and moisture-sensitive, and any exposure during assembly or testing will compromise the results. Unlike conventional cells that rely on O-rings and PEEK housings — PEEK being a plastic that absorbs significant moisture and requires drying at 120°C under vacuum — EL-CELL test cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs in place of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs far less moisture, reducing contamination risk and cutting preparation time. Assembly reliability is also substantially higher: studies on conventional test cells cite a 43% failure rate, and even experienced builders typically achieve only four out of five working cells, while inexperienced builders fall below 50%. The standardised design of the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid simplifies preparation to the point where nearly every cell runs without failure. On the measurement side, a potentiostat/galvanostat with EIS capability allows researchers to interleave impedance measurements with galvanostatic cycling without moving the cell or breaking the circuit. The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) combines multichannel cycling with integrated EIS, reducing the risk of contact disturbance between measurements and improving data consistency across long test sequences. ## When should researchers run cycle life tests versus other battery tests? Cycle life tests are most appropriate once a solid-state cell formulation has passed initial screening by rate capability tests, EIS characterisation, and single-cycle efficiency measurements. Running extended cycling on unoptimised cells wastes instrument time and makes it harder to interpret failure modes, because multiple variables are changing simultaneously. A practical sequencing approach looks like this: 1. **EIS at open circuit:** Characterise initial interfacial resistances and electrolyte bulk resistance before any cycling begins. 2. **Rate capability test:** Measure specific capacity (mAh/g) at several C-rates to establish baseline performance and identify rate-limiting steps. 3. **Formation cycling:** Run a small number of slow cycles to stabilise interfaces and measure first-cycle coulombic efficiency. 4. **Cycle life test:** Begin extended cycling at the target C-rate with periodic EIS interruptions to track resistance evolution. 5. **Post-mortem analysis:** Disassemble cells at defined cycle numbers to correlate electrochemical signatures with physical changes in the electrodes and electrolyte. Electrochemical dilatometry is a complementary technique worth scheduling alongside cycle life tests when electrode volume change is a research variable. Measuring thickness changes in real time during cycling, using an instrument such as the [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/), provides direct evidence of mechanical stress accumulation before it manifests as capacity fade in the cycling data. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports solid-state battery cycle life testing EL-Cell GmbH provides a complete, interoperable set of instruments and test cells specifically designed for the demands of solid-state battery research. Rather than assembling equipment from multiple suppliers with compatibility uncertainties, researchers can build their entire cycle life testing workflow around the [PAT Series platform](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/): - **[PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/):** A test cell designed for solid-state chemistries, with defined and adjustable stack pressure, inert-atmosphere compatibility, and a geometry suited to pressed pellet electrolytes. The PAT-Solid-Core insert uses guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool for homogeneous compression, and the cell uses aluminum seals with glass-metal feedthroughs and PPS plastic to minimise moisture uptake and contamination risk. - **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/):** Enables continuous in-situ force and thickness monitoring during cycling, providing mechanical data alongside electrochemical measurements in a single experiment. An integrated force sensor tracks pressure throughout the test, and an optional gas pressure sensor allows force changes from gas evolution to be distinguished from purely mechanical ones. - **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/):** A 16-channel battery tester integrating galvanostatic cycling, potentiostat/galvanostat functionality, and EIS capability within a temperature-controlled cell chamber, allowing long-term cycle life tests with scheduled impedance measurements. - **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/):** A high-resolution electrochemical dilatometer for quantifying electrode thickness changes during cycling with sub-5 nm resolution. - **EL-Software:** Unified data acquisition and analysis software across all instruments, supporting consistent protocol design and straightforward comparison of results across cell types and test conditions. All instruments are designed to work together, and we can configure complete setups tailored to specific solid-state research programmes. If you are establishing a new solid-state testing workflow or scaling up an existing one, [contact us](https://el-cell.com/contact/) to discuss which configuration best fits your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do you test solid-state batteries at extreme temperatures?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-you-test-solid-state-batteries-at-extreme-temperatures/) **Published:** July 31, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Discover how to reliably test solid-state batteries from –40 °C to 150 °C — equipment, protocols, and failure modes explained. **Content:** Solid-state batteries require testing across a wide temperature range, typically from below 0 °C to above 80 °C, and in some cases up to 150 °C or higher, depending on the electrolyte chemistry. Achieving reliable data across this range demands specialised equipment, precise stack pressure control, and a carefully chosen set of electrochemical protocols. The sections below address each of the key practical questions researchers encounter when designing an extreme-temperature solid-state battery testing workflow. ## What temperature range do solid-state batteries need to operate in? Solid-state batteries are typically evaluated between approximately minus 40 °C and 150 °C, though the precise range depends on the electrolyte class. Oxide-based ceramics such as LLZO (lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide) can sustain elevated temperatures well above 100 °C, while sulphide electrolytes and polymer-based systems have narrower operational windows that constrain the upper limit. For automotive qualification, the relevant temperature window is broadly defined by industry standards that require performance verification from cold-start conditions (below minus 20 °C) through to under-bonnet or pack-level thermal extremes. In a research context, the relevant range is often determined by the phase behaviour of the electrolyte itself: ionic conductivity in solid electrolytes is strongly temperature-dependent, so mapping performance across the full accessible range is scientifically necessary, not merely a validation exercise. Polymer composite electrolytes introduce an additional consideration: the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer matrix. Below Tg, chain mobility is suppressed and ionic conductivity drops sharply. Understanding where this transition falls is a core objective of low-temperature battery testing for polymer-based solid-state chemistries. ## How does extreme temperature affect solid electrolyte performance? Extreme temperatures alter solid electrolyte performance through two primary mechanisms: changes in ionic conductivity and changes in mechanical integrity. At low temperatures, ion transport through the electrolyte lattice or polymer matrix slows significantly, increasing internal resistance and limiting usable capacity. At high temperatures, conductivity generally improves, but thermal expansion, grain boundary degradation, and chemical side reactions become the dominant concerns. For inorganic ceramic electrolytes, high-temperature cycling can cause microcracking at grain boundaries due to anisotropic thermal expansion. This increases interfacial resistance over successive cycles and can eventually cause cell failure. Sulphide electrolytes are additionally sensitive to elevated humidity and temperature combinations, which can trigger decomposition reactions. At the electrode-electrolyte interface, temperature extremes accelerate interdiffusion and parasitic reactions. In solid-state cells, the absence of a liquid electrolyte does not eliminate interfacial degradation: space-charge layers, lithium dendrite nucleation, and void formation at the lithium metal anode remain active failure mechanisms, and all are temperature-sensitive. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is particularly effective at resolving these contributions because it separates bulk electrolyte resistance from interfacial resistance in the frequency domain. ## What equipment is needed to test solid-state batteries at extreme temperatures? Testing solid-state batteries at extreme temperatures requires a temperature-controlled cell housing or climate chamber, a test cell designed for solid electrolytes, a potentiostat or galvanostat with EIS capability, and a means of applying and maintaining controlled stack pressure throughout temperature changes. Each component must be compatible with the others, and all electrical connections must remain stable across the full temperature range. The test cell itself is the most critical hardware choice. Solid-state cells require uniaxial stack pressure to maintain solid-solid contact between the electrolyte and electrodes. Standard liquid-electrolyte test cells are not suitable because they do not provide this function. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) and [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) are designed specifically to apply defined, reproducible stack pressure to solid-state and other pressure-sensitive electrode assemblies. Beyond pressure control, these cells address several practical limitations of conventional test cells. Conventional cells have a high assembly failure rate — studies cite 43%, and even experienced builders achieve only 4 out of 5 working cells, while inexperienced ones fall below 50%. The PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid from EL-CELL standardize and simplify preparation so that nearly every cell runs without failure. Conventional test cells also compress electrode material inhomogeneously. Both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid use the PAT-Solid-Core insert, which features guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression across the electrode area. These tungsten carbide plungers are an important practical advantage: conventional plungers embed particles during use and must be ground or polished between measurements, gradually altering cell geometry. Tungsten carbide withstands high mechanical loads without this degradation, preserving cell geometry across many experiments. Sealing and material choices also matter for measurement quality. Conventional cells are typically sealed with O-rings and often use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120 °C under vacuum. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs instead of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs less moisture, reducing contamination risk and preparation time. Conventional test cells do not include a force sensor — only the initial pressure is set, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without detection. The PAT-Cell-Force includes an integrated force sensor that monitors stack pressure continuously throughout the experiment. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added, allowing force changes caused by gas evolution to be measured separately from purely mechanical ones, which is particularly valuable when studying electrolyte or electrode decomposition at elevated temperatures. For cells that require monitoring of electrode thickness changes during cycling, an electrochemical dilatometer such as the [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) can resolve thickness variations with sub-5 nm resolution, which is informative when studying electrolyte compaction or electrode volume change at different temperatures. The potentiostat or galvanostat must support EIS across a relevant frequency range and offer sufficient current resolution to characterise high-resistance solid electrolytes, particularly at low temperatures where impedance can be very large. The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates a battery tester, a temperature-controlled cell chamber, and a docking station into a single instrument, which simplifies the experimental setup and reduces the number of inter-instrument connections that could introduce noise or thermal artefacts. ## How do you maintain stack pressure on a solid-state cell during temperature cycling? Maintaining stack pressure during temperature cycling is one of the most practically demanding aspects of solid-state battery testing. As temperature changes, the cell components expand or contract at different rates according to their individual coefficients of thermal expansion. If the mechanical assembly does not accommodate this, the stack pressure will drift, leading to loss of interfacial contact, increased resistance, and irreproducible data. There are two general approaches to pressure management during thermal cycling: - **Passive spring-loaded designs:** A calibrated spring or wave washer maintains a nominally constant force across a defined displacement range. This approach is mechanically simple but does not compensate for large thermal excursions, and the actual pressure at any given temperature depends on the spring constant and the net dimensional change of the stack. - **Active pressure control:** An external load frame or pneumatic actuator applies a defined force measured by a load cell, with feedback control allowing the operator to hold pressure constant regardless of stack height changes. This approach is more precise and is preferable for experiments where pressure is an independent variable. In either case, the test cell must be designed so that the pressure axis is well-defined and the force is transmitted uniformly across the electrode area. Non-uniform pressure leads to heterogeneous current distribution, which confounds electrochemical measurements and can cause localised electrolyte fracture. Researchers should also record the applied pressure and cell thickness as a function of temperature as part of the standard dataset, since these values are necessary for interpreting impedance and capacity data. ## Which electrochemical tests are most informative at extreme temperatures? The most informative electrochemical tests for solid-state batteries at extreme temperatures are electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), galvanostatic cycling with capacity and coulombic efficiency tracking, and rate capability measurements. Together, these three methods characterise ionic transport, interfacial stability, and practical usable capacity as a function of temperature. ### Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) EIS is indispensable for solid-state battery testing at extreme temperatures because it separates bulk electrolyte resistance, grain boundary resistance, and interfacial resistance into distinct contributions visible at different frequencies. Measuring EIS at multiple temperatures across the experimental range allows construction of Arrhenius plots, from which activation energies for ion transport can be extracted. This is particularly valuable for comparing electrolyte candidates or for identifying the temperature at which a specific resistance contribution becomes dominant. ### Galvanostatic cycling and rate capability Galvanostatic cycling at a defined C-rate reveals how specific capacity (in mAh/g or mAh/cm²) and coulombic efficiency evolve over successive cycles at each temperature. Rate capability tests, in which the C-rate is systematically increased and then returned to the baseline, quantify how temperature affects the kinetic limitations of the cell. At low temperatures, rate capability typically degrades substantially because both ionic conductivity and charge-transfer kinetics slow down. Documenting this relationship is essential for any researcher working on low-temperature battery performance in solid-state systems. ## What are the most common failure modes detected during extreme-temperature solid-state battery tests? The most common failure modes identified during extreme-temperature solid-state battery testing are electrolyte cracking, interfacial delamination, lithium dendrite penetration, and irreversible capacity loss due to chemical decomposition. Each failure mode has a characteristic electrochemical signature, which is why combining impedance spectroscopy with cycling data is more diagnostic than either technique alone. - **Electrolyte cracking:** Detected as a sudden increase in bulk resistance during EIS, often accompanied by a loss of mechanical integrity observable as a thickness change in dilatometry data. Most common after rapid thermal cycling or at temperatures where thermal expansion mismatch is largest. - **Interfacial delamination:** Presents as a rising interfacial resistance arc in EIS spectra and a progressive increase in overpotential during galvanostatic cycling. Caused by loss of solid-solid contact between the electrolyte and electrode layers, particularly at low temperatures where the cell stack contracts. - **Lithium dendrite penetration:** Manifests as an internal short circuit, visible as a sudden drop in cell voltage during charging or an anomalous impedance response. High temperatures and high C-rates both increase the risk of dendrite nucleation at the lithium metal anode. - **Irreversible capacity loss:** A persistent reduction in specific capacity that does not recover when the temperature is returned to a reference value. This is indicative of chemical decomposition at the electrode-electrolyte interface, formation of resistive interphase layers, or permanent structural changes in the electrolyte. Tracking these failure modes quantitatively requires consistent experimental conditions across temperature steps, including stable stack pressure, reproducible assembly, and a cell geometry that allows EIS to be performed without dismantling the cell. Post-mortem analysis, such as cross-sectional imaging of recovered cells, is a valuable complement to in-situ electrochemical data when identifying the physical origin of a detected failure. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports solid-state battery testing at extreme temperatures EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures test cells, potentiostats, and supporting instrumentation specifically for battery materials research, including the demands of solid-state battery testing across wide temperature ranges. Our product range addresses the core hardware requirements described throughout this article: - The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) and [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) apply defined, reproducible uniaxial stack pressure to solid-state electrode assemblies, maintaining solid-solid contact during both isothermal and temperature-cycling experiments. Both cells use the PAT-Solid-Core insert with guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers for homogeneous compression, aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs in place of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK to minimise moisture absorption and preparation time. The PAT-Cell-Force additionally integrates a force sensor for continuous pressure monitoring, with an optional gas pressure sensor to distinguish mechanical force changes from those caused by gas evolution. - The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates a battery tester, a temperature-controlled cell chamber, and a docking station into one instrument, supporting up to 16 independent test channels with full EIS capability and galvanostatic cycling. - The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer quantifies electrode and electrolyte thickness changes with sub-5 nm resolution, providing mechanical data that complements impedance and cycling measurements during temperature excursions. - All instruments are designed as an interoperable system within the [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/), reducing integration complexity and ensuring that data from different measurement modalities can be directly correlated. If you are setting up a solid-state battery testing workflow or need guidance on selecting the appropriate cell format and instrumentation for your temperature range and electrolyte chemistry, contact the EL-Cell team directly or explore our [Application Laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) to discuss your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the role of pressure in solid-state battery testing?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-role-of-pressure-in-solid-state-battery-testing/) **Published:** August 14, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Pressure isn't optional in solid-state batteries — it's a core performance variable that determines your results. **Content:** Pressure plays a direct and measurable role in solid-state battery performance. Unlike liquid electrolyte cells, solid-state batteries rely on physical contact between rigid or semi-rigid components, meaning that mechanical stack pressure is not an optional variable but a fundamental operating condition. The sections below address the most common questions researchers encounter when designing pressure-controlled experiments for solid-state battery testing. ## Why does pressure affect solid-state battery performance? Pressure affects solid-state battery performance because ionic conductivity and electrochemical activity at interfaces depend on intimate physical contact between solid components. Without sufficient stack pressure, gaps form between the electrode and the solid-state electrolyte, increasing interfacial resistance and reducing accessible capacity. In solid-state battery testing, pressure is therefore a primary experimental variable, not a secondary consideration. Solid electrolytes cannot flow or redistribute like liquid electrolytes. When a solid cathode particle and a solid electrolyte grain are pressed together, the contact area determines how many ionic pathways are available. Reduce the pressure and you reduce that contact area. The result is higher overpotential, poorer rate capability, and data that do not reflect the true electrochemical properties of the materials under investigation. For researchers comparing materials or evaluating new electrolyte formulations, uncontrolled or inconsistent pressure is a significant source of experimental error. Two nominally identical cells assembled under different pressures will produce different impedance spectra, different capacity values, and different cycling behaviour. Reproducibility in solid-state battery research therefore requires pressure to be defined, measured, and held constant throughout the experiment. ## What happens at solid-state battery interfaces under pressure? Under applied pressure, solid-state battery interfaces undergo compressive deformation that increases the real contact area between electrode particles and the electrolyte. This reduces grain boundary resistance, lowers the interfacial impedance measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and improves ionic transport across the interface. Insufficient pressure leaves voids that act as resistive barriers. The interface between a solid electrolyte and a composite cathode is particularly sensitive to contact quality. Cathode particles, electrolyte powder, and conductive additives are typically cold-pressed or sintered together, but micro-scale voids remain. Applied stack pressure closes these voids progressively, and the improvement in contact quality can be tracked directly through EIS as a reduction in the interfacial arc in the Nyquist plot. At the anode side, pressure plays an additional role during lithium plating. When metallic lithium is deposited during charging, it tends to grow unevenly. Sufficient compressive pressure suppresses void formation beneath the lithium layer and reduces the risk of lithium filament penetration into the electrolyte. This is one reason why stack pressure in solid-state battery testing is not simply a convenience but a mechanistically important variable. ## How much pressure do solid-state batteries actually need? The required pressure depends on the electrolyte class and electrode composition. Sulphide-based electrolytes are mechanically soft and typically require pressures in the range of a few MPa to achieve good contact. Oxide-based electrolytes, which are harder and more brittle, may require higher pressures during cell assembly but are more sensitive to fracture under excessive load. There is no single universal pressure value applicable across all solid-state systems. For sulphide electrolyte cells, researchers commonly report optimal performance in the range of 5 to 100 MPa depending on the specific system, though the appropriate value must be determined experimentally for each material combination. Oxide-based systems such as garnet-type electrolytes typically require careful surface preparation and sintering rather than high compressive pressure during electrochemical testing. The important practical point is that pressure must be treated as a reported experimental parameter in the same way as temperature, C-rate, or electrolyte composition. A result obtained at 10 MPa cannot be directly compared to one obtained at 50 MPa without accounting for the pressure difference. Researchers publishing solid-state battery data should always state the applied stack pressure as part of their experimental description. ## How is pressure controlled in solid-state battery test cells? Pressure in solid-state battery test cells is controlled through mechanical loading mechanisms integrated into the cell design. The most common approaches are spring-loaded compression, screw-torque adjustment, and pneumatic or hydraulic actuation. Each method applies a defined compressive force to the cell stack, which translates to a pressure across the electrode and electrolyte layers based on the active area of the cell. Spring-based systems offer a practical balance between simplicity and consistency. A calibrated spring applies a known force that remains approximately constant as the cell stack thickness changes during cycling. This is important because electrode volume changes during lithiation and delithiation alter the internal geometry of the cell, and a rigid fixed-gap assembly would either lose contact or fracture the electrolyte as the stack expands and contracts. More precise pressure control is achieved with load cells integrated directly into the cell hardware. A load cell measures the actual compressive force on the stack in real time, allowing the researcher to monitor whether the applied pressure drifts during cycling. This level of control is particularly valuable in long-term cycling studies where creep in the electrolyte or progressive electrode degradation may cause the stack pressure to change over time. Conventional test cells do not include a force sensor — only the initial pressure is read at assembly, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without any indication. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) addresses this directly by integrating a force sensor into the cell body so that stack pressure is measured and recorded continuously alongside electrochemical data. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added, making it possible to distinguish force changes caused by gas evolution from those of purely mechanical origin. ## What’s the difference between uniaxial and isostatic pressure in battery testing? Uniaxial pressure applies a compressive force along a single axis, perpendicular to the electrode plane. Isostatic pressure applies equal force from all directions simultaneously. In solid-state battery testing, uniaxial pressure is by far the most common approach and is well suited to flat coin-type or cylindrical stack geometries. Isostatic pressing is used primarily during cell fabrication to densify powder compacts uniformly before electrochemical testing begins. Uniaxial compression in a test cell ensures that the electrode and electrolyte layers are held in firm contact along the direction of ionic transport. Because ion flow in a planar cell is predominantly perpendicular to the electrode surfaces, uniaxial pressure directly addresses the most critical interface. The limitation is that lateral pressure is not applied, which means edge effects and non-uniform contact near the cell periphery can still occur. A further challenge with conventional uniaxial cell designs is that electrode material is often compressed inhomogeneously. The PAT-Solid-Core insert, used in both the [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) and the [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/), uses guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers together with a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression across the entire electrode area. Cold isostatic pressing (CIP) is widely used to prepare solid electrolyte pellets and composite electrode layers before assembly. The uniform pressure applied during CIP produces a denser, more homogeneous compact than uniaxial die pressing alone. However, once the cell is assembled for electrochemical testing, the ongoing pressure applied during cycling is typically uniaxial, delivered through the test cell’s mechanical loading mechanism. ## How does pressure interact with electrode volume changes during cycling? During cycling, electrode materials expand during lithiation and contract during delithiation. In a solid-state cell under fixed uniaxial pressure, these volume changes alter the mechanical stress on the electrolyte and on the interfaces. If the cell assembly does not accommodate these dimensional changes, the stack pressure will fluctuate, interfaces may delaminate, and the solid electrolyte may crack under tensile stress during electrode contraction. This interaction is most pronounced with high-capacity anode materials. Silicon anodes, for example, can expand by several hundred per cent during full lithiation. Even graphite anodes expand by approximately ten per cent. In a solid-state cell, this expansion is transmitted directly to the electrolyte layer. A rigid cell housing with no compliance will see a large pressure spike during lithiation, which may fracture a brittle oxide electrolyte or cause irreversible compaction of a sulphide electrolyte. Monitoring electrode thickness change alongside pressure during cycling provides a clearer picture of what is happening mechanically inside the cell. An electrochemical dilatometer such as the [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) quantifies electrode expansion and contraction with sub-nanometre resolution, enabling researchers to correlate dimensional changes with electrochemical signatures and applied pressure conditions. Spring-loaded cell designs partially decouple pressure from dimensional change by allowing the cell stack to expand against a compliant load. This keeps the applied force more nearly constant across the charge and discharge cycle, which is important for maintaining reproducible interface contact conditions throughout long-term cycling experiments. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports solid-state battery testing under controlled pressure EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures test cells specifically configured for solid-state battery research, where pressure control is a primary experimental requirement. Cell assembly reliability is a practical concern that directly affects data quality: studies report that conventional test cells have an assembly failure rate of around 43%, and even experienced researchers achieve only four out of five working cells, while those less familiar with the process fall below a 50% success rate. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) and [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) standardize and simplify preparation so that nearly every cell runs without failure. Material choices in conventional cells also introduce contamination risk and preparation overhead. Many conventional designs rely on O-ring seals and PEEK housings; PEEK absorbs significant moisture and must be dried at 120°C under vacuum before use. EL-CELL cells replace O-rings with aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs, and use PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs considerably less moisture, reducing both contamination risk and the time required for cell preparation. Similarly, conventional plungers embed electrode particles into their surfaces during use and must be ground or polished between measurements — a process that gradually alters cell geometry. EL-CELL uses tungsten carbide plungers that withstand high mechanical loads without this type of surface degradation, preserving cell geometry across many measurement cycles. Our product range addresses the full range of pressure-related needs encountered in this field: - **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/):** Integrates a calibrated force sensor directly into the cell body, enabling continuous measurement of stack pressure alongside electrochemical data. An optional gas pressure sensor allows force changes from gas evolution to be measured separately from mechanical ones. Suitable for sulphide and oxide electrolyte systems where pressure monitoring during cycling is required. - **[PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/):** A dedicated solid-state battery test cell designed for powder-based electrolyte systems, with a geometry optimised for uniaxial compression and reliable stack contact. Both the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid use the PAT-Solid-Core insert with guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers for homogeneous compression. - **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/):** A high-resolution electrochemical dilatometer that measures electrode thickness changes with better than 5 nm resolution, enabling direct correlation between mechanical expansion and electrochemical cycling behaviour under defined pressure conditions. - **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/):** A multichannel battery tester with integrated EIS capability, allowing simultaneous electrochemical characterisation of multiple cells under controlled conditions. All instruments are designed as part of the [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) — a single interoperable research ecosystem — so pressure data, dimensional data, and electrochemical data can be acquired and analysed within a consistent experimental framework. Researchers working on solid-state battery development can explore our [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) or contact us directly to discuss the pressure control requirements of their specific experimental setup. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the difference between solid-state and lithium-ion battery testing?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-solid-state-and-lithium-ion-battery-testing/) **Published:** August 10, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Solid-state and lithium-ion battery testing differ more than you think — discover what really changes at the interface. **Content:** Solid-state battery testing and lithium-ion battery testing differ primarily in the physical and chemical properties of the electrolyte. Liquid electrolytes in conventional lithium-ion cells are replaced by a solid ionic conductor in solid-state designs, which changes how cells are assembled, how interfaces behave, and which parameters must be monitored during electrochemical characterisation. The sections below address the most common technical questions researchers encounter when moving between these two testing paradigms. ## How does solid-state battery chemistry change what testing equipment must do? Solid-state batteries replace the liquid or gel electrolyte with a solid ionic conductor — typically an oxide, sulphide, or polymer material. This substitution removes the self-wetting behaviour of liquid electrolytes and introduces mechanically rigid interfaces between electrode and electrolyte layers. Testing equipment must therefore accommodate fundamentally different assembly conditions, interface dynamics, and environmental sensitivities compared to conventional lithium-ion battery testing. In a standard lithium-ion cell, the liquid electrolyte fills pores and ensures intimate contact with electrode particles automatically. In a solid-state cell, ionic contact depends entirely on the physical intimacy of solid-solid interfaces. Any gap, delamination, or void at the electrode-electrolyte boundary increases interfacial resistance and distorts measured electrochemical data. The test cell hardware must apply and maintain controlled mechanical pressure throughout cycling to preserve those interfaces. Sulphide-based solid electrolytes add another layer of complexity: they are highly sensitive to moisture and oxygen. Testing equipment used for solid-state battery research must therefore be fully compatible with inert-atmosphere assembly, typically inside an argon-filled glovebox, and must maintain a sealed environment throughout measurement. ## What are the key parameters measured differently in solid-state battery testing? The core electrochemical parameters — capacity, coulombic efficiency, overpotential, and rate capability — are measured in both solid-state and lithium-ion testing. However, several additional parameters become essential in solid-state work, and the interpretation of standard metrics changes considerably due to the absence of a liquid phase. - **Interfacial resistance:** In liquid-electrolyte cells, interfacial resistance is relatively stable after Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer formation. In solid-state cells, it evolves continuously with mechanical contact quality and can dominate total cell impedance. - **Stack pressure and thickness change:** Volume changes in solid electrodes during cycling create mechanical stress at solid-solid interfaces. Monitoring stack pressure and electrode thickness simultaneously with electrochemical data is standard practice in solid-state research. - **Ionic conductivity of the electrolyte layer:** The bulk conductivity of the solid electrolyte film must often be characterised independently before full-cell assembly, requiring precise electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements across a range of temperatures. - **Dendrite penetration:** Lithium metal anodes, common in solid-state designs, are prone to dendrite formation through the solid electrolyte. Detecting the onset of short-circuit events requires continuous monitoring of voltage and current with high time resolution. ## Why is cell pressure control critical for solid-state batteries but not for liquid-electrolyte cells? Cell pressure control is critical for solid-state batteries because ionic transport across solid-solid interfaces depends directly on mechanical contact. Without sufficient stack pressure, interfacial voids form, resistance rises, and capacity fades — not because of intrinsic material degradation, but because of poor physical contact. Liquid electrolytes do not have this limitation because they wet electrode surfaces spontaneously and maintain contact regardless of mechanical state. In practice, the optimal stack pressure varies with electrolyte type and electrode formulation. Sulphide electrolytes, which are relatively soft and deformable, typically require lower pressures than oxide ceramics. Applying too much pressure can cause electrolyte cracking; too little leads to contact loss. Neither condition is detectable from voltage curves alone, which is why simultaneous pressure measurement during cycling is considered essential in solid-state battery research. Conventional test cells do not include a force sensor — only the initial pressure is set, and mechanical settling can reduce it over time without any indication. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) and [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) from EL-CELL address this directly with an integrated force sensor. An optional gas pressure sensor can also be added, allowing researchers to separate force changes caused by gas evolution from those of mechanical origin — a distinction that is impossible with conventional hardware. Dilatometry adds further value here. Measuring electrode thickness change (strain) during charge and discharge — a technique well established in lithium-ion research — becomes even more informative in solid-state cells, where dimensional changes in the electrode directly affect interfacial contact quality. A pressure-controlled test cell allows researchers to decouple electrochemical performance from mechanical artefacts. ## What’s the difference between EIS measurements in solid-state versus lithium-ion cells? Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements in solid-state cells typically show additional semicircles in the Nyquist plot compared to liquid-electrolyte lithium-ion cells. Each solid-solid interface — grain boundaries within the electrolyte, electrode-electrolyte contacts, and current collector interfaces — contributes a distinct resistive-capacitive arc. Deconvoluting these overlapping features requires careful equivalent circuit modelling and, often, temperature-dependent EIS to separate bulk from interfacial contributions. In lithium-ion cells with liquid electrolytes, the high-frequency region of the impedance spectrum is dominated by electrolyte resistance (a single real-axis intercept) and one or two semicircles representing the SEI layer and charge-transfer resistance. The spectrum is comparatively straightforward to interpret. In solid-state cells, the same frequency range contains contributions from grain boundary resistance within the solid electrolyte, making model selection more demanding. Measurement conditions also differ. Solid-state EIS is highly sensitive to temperature because ionic conductivity in solid electrolytes follows Arrhenius behaviour more strongly than in liquid systems. Measurements taken without precise temperature control are difficult to reproduce and compare across laboratories. A potentiostat/galvanostat (PStat/GStat) with integrated temperature control and a wide impedance measurement range is therefore preferable for solid-state EIS work. The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) combines these capabilities — integrating a temperature-controlled cell chamber with broad-range EIS in a single instrument. ## Which test cell formats are compatible with solid-state battery research? Test cell formats for solid-state battery research must satisfy three requirements that standard lithium-ion test cells do not always meet: controlled and measurable stack pressure, full compatibility with inert-atmosphere assembly, and the ability to accommodate pellet or thin-film solid electrolyte geometries. Coin cells and standard cylindrical formats are generally unsuitable because they offer no pressure control and are not designed for the brittle ceramic or sulphide electrolyte layers used in solid-state research. Conventional test cells also present significant assembly challenges. Studies cite an assembly failure rate of around 43% for conventional designs — even experienced builders achieve only four out of five working cells, while inexperienced ones fall below 50%. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) and [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) from EL-CELL standardize and simplify preparation so that nearly every cell runs without failure. Both cells use the PAT-Solid-Core insert, which features guided plane-parallel tungsten carbide plungers and a dedicated pressing tool to ensure homogeneous compression of electrode material — something conventional cells cannot reliably achieve. The choice of materials also matters for contamination control. Conventional cells are typically sealed with O-rings and often use PEEK housings, which absorb significant moisture and require drying at 120°C under vacuum. EL-CELL cells use aluminum seals and glass-metal feedthroughs instead of O-rings, and PPS plastic instead of PEEK. PPS absorbs less moisture, reducing contamination risk and cutting preparation time. Conventional plungers can also embed electrode particles during use and must be ground or polished between measurements, which gradually alters cell geometry. Tungsten carbide plungers, as used in the PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid, withstand high mechanical loads without this degradation. Dedicated solid-state test cells use a piston-and-cylinder or spring-loaded design that applies a defined uniaxial pressure to the cell stack. This geometry also facilitates straightforward assembly of pressed pellet cells, which are the most common format for laboratory-scale solid-state battery research. Some formats incorporate a force sensor to record stack pressure continuously during cycling, enabling direct correlation between mechanical state and electrochemical performance. For researchers working with optically transparent or in-situ characterisation setups, the requirements expand further. However, the pressure-controlled format remains the baseline for any quantitative solid-state battery testing. ## Can the same battery tester be used for both solid-state and lithium-ion testing? Yes, the same battery tester can be used for both solid-state and lithium-ion testing, provided it meets the technical specifications required by solid-state electrochemistry. The core measurement functions — galvanostatic cycling, potentiostatic control, and EIS — are the same in both cases. What changes is the demand on impedance measurement range, temperature control precision, and compatibility with the pressure-controlled test cells used in solid-state research. Solid-state cells often exhibit higher total impedance than liquid-electrolyte cells, particularly at low temperatures or during initial cycling before interfaces have stabilised. A battery tester optimised only for liquid-electrolyte cells may lack the impedance range or resolution needed to characterise high-resistance solid electrolyte interfaces accurately. Researchers should verify that the instrument’s EIS capability covers the frequency and impedance ranges relevant to their specific solid electrolyte system. Temperature control is a further consideration. Because ionic conductivity in solid electrolytes is strongly temperature-dependent, reproducible data requires stable and accurate temperature management during both cycling and EIS. An integrated temperature-controlled cell chamber, rather than an external oven, reduces thermal gradients and improves measurement consistency across both testing regimes. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports both solid-state and lithium-ion battery testing EL-Cell GmbH designs test cells, potentiostats, and lab tools that address the specific demands of both solid-state and liquid-electrolyte battery research within a single, interoperable instrument ecosystem — built around the [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) platform. Researchers do not need separate hardware platforms for different electrolyte chemistries. - The **[PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/)** provides a pressure-controlled, glovebox-compatible format for solid electrolyte pellet cells, with options for integrated force measurement. - The **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/)** enables simultaneous electrochemical and mechanical measurements, recording stack pressure and electrode thickness change alongside standard cycling data. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a fully featured battery tester, temperature-controlled cell chamber, and docking station in one instrument, supporting up to 16 channels with PStat/GStat and EIS capabilities — suitable for both solid-state and lithium-ion test protocols. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer measures electrode thickness changes with sub-5 nm resolution, providing mechanical data that is particularly valuable in solid-state research. If you are establishing a new solid-state battery testing workflow or extending an existing lithium-ion setup, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss instrument compatibility and cell format options for your specific experimental requirements. You can also explore the [Application Laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) for measurement support and feasibility studies. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the difference between a primary and secondary lithium battery?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-primary-and-secondary-lithium-battery/) **Published:** June 30, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Primary and secondary lithium batteries differ fundamentally in reversibility — here's what that means for your research. **Content:** The distinction between primary and secondary lithium batteries is fundamental to battery materials research, yet the two categories differ in ways that extend well beyond simple rechargeability. Understanding these differences informs experimental design, material selection, and the interpretation of electrochemical data across a wide range of research contexts. This article addresses the key questions researchers encounter when working with lithium battery types, from basic definitions through degradation mechanisms and the implications for laboratory testing. ## What is a primary lithium battery? A primary lithium battery is a non-rechargeable electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through an irreversible reaction. Once the active materials are consumed, the cell cannot be restored to its original state. Primary lithium batteries use metallic lithium as the anode and pair it with various cathode materials depending on the application. Common cathode materials in primary lithium systems include manganese dioxide (Li/MnO₂), thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl₂), and iron disulfide (Li/FeS₂). These chemistries are selected for their high energy density, long shelf life, and stable discharge voltage. Because the reactions are designed to be thermodynamically favourable and largely irreversible, primary cells can deliver high specific energy—often exceeding 200 Wh/kg—without the engineering complexity required to support repeated cycling. In a research context, primary lithium cells are sometimes used as reference systems or in studies focused on understanding irreversible electrode reactions, lithium plating behaviour, or electrolyte decomposition during a single discharge event. ## What is a secondary lithium battery? A secondary lithium battery is a rechargeable electrochemical cell in which the electrochemical reactions are reversible, allowing the cell to be cycled repeatedly between charged and discharged states. The most widely studied and commercially deployed secondary lithium battery is the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, which stores and releases energy through the reversible intercalation of lithium ions into electrode materials. In a secondary lithium-ion cell, the anode is typically graphite or silicon-based, and the cathode is a lithium-containing transition metal oxide such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), or nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC). During charging, lithium ions deintercalate from the cathode and intercalate into the anode. During discharge, this process reverses. The electrolyte serves as the ionic conductor between the two electrodes. Secondary lithium batteries are the primary subject of modern battery materials research, given their relevance to energy storage applications and the breadth of material combinations under investigation. ## What is the difference between a primary and secondary lithium battery? The key difference between primary and secondary lithium batteries is reversibility. A primary lithium battery undergoes irreversible electrochemical reactions and cannot be recharged, whereas a secondary lithium battery is designed for repeated charge and discharge cycles through reversible electrode reactions. The practical differences extend across several dimensions: - **Rechargeability:** Primary cells are single-use; secondary cells support hundreds to thousands of cycles depending on chemistry and operating conditions. - **Electrode design:** Primary anodes typically use metallic lithium; secondary anodes use intercalation or alloying materials to accommodate reversible lithium insertion and extraction. - **Energy density vs. cycle life:** Primary lithium batteries often achieve higher specific energy than secondary cells, but they cannot sustain repeated use. - **Electrolyte requirements:** Secondary cells require electrolytes that remain stable across repeated oxidation and reduction cycles, placing stricter demands on electrolyte formulation. - **Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) formation:** In secondary lithium-ion cells, an SEI layer forms on the anode surface during the first cycles. This layer is critical for long-term cycling stability and is absent as a functional consideration in primary cells. For researchers, this distinction shapes every aspect of experimental design, from the choice of electrochemical test cell to the metrics used to evaluate performance. ## Which type of lithium battery is better for battery research? For the majority of battery materials research, secondary lithium batteries are the more relevant subject of study. Research into electrode materials, electrolytes, separators, and cell architectures is almost exclusively focused on rechargeable systems, where performance over repeated cycles determines practical utility. However, primary lithium systems remain relevant in specific research contexts: - Studies of irreversible first-cycle losses and initial lithium inventory consumption - Half-cell configurations using metallic lithium as a reference or counter electrode, which technically resemble primary-cell behaviour on the lithium side - Research into lithium metal anodes, where the reversibility of lithium plating and stripping is itself the subject of investigation In standard half-cell testing—a common approach for evaluating new electrode materials—a lithium metal counter electrode is used alongside the material under investigation. This configuration borrows from primary-cell principles while serving the purpose of characterising secondary battery materials. Coulombic efficiency, which measures the ratio of charge extracted to charge inserted during each cycle, is a key metric in these experiments. ## How does charging work in a secondary lithium battery? Charging a secondary lithium battery drives an electrochemical reaction in the reverse direction of discharge by applying an external electrical current. During charging, lithium ions are extracted from the cathode, migrate through the electrolyte, and intercalate into the anode. Electrons travel through the external circuit from cathode to anode. In practice, charging is typically conducted using a constant-current followed by a constant-voltage (CC-CV) protocol. The constant-current phase charges the cell at a defined C-rate until the upper voltage limit is reached. The constant-voltage phase then holds that voltage while the current decays, allowing the cell to reach full capacity without exceeding safe voltage limits. ### What is the role of overpotential during charging? Overpotential is the difference between the thermodynamic equilibrium potential of an electrode reaction and the actual potential observed under applied current. During charging, overpotential increases the voltage required to drive lithium ions into the anode. Excessive overpotential, particularly at high C-rates or low temperatures, can promote lithium plating on the anode surface rather than intercalation, which reduces coulombic efficiency and poses safety risks. Monitoring overpotential through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) is standard practice in rigorous battery materials research. ## What causes a lithium battery to degrade over time? Lithium battery degradation results from a combination of irreversible physical and chemical changes that accumulate with cycling and storage. The primary degradation mechanisms in secondary lithium-ion batteries include active lithium loss, active material degradation, and increases in internal resistance. ### Active lithium loss Each charge cycle consumes a small quantity of lithium through continued SEI layer growth on the anode. The SEI layer forms as the electrolyte reacts with the anode at potentials outside the electrolyte’s electrochemical stability window. While the initial SEI layer stabilises cycling, ongoing SEI growth consumes lithium that is no longer available for charge storage, reducing capacity over time. ### Active material degradation Repeated intercalation and deintercalation cycles induce mechanical stress in electrode particles. Volume changes during lithiation and delithiation can cause particle cracking, loss of electrical contact, and structural phase transitions in cathode materials. Silicon-based anodes, for example, undergo substantial volume expansion during lithiation, making mechanical integrity a central research challenge. ### Electrolyte decomposition and impedance rise Electrolyte decomposition products accumulate at electrode surfaces over time, increasing interfacial resistance. This impedance rise manifests as increased overpotential during cycling, reducing the accessible capacity at a given C-rate and accelerating voltage fade. Understanding and quantifying these mechanisms is a central objective in battery ageing research. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports research into lithium battery types Studying the differences between primary and secondary lithium battery behaviour, and characterising degradation mechanisms in rechargeable systems, requires test equipment that delivers reproducible, artefact-free electrochemical data. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and instruments specifically for this type of research. Our product range supports the full scope of lithium battery materials research: - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** is a versatile test cell suited to half-cell and full-cell configurations, enabling reproducible cycling studies of electrode materials under defined mechanical conditions. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a battery tester, temperature-controlled cell chamber, and docking station with up to 16 channels, supporting EIS measurements alongside standard galvanostatic cycling. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer quantifies electrode thickness changes during cycling with a resolution of better than 5 nanometres, making it directly applicable to studies of volume expansion in silicon anodes or cathode degradation. - The **[ECC-Opto-10](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/)** allows in situ optical monitoring of electrode processes, enabling direct observation of phenomena such as lithium plating. If you are designing experiments around primary or secondary lithium battery chemistries and need test equipment matched to your research requirements, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss the most appropriate configuration for your work. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How does depth of discharge affect lithium-ion battery lifespan?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-does-depth-of-discharge-affect-lithium-ion-battery-lifespan/) **Published:** April 24, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Discover how depth of discharge drives lithium-ion battery degradation—and which DoD protocol your cycle-life study actually needs. **Content:** Depth of discharge is one of the most consequential variables affecting lithium-ion battery lifespan. Researchers designing cycle-life studies or evaluating new electrode materials need to understand precisely how DoD interacts with degradation mechanisms—and how to control it reproducibly in the laboratory. This article addresses the key questions battery materials researchers encounter when designing depth-of-discharge protocols, from fundamental definitions through to practical testing considerations. ## What is depth of discharge in a lithium-ion battery? Depth of discharge (DoD) is the percentage of a cell’s total usable capacity that has been discharged relative to its fully charged state. A cell discharged from 100% to 20% state of charge (SoC) has a DoD of 80%. It is the complement of state of charge: DoD (%) = 100% minus SoC (%). In practice, DoD is defined by the voltage window used during cycling. For a lithium-ion cell, the upper and lower cut-off voltages determine how much lithium is extracted from the cathode and inserted into the anode during each cycle. A narrow voltage window corresponds to a shallow DoD; cycling between the full charge and discharge limits constitutes 100% DoD. It is important to distinguish DoD from the C-rate, which describes the current applied relative to cell capacity. Two cells can share the same DoD but be cycled at very different C-rates, producing different thermal and kinetic stresses. Both parameters must be specified clearly in any cycle-life protocol. ## How does depth of discharge affect battery cycle life? Higher depth of discharge consistently reduces the number of cycles a lithium-ion cell can sustain before reaching a defined end-of-life capacity threshold. Cells cycled at shallow DoD—for example, between 40% and 60% SoC—typically deliver significantly more cycles than cells cycled at 100% DoD because the electrodes experience less mechanical and chemical stress per cycle. The relationship between DoD and cycle life is non-linear. Reducing DoD from 100% to 80% may extend cycle life considerably, while the incremental benefit of moving from 30% to 20% DoD is comparatively smaller. This non-linearity arises because the most damaging electrochemical processes—lithium plating, extensive SEI growth, and large-amplitude volume changes—are concentrated at the extremes of the charge/discharge window. For electrode materials research, this means that the choice of DoD in a cycle-life experiment is not neutral. It directly determines which degradation pathways are activated and at what rate, making DoD one of the primary experimental variables to control and report. ## What causes battery degradation at high depth of discharge? At high DoD, battery degradation accelerates through several interconnected mechanisms that affect both the anode and the cathode. The primary causes are increased mechanical stress from volume changes, accelerated solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth, and structural instability in the active material. - **Volume changes and mechanical stress:** Electrode active materials expand and contract as lithium ions intercalate and de-intercalate. At high DoD, these volume changes reach their maximum amplitude each cycle. Repeated large-amplitude strain causes particle cracking, loss of electrical contact, and electrode delamination. - **SEI layer growth:** The SEI layer forms on the anode surface during the first cycles and continues to grow slowly thereafter. At deep discharge, freshly exposed anode surfaces—created by particle cracking—react with the electrolyte, consuming lithium irreversibly and increasing cell impedance. - **Cathode structural degradation:** Many cathode materials, particularly layered oxides, undergo phase transitions or structural disordering when fully delithiated. Cycling to high DoD repeatedly pushes the cathode into these unstable states, accelerating capacity fade. - **Lithium plating risk:** At high DoD followed by fast recharge, the anode may not accommodate lithium insertion uniformly, increasing the risk of lithium plating, which is both a capacity-loss mechanism and a safety concern. Each of these mechanisms contributes to capacity fade and impedance rise, the two principal indicators of battery degradation measured in the laboratory. ## What is the difference between shallow and deep discharge cycling? Shallow discharge cycling restricts the SoC window to a fraction of the cell’s total capacity—for example, cycling between 40% and 60% SoC (a DoD of 20%). Deep discharge cycling uses a wide SoC window, typically approaching or reaching the full voltage range of the cell. The key distinction lies in the amplitude of electrochemical and mechanical stress applied to the electrodes per cycle. ### Shallow discharge cycling Shallow cycling keeps electrode materials within a region of relatively stable structure and minimal volume change. The SEI layer is less frequently disrupted, coulombic efficiency per cycle tends to be higher, and fewer irreversible side reactions occur. This regime is relevant for applications and materials where long service life at partial utilisation is the design target. ### Deep discharge cycling Deep cycling exercises the full capacity of the active material, which is necessary when evaluating the true specific capacity (mAh/g) of a new electrode material or when testing under application-relevant conditions. However, it activates the full range of degradation mechanisms and accelerates capacity fade. For research purposes, deep discharge protocols are essential for characterising the intrinsic limits of a material’s cycle stability. Neither regime is inherently superior—the appropriate choice depends on the research question being addressed. Studies of electrode mechanics, for instance, may require full DoD to observe the complete strain profile, while calendar-ageing studies may use partial DoD to isolate specific degradation pathways. ## How do researchers measure the impact of depth of discharge in the lab? Researchers quantify the impact of DoD on battery lifespan by running controlled cycle-life experiments in which DoD is the primary independent variable, while all other parameters—C-rate, temperature, electrolyte composition, and electrode geometry—are held constant. Capacity retention and coulombic efficiency are tracked as a function of cycle number. Several complementary techniques are used alongside standard galvanostatic cycling: - **Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS):** EIS measurements taken periodically throughout cycling allow researchers to track changes in interfacial resistance, SEI growth, and charge-transfer kinetics as a function of accumulated DoD cycles. - **Incremental capacity analysis (ICA) and differential voltage analysis (DVA):** These techniques, applied to the charge/discharge curves, reveal shifts in phase-transition features and active-material loss without requiring cell disassembly. - **Dilatometry:** Measuring electrode thickness change in real time during cycling quantifies the mechanical strain associated with different DoD windows, providing direct evidence of volume-change amplitude. - **Post-mortem analysis:** Cells cycled to different DoD endpoints are disassembled, and the electrodes are characterised by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, or spectroscopy to correlate electrochemical data with structural changes. Reproducibility across these measurements depends critically on the test-cell hardware. Poorly controlled electrode stack pressure, non-uniform current distribution, or electrolyte leakage introduce artefacts that obscure the true effect of DoD on degradation. ## What depth of discharge should be used in battery cycle life testing? The appropriate DoD for battery cycle-life testing depends on the research objective. There is no universal standard, but the choice should be explicitly justified and consistently reported to allow comparison between studies. Common approaches in the literature include: - **100% DoD:** Used when the goal is to determine the maximum achievable cycle life of a material or to stress-test a new electrode formulation. This protocol activates all degradation mechanisms and provides the most conservative estimate of longevity. - **80% DoD:** A widely used compromise that approximates realistic use conditions in many applications while still exercising most of the cell’s capacity. - **Partial DoD windows (20–50%):** Used to isolate specific SoC regions where particular phase transitions or degradation mechanisms are known to occur, or to simulate application-specific duty cycles. When comparing materials across studies, it is essential that DoD, cut-off voltages, C-rate, and temperature are all reported. A cycle-life figure is meaningless without this context. Researchers should also consider whether the DoD window is defined by fixed voltage limits or by a fixed capacity fraction, as these are not equivalent when capacity fades over cycling. For half-cell testing—where a lithium metal counter electrode is used—the SoC window must be defined relative to the working electrode’s theoretical or practical capacity, and the researcher must account for the excess lithium available from the counter electrode when interpreting results. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports depth of discharge research Controlling and measuring the effects of depth of discharge requires test hardware that delivers consistent electrode geometry, stable stack pressure, and reliable electrochemical contact across hundreds or thousands of cycles. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures equipment specifically for this type of rigorous battery materials research. Our product ecosystem addresses the core requirements of DoD cycle-life studies: - **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) battery test cell:** Standardised electrochemical test cell with well-defined electrode geometry and reproducible assembly, minimising cell-to-cell variation that would otherwise obscure DoD-dependent trends. - **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/):** Enables in situ measurement of electrode stack pressure during cycling, allowing researchers to correlate mechanical stress directly with DoD amplitude and cycle number. - **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer:** Quantifies electrode thickness changes with a resolution of better than 5 nm, providing direct measurement of volume change as a function of DoD window. - **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/):** A fully integrated battery tester with up to 16 channels, potentiostat/galvanostat (PStat/GStat) and EIS capability, and a temperature-controlled cell chamber—enabling parallel cycle-life experiments at controlled DoD with periodic impedance characterisation. - **[EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/):** Allows precise definition of voltage windows, capacity limits, and cycling protocols, giving researchers full control over DoD parameters and automated data logging throughout long-term experiments. If you are designing a depth-of-discharge study or need guidance on selecting the right test-cell configuration for your research, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss your experimental requirements with our technical team. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [PAT-Cell-Solid: Standardised Cell Design for Reproducible and Comparable ASSB Performance](https://www.el-cell.com/standardized-cell-design-for-reproducible-and-comparable-assb-performance/) **Published:** June 10, 2026 **Author:** Jan Römer **Excerpt:** 5000-hour lithium-ion battery test shows PAT-Cell reliability: only 10% capacity loss, high coulombic efficiency, and stable reference electrode precision. **Content:** The advancement of all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) is significantly hindered by a lack of reproducibility and comparability in performance data across research institutions. This issue arises from the absence of standardised cell designs and assembly procedures, leading to inconsistent results even when identical materials are used. A 2024 interlaboratory study involving 21 research groups demonstrated this challenge by providing participants with the same set of materials but allowing them to use their own cell assembly methods. This study revealed substantial variations in electrochemical outcomes, including initial discharge capacities and coulombic efficiencies. Furthermore, a high cell failure rate of 43% was observed, which masks the practical challenges of ASSB fabrication \[1\]. The new [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) provides a standardised cell design and testing framework that directly addresses interlaboratory variability, enables reliable comparison of emerging materials, and accelerates the development and commercialisation of ASSB technology. ## Experiment: Building the PAT-Cell-Solid PAT-Cell-Solid main features: [![PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/PAT-Cell-Solid_440.webp "PAT-Cell-Solid_440 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/PAT-Cell-Solid_440.webp) - Pressure of up to 300 MPa at 6 mm / 115 MPa at 10 mm electrode diameter - Force adjustment and online measurement, up to 9000 N - Temperature sensor, temperature range -20° C to 80° C - Optional gas pressure sensor and gas in- and outlet for OEMS setup [ > Read more about the features here](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) The PAT-Cell-Solid and PAT-Cell-Force utilise the modular [PAT-Solid-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid#pat-solid-core) to press and assemble the cell stack. [![PAT-Solid-Core for Testing Solid-State Cell Stacks](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/EL-CELL_PAT-Solid-Core_Overview_800x533_01.webp "EL-CELL_PAT-Solid-Core_Overview_800x533_01 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/EL-CELL_PAT-Solid-Core_Overview_800x533_01.webp)Overview of the PAT-Solid-Core [![PAT-Cell-Force with inserted PAT-Solid-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/PAT-Cell-Force_schnitt_PAT_Core-Solid.webp "PAT-Cell-Force_schnitt_PAT_Core-Solid | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/PAT-Cell-Force_schnitt_PAT_Core-Solid.webp)PAT-Cell-Force with inserted PAT-Solid-Core In our case, the [PAT-Solid-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid#pat-solid-core) was built using LPSCl as the solid electrolyte, a silicon–carbon composite as the working electrode, and an indium/lithium/indium stack as the counter electrode. The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) and [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) were then assembled. [![PAT-Solid-Core Assembly: Position lower plunger in insulation sleeve of PAT-Solid-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly1.png "assembly1 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly1.png)Position lower plunger in insulation sleeve of PAT-Solid-Core [![PAT-Solid-Core Assembly: Add electrolyte in 10 mm PAT-Solid-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly2.png "assembly2 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly2.png)Add electrolyte in 10 mm PAT-Solid-Core [![PAT-Solid-Core Assembly: Solid-State-Pressing-Device is used for 3 minutes](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly3.jpg "assembly3 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly3.jpg)Solid-State-Pressing-Device is used for 3 minutes with an external press (450MPa) [![PAT-Solid-Core Assembly: Electrolyte tablet after press](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly4.png "assembly4 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly4.png)Compressed LPSCl electrolyte tablet after press [![PAT-Solid-Core Assembly: Add active material (10 mg CSi) in PAT-Solid-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly5.png "assembly5 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly5.png)Add active material (10 mg CSi) in PAT-Solid-Core [![PAT-Solid-Core Assembly: Active material tablet after pressing with 450 MPa](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly6.png "assembly6 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly6.png)Active material tablet after pressing with 450 MPa [![PAT-Solid-Core Assembly: Prepare In/Li/In stack](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly7.jpg "assembly7 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly7.jpg)Prepare In/Li/In stack with 9 mm indium, 7 mm lithium, 9 mm indium discs [![PAT-Solid-Core Assembly: Place stack on electrolyte tablet](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly8.jpg "assembly8 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly8.jpg)Flip PAT-Solid-Core and place the stack on top of the electrolyte tablet [![PAT-Solid-Core Assembly: Attach contact disc on top of the upper electrode for electrical contact](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly9.jpg "assembly9 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly9.jpg)Attach contact disc on top of the upper electrode for electrical contact [![PAT-Solid-Core Assembly: Insert the assembled test cell into to PAT-Terminal-1 and apply up to 9000 N of force on the cell stack](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly10.png "assembly10 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/assembly10.png)Insert the assembled test cell into to PAT-Terminal-1 and apply up to 9000 N of force on the cell stack ## Results: PAT-Cell-Solid [![Three-panel scientific plot: top time-series of a periodic Force signal; middle small plots labeled V12 and I12; bottom blue/orange curves vs Cycle Number with a percent axis and annotations.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/graphen-pat-cell-solid.png "graphen pat-cell-solid | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/graphen-pat-cell-solid-2.png) - In this setup, the **10 mm PAT-Solid-Core** was used with a force of around **4500 N**, corresponding to **approx. 57 MPa**. - Reproducible force amplitudes were caused by electrode swelling, with low background drift due to radial force application. - Different CV phase durations due to lithium stripping and dendritic lithium deposition - An excellent coulombic efficiency of up to 99.95% was achieved due to the use of aluminium sealings. - Very good cycling stability was observed, with slow capacity fading. ## Results: PAT-Cell-Force [![Electrochemical Results PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/graphen-pat-cell-force.png "graphen pat-cell-force | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/graphen-pat-cell-force-1.png) - In this setup, a **6 mm PAT-Solid-Core** was used with an applied force of about **1600 N**, corresponding to **approx. 57 MPa**. - The yoke system provides highly reproducible force amplitudes with minimal background drift. - Comparable results obtained with the PAT-Cell-Solid confirm the consistency between both systems. - A high coulombic efficiency of 99.90% was achieved, together with slow capacity fading attributed to aluminium sealing. ## Conclusion & Outlook This work presents the first measurement data using the Solid Core in the PAT-Cell-Solid & -Force. The force measurement data show excellent radial force application with minimal background drift. Furthermore, due to the aluminium sealing, long-term measurements are possible. With the PAT-Solid-Core, a defined workflow is established to reduce the cell failure rate during assembly. In future work, additional electrochemical tests are planned to further demonstrate the high reproducibility between different cells using the same chemistries. A broader range of materials will be investigated, including full-cell setups such as NCM811 | CSi. The PAT-Solid-Core will also be optimised for use with a reference electrode, enabling three-electrode measurements for all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). **Literature:** \[1\] Puls, Sebastian et al. (2024): Benchmarking the reproducibility of all-solid-state battery cell performance. In: Nature Energy, 9(10), S. 1310–1320. DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01634-3. \_ *by Jan Römer et al.* ### Related products: [![PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Solid_badge_New_250.webp "PAT-Cell-Solid_badge_New_250 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Solid_badge_New_250.webp)[**PAT-Cell-Solid**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) Advanced Battery test cell for solid-state cell chemistries. Measure with an applied pressure of up to 300 MPa at 6 mm diameter! [![PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/PAT-Cell-Force_250_02.png "PAT-Cell-Force_250_02 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/PAT-Cell-Force_250_02.png) **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force)** Battery test cell for solid-state and liquid cell chemistries. Up to 60 MPa applied pressure! #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/jan.webp) Jan Römer , Scientist Jan holds a Master’s degree in Sustainable Energy Engineering with a specialization in (electro-)chemistry. His work focuses on product development and improvement. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/jan_roemer/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/jan_roemer/) [ ![social network icon](data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) ](https://www.linkedin.com/in/jan-roemer-66a930283/) **Categories:** Application Note, News, PAT Series, PAT-Cell-Force, PAT-Cell-Solid **Tags:** pat-cell-solid, solid-state testing --- ### [What is the difference between force test cells and standard battery test fixtures?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-force-test-cells-and-standard-battery-test-fixtures/) **Published:** July 6, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Force test cells vs. standard fixtures — discover which delivers reproducible, pressure-controlled battery data your research demands. **Content:** Force test cells and standard battery test fixtures differ in one fundamental way: force test cells apply and monitor a defined mechanical load on the electrode stack, while standard fixtures simply hold the cell together with no control over the pressure exerted on the electrodes. This distinction matters most in solid-state battery testing and any experiment where electrode volume change influences electrochemical behaviour. The sections below address the most common questions researchers ask when deciding between the two approaches. ## What mechanical conditions do force test cells actually control? Force test cells control the compressive load applied perpendicular to the electrode stack. A defined, reproducible pressure is maintained throughout cycling, and in more advanced designs the applied force can be varied systematically or held constant using a spring mechanism or an external press. This gives researchers direct control over a variable that is otherwise left to chance in a standard fixture. In practice, the mechanical parameters that a force test cell addresses include: - **Stack pressure:** the compressive force per unit area acting on the electrodes and separator - **Pressure evolution:** changes in force that occur as electrodes expand or contract during lithiation and delithiation - **Constraint conditions:** whether the cell is held at constant thickness (constrained) or constant force (compliant) Controlling these parameters is particularly important in solid-state battery testing, where the solid electrolyte requires intimate interfacial contact that is highly sensitive to applied pressure. Even small deviations in stack pressure can alter ionic conductivity at grain boundaries and affect the reproducibility of capacity and impedance measurements. ## What do standard battery test fixtures lack by comparison? Standard battery test fixtures provide mechanical containment and electrical contact, but they do not control or measure the force acting on the electrode stack. The clamping force is set manually, typically by tightening screws to a torque value, and it changes freely as electrodes swell or shrink during cycling. There is no feedback, no measurement, and no guarantee that two nominally identical assemblies experience the same pressure. This creates several practical limitations: - Electrode swelling during lithiation increases contact pressure unpredictably, which can compress the separator and alter transport properties - Electrode contraction during delithiation reduces contact pressure, potentially increasing interfacial resistance - Cell-to-cell variability in assembly torque introduces scatter that is difficult to decouple from material-related effects - Solid electrolytes may crack or delaminate if pressure is not maintained within a controlled range For many liquid-electrolyte half-cell experiments using well-characterised intercalation materials, these limitations are acceptable. The electrolyte compensates for minor geometric changes, and the primary measurement objective is electrochemical rather than mechanical. However, as soon as the research question involves electrode mechanics, solid electrolytes, or high-strain materials such as silicon or lithium metal, standard fixtures introduce uncontrolled variables that compromise data quality. ## When should researchers choose a force test cell over a standard fixture? Researchers should choose a force test cell when the mechanical state of the electrode stack is either a variable under investigation or a parameter that must be held constant to obtain reproducible data. This applies most directly to solid-state battery testing, silicon anode research, lithium metal anodes, and any study examining the relationship between electrode expansion and electrochemical performance. More specifically, a force test cell is the appropriate choice when: - The electrolyte is solid or composite and requires a minimum contact pressure to function - The active material undergoes large volume changes (greater than approximately 10%) during cycling - The experiment is designed to measure how applied pressure affects capacity retention, coulombic efficiency, or impedance - Results need to be directly comparable across different laboratories or instrument generations - The research output is intended for publication, and mechanical conditions must be fully reported Standard fixtures remain appropriate for routine liquid-electrolyte experiments with low-strain intercalation materials where the primary objective is electrochemical characterisation rather than mechanical investigation. For a broader overview of how modular test cell platforms address these requirements, see the [PAT Series Overview](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/). ## How does stack pressure affect battery performance data? Stack pressure affects battery performance data through several coupled mechanisms. Pressure influences interfacial contact resistance, electrolyte transport through the separator, and the mechanical integrity of electrode coatings. In solid-state systems, pressure directly determines the quality of grain-to-grain contact within the electrolyte layer, which governs ionic conductivity and the onset of void formation at the lithium metal interface. In liquid-electrolyte cells, the effects are more subtle but still measurable. Elevated stack pressure can compress the separator, reducing porosity and increasing tortuosity for ion transport. This elevates the effective electrolyte resistance and can shift the apparent overpotential at high C-rates. Conversely, insufficient pressure allows electrode delamination, which increases contact resistance and degrades capacity retention over extended cycling. For silicon-based anodes, where volumetric expansion can exceed 300% at full lithiation, uncontrolled pressure leads to highly variable mechanical constraint conditions from one cycle to the next. A force test cell that records the evolution of stack force throughout cycling provides data that can be correlated directly with differential capacity analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), or dilatometry measurements, enabling a more complete mechanistic picture of degradation. The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer is well suited to this kind of combined mechanical and electrochemical investigation. ## Can force test cells be combined with other in-situ measurements? Yes, force test cells can be combined with other in-situ measurement techniques, and this is one of their principal advantages in a research context. Because the mechanical boundary conditions are defined and stable, the cell geometry is predictable enough to support simultaneous optical, acoustic, or dilatometric measurements without the mechanical state of the cell being an uncontrolled confounding variable. Common combinations include: - **EIS under controlled pressure:** impedance spectra acquired at defined stack pressures allow separation of bulk electrolyte resistance from interfacial contributions that are pressure-dependent - **Dilatometry with force measurement:** simultaneous tracking of electrode thickness and the force required to maintain that thickness provides a direct measure of electrode stiffness and its evolution with state of charge - **Optical observation:** in cells with transparent windows, controlled pressure prevents geometric distortion that would otherwise compromise image quality during in-situ microscopy Integrating force measurement with electrochemical cycling also enables researchers to apply defined pressure profiles during formation cycling, which is particularly relevant for solid-state battery testing where the formation protocol strongly influences long-term performance. The ability to apply controlled stack pressure throughout the full experimental sequence, rather than only at the point of assembly, represents a meaningful improvement in experimental control compared to standard fixtures. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) is designed precisely for this purpose, and it operates within the broader [PAT Core Concept](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) platform to support multi-modal in-situ characterisation. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports force-controlled battery research EL-Cell GmbH designs test cells and supporting instrumentation specifically for researchers who need precise mechanical control alongside electrochemical measurement. Our product range addresses the full spectrum of force-controlled experiments, from routine stack-pressure studies to advanced multi-modal in-situ characterisation. - The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) applies a defined, reproducible compressive load to the electrode stack and is compatible with the full PAT Series ecosystem, including the [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) for multi-channel cycling with EIS capability - The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is designed specifically for solid-state battery testing, providing the mechanical boundary conditions that solid electrolytes require for reliable interfacial contact - The [PAT-Cell-Press](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) accommodates externally applied press loads for experiments requiring higher or more precisely calibrated pressures than spring-loaded designs provide - The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer can be used alongside force test cells to correlate thickness evolution with force data, providing a complete picture of electrode mechanics during cycling All of these instruments are designed to work together within a single, compatible research platform, reducing integration effort and ensuring that mechanical, electrochemical, and dimensional data are acquired under consistent, well-defined conditions. If you are designing an experiment that requires controlled stack pressure or are transitioning from liquid-electrolyte to solid-state battery testing, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which configuration best suits your experimental requirements. You can also explore our [Application Laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) for measurement services and expert support in configuring the right experimental setup. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [Why pressure-controlled testing environments improve solid-state battery benchmarking](https://www.el-cell.com/why-pressure-controlled-testing-environments-improve-solid-state-battery-benchmarking/) **Published:** July 3, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Uncontrolled pressure silently corrupts solid-state battery data — here's how to fix it. **Content:** Pressure-controlled testing environments improve solid-state battery benchmarking by ensuring that mechanical boundary conditions remain consistent and well-defined throughout every electrochemical measurement. In solid-state systems, where the electrolyte is a rigid or semi-rigid material rather than a liquid, interfacial contact quality is directly coupled to applied pressure. Without deliberate pressure control, the conditions at the electrode-electrolyte interface change unpredictably during cycling, making it difficult to attribute observed performance differences to material properties rather than experimental artefacts. This article builds from the fundamental role of pressure in solid-state electrochemistry through to practical guidance on matching test conditions to specific chemistries and integrating force monitoring into a complete electrochemical workflow. ## What is pressure-controlled testing in solid-state batteries? Pressure-controlled testing refers to the application of a defined, measurable, and often adjustable mechanical load to a solid-state battery cell during electrochemical characterisation. Unlike liquid-electrolyte cells, where a separator and electrolyte solution maintain ionic contact passively, solid-state cells rely on physical compression to sustain adequate contact between the solid electrolyte and the electrode layers on either side. In practice, pressure-controlled test cells incorporate a load mechanism, typically a spring, screw, or pneumatic actuator, combined with a force sensor that allows the researcher to set and monitor the applied load in units of pressure (MPa) or force (N). This transforms an otherwise uncontrolled mechanical variable into a defined experimental parameter. For example, a researcher testing a sulphide-based solid electrolyte pellet may apply a stack pressure of several tens of MPa to achieve the ionic conductivity values reported in the literature. Without replicating that pressure, the measured impedance spectrum will differ substantially from published benchmarks, not because the material is inferior, but because the test conditions are not equivalent. ## How pressure affects solid-state battery performance Pressure influences solid-state battery performance through several distinct but interconnected mechanisms. Understanding each one is necessary before designing a benchmarking protocol. ### Interfacial contact resistance Solid electrolytes are not perfectly smooth at the microscale. When two solid surfaces are pressed together, real contact occurs only at asperities, and the total contact area increases with applied pressure. Higher contact area reduces the interfacial resistance measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), directly affecting the apparent ionic transport properties of the cell. ### Electrolyte densification and cracking Many inorganic solid electrolytes, particularly oxide and sulphide ceramics, are brittle. Insufficient pressure leaves inter-particle voids that increase resistance, while excessive pressure can introduce microcracks that create electronic short circuits or irreversible structural damage. The optimal pressure window is material-dependent and must be established experimentally. ### Volume changes during cycling Electrode materials expand and contract as lithium ions intercalate and de-intercalate. In a liquid cell, the separator accommodates this movement elastically. In a solid-state cell, the same volume change exerts a dynamic force on the stack. If the test cell does not accommodate or measure this force change, the contact conditions at the interface evolve throughout the cycle, coupling mechanical and electrochemical variables in ways that are difficult to deconvolute. ## Why uncontrolled pressure leads to unreliable benchmarking data Benchmarking requires that performance differences between samples reflect material properties rather than differences in test conditions. Uncontrolled pressure violates this requirement in solid-state testing because it introduces a hidden variable that is rarely reported and almost never reproduced exactly between laboratories. Consider two research groups comparing the same solid electrolyte formulation. Group A assembles their cell with a hand-tightened screw to an unspecified torque, while Group B uses a calibrated spring stack at 10 MPa. The interfacial resistance values, and therefore the apparent ionic conductivity, will differ between the two datasets even if the material is identical. Neither group can determine whether the discrepancy arises from the material or the assembly. Common consequences of uncontrolled pressure in benchmarking include: - Irreproducible EIS spectra between measurement sessions on the same cell - Apparent capacity fade that is actually caused by progressive loss of interfacial contact - Overpotential values that reflect contact resistance rather than electrochemical kinetics - Coulombic efficiency losses attributed to the electrolyte that originate from mechanical delamination These artefacts are particularly problematic in publications that report specific capacity in mAh/g without disclosing the applied stack pressure, because the data cannot be reproduced or fairly compared. ## Key design features of pressure-controlled test cells Building on the understanding that pressure is an active experimental variable, the design of the test cell itself must be considered carefully. Force test cells for solid-state battery research share several critical design features that distinguish them from standard coin cells or pouch cell fixtures. - **Integrated force sensor:** A calibrated load cell positioned within the current collector stack allows real-time monitoring of the force applied to the electrode assembly. This distinguishes a defined pressure from an estimated one. - **Adjustable and lockable load mechanism:** Screw-based or spring-based mechanisms that can be set to a specific preload and held constant throughout the measurement prevent drift caused by electrolyte creep or electrode relaxation. - **Rigid cell body:** The housing must be stiff enough that deformation of the cell body does not absorb the intended load. Compliance in the housing introduces uncertainty in the actual pressure experienced by the electrode stack. - **Electrochemical isolation:** The force-transmitting components must be electrically insulating or isolated from the current collectors to prevent short circuits or parasitic current paths. - **Compatibility with EIS:** The cell geometry and contact design should minimise stray inductance and capacitance to enable high-quality impedance spectra across a wide frequency range. The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) is one example of a test cell designed with these requirements in mind, incorporating a calibrated force sensor directly into the cell stack for continuous pressure monitoring during cycling. ## How to match pressure conditions to your solid-state chemistry Different solid electrolyte chemistries require substantially different pressure conditions, and selecting the correct range is a prerequisite for generating meaningful data. This section applies the design principles covered above to specific material classes. ### Sulphide-based electrolytes Sulphide electrolytes such as Li6PS5Cl (argyrodite) or Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS) are mechanically soft relative to oxide ceramics. They can be cold-pressed into dense pellets at pressures in the range of 100 to 400 MPa during preparation, but during electrochemical testing, stack pressures of 5 to 50 MPa are typically sufficient to maintain interfacial contact. Exceeding the upper bound risks plastic deformation of the electrolyte layer. ### Oxide-based electrolytes Garnet-type oxides such as Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) are rigid and require sintering to achieve high density. Because the electrolyte pellet is already dense, the role of applied pressure during testing shifts from densification to maintaining contact at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Lower pressures are often acceptable, but the surface preparation of the electrolyte becomes correspondingly more important. ### Polymer and composite electrolytes Polymer-based and composite solid electrolytes are viscoelastic. They deform under sustained load, which means that a fixed-displacement assembly will show force relaxation over time. For these materials, a constant-force rather than constant-displacement boundary condition is preferable, and the force sensor data should be logged throughout the experiment to confirm that the target pressure was maintained. ## Integrating pressure monitoring into electrochemical workflows Pressure monitoring is most valuable when it is treated as a logged experimental channel rather than a one-time setup step. Integrating force data into the same acquisition system as the electrochemical data allows the researcher to correlate mechanical events with electrochemical signatures in post-analysis. A practical integration workflow involves the following steps: 1. **Calibrate the force sensor** before cell assembly using a traceable reference load to confirm the sensor output in Newtons or MPa. 2. **Record the assembly preload** at the point of cell closure, before any electrochemical protocol begins. This value serves as the baseline for all subsequent force measurements. 3. **Log force continuously** alongside voltage, current, and temperature throughout cycling. Many modern potentiostat and galvanostat platforms support auxiliary analogue inputs for this purpose. 4. **Correlate force changes with electrochemical events.** A sudden drop in stack pressure during a constant-current discharge may indicate delamination. A steady increase over many cycles may indicate electrode expansion that exceeds the accommodation range of the cell. 5. **Report the pressure conditions** in any publication or internal report alongside the electrochemical data. This is as important for reproducibility as reporting the C-rate or the electrolyte composition. When EIS measurements are included in the workflow, it is good practice to record an impedance spectrum at a defined pressure setpoint rather than at an arbitrary mechanical state. This ensures that the interfacial resistance components extracted from the spectrum reflect the intended test conditions rather than a transient mechanical configuration. Synchronising force and electrochemical data also supports dilatometric analysis. When combined with thickness measurement, the force channel allows researchers to distinguish between volumetric changes driven by lithium intercalation and those driven by electrolyte creep or gas evolution, which is particularly relevant for cells containing lithium metal anodes. The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer is designed for precisely this type of combined mechanical and electrochemical measurement. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports pressure-controlled solid-state battery testing EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures test cells and instrumentation specifically for the demands described throughout this article. Our product range addresses the full workflow of pressure-controlled solid-state battery testing, as part of the broader [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) ecosystem: - The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) integrates a calibrated force sensor directly into the cell stack, enabling continuous monitoring of the applied load during cycling and EIS measurements without additional external hardware. - The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is designed for solid-state and semi-solid electrolyte systems, with a geometry and sealing concept suited to the assembly requirements of ceramic and polymer electrolyte pellets. - The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) potentiostat/galvanostat supports auxiliary analogue inputs, allowing force sensor signals to be logged alongside electrochemical data in a single acquisition channel for direct correlation in post-analysis. - Our complete [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) ecosystem ensures that test cells, instrumentation, and EL-Software are fully compatible, removing the integration burden that arises when components from different suppliers are combined. If you are establishing a solid-state battery testing protocol or looking to improve the reproducibility of your benchmarking data, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which combination of force test cells and instrumentation best fits your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do you maintain and recalibrate force test cells for long-term testing programs?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-you-maintain-and-recalibrate-force-test-cells-for-long-term-testing-programs/) **Published:** July 2, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Force measurement drift silently corrupts long-term battery data — here's how to prevent it. **Content:** Maintaining and recalibrating force test cells for long-term testing programmes requires a structured approach: scheduled calibration intervals, routine component inspection, and controlled handling practices. Force measurement accuracy degrades gradually through mechanical wear, thermal cycling, and load cell fatigue, making proactive maintenance essential for reproducible data. The sections below address each aspect of this process in practical detail. ## What causes force measurement drift in battery test cells? Force measurement drift in battery test cells occurs when the mechanical or electronic components of the load cell system shift from their calibrated baseline. The most common causes are creep in the load cell element itself, thermal expansion of cell hardware, and progressive wear at contact surfaces between the plunger, spring, and electrode stack. In force test cells used for solid-state battery testing, drift is particularly relevant because these cells apply controlled uniaxial pressure to maintain contact between solid electrolyte layers and electrodes. Even small deviations in the applied force can alter interfacial resistance and affect measured capacity or coulombic efficiency. Key contributing factors include: - **Thermal cycling:** Repeated heating and cooling causes differential expansion in metal components, shifting the zero-load offset over time - **Mechanical fatigue:** High-cycle loading eventually causes micro-deformation in the load cell spring element - **Surface contamination:** Electrolyte residue or particulate matter on contact surfaces introduces non-uniform load distribution - **Cable and connector degradation:** Signal cables subject to flexing can develop intermittent resistance, introducing noise into the force readout - **Overloading events:** Even brief exceedances of the rated load capacity can permanently shift the calibration baseline Understanding the root cause of drift in a specific setup is the first step before deciding on a recalibration schedule. ## How often should force test cells be recalibrated? Force test cells used in continuous long-term programmes should be recalibrated at minimum every six to twelve months, with additional checks following any event that may have affected load cell integrity. The appropriate interval depends on usage intensity, the load range applied, and whether the cell operates under static or dynamic force conditions. For solid-state battery testing with cells such as the [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/), where precise stack pressure directly influences electrolyte contact and electrochemical performance, more frequent verification is advisable. A practical framework is: - **High-intensity use (daily cycling, elevated temperatures):** Recalibrate every three to six months - **Standard laboratory use:** Recalibrate every six to twelve months - **After any mechanical shock or overload event:** Recalibrate immediately before resuming measurements - **After long storage periods:** Verify calibration before redeployment Recalibration intervals should also align with any institutional metrology requirements or quality management standards applicable to the laboratory. ## What are the steps to recalibrate a force test cell? Recalibrating a force test cell involves zeroing the load cell under no-load conditions, applying a series of known reference weights or a certified force standard across the cell’s operating range, and adjusting the calibration coefficients in the associated software or amplifier until measured values match the reference. The process should be performed at the operating temperature of the cell. A systematic recalibration procedure typically follows these steps: 1. **Disassemble and clean the cell:** Remove all electrochemical components and clean contact surfaces to eliminate any mechanical interference 2. **Allow thermal stabilisation:** Let the cell equilibrate to the target operating temperature before applying any reference loads 3. **Zero the load cell:** With no load applied, set the output signal to the defined zero reference in the measurement system 4. **Apply certified reference loads:** Use traceable calibration weights or a reference force standard at a minimum of three points across the intended operating range (typically 10%, 50%, and 100% of full scale) 5. **Record and compare output:** Log the measured force output at each reference point and calculate the deviation from the nominal value 6. **Adjust calibration coefficients:** Correct the gain and offset in the measurement software or signal conditioner to bring all points within the acceptable tolerance 7. **Perform a final verification sweep:** Repeat the reference load sequence to confirm that corrections have been applied correctly 8. **Document the calibration record:** Record the date, reference standards used, pre- and post-correction values, and the name of the person performing the calibration Traceability to national or international measurement standards (such as those maintained by PTB in Germany or NPL in the United Kingdom) is important for laboratories operating under quality frameworks. ## Which components need routine inspection during maintenance? Routine maintenance of force test cells should cover the load cell element, the mechanical plunger assembly, sealing components, electrical connectors, and any spring or pressure-setting mechanism. Each component contributes to measurement accuracy and cell integrity in different ways. The following components warrant specific attention during each maintenance interval: - **Load cell element:** Inspect for physical damage, corrosion, or visible deformation; check that the rated capacity has not been exceeded in the log data - **Plunger and contact surfaces:** Check for wear, scoring, or contamination that could cause non-axial loading - **Seals and O-rings:** Replace any seal showing compression set, cracking, or electrolyte staining, particularly in cells used with liquid electrolytes - **Threaded fasteners and torque settings:** Verify that all assembly fasteners are torqued to specification, as loose components introduce compliance into the force path - **Signal cables and connectors:** Inspect for insulation damage, bent pins, or oxidised contacts; clean connectors with appropriate contact cleaner - **Pressure-setting spring or adjustment mechanism:** Confirm that the spring rate has not shifted and that the adjustment mechanism operates smoothly without hysteresis Consumable components such as seals and contact pads should be replaced on a scheduled basis rather than waiting for visible failure, as degraded consumables affect measurement quality before they become obviously faulty. ## How do you verify force cell accuracy between calibration cycles? Between formal recalibration events, force cell accuracy can be verified using a lightweight check standard: a single certified reference weight applied at a consistent load point, with the measured output compared against the expected value. If the deviation exceeds the laboratory’s defined acceptance threshold, a full recalibration is triggered. Practical interim verification methods include: - **Single-point check standard:** Apply a known mass at a mid-range load point before each test session and log the deviation; trends indicate drift developing between calibrations - **Repeatability checks:** Apply and remove the same reference load five times in succession and compare the spread of readings; increasing variability signals mechanical wear or connector issues - **Zero-load drift monitoring:** Record the zero-load output at the start and end of each test session; a shifting zero indicates thermal effects or electronic drift - **Cross-comparison between cells:** Where multiple force test cells are available, periodic comparison of readings under identical conditions helps identify outliers Logging these interim checks systematically allows the laboratory to build a drift history for each cell, which informs more rational decisions about recalibration frequency over time. ## What storage and handling practices extend force test cell lifespan? Force test cells last longest when stored clean, dry, and within their rated mechanical limits. The most damaging practices are applying loads beyond the rated capacity, storing cells with electrolyte residue on contact surfaces, and subjecting them to mechanical shock during transport or handling. The following practices consistently extend the operational lifespan of force test cells: - **Store with a defined preload:** Some load cell designs benefit from being stored at a low, defined preload rather than at zero or at maximum; follow the manufacturer’s guidance for the specific cell type - **Clean thoroughly after each use:** Remove all electrolyte residue using appropriate solvents before storage; residual electrolyte is corrosive to metal surfaces and can attack seal materials - **Use protective packaging for transport:** Wrap cells in anti-static foam and avoid stacking heavy items on top; shock events are a primary cause of load cell element damage - **Control storage environment:** Store in a dry environment at a stable temperature; humidity accelerates corrosion of metal components and connector contacts - **Avoid overloading at all times:** Even a single overload event can permanently deform the sensing element; use load limiters or mechanical stops where possible - **Maintain an asset log:** Record each cell’s usage history, number of cycles, maximum loads applied, and all maintenance events; this supports informed decisions about when to retire a cell from primary use ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports force measurement in battery research EL-Cell GmbH designs force test cells specifically for the demands of battery materials research, where reproducible stack pressure is a critical experimental variable. Our products address the maintenance and calibration challenges described in this article through design choices that minimise drift and simplify inspection. Relevant capabilities include: - The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/), which integrates a calibrated force sensor directly into the test cell body, allowing continuous in-situ force monitoring throughout cycling without external instrumentation - The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/), designed for solid-state battery testing under defined uniaxial pressure, with a geometry that supports straightforward disassembly for inspection and cleaning - Modular cell hardware with replaceable consumable components, so seals, contact springs, and plunger elements can be exchanged without replacing the entire cell assembly - Compatibility with the [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) platform, which logs force data alongside electrochemical measurements, enabling the drift monitoring and interim verification routines described above If you are setting up or reviewing a long-term force testing programme and need guidance on calibration intervals, component replacement schedules, or instrument selection, contact us directly. We are glad to discuss the specific requirements of your experimental setup. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do environmental conditions affect force test cell measurements in solid-state battery testing?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-environmental-conditions-affect-force-test-cell-measurements-in-solid-state-battery-testing/) **Published:** July 1, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Temperature, humidity, and vibration silently corrupt solid-state battery force measurements — here's how to stop them. **Content:** Environmental conditions have a direct and measurable impact on force test cell measurements in solid-state battery testing. Temperature fluctuations, humidity, mechanical vibration, and atmospheric pressure changes can each introduce errors into force sensor readings, compromising the reproducibility and scientific validity of the data. The sections below address each environmental factor in turn, and explain how controlled conditions can mitigate their effects. ## How do temperature fluctuations affect force readings in solid-state battery test cells? Temperature fluctuations affect force readings in solid-state battery test cells primarily through thermal expansion of cell components and thermal sensitivity in the force sensor itself. Even modest temperature changes of a few degrees Celsius can cause mechanical expansion or contraction in the cell housing, current collectors, and electrode stack, generating apparent force signals that are not related to electrochemical processes. In solid-state battery testing, this problem is particularly significant because the materials involved — ceramic electrolytes, composite cathodes, and lithium metal anodes — each have distinct coefficients of thermal expansion. When these materials expand at different rates, the resulting differential strain is registered by the force sensor as a real mechanical event. Without temperature control, it becomes impossible to distinguish thermally induced force changes from electrochemically driven ones, such as electrode swelling during lithiation. Force sensors themselves are also temperature-sensitive. Most commercial load cells use strain gauges whose electrical resistance changes with temperature. This introduces a thermal offset into the baseline reading that accumulates over time if the ambient temperature is not stable. For researchers conducting long-duration cycling experiments — common in solid-state battery studies — even a slow thermal drift of 0.5 °C per hour can produce a baseline shift large enough to obscure the mechanical signature of electrode degradation. Practical implications for laboratory practice include: - Allowing force test cells to equilibrate thermally before beginning measurements - Using a temperature-controlled cell chamber to maintain isothermal conditions throughout the experiment - Recording ambient temperature continuously alongside force data so post-hoc corrections can be applied if needed - Avoiding placement of test cells near heating or cooling sources such as ovens, air conditioning vents, or windows ## What role does humidity play in solid-state battery force measurements? Humidity affects force measurements in solid-state battery test cells through two primary mechanisms: corrosion of metallic cell components and moisture-induced dimensional changes in hygroscopic materials. Both effects alter the mechanical state of the cell independently of any electrochemical process, introducing artifacts into force data. Many solid-state electrolyte materials — particularly sulphide-based and some oxide-based ceramics — are sensitive to atmospheric moisture. Exposure to humid air can cause surface reactions that alter the physical dimensions of the electrolyte pellet or composite electrode. If this occurs during a measurement, the force sensor records a dimensional change that reflects chemical degradation rather than the intended electrochemical behaviour. Metallic components such as stainless steel current collectors and spring elements within the cell assembly are also susceptible to surface oxidation in high-humidity environments. Oxidation products can alter the contact mechanics between cell components, leading to inconsistent force transmission and unpredictable baseline shifts. Over extended cycling experiments, this effect compounds and makes inter-experiment comparisons unreliable. For researchers working with air-sensitive solid electrolytes, assembling and testing cells inside a dry room or an inert-atmosphere glovebox is standard practice. Even for less sensitive materials, maintaining relative humidity below a defined threshold — typically below 30 % RH in a controlled laboratory environment — reduces the risk of moisture-related artifacts in force data. ## How does external mechanical vibration distort force test cell data? External mechanical vibration distorts force test cell data by coupling low-frequency or high-frequency oscillations into the force sensor, which registers them as real mechanical events within the cell. In solid-state battery testing, where the force signals of interest are often small and slow-varying, even low-amplitude vibrations from building infrastructure or nearby equipment can obscure genuine electrochemical signals. Common sources of mechanical vibration in battery research laboratories include: - Vacuum pumps and compressors located on or near the same bench - Centrifuges, ball mills, or other rotating equipment sharing the same floor or bench surface - HVAC systems transmitting low-frequency oscillations through building structures - Foot traffic and door closures in high-traffic laboratory corridors The effect of vibration on force readings depends on the frequency response of the force sensor and the mechanical compliance of the cell assembly. Stiff, high-stiffness cell designs transmit vibrations more directly to the sensor, whereas compliant designs with spring elements may attenuate some of the higher-frequency content. However, no passive cell design eliminates vibration artifacts entirely. Practical mitigation strategies include placing test cells on anti-vibration optical tables or isolation pads, decoupling the test bench from the floor using vibration-damping feet, and scheduling long-duration measurements during periods of lower laboratory activity. Where possible, separating force-sensitive measurements from vibration-generating equipment within the laboratory layout reduces the problem at the source. ## What atmospheric conditions cause drift in force sensor baselines? Atmospheric pressure changes, temperature gradients, and humidity fluctuations are the primary atmospheric conditions that cause drift in force sensor baselines. Barometric pressure changes alter the buoyancy force acting on the sensor and cell assembly, while temperature and humidity affect the electronic components of the sensor itself, producing slow, continuous shifts in the zero-point reading. Barometric pressure effects are generally small but not negligible in high-resolution force measurements. A change in atmospheric pressure of a few hectopascals — well within the range of normal daily variation — can produce a measurable buoyancy-related force change on a cell assembly of standard laboratory dimensions. For most solid-state battery force measurements, this effect is secondary to temperature and humidity, but it becomes relevant when measuring very small absolute forces or when experiments span multiple days with variable weather conditions. Temperature-induced baseline drift in force sensors is well-documented and is the most common source of long-term measurement error. It arises from the temperature coefficient of the strain gauge material and from differential thermal expansion within the sensor housing. Manufacturers typically specify a temperature coefficient of zero-point output for their sensors, which can be used to apply a correction if temperature is logged continuously. Humidity-induced drift occurs because moisture absorption changes the electrical properties of the strain gauge adhesive and the insulation resistance of the sensor wiring. In poorly sealed sensors, this effect is progressive and irreversible over time. Selecting sensors with appropriate ingress protection ratings and storing them in controlled conditions between experiments reduces the rate of humidity-related drift. ## How can environmental control improve the reproducibility of force measurements? Environmental control improves the reproducibility of force measurements by removing the systematic and random errors introduced by temperature variation, humidity fluctuation, vibration, and atmospheric pressure changes. When these variables are held constant or actively compensated, the force signal recorded by the test cell reflects only the electrochemical and mechanical processes occurring within the cell itself. Reproducibility is the central requirement for meaningful solid-state battery research. A measurement that cannot be repeated under the same conditions provides no reliable basis for comparing electrode materials, electrolyte formulations, or stack pressures. Environmental instability is one of the most common but least reported sources of inter-experiment variability, and it is frequently misattributed to material inconsistency or cell assembly error. Key strategies for improving environmental control in force measurement experiments include: - **Temperature-controlled enclosures:** Placing force test cells inside a thermostated chamber eliminates the dominant source of thermal drift and ensures that temperature-dependent electrochemical processes occur under a defined, reproducible condition - **Humidity control:** Operating in a dry room or using desiccated enclosures reduces moisture-related artifacts, particularly important for sulphide-based solid electrolytes - **Vibration isolation:** Anti-vibration platforms decouple the test cell from building and equipment-generated oscillations, improving signal-to-noise ratio in force data - **Continuous environmental logging:** Recording temperature, humidity, and pressure alongside force data enables post-hoc identification and correction of environmentally driven artifacts - **Sensor warm-up and equilibration:** Allowing force sensors to reach thermal equilibrium before zeroing and beginning a measurement reduces early-stage baseline drift When all these measures are applied consistently, the variability in force measurements between repeat experiments decreases substantially, and the data become suitable for publication and cross-laboratory comparison. Environmental control is therefore not an optional refinement but a prerequisite for generating reliable force data in [solid-state battery testing](https://el-cell.com/applications/solid-state-batteries/). ## How EL-Cell GmbH helps with environmental control in force test cell measurements EL-Cell GmbH designs force test cells and supporting instrumentation specifically for the demands of solid-state battery research, where environmental sensitivity is highest and measurement reproducibility is most critical. Our product ecosystem addresses the environmental challenges described above at the instrument level, reducing the burden on laboratory infrastructure. - The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) is a force-controlled test cell designed for solid-state battery research, enabling precise measurement of stack pressure and electrode dimensional changes under defined mechanical loads — with a cell design that minimises sensitivity to external mechanical disturbances - The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates a temperature-controlled cell chamber directly into the instrument, providing isothermal measurement conditions without requiring a separate climate cabinet — directly addressing thermal drift in force sensor baselines - The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is optimised for solid electrolyte systems and supports inert-atmosphere assembly, reducing humidity-related artifacts in force and electrochemical data - All [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) instruments are designed as an interoperable ecosystem, so force, electrochemical, and environmental data are acquired synchronously and logged in a consistent format for straightforward post-processing If you are designing a solid-state battery testing workflow and need guidance on instrument selection or environmental control strategies, contact EL-Cell GmbH directly to discuss your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [Testing with Mesh-type Reference Electrodes](https://www.el-cell.com/testing-with-mesh-type-reference/) **Published:** August 1, 2024 **Author:** Dr. Matthias Hahn **Excerpt:** Test battery materials with mesh-type reference electrodes—fine/coarse stainless steel mesh, easy lithiation, stable readings, reduced artifacts. **Content:** ## Testing of Battery Materials with Mesh-type Reference Electrodes A long time ago, we advertised to use a [finger-type (aka wire-type) reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/testing-with-a-finger-shaped-reference-electrode/). Everything we wrote still holds. However, the bad news is that the finger-type reference electrode is no longer available. The good news is that we now have an even better solution: The mesh-type reference electrode. The new mesh-type reference comes in two variants: fine and coarse. Both have the same web width of 50 µm and web thickness of 25 µm but different mesh sizes (see pictures below). [![Fine (left) and coarse (right) mesh-type reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/EL-CELL-Cross-Reference-and-Mesh-Reference-Electrode-for-PAT-Core.webp "EL-CELL_Longterm_testing_reliability-meets-accuracy_header | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/EL-CELL-Cross-Reference-and-Mesh-Reference-Electrode-for-PAT-Core.webp) You will get the mesh ready assembled into our standard PP single-use sleeve. When assembling the cell, glass fiber separators are attached to the mesh, one on each side. In both cases, the mesh is made of stainless steel. The mesh must first be coated with a suitable material to convert it into a reference electrode. How is this done? One option is to coat the mesh with an active material such as LFP. A second possibility is to plate the mesh with lithium metal from one of the two sandwich electrodes in situ. The latter case is described below as an example. ### Assembling the PAT-Core with the fine mesh-type reference electrode The following is a brief description of the steps involved in assembling the [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) cell stack that we are using here: We have the hands in the glove box. In front of us is the sleeve with the mesh, with the narrower opening facing upwards. We place an 18 mm glass fiber separator, 260 µm thick, in the sleeve on the mesh, then an 18 mm NCM electrode, 100 µm thick. Then, we insert a size 250 lower plunger, turn the whole thing over, and insert it into the cell base of the [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/). We place a second glass fiber separator on top of the mesh, add 150 µl LP32 electrolyte, insert the graphite electrode, and finally, the upper plunger. Done. [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PAT-Core_setup_with_cross_reference_800x1000-1.webp "EL-CELL_Longterm_testing_reliability-meets-accuracy_header | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PAT-Core_setup_with_cross_reference_800x1000-1.webp) ### The plating with a PAT-Tester-i-16 potentiostat Next, we plug the cell into our [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) and plate the mesh from the NCM electrode. The optimum conditions depend on the electrolyte selected. In our example, we tried it with 5 µA for one hour. This corresponds to 0.5% of the total lithium contained in the used NCM electrode. The following diagrams plotted in [EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) show the evolution of the voltages V1R and V2R during the initial 20 minutes of the one-hour plating process. Apparently, after about three minutes, the mesh’s potential stabilized. ![Voltage and Current plotted with EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/EL-Software_graph_voltage-and-current.webp) The corresponding connection matrix scheme for lithiating the mesh (R) from the NCM electrode (1): ![EL-Software Connection matrix scheme for the lithiation process](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/EL-Software_connection-matrix.webp) Once the mesh is plated, the current can be applied to the full cell. The mesh now acts as a reference electrode to measure the potentials and impedances of the individual electrodes. Compared to a ring-shaped reference electrode, the typical measurement artifacts caused by inhomogeneous current density distribution are significantly reduced. **This is the significant advantage of the mesh**. Unfortunately, there are also disadvantages. The biggest disadvantage is that the lithium metal deposited on the mesh is dendritic and does not adhere well to the stainless steel. The contact between the dendritic lithium metal and the stainless steel substrate was lost after approximately 50 hours; see diagrams below. The good thing is that you can repeat the plating with a PAT-Tester, and this repetition can be automated using the test protocol. ### Testing with the plated mesh reference Diagrams showing two full cell cycles: ![Voltage and Current a two cycles plotted with EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/EL-Software_graph_voltage-and-current_following_cycles.webp) The corresponding connection scheme for cycling the full cell: ![Connection scheme of the full cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/EL-Software_connection-matrix_full-cell.webp) ### Conclusion Try the mesh-type reference electrode to minimize the measurement artifacts from the standard ring-type reference’s non-perfect geometry. However, this mesh-type reference is not suited for long-term experiments. #### \_ *by Dr. Matthias Hahn et al.* #### Related products: ![Insulation sleeve with cross reference](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ECC1-00-0420-M_Insulation-sleeve-PP-Cross-Reference.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel cross, no Separator, ECC1-00-0420-M/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-cross-no-separator) ![Insulation sleeve with mesh reference](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/ECC1-00-0210-N_Insulation-sleeve-PP-stainless-steel-mesh-no-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel mesh, no Separator, ECC1-00-0210-N/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-mesh-no-separator?_pos=1&_sid=5e5912651&_ss=r) #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Matthias_200.webp) Dr. Matthias Hahn , Senior Scientist, Co-founder of EL-CELL Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and brings over 15 years of hands-on research experience in electrochemistry, gained at institutions such as Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) **Categories:** Application Note, News, PAT Battery Tester, PAT Series **Tags:** pat-core, test case --- ### [Dilation under Pressure: New Results on the Swelling of Battery Electrodes under Varying Applied Pressures](https://www.el-cell.com/dilation-under-pressure/) **Published:** October 10, 2025 **Author:** Dr. Bernhard Bugenhagen **Excerpt:** Measure electrode swelling under pressure with PAT-Cell Force and Hooke’s Law—validated against ECD-4-nano dilatometer results. **Content:** In this work, we present a novel approach to investigating the dilation of battery electrode materials under varying pressures applied onto the cell stack. For that, the PAT-Cell Force was used, along with specially designed spring yokes that have precisely defined spring characteristics. The PAT-Cell Force is equipped with a force sensor that allows an online measurement of the force applied to the cell stack during cycling. The amplitude of the observed variation in force was then translated into the dilation using Hooke’s Law. Experiments were conducted on cell stacks using NCM-111 and graphite, as well as pre-lithiated LTO and Graphite, to isolate the swelling of the graphite electrode. The results were compared with direct dilation measurements obtained from experiments with the Electrochemical Dilatometer ECD-4-nano. ### Approach [![Sketch of spring-loaded cell stack force measurement setup](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/sketch.webp "sketch | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/sketch.webp)A force F is applied onto the cell stack by loading a precisely defined spring with the spring characteristic k1. The force is measured during cycling with the force sensor placed below the cell stack. Due to the dilation d of the cell stack a periodic variation of the measured force is observed. Assuming that k1 is the softest spring in the system and thus the dominant spring constant of the system, the dilation of the cell stack d can be derived by using Hooke’s Law (left). Utilising the PAT-Cell Force and specifically designed springs, cells were cycled, and the dilation was calculated using the method described above. The cells consisted of graphite and pre-lithiated LTO. The latter is known to be a zero-dilation electrode, allowing the determination of the dilation of the graphite alone. For comparison, the dilation of the materials was determined in the ECD-4 Nano, where swelling is measured directly using a capacitive distance sensor. [![ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ECD-4-nano_250x250-1.webp "ECD-4-nano_250x250 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ECD-4-nano_250x250-1.webp)ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer [![PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PAT-Cell-Force_250_02.png "PAT-Cell-Force_250_02 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PAT-Cell-Force_250_02.png)PAT-Cell-Force ### Results [![Graphite electrode dilation curve from ECD-nano measurement chart](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/chart1_ecd.webp "chart1_ecd | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/chart1_ecd.webp)Chart 1 Chart 1 shows the dilation curve of graphite, obtained by direct measurement with the ECD-4-nano. It is of a magnitude of about 3.2 µm. This is taken as a reference point for the dilations derived by the method described above. [![Three force measurement curves with different springs and pressures](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/chart2.webp "chart2 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/chart2.webp)Chart 2 In the second chart, three force measurements are shown, each with a different spring and applied force. The parameters and the obtained results are listed in the table below: [![Chart showing graphite electrode dilation curve versus cycle time](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/values_chart_2.webp "values_chart_2 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/values_chart_2.webp) The force measurements show a clear correlation between the stiffness of the spring (k1) and the amplitude of the periodic variation in force during cycling. Also, the force signal shows a line shape that is very similar to the dilation curve depicted in chart 2. Furthermore, application of Hooke’s Law leads to dilation values that are in good accordance with each other as well as with the dilation obtained directly in the experiment with the ECD-4-nano. Also, a trend can be observed: the higher the applied force, the smaller the derived dilation. Whether this is a correlation or an experimental artifact is the subject of further research. ### **Conclusion** We show here that the dilation (change in thickness) of battery electrodes can be determined indirectly by measuring the force exerted on the cell stack during the electrochemical cycle. This method works for the entire cell and also for individual electrodes. The results agree well with the results obtained with an EC dilatometer. An advantage of the indirect method is that the initial force exerted on the cell stack can be varied easily and over a wide range. Further research on different materials and higher forces will be conducted in the future. \_ *by Dr. Bernhard Bugenhagen et al.* #### Related products: [![ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ECD-4-nano_250x250-1.webp "ECD-4-nano_250x250 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)[**ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer**](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) Advanced Electrochemical Dilatometer for the measurement of electrode expansion with nanometer resolution. - Capacitive displacement sensor (range 250 μm, resolution better than 5 nm) - Additional gas pressure (0 to 3 bar) and temperature sensor (-20 to 80° C) - Cableless connection via PAT socket, with electronic cell tag (PAT-Button) [![PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PAT-Cell-Force_250_02.png "PAT-Cell-Force_250_02 | EL-CELL")**PAT-Cell-Force**](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force) Operando test cell for investigating battery materials under defined force, temperature, and gas pressure - Force adjustment and measurement, up to 1500 Newtons - Built-in temperature, force, and gas pressure sensors - Cableless connection via PAT socket, with electronic cell tag (PAT-Button) #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Bernhard_200.webp) Dr. Bernhard Bugenhagen , Head of Chemistry Department With a PhD in inorganic chemistry, Bernhard joined EL-CELL in the summer of 2022. He is specifically responsible for product development. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/bernhard/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/bernhard/) [ ![social network icon](data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) ](https://www.linkedin.com/in/bernhard-bugenhagen-4bb90571/) **Categories:** Application Note, Electrochemical DIlatometer, News, PAT Series **Tags:** Electrochemical dilatometer, PAT-Cell-Force --- ### [Dilation under Pressure II: A Comparative Study on the Swelling of Battery Active Materials](https://www.el-cell.com/dilation-under-pressure-ii/) **Published:** October 16, 2025 **Author:** Dr. Bernhard Bugenhagen **Excerpt:** NCM(111) vs graphite dilation via ECD-4-nano; full-cell swelling reconstructed from half-cell data for accurate electrode expansion insight. **Content:** In this work, we present a comparative study on the dilation of standard battery active materials: NCM (111) and graphite. We obtained the half-cell dilations of both electrodes by using the [ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/). Additionally, we measured the full-cell dilation of a cell built with both materials mentioned above and a rigid, technical separator. To analyze the data, we subtracted the graphite half-cell swelling amplitude from the full-cell swelling amplitude and compared the result with the directly measured half-cell dilation of NCM (111). The result clearly shows that the complex „double peak“ dilation characteristic of NCM (111) can be reproduced qualitatively and quantitatively from combining the graphite half-cell dilation with the full cell swelling. ### Approach [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/sketch.webp) [![Battery electrode swelling curves for NCM, graphite, and full cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Dilation-under-pressure-II_Bild1.png "Dilation under pressure II_Bild1 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Dilation-under-pressure-II_Bild1.png)Image 1 Utilizing the ECD-4-Nano in the half-cell setup, the single-electrode dilations of both NCM (111), DNCM, and graphite, DC were obtained. To mechanically separate the working electrodes from the counter electrode (Li), a glass frit was used as a rigid separator (1). [![Full-cell dilation measured with ECD-Nano electrochemical dilatometer setup](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Dilation-under-pressure-II_Bild2.png "Dilation under pressure II_Bild2 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Dilation-under-pressure-II_Bild2.png)Image 2 Thereafter, the full-cell dilation, DCell, was measured using the ECD-4-Nano in full-cell mode. A technical separator was used for its incompressibility (2). The cells were cycled in a CC / CV program with a charge rate of C / 10. The resulting dilation curves were processed as follows: First, a baseline was subtracted to correct for offset and possible signal drift. Additionally, the cycle times were normalized to enable direct comparison of the dilation signals. Lastly, the swelling curve of the graphite half-cell DC was subtracted from the full cell swelling curve DCell to reproduce the NCM half-cell swelling DNCM. ### Results [![Graph showing battery electrode dilation curves for NCM and graphite](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Dilation-under-pressure-II_Bild3.png "Dilation under pressure II_Bild3 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Dilation-under-pressure-II_Bild3.png)Image 3 All three dilation curves are depicted in image 3. Shown are three cycles. It can be seen that DCell has a single peak at 3.8 µm, DC a single peak at 3.6 µm, and DNCM a double peak (0.3 µm) with a central dip (0.2 µm). The conclusion is that DC accounts for approximately 95 % of the magnitude of DCell and thus strongly dominates the full cell swelling. [![Graph showing DCell minus DC compared with DNCM curves](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Dilation-under-pressure-II_Bild4.png "Dilation under pressure II_Bild4 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Dilation-under-pressure-II_Bild4.png)Image 4 In the last image, the difference between DCell and DC is shown (black) and compared with DNCM (red). It can be seen that DNCM can, within limitations, can be reproduced from the other two dilation measurements, DCell and DC. This is remarkable since DNCM contributes only approximately 5 % to the magnitude of the full cell dilation, DCell. ### **Conclusion** We show here that the dilation of a full battery cell can be reproduced by combining the two half-cell dilations, even if the contributions of both half-cells to the full cell swelling are highly asymmetrical. This has been demonstrated by subtracting the high-contribution half-cell swelling from the full-cell dilation, thereby recreating the dilation curve of the low-contribution electrode. Key to this work was the utilization of a high-sensitivity, high-resolution dilatometer, which allows reliable swelling measurements in the sub-micron regime. \_ *by Dr. Bernhard Bugenhagen et al.* #### Related products: [![ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_stoerer_update_250x250.webp "ECD-4-nano_250x250 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)[**ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer**](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) Advanced Electrochemical Dilatometer for the measurement of electrode expansion with nanometer resolution. - Capacitive displacement sensor (range 250 μm, resolution better than 5 nm) - Additional gas pressure (0 to 3 bar) and temperature sensor (-20 to 80° C) - Cableless connection via PAT socket, with electronic cell tag (PAT-Button) #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Bernhard_200.webp) Dr. Bernhard Bugenhagen , Head of Chemistry Department With a PhD in inorganic chemistry, Bernhard joined EL-CELL in the summer of 2022. He is specifically responsible for product development. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/bernhard/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/bernhard/) [ ![social network icon](data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) ](https://www.linkedin.com/in/bernhard-bugenhagen-4bb90571/) **Categories:** Application Note, Electrochemical DIlatometer, News, PAT Series **Tags:** Electrochemical dilatometer, PAT-Cell-Force --- ### [Long-term Stable and Ready-to-use: Examining Partly Delithiated Lithium Iron Phosphate as Reference Material](https://www.el-cell.com/lfp-reference-electrode/) **Published:** February 5, 2026 **Author:** Jan Römer **Excerpt:** 5000-hour lithium-ion battery test shows PAT-Cell reliability: only 10% capacity loss, high coulombic efficiency, and stable reference electrode precision. **Content:** Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄, LFP) is a well-established cathode material in lithium-ion battery research due to its excellent electrochemical stability, intrinsic safety, non-toxicity, and low cost. Beyond its commercial success, LiFePO₄ has attracted increasing attention as a reference material due to its highly stable and reproducible electrode potential in non-aqueous lithium-based electrochemical systems. In conventional electrochemical measurements, metallic lithium is most commonly used as the reference electrode. However, metallic lithium suffers from significant drawbacks, including high chemical reactivity toward certain electrolytes and additives such as acetonitrile, a very low electrochemical potential that can unintentionally reduce many substances, and the occurrence of spikes in potential profiles that are readily observable in the differential capacity (Figure 1). These effects can lead to limitations in material selection and unintended measurement deviations. [![Differential Capacity of NCM622 in a NCM622 vs. Graphite cell with Li-Reference cycling at C/10 for 1000h.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/new-lfp-figure1_01.png "new lfp figure1 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/new-lfp-figure1_01.png)Figure 1: Differential Capacity of NCM622 in a NCM622 vs. Graphite cell with Li-Reference cycling at C/10 for 1000 h. The spikes are attributed to unwanted side reactions associated with the use of metallic lithium as the reference electrode. ### Approach This application note presents **partially delithiated LiFePO₄** as a chemically stable and reliable alternative to metallic lithium. Controlled chemical delithiation of LFP enables the establishment of a well-defined, constant electrode potential of **approximately +3.420 V vs. Li**, which lies within the operating voltage window of most lithium battery materials (Figure 2). This approach eliminates the need for electrochemical delithiation of LFP as a reference in a three-electrode setup, removing a processing step that would otherwise affect the balance between the working and counter electrodes. As a result, the reference electrode is immediately ready for use and provides long-term potential stability, free of parasitic side reactions or measurement inaccuracies. [![Potential of LFP as a function of state of charge during electrochemical cycling](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/new-lfp-figure2.png "new lfp figure2 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/new-lfp-figure2.png)Figure 2: Potential of LFP as a function of state of charge during electrochemical cycling of LFP vs. lithium at C/10. Chemical delithiation of LFP results in a shift of the potential within a stable window. ### Results: The electrochemical performance and long-term stability of partially delithiated LiFePO₄ under practical operating conditions are investigated. The results depicted in Figure 3 demonstrate that LFP-based reference electrodes exhibit excellent chemical inertness toward common organic electrolytes, superior long-term potential stability, and enhanced safety compared to lithium metal references. Additionally, the voltage spikes observed in measurements with a metallic Li-reference (Figure 1) do not occur. [![Differential Capacity of NCM622 in a NCM622 vs. Graphite Cell with LFP-Reference cycling at C/10 for 1000h.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/new-lfp-figure3.png "new lfp figure3 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/new-lfp-figure3.png)Figure 3: Differential Capacity of NCM622 in a NCM622 vs. Graphite Cell with LFP-Reference cycling at C/10 for 1000 h. No voltage spikes can be observed. In direct comparison with metallic lithium, LiFePO₄ exhibits excellent reproducibility as a reference electrode (Figure 4). This is particularly evident in differential capacity (dQ/dV) measurements of graphite electrodes versus LiFePO₄, which show well-defined and highly reproducible features. Unlike lithium metal references, LiFePO₄ does not suffer from measurement artifacts and effectively eliminates voltage spikes. As a result, LiFePO₄ enables precise and reliable electrochemical analysis, particularly for long-term measurements. [![Differential Capacity Comparison using Li and LFP reference.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/new-lfp-figure4.png "new lfp figure4 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/new-lfp-figure4.png)Figure 4: Differential Capacity of Graphite in a NCM622 vs. Graphite Cell with LFP- and Li-Reference cycling at C/10 for 1000h. ### Conclusion: The use of LiFePO₄ as a reference electrode significantly enhances the safety, precision, and reproducibility of electrochemical measurements. It enables investigation of a wide range of electrode materials, electrolytes, and additives while maintaining exceptionally high reproducibility and long-term stability. This makes LiFePO₄ a reliable reference electrode for studying lithium-ion-batteries. The advantages of using chemically delithiated LFP as a reference material are, among others: - **Chemical stability** against most battery components, and thus fewer side reactions - **Ready-to-use** electrode; no in-situ delithiation required - Excellent **long-term stability**, demonstrated over 1000+ hours. \_ *by Jan Römer et al.* ### Related products: [![Reference Ring](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/ECC1-00-0482-C.webp "ECC1-00-0482-C | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/ECC1-00-0482-C.webp)**Reference ring, LFP, modified (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0482-C/X** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lfp-modified?_pos=1&_fid=6dd73e8eb&_ss=c) ![Insulation sleeve (PP), LFP ring, GF/A separator (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)**Insulation sleeve PP (LFP-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0450-Q/X** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=3&_fid=810eb0b91&_ss=c) ![Insulation sleeve (PP), LFP ring, FS/5P separator (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)**Insulation sleeve PP (LFP-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0450-R/X** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_fid=f55ff8018&_ss=c) ![Insulation](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)**Insulation sleeve PP (LFP-Reference, Separator QT17) (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0450-S/X** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-separator-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=2&_fid=810eb0b91&_ss=c) #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/jan.webp) Jan Römer , Scientist Jan holds a Master’s degree in Sustainable Energy Engineering with a specialization in (electro-)chemistry. His work focuses on product development and improvement. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/jan_roemer/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/jan_roemer/) [ ![social network icon](data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) ](https://www.linkedin.com/in/jan-roemer-66a930283/) **Categories:** Application Note, News, PAT Series, PAT-Core **Tags:** LFP, pat-cell, pat-core, reference electrode, test case --- ### [A Comfortable Approach to Determining the Single Electrode Impedance at Varying SOC](https://www.el-cell.com/determine-single-electrode-impedance-at-varying-soc/) **Published:** May 26, 2026 **Author:** Dr. Bernhard Bugenhagen **Excerpt:** 5000-hour lithium-ion battery test shows PAT-Cell reliability: only 10% capacity loss, high coulombic efficiency, and stable reference electrode precision. **Content:** Determining the impedance of electrode materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIB) and Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIB) at different states of charge (SOC) is paramount for evaluating battery performance. Especially, a reliable, artefact-free measurement of single electrode impedances at different states of charge (SOC) is a tedious endeavour since this usually involves assembling a symmetrical coin cell for each measurement at a given SOC. The alternative – measuring half-cell impedances in a three electrode setup, e.g. a [**PAT-Cell**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) (Fig. 1) – is less labour intensive but usually riddled with measurement artefacts. [![PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/PAT-Cell_Schnitt_rev4.webp "PAT-Cell_Schnitt_rev4 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/PAT-Cell_Schnitt_rev4.webp)Fig. 1: PAT-Cell for three-electrode battery experiments In this work, we present a convenient method to investigate the single electrode impedance at different SOC with only one three-electrode test cell. ## The usual three-electrode setup leads to measurement artefacts ### The problem: In a conventional three-electrode test cell setup, the reference electrode (R) is typically positioned outside the cell stack, making contact through an overlapping separator. This configuration places the sensing element in a region where the current distribution is inhomogeneous, as illustrated by the bent current lines in Fig. 2. [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Bild1-scaled.png "Bild1 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Bild1-scaled.png)Fig. 2: Schematic of a typical three electrode setup. The reference electrode is placed outside the cell stack and thus in a region of an inhomogeneous electrical field. As a result, the measured potentials are erroneous. This is especially noticeable in impedance measurements, and manifests in “inductive loops” frequently observed in Nyquist plots (See Fig. 3). \[1\] [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Bild2.png "Bild2 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Bild2.png)Fig. 3: Nyquist plot of the half cell impedance Z2. The measurement shows a clear measurement artifact (loop at 1 Hz). The current density distribution at the edge of the cell stack strongly depends on the impedances of the electrodes. These impedances change with their respective SOC and thus over the course of the experiment. In conclusion, the error cannot be easily modelled and compensated for. This complicates the interpretation of the data. Consequently, half-cell impedances obtained from such three-electrode experiments are subject to significant uncertainties, rendering quantitative analysis unreliable and potentially misleading. ## Triple-Decker setup reduces artefacts in half-cell impedances ### The solution: We designed an experiment with an optimised geometry: Electrode R is placed in the centre of the cell stack, between the battery electrodes 1 & 2, without an overlapping separator (See Fig. 4). This places it in a homogeneous electrical field. [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Bild3.png "Bild3 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Bild3.png)Fig. 4: Schematic of the Triple Decker Setup: The reference electrode is placed in the centre of the cell stack, in a region of a homogeneous electrical field. Electrode R, a porous, free-standing electrode of chemically partially delithiated LFP \[2\], was placed in an **Insulation Sleeve** of a [**PAT-Core**](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) and contacted via a stainless steel mesh with ~95 % open area. One disk of glass fibre separator was then placed on each side of electrode R. With the so prepared **Insulation Sleeve**, a full cell was assembled (NCM | C) and cycled in a PAT-Cell. During the CC step, GEIS measurements were performed repeatedly at different SOC. For that, a [**PAT-Tester-i-16**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) potentiostat was used. ### The Result: Nyquist plots of measured half-cell impedances of a graphite electrode in an NCM | C full cell at different SOC are depicted in Fig.5. It can be seen that the graphs are free of the typical loops usually associated with measurement artefacts. This is a clear indication that half-cell impedances obtained in the presented triple-decker configuration are much less laden with artefacts than in a conventional three-electrode setup with the sensing element placed outside the cell stack. [![Half-Cell impedances of a graphite electrode in an NCM | C full cell over various SOC, obtained in the described triple decker setup.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Bild4.png "Bild4 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Bild4.png)Fig. 5: Half-Cell impedances of a graphite electrode in an NCM | C full cell over various SOC, obtained in the described triple decker setup. ## Conclusion: In this work, we presented a simple and convenient method to measure both half-cell impedances of a full cell at different SOC in a single experiment. For this, we created a new sensing electrode, consisting of chemically partially delithiated LFP, that is placed in the centre of the cell stack. The experiment exploits the unique features of the [**PAT-Cell**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) as a three-electrode test cell, as well as the [**PAT-Tester-i-16**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/). ### Literature: \[1\] M. Ender et al 2017 J. Electrochem. Soc. 164 A71. \[2\] Long-term Stable and Ready-to-use: Examining Partly Delithiated Lithium Iron Phosphate as Reference Material https://www.el-cell.com/lfp-reference-electrode/ \_ *by Dr. Bernhard E.C. Bugenhagen et al.* ### Related products: [![PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell_M_250_02.webp "PAT-Cell_M_250_02 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)[**PAT-Cell**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) 3-electrode battery test cell for electrochemical testing of lithium-ion and other materials using the innovative [PAT-Core concept](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept). [![PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tester_pat-tester-i-16.webp "tester_pat-tester-i-16 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tester_pat-tester-i-16.webp)[**PAT-Tester-i-16**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) Fully featured multichannel potentiostat with integrated temperature chamber. [![Reference Ring](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/ECC1-00-0482-C.webp "ECC1-00-0482-C | EL-CELL")**Reference ring, LFP, modified (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0482-C/X**](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lfp-modified?_pos=1&_fid=6dd73e8eb&_ss=c) [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lfp-modified?_pos=1&_fid=6dd73e8eb&_ss=c) #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Bernhard_200.webp) Dr. Bernhard Bugenhagen , Head of Chemistry Department With a PhD in inorganic chemistry, Bernhard joined EL-CELL in the summer of 2022. He is specifically responsible for product development. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/bernhard/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/bernhard/) [ ![social network icon](data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) ](https://www.linkedin.com/in/bernhard-bugenhagen-4bb90571/) **Categories:** Application Note, News, PAT Series, PAT-Cell **Tags:** pat-cell, reference electrode, test case --- ### [What is electrochemical impedance spectroscopy used for?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-electrochemical-impedance-spectroscopy-used-for/) **Published:** June 29, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Discover how EIS non-destructively probes battery internals — separating resistance, diffusion, and interfacial processes conventional techniques can't resolve. **Content:** Please provide the updated knowledge base so I can compare it against the existing article content and make the necessary updates. Please share the updated knowledge base so I can identify what has changed and update only those specific details in the article. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do you test the health of a lithium-ion battery?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-you-test-the-health-of-a-lithium-ion-battery/) **Published:** May 22, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Discover the key methods researchers use to accurately measure lithium-ion battery health and diagnose degradation. **Content:** Lithium-ion battery health is assessed by measuring how well a cell retains and delivers its designed electrochemical performance over time. Researchers quantify this through a combination of capacity measurements, impedance analysis, and voltage profiling, using standardised test protocols that isolate degradation mechanisms from experimental artefacts. The choice of method depends on the research question, the cell format, and the level of mechanistic detail required. For battery materials researchers, understanding lithium-ion battery health at the electrode and cell levels is fundamental to developing next-generation materials and predicting long-term performance. This article addresses the key questions around battery state of health, from definitions and test methods through to experimental design in the laboratory. ## What does ‘battery health’ actually mean in lithium-ion cells? Battery state of health (SoH) is a measure of a cell’s current electrochemical performance relative to its beginning-of-life specification. In practice, it is most commonly expressed as the ratio of measured discharge capacity to rated capacity, though a complete characterisation of SoH also includes internal resistance, coulombic efficiency, and the rate capability of the electrodes. In lithium-ion cells, capacity fade arises from several concurrent degradation mechanisms. Loss of lithium inventory occurs when lithium is consumed in side reactions, most notably the continued growth of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode surface. Loss of active material results from particle cracking, dissolution of transition metals from cathode materials, and structural phase transformations. Impedance rise, a separate but related indicator of degradation, reflects increasing resistance at electrode interfaces, within the electrolyte, and at current-collector contacts. Researchers distinguish between these contributors because each requires a different experimental approach to quantify. A simple capacity measurement reveals that degradation has occurred, but differential capacity analysis (dQ/dV) or incremental capacity analysis (ICA) is needed to attribute it to specific mechanisms at the electrode level. ## What are the main methods for testing lithium-ion battery health? The primary methods for testing lithium-ion battery health are galvanostatic cycling, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), differential voltage analysis, and post-mortem physical characterisation. Each method targets a different aspect of cell performance and degradation, and they are most informative when used in combination. ### Galvanostatic cycling and capacity measurement Galvanostatic cycling applies a constant current to charge and discharge a cell between defined voltage limits, recording the specific capacity (mAh/g or mAh/cm², depending on normalisation) and coulombic efficiency at each cycle. Capacity retention curves over hundreds or thousands of cycles provide a direct measure of capacity fade. The C-rate used during cycling must be reported consistently, as higher C-rates suppress measured capacity through kinetic limitations and can obscure the true thermodynamic capacity of the electrode. ### Differential and incremental capacity analysis Differential capacity (dQ/dV) and differential voltage (dV/dQ) analysis extract mechanistic information from standard galvanostatic cycling data without additional experiments. Peaks in the dQ/dV plot correspond to phase transitions in electrode materials. Shifts, broadening, or disappearance of these peaks over cycling indicate specific structural changes in the active material, providing a non-destructive window into degradation mechanisms. ### Post-mortem characterisation Physical and chemical characterisation of harvested electrodes using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry provides direct evidence of degradation at the materials level. Post-mortem analysis is destructive but offers the highest level of mechanistic detail. ## How does electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveal battery degradation? Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measures the frequency-dependent impedance of a cell by applying a small sinusoidal perturbation across a range of frequencies. Different frequency regions correspond to different physical processes: the high-frequency response reflects ohmic resistance, mid-frequency semicircles correspond to charge-transfer resistance at electrode interfaces, and the low-frequency response captures diffusion processes within electrode particles. As a lithium-ion cell degrades, characteristic changes appear in the EIS spectrum. Growth of the SEI layer on the anode increases the resistance associated with lithium-ion transport through the interface. Particle cracking or delamination of active material increases the charge-transfer resistance. Electrolyte decomposition raises the bulk ionic resistance. By fitting equivalent circuit models to the impedance data, researchers can quantify these contributions separately and track how each evolves with cycling or storage. EIS is particularly valuable for battery impedance studies because it is non-destructive and can be performed at any state of charge, making it suitable for periodic health checks throughout a cycling experiment. It requires careful cell design to minimise artefacts introduced by contact resistances, lead inductance, and cell geometry, which is why the test cell used for EIS measurements must present a well-defined and reproducible electrochemical interface. ## What’s the difference between in-situ and ex-situ battery testing? In-situ battery testing refers to measurements performed on a cell while it is operating, without disassembly. Ex-situ testing involves removing the cell from operation, often disassembling it, and characterising the electrodes or electrolyte separately. The fundamental distinction is whether the measurement captures the material in its electrochemically active state or after it has been removed from that environment. In-situ methods include EIS, dilatometry (measuring electrode thickness changes during cycling), optical microscopy through transparent cell windows, and X-ray or neutron diffraction performed on operating cells. These approaches preserve the electrochemical state of the material and allow researchers to observe dynamic processes such as lithiation-induced volume changes, gas evolution, or phase transitions as they occur. Ex-situ analysis, by contrast, is performed after cycling is stopped and the cell is disassembled, typically in an inert atmosphere to prevent air or moisture exposure. While ex-situ methods can access a broader range of analytical techniques, they carry the risk of artefacts introduced during disassembly, such as relaxation of mechanical stress, surface reactions with the atmosphere, or loss of electrolyte. For this reason, in-situ measurements are preferred when the research question concerns dynamic behaviour, whereas ex-situ analysis is used when high-resolution structural or chemical characterisation is required. ## Why does test cell design affect the reliability of battery health data? Test cell design directly determines the quality and reproducibility of battery health data because the cell hardware defines the electrochemical environment in which the measurement is made. Poor cell design introduces artefacts that cannot be distinguished from genuine material behaviour, compromising the validity of any conclusions drawn from the data. Key design factors include: - **Uniform current distribution:** Non-uniform contact between the electrode and current collector creates local variations in current density, producing heterogeneous lithiation and artificially broadened electrochemical features. - **Controlled stack pressure:** Insufficient or uncontrolled pressure on the electrode stack leads to variable contact resistance and inconsistent electrolyte distribution, both of which affect measured capacity and impedance. - **Electrolyte volume and containment:** Excess or insufficient electrolyte changes the ratio of electrolyte to electrode surface area, affecting rate capability and SEI formation kinetics. - **Reference electrode geometry:** In three-electrode configurations, the placement and geometry of the reference electrode determines whether the measured potential accurately reflects the working electrode potential without contribution from ohmic drop. - **Temperature control:** Electrochemical processes are strongly temperature-dependent; without active temperature control, ambient fluctuations introduce systematic errors into capacity and impedance measurements. Professional-grade testing setups address this through dedicated temperature-controlled cell chambers, which maintain stable thermal conditions throughout cycling and impedance measurements. Reproducibility across experiments and between laboratories depends on all of these factors being controlled and reported. This is why standardised test cells with well-defined geometries are preferred over improvised or modified hardware in publishable research. ## How do researchers set up a reproducible battery health test in the lab? A reproducible battery health test requires consistent electrode preparation, a standardised cell assembly protocol, defined cycling conditions, and calibrated instrumentation. Each variable that is not controlled becomes a potential source of inter-experiment variability that obscures genuine material differences. ### Electrode preparation and cell assembly Electrode mass loading (mAh/cm²), coating uniformity, and drying conditions must be recorded and kept consistent across experiments. Electrode punching, calendering pressure, and the sequence of cell assembly steps should follow a written protocol. All assembly steps for lithium-containing cells are performed in a dry room or inert-atmosphere glovebox to prevent moisture exposure, which would alter SEI formation chemistry. ### Cycling protocol design The cycling protocol must specify the C-rate for formation cycles, the C-rate for subsequent cycling, voltage cut-off limits, rest periods between charge and discharge, and the frequency of reference performance tests at a low C-rate. Formation cycling at a low C-rate (typically C/10 or lower) allows the SEI to stabilise before performance cycling begins. Periodic low-rate reference cycles allow direct comparison of capacity under equivalent conditions, regardless of the rate used for long-term cycling. ### Data quality and instrumentation The potentiostat or galvanostat must have sufficient current and voltage resolution for the electrode mass being tested. For small-format research cells with electrode areas of 1 to 2 cm², the current range during low-rate cycling can fall below 1 mA, requiring instrumentation with appropriate resolution and accuracy at low current. EIS measurements require a stable cell and correct specification of the perturbation amplitude to remain within the linear response regime of the electrode. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports lithium-ion battery health research EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and instrumentation specifically for the kind of controlled, reproducible battery research described throughout this article. Our product ecosystem addresses the practical challenges of setting up reliable battery health tests in the laboratory: - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** provides a standardised, battery test cell with well-defined geometry, ensuring uniform current distribution and consistent stack pressure across experiments and between laboratories. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer enables in-situ measurement of electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 5 nm, directly quantifying volume changes associated with lithiation and degradation. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a 16-channel battery tester with potentiostat and galvanostat (PStat/GStat) functionality and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) capability, providing a complete platform for battery impedance and capacity testing. The integrated temperature control for the cell chamber enables thermally stable measurements when experimental conditions require it. If you are setting up a battery health testing protocol or need test cells suited to a specific electrode format or measurement technique, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss your experimental requirements with our technical team. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [New Reed Contact for Improved Measurements with the PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/new-reed-contact-for-improved-measurements/) **Published:** May 2, 2025 **Author:** Dr. Matthias Hahn **Excerpt:** Discover the 2nd-gen reed contact for PAT-Core: stronger spring force, fewer reference artifacts, and more reliable long-term measurements. **Content:** ## Further Improve Your Measurements with the New Reed Contact Generation! It may seem inconspicuous, but the reed contact is a central element in every [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/), as it transmits the signal from the reference electrode to the contact pin of the [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) and, via this, to the potentiostat. A stable mechanical contact is required to ensure reliable measurements over thousands of hours, if possible, without measurement artifacts. This must also be guaranteed despite any electrolyte that may creep in between the contact during the measurement. In our ongoing efforts to enhance the reliability and robustness of our instruments, we have developed a second-generation reed contact. Its new geometry leads to a stronger spring force, which massively improves contact with the test cell and reduces artifacts in reference potentials to a minimum. [![The new Reed Contact magnified](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/reed-contact_magnified.jpg "reed-contact_magnified | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/reed-contact_magnified.jpg) **Sample Test Result** To illustrate this, the following graphs show a [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) measurement of over 2000 hours using the new Reed Contact. [![Graph showing reference potential stability with new reed contact](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Potentiale-scaled.png "Potentiale | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Potentiale-scaled.png)[![CE marking logo for PAT-Core reed contact component](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/CE-scaled.png "CE | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/CE-scaled.png) [](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Strom-scaled.png) [![Current measurement graph for PAT-Cell reed contact test](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Strom-scaled.png "Current | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Strom-scaled.png) **Experiment details:** Test Cell: [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) Potentiostat: [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) Cell Stack : Electrodes: NCM vs. Graphite [Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Double Layer Separator FS-5P), ](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=c7a10f160&_ss=r)[ECC1-00-0210-V](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=c7a10f160&_ss=r) Electrolyte: LP 32 [Lid-Seal: Aluminum](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer?_pos=1&_sid=126291964&_ss=r) C-Rate: C/10 The new **Reed Contact 2nd Gen.** will replace the older version in all pre-assembled insulation sleeves from May 2025. The new Reed Contact is also available separately for self-assembly in the Insulation Sleeve. Please refer to our [Assembly Tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNzpoKYyRws) for more information. – *by Dr. Matthias Hahn et al.* #### Related products: ![Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)**Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0210-U/X** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=42826d9ac&_ss=r) ![Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)**Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0210-H/X** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-mg-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=d6ba9465d&_ss=r) ![Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)**Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0210-J/X** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-al-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=77c5383d8&_ss=r) ![Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS) Reference ring, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)**Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS) Reference ring, Separator GFA) (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0450-M/X** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-acss-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=30624130d&_ss=r) ![Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS) Reference ring, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)**Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS) Reference ring, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0450-N/X** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-acss-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=a5506658d&_ss=r) ![Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)**Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0210-X/X** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=2abf6ac78&_ss=r) ![Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0210-V/X** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=c7a10f160&_ss=r) ![Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0210-O/X** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=24b290f0d&_ss=r) ![Insulation sleeve with cross reference](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0420-M_80px.webp)**Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel cross, no Separator (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0420-M/X** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-cross-no-separator) ![Insulation sleeve with mesh reference](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0210-N_80px.webp)**Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel mesh, no Separator (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0210-N/X** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-mesh-no-separator?_pos=1&_sid=5e5912651&_ss=r) ![Reed contact 2nd Gen., stainless steel (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0186-M_80px.webp)**Reed contact 2nd Gen., stainless steel (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0186-M/X** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation?_pos=1&_fid=89da4263b&_ss=c) ![Reed contact 2nd generation, gold plated (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/ECC1-00-0186-P.webp)**Reed contact 2nd generation, gold plated (10 pcs), ECC1-00-0186-P/X** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation-gold-plated?_pos=2&_fid=79f33f2ee&_ss=c) #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Matthias_200.webp) Dr. Matthias Hahn , Senior Scientist, Co-founder of EL-CELL Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and brings over 15 years of hands-on research experience in electrochemistry, gained at institutions such as Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) **Categories:** News, PAT Series, PAT-Core **Tags:** pat-core --- ### [How do lithium-ion batteries work?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-lithium-ion-batteries-work/) **Published:** June 16, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Lithium-ion batteries power modern research — here's the electrochemistry, degradation science, and lab testing methods every battery researcher needs. **Content:** Lithium-ion batteries power the majority of portable energy storage applications in research and industry today. Understanding how they work at the electrochemical level is foundational knowledge for anyone conducting battery materials research, whether you are developing new electrode formulations, characterising electrolyte behaviour, or evaluating cell degradation mechanisms. This article walks through the core principles of lithium-ion operation, from basic electrochemistry to the factors that limit cycle life, and connects those principles to the experimental methods used in laboratory settings. ## What is a lithium-ion battery? A lithium-ion battery is an electrochemical energy storage device that operates by shuttling lithium ions between two electrodes through an electrolyte, while electrons travel through an external circuit to do useful work. Unlike primary cells, lithium-ion cells are rechargeable, meaning the ion insertion and extraction reactions at both electrodes are reversible over many cycles. The term “lithium-ion” distinguishes these cells from earlier lithium-metal designs, in which metallic lithium served as the anode. In lithium-ion systems, lithium is stored within host materials through a process called intercalation or alloying, depending on the electrode chemistry. This distinction is important: in a standard lithium-ion cell, lithium is not present as free metal during normal operation, which significantly improves safety compared with lithium-metal systems. Lithium-ion cells are characterised by their relatively high specific energy, flat discharge profiles, and low self-discharge rates. These properties make them the dominant technology in portable electronics, stationary storage, and electric mobility applications, as well as a primary focus of electrochemical research worldwide. ## How does a lithium-ion battery store and release energy? A lithium-ion battery stores energy by driving lithium ions from the cathode into the anode during charging and releases energy by reversing that process during discharge. At the anode, lithium ions are inserted into the host material (intercalation); at the cathode, they are extracted. The corresponding electron flow through the external circuit constitutes the electrical current. ### During charging An external power source applies a potential that exceeds the cell’s open-circuit voltage, forcing lithium ions to deintercalate from the cathode and migrate through the electrolyte to the anode, where they intercalate into the host structure. Graphite, the most common anode material, forms lithium-graphite intercalation compounds (LixC6) during this process, with a theoretical specific capacity of 372 mAh/g. ### During discharge When the cell is connected to a load, lithium ions spontaneously deintercalate from the anode and migrate back through the electrolyte to the cathode. The driving force is the difference in electrochemical potential between the two electrodes, known as the cell voltage. The rate of discharge is expressed as the C-rate, where 1C corresponds to a full discharge in one hour relative to the cell’s rated capacity. The overall energy stored is the integral of voltage over capacity, expressed in Wh/kg (gravimetric energy density) or Wh/L (volumetric energy density), depending on the application context. ## What are the main components inside a lithium-ion cell? A lithium-ion cell contains four primary components: the anode, the cathode, the electrolyte, and the separator. Each plays a distinct electrochemical role, and the performance of the cell depends on the properties and compatibility of all four. - **Anode:** Typically graphite, though silicon-graphite composites and lithium titanate (LTO) are used in specific applications. The anode hosts lithium ions during charging. Silicon offers a much higher theoretical specific capacity than graphite but undergoes significant volume expansion during lithiation, which presents a key research challenge. - **Cathode:** Common materials include lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), and lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA). The choice of cathode material determines the cell’s voltage, specific capacity, and thermal stability. - **Electrolyte:** A lithium salt (commonly LiPF6) dissolved in an organic solvent mixture. The electrolyte must be ionically conductive but electronically insulating. Its electrochemical stability window defines the operating voltage limits of the cell. - **Separator:** A porous polymer membrane that prevents direct contact between the anode and cathode while allowing ion transport. Separator integrity is critical for cell safety. Current collectors, typically copper at the anode and aluminium at the cathode, are also essential structural components that conduct electrons to and from the external circuit. In research settings, electrode formulations also include binders and conductive carbon additives to maintain electrical contact and mechanical cohesion within the electrode coating. ## What causes lithium-ion batteries to degrade over time? Lithium-ion batteries degrade through a combination of irreversible electrochemical reactions, mechanical stress, and structural changes in the electrode materials. Degradation manifests as capacity fade, increased internal resistance, or both, and the dominant mechanisms depend on the cell chemistry, operating conditions, and C-rate. ### Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) formation and growth During the first charge cycle, the electrolyte partially reduces at the anode surface, forming a passivating layer known as the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI). The SEI is necessary for stable operation, as it prevents continuous electrolyte decomposition. However, the SEI consumes lithium irreversibly during formation, reducing the initial coulombic efficiency below 100%. Over subsequent cycles, the SEI can continue to grow, consuming additional lithium and increasing cell impedance. ### Electrode structural changes Repeated lithiation and delithiation cycles cause volume changes in electrode particles. In graphite, this is modest (around 10%), but in silicon-based anodes, volume expansion can exceed 300%, leading to particle cracking, loss of electrical contact, and accelerated SEI formation on newly exposed surfaces. At the cathode, structural transformations, transition metal dissolution, and cracking of secondary particles all contribute to capacity fade. ### Lithium plating At elevated C-rates or low temperatures, the rate of lithium-ion insertion into the anode can be exceeded by the rate of supply, causing metallic lithium to plate on the anode surface rather than intercalate. Lithium plating is a significant safety concern and a contributor to rapid capacity loss, as plated lithium can become electrically isolated (dead lithium) or react with the electrolyte. Quantifying degradation mechanisms in the laboratory requires careful experimental design, including operando techniques and post-mortem analysis, to distinguish between competing failure modes. ## How are lithium-ion batteries tested in the lab? Laboratory testing of lithium-ion batteries involves assembling electrochemical test cells, subjecting them to controlled charge and discharge protocols, and measuring electrochemical responses to characterise performance and degradation. Standard techniques include galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). ### Test cell formats Research-grade test cells differ from commercial formats in that they are designed for scientific measurement rather than energy delivery. Coin cells, pouch cells, and cylindrical cells each have trade-offs in terms of pressure control, electrolyte volume, and accessibility for in situ measurements. Standardised research cell formats allow reproducible assembly and reliable comparison of electrode materials across different laboratories. For example, the [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) is a research test cell designed for reproducible electrochemical measurements, with a modular architecture that supports a range of electrode configurations and electrolyte systems. ### Key electrochemical measurements - **Galvanostatic cycling:** Applies a constant current (defined by the C-rate) and measures the resulting voltage profile. Provides specific capacity, coulombic efficiency, and rate capability data. - **Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS):** Applies a small AC perturbation over a range of frequencies and measures the impedance response. Used to separate contributions from ohmic resistance, the SEI layer, charge transfer, and diffusion processes. - **Cyclic voltammetry (CV):** Sweeps the electrode potential at a defined scan rate and measures current, revealing redox potentials and kinetic information. - **Dilatometry:** Measures electrode thickness changes during cycling to quantify volume expansion and contraction. The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer achieves a thickness resolution better than 5 nm, making it suitable for resolving subtle expansion behaviour in thin-film or composite electrodes. Operando and in situ techniques, such as optical microscopy through transparent cell windows or gas analysis during cycling, provide additional mechanistic insight that post-mortem analysis alone cannot deliver. ## What’s the difference between lithium-ion and next-generation battery technologies? Next-generation battery technologies differ from conventional lithium-ion cells primarily in their electrode or electrolyte chemistry, aiming to overcome the energy density, safety, or cost limitations of current lithium-ion designs. The most actively researched alternatives include solid-state batteries, lithium-sulphur (Li-S) cells, lithium-air (Li-O2) cells, and sodium-ion batteries. ### Solid-state batteries Solid-state batteries replace the liquid electrolyte with a solid ionic conductor, which eliminates the flammability risk associated with organic solvents and enables the use of a lithium-metal anode. A lithium-metal anode offers a substantially higher specific capacity (3860 mAh/g) than graphite but requires a solid electrolyte to suppress dendrite formation. The primary research challenges include achieving sufficient ionic conductivity in the solid electrolyte, managing interfacial resistance between the electrolyte and electrodes, and accommodating volume changes during cycling. The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is designed specifically for testing solid-state electrolyte systems under controlled stack pressure. ### Lithium-sulphur and lithium-air Lithium-sulphur cells offer a theoretical specific energy that significantly exceeds that of lithium-ion cells because sulphur has a high theoretical specific capacity and is abundant. However, the polysulphide shuttle mechanism causes rapid capacity fade, and practical specific energy remains well below theoretical values. Lithium-air cells are even more energy-dense in principle but face severe challenges related to oxygen management, electrolyte stability, and cycle life. ### Sodium-ion batteries Sodium-ion batteries operate on the same intercalation principle as lithium-ion cells but use sodium ions as the charge carrier. Sodium is more abundant and less expensive than lithium, making sodium-ion an attractive option for stationary storage applications where cost matters more than specific energy. The larger ionic radius of sodium compared with lithium requires different host materials and presents its own set of structural challenges. Each of these technologies requires adapted experimental methods and test cell designs to characterise accurately, which is why research-grade instrumentation capable of handling diverse chemistries is essential for laboratories working across multiple platforms. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports lithium-ion battery research EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test equipment specifically for battery materials research, covering the full range of experimental needs described in this article. Our product ecosystem is built around the [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/), which integrates test cells, potentiostats, and software into a compatible, modular platform. For researchers characterising how lithium-ion batteries work at the materials level, we offer: - The [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) for reproducible galvanostatic cycling and EIS measurements across a wide range of electrode chemistries - The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) for operando dilatometry with sub-5 nm thickness resolution, enabling direct measurement of electrode volume changes during cycling - The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) for solid-state electrolyte research under defined stack pressure - The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/), a 16-channel battery tester with an integrated potentiostat/galvanostat and EIS capability, housed in a temperature-controlled cell chamber For laboratories that require outsourced testing, our [Application Laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) provides a full measurement service. Researchers send electrode materials or electrolytes to our Hamburg facility, and our team handles cell assembly, protocol design, high-throughput cycling across hundreds of channels, and delivery of a final evaluation report. If you would like to discuss how our instruments or testing services can support your research programme, please contact us directly. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the electrochemical double layer and why does it matter?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-electrochemical-double-layer-and-why-does-it-matter/) **Published:** June 12, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Discover how the electrochemical double layer influences every battery measurement — and why it matters. **Content:** The electrochemical double layer is a fundamental structure that forms at every electrode–electrolyte interface. Understanding it is essential for interpreting electrochemical measurements, designing better battery materials, and separating genuine faradaic signals from capacitive artefacts. Whether you are running cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), or galvanostatic cycling, the electric double layer is always present and always influences your data. This article explains what the electrochemical double layer is, how it forms, which theoretical models describe it, and why it matters in practice for battery researchers working with half-cells, full cells, and next-generation chemistries. ## What is the electrochemical double layer? The electrochemical double layer (EDL) is a nanometre-scale region of charge separation that forms spontaneously at the interface between an electrode and an electrolyte. It consists of two layers of charge: excess electronic charge on the electrode surface and a corresponding layer of ionic charge in the adjacent electrolyte. Together, these layers behave like a capacitor, storing charge without any chemical reaction taking place. The EDL is not unique to batteries. It appears at any solid–liquid electrochemical interface, including supercapacitors, fuel cells, corrosion systems, and biosensors. In battery research, however, it has particular significance because every electrode in every test cell has one, and its properties directly influence how you measure and interpret electrode behaviour. The charge stored in the double layer is purely electrostatic. This distinguishes it from faradaic charge storage, which involves electron transfer and chemical transformation of electrode materials. Recognising this distinction is the first step towards correctly analysing electrochemical data. ## How does the electrochemical double layer form? The electrochemical double layer forms when an electrode is brought into contact with an electrolyte and a potential difference develops at the interface. The electrode surface acquires a net charge, either positive or negative, depending on the applied potential and the electrode material. Ions in the electrolyte respond by migrating towards the electrode surface to compensate for this charge, creating a structured ionic arrangement in the solution phase. ### The role of electrode potential The extent and polarity of double-layer charging depend directly on the electrode potential. At the potential of zero charge (PZC), the electrode surface carries no net charge and the double layer is at its minimum. As the potential shifts away from the PZC, more charge accumulates on the electrode, and the ionic layer in solution becomes more pronounced. ### Ion and solvent organisation at the interface Immediately adjacent to the electrode surface, solvent molecules and specifically adsorbed ions form a compact, ordered layer. Beyond this, a more diffuse region of ions extends into the bulk electrolyte, gradually transitioning to the bulk ionic concentration. This two-zone structure is central to all classical models of the double layer. ## What are the main models used to describe the double layer? Three principal models describe the structure of the electrochemical double layer, each addressing the limitations of the previous one. The Helmholtz model treats the double layer as a simple parallel-plate capacitor, with all ionic charge located at a fixed distance from the electrode. The Gouy–Chapman model adds a diffuse ionic layer governed by thermal motion. The Gouy–Chapman–Stern model combines both, separating the interface into a compact Helmholtz layer and a diffuse Gouy–Chapman layer. ### The Helmholtz model Proposed in the nineteenth century, the Helmholtz model is the simplest description. It predicts a constant double-layer capacitance, independent of potential or electrolyte concentration. In practice, this is only a reasonable approximation at high electrolyte concentrations, where the diffuse layer is compressed close to the electrode surface. ### The Gouy–Chapman–Stern model The Gouy–Chapman–Stern (GCS) model is the standard framework used in modern electrochemistry. The Stern layer corresponds to the innermost compact region, where solvent molecules and adsorbed ions sit at a fixed distance from the electrode. The diffuse layer beyond it responds to both potential and concentration. The total double-layer capacitance is treated as two capacitors in series, which explains why measured capacitance varies with potential and electrolyte concentration in real systems. More advanced treatments, including molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory approaches, are increasingly used to model the EDL in concentrated electrolytes and ionic liquids relevant to next-generation battery systems. ## Why does the electrochemical double layer matter for battery research? The electrochemical double layer matters for battery research because it contributes a non-faradaic background current to every electrochemical measurement. If double-layer charging is not accounted for, it can obscure or distort the faradaic signals associated with lithium intercalation, phase transitions, and other electrode processes. Correct interpretation of cyclic voltammograms, EIS spectra, and rate-capability data requires an understanding of EDL contributions. ### Separating capacitive and faradaic contributions In cyclic voltammetry, the double layer produces a roughly rectangular background current that is proportional to the scan rate. Faradaic peaks sit on top of this background. At high scan rates, the capacitive current grows faster than the faradaic current, which can make peaks appear to merge or disappear. Researchers studying pseudocapacitive materials or thin-film electrodes must be particularly careful about this overlap. ### EIS and double-layer capacitance In EIS measurements, the double layer appears as a capacitive element in the equivalent-circuit model, typically represented as a constant phase element (CPE) rather than an ideal capacitor to account for surface heterogeneity. Accurate fitting of EIS data requires a physically reasonable model of the double layer, particularly when characterising charge-transfer resistance or diffusion-limited processes in battery electrodes. ### Relevance to the solid electrolyte interphase The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer that forms on anodes during the first few cycles substantially modifies the electrode–electrolyte interface. The SEI changes the effective double-layer capacitance and introduces additional impedance elements. Understanding the pristine double layer before SEI formation provides a useful baseline for tracking how the interface evolves with cycling. ## How is double-layer capacitance measured in the lab? Double-layer capacitance is most commonly measured using EIS or cyclic voltammetry. In EIS, the capacitance is extracted from the imaginary component of impedance at frequencies where the double layer dominates the response, typically in the high-to-mid-frequency range before diffusion processes become significant. In cyclic voltammetry, the capacitive current at a potential where no faradaic reactions occur is measured at several scan rates, and the slope of current versus scan rate gives the double-layer capacitance directly. ### Practical considerations for accurate measurement Reliable double-layer capacitance measurements require careful attention to several factors: - Cell geometry and electrode area must be well defined to report capacitance per unit area (F/cm²). - The potential window must be selected to avoid any faradaic contributions. - The electrolyte must be free of electroactive impurities. - Temperature must be controlled, as ionic conductivity and double-layer structure are temperature-dependent. - Reference-electrode placement affects the uncompensated resistance, which can distort high-frequency EIS data. Three-electrode cell configurations are strongly preferred for double-layer measurements because they decouple the working-electrode response from counter-electrode contributions. Two-electrode full-cell measurements conflate the double layers of both electrodes, making independent characterisation impossible. ## What factors influence double-layer capacitance in real cells? Double-layer capacitance in real battery research cells is influenced by electrode surface area, electrolyte composition, temperature, and electrode surface chemistry. Porous electrodes with high specific surface areas, such as activated carbon or rough-surfaced graphite, exhibit substantially higher double-layer capacitance than flat model electrodes. Electrolyte concentration, solvent permittivity, and ion size all affect the thickness and charge density of the ionic layers. ### Electrode surface area and roughness The geometric electrode area and the true electrochemically active surface area can differ by orders of magnitude in porous battery electrodes. Double-layer capacitance scales with active surface area, so changes in capacitance over cycling can indicate surface-area loss due to particle cracking, binder degradation, or pore blocking. ### Electrolyte composition The choice of electrolyte salt, solvent, and additive package directly affects double-layer structure. High-concentration electrolytes and ionic liquids, which are increasingly studied for next-generation batteries, alter the classical Gouy–Chapman–Stern picture considerably. In these systems, ion–ion correlations and steric effects become significant, and the capacitance–potential relationship can show non-monotonic behaviour not predicted by dilute-solution theory. ### Temperature effects Lowering temperature reduces ionic mobility and can alter the dielectric properties of the electrolyte solvent, both of which affect double-layer capacitance and the rate of double-layer charging. This is relevant for researchers studying low-temperature battery performance, where separating double-layer effects from sluggish faradaic kinetics requires careful experimental design. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports electrochemical double-layer research Accurate double-layer characterisation depends on well-designed test cells that minimise artefacts, provide stable reference-electrode placement, and enable true three-electrode measurements. This is precisely where hardware quality matters. At EL-Cell GmbH, we design our test cells and instruments specifically for the demands of battery materials research, including measurements in which double-layer contributions must be isolated and quantified reliably. Our products relevant to this area include: - **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/):** A standardised three-electrode test cell that enables clean separation of working- and counter-electrode responses, essential for accurate double-layer and EIS measurements. - **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/):** A multi-channel instrument combining galvanostatic and potentiostatic control with full EIS capability, allowing double-layer capacitance extraction across up to 16 channels simultaneously. - **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/):** An electrochemical dilatometer that can track electrode thickness changes alongside electrochemical data, helping researchers correlate double-layer and SEI evolution with mechanical strain. Our instruments are built for reproducibility, which is the foundation of any credible electrochemical study. If you are designing experiments that require precise characterisation of the electrode–electrolyte interface, we welcome you to [contact us](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/) to discuss your specific requirements. You can also learn more about [who we are](https://www.el-cell.com/about-us/who-we-are/) and the scientific background behind our product development. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is electrode potential and how is it measured?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-electrode-potential-and-how-is-it-measured/) **Published:** June 10, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Understand electrode potential, its measurement in half-cell setups, and key accuracy factors for battery research. **Content:** Electrode potential is one of the most fundamental quantities in electrochemistry. Understanding what it is, how it is measured, and what influences its accuracy is essential for anyone conducting laboratory-scale battery materials research. This article addresses the core questions researchers encounter when working with electrode potential—from the basic definition to the practical measurement challenges that affect data quality in half-cell and full-cell experiments. ## What is electrode potential and why does it matter in battery research? Electrode potential is the electrical potential difference that develops at the interface between an electrode and its surrounding electrolyte, arising from the tendency of electroactive species to gain or lose electrons. In battery research, electrode potential determines the thermodynamic driving force for electrochemical reactions and defines the voltage window within which a material can operate reversibly. Every electrode material has a characteristic potential profile that reflects its electrochemical behaviour during lithiation or delithiation. Monitoring this potential as a function of state of charge allows researchers to identify phase transitions, detect side reactions, and assess the reversibility of the electrode process. Without accurate potential measurements, it is impossible to determine specific capacity correctly, calculate overpotential, or compare results across laboratories. In practical terms, electrode potential data underpin almost every metric used to evaluate battery materials—from voltage plateaus and differential capacity analysis to coulombic efficiency and cycle life. Errors in potential measurement propagate directly into all derived quantities, which is why the measurement setup deserves careful attention from the outset. ## What is the difference between absolute and relative electrode potential? Absolute electrode potential refers to the true potential difference between an electrode and the vacuum level, which cannot be measured directly in an electrochemical experiment. Relative electrode potential is the measurable quantity—the potential of a working electrode expressed with respect to a defined reference electrode. All practical electrochemical measurements use relative potentials. The concept of standard electrode potential arises from this relative framework. By convention, all standard electrode potentials are reported against the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE), which is assigned a potential of exactly 0 V under standard conditions. This provides a universal reference scale that allows results from different laboratories and different reference electrodes to be compared. ### Why does the choice of reference scale matter? Different research groups use different reference electrodes, and the same material can appear to have a different potential depending on which reference is used. Converting between scales requires knowing the potential of each reference electrode versus SHE. Failure to apply these conversions when comparing literature data is a common source of apparent discrepancies in reported electrode potentials. ## How is electrode potential measured in practice? Electrode potential is measured using a potentiostat or galvanostat connected in a circuit that includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and typically a counter electrode. The instrument measures the potential difference between the working electrode and the reference electrode under controlled current or potential conditions, without drawing significant current through the reference electrode branch. In a standard three-electrode configuration, the reference electrode is positioned as close as possible to the working electrode to minimise the uncompensated resistance (iR drop) that would otherwise distort the measured potential. The counter electrode carries the current, leaving the reference electrode free to measure potential accurately. ### Half-cell versus full-cell measurements In a half-cell experiment, a single electrode material is tested against a reference electrode, which allows its individual potential profile to be characterised in isolation. In a full-cell measurement, only the total cell voltage is accessible—the individual electrode potentials are not directly observable unless a reference electrode is incorporated into the cell design. Half-cell testing is therefore the standard approach for initial material characterisation, and it is the configuration for which most laboratory [electrochemical test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/) are designed. ## What are the most common reference electrodes used in battery research? The most common reference electrodes used in battery research are lithium metal (Li/Li⁺), the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE), the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE), and the Ag/AgCl electrode. The choice depends on the electrolyte system, the potential range of interest, and the required stability over the course of the experiment. - **Li/Li⁺:** The standard reference for lithium-ion battery research in non-aqueous electrolytes. Potentials are reported in V vs. Li/Li⁺. This reference is used in virtually all half-cell testing of anode and cathode materials for Li-ion systems. - **Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE):** The universal thermodynamic reference, used primarily for aqueous systems and for converting between reference scales. - **Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE):** A stable and reproducible reference for aqueous electrochemistry, commonly used in corrosion studies and aqueous battery research. - **Ag/AgCl:** Widely used in aqueous systems; robust and easy to prepare, though its potential is sensitive to chloride concentration. For non-aqueous lithium-ion research, lithium metal is the reference of choice because it is directly relevant to the chemistry under investigation and avoids the complications of introducing an aqueous reference into an organic electrolyte environment. The stability of the lithium reference over extended cycling is a practical concern that researchers should monitor, particularly in long-duration experiments. ## How does electrode potential relate to state of charge and battery performance? Electrode potential is directly linked to the state of charge (SoC) of an electrode material. As lithium ions are inserted or extracted during cycling, the chemical environment of the host material changes, and this is reflected in a shift in electrode potential. The potential versus capacity curve—often called the charge/discharge profile—is therefore a direct map of the electrochemical transformations occurring within the electrode. Flat voltage plateaus in the potential profile indicate two-phase reactions, where two distinct phases coexist at a fixed potential. Sloping regions indicate solid-solution behaviour, where the potential changes continuously with lithium content. The shape of this profile is characteristic of the material and provides mechanistic information beyond simple capacity values. ### Overpotential and its significance Overpotential is the difference between the thermodynamic electrode potential and the actual potential measured under current flow. It arises from kinetic limitations, ohmic resistance, and mass transport constraints. Large overpotentials reduce the practical energy that can be extracted from a cell and indicate inefficiencies in the electrode or electrolyte. Measuring overpotential accurately requires a well-defined three-electrode setup and careful control of experimental conditions. ## What experimental factors affect the accuracy of electrode potential measurements? Several experimental factors can introduce error into electrode potential measurements, including reference electrode instability, uncompensated resistance, electrolyte contamination, temperature variation, and poor cell geometry. Each of these factors can shift the measured potential away from the true thermodynamic value, leading to results that are difficult to reproduce or compare with the literature. - **Reference electrode stability:** A drifting or contaminated reference electrode is one of the most common sources of error. Reference electrodes should be checked regularly and replaced if their potential is not stable. - **Uncompensated resistance (iR drop):** Resistance in the electrolyte between the reference and working electrodes causes a potential offset proportional to the current. This can be corrected electronically using iR compensation functions available on modern potentiostats, or minimised by careful cell design. - **Temperature:** Electrode potential is temperature-dependent. Experiments conducted at uncontrolled or variable temperatures will produce data that is difficult to reproduce. Temperature control at the cell level is therefore important for high-quality measurements. - **Electrolyte purity:** Trace water or oxygen in non-aqueous electrolytes can alter the electrode surface and shift the measured potential, particularly for lithium metal electrodes and during the formation of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer. - **Cell geometry:** The relative positions of the working, reference, and counter electrodes affect current distribution and the magnitude of the iR drop. Standardised cell designs reduce this source of variability. Reproducibility across experiments and between laboratories depends on controlling all of these factors systematically. Standardised test cell hardware plays an important role in achieving this. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports accurate electrode potential measurements Accurate electrode potential measurement requires both well-designed hardware and a controlled experimental environment. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test equipment specifically for battery materials research, with a focus on the reproducibility and standardisation that publishable results demand. Our product portfolio addresses the key experimental factors that affect potential measurement quality: - The [**PAT-Cell**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) and [**PAT-Cell-Force**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) are designed for efficient three-electrode testing, allowing individual electrode potentials to be monitored independently throughout cycling—essential for distinguishing anode and cathode behaviour in half-cell and full-cell configurations. - The [**PAT-Tester-i-16**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates a fully featured potentiostat/galvanostat with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) capabilities and a temperature-controlled cell chamber, directly addressing the temperature stability and iR compensation requirements discussed above. - Our standardised cell formats reduce variability in cell geometry, minimising differences in uncompensated resistance between experiments and between users—particularly valuable in groups with high staff turnover. If you would like to discuss how our test cells and instruments can be configured for your specific electrode potential measurement requirements, please [contact us directly](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/). Our team is available to advise on cell selection, reference electrode compatibility, and experimental setup. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the difference between faradaic and non-faradaic processes?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-faradaic-and-non-faradaic-processes/) **Published:** June 8, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Faradaic and non-faradaic processes shape every electrochemical measurement — learn to tell them apart accurately. **Content:** Faradaic and non-faradaic processes are two fundamentally distinct categories of electrochemical behaviour that occur at electrode surfaces. Understanding the difference between them is essential for interpreting electrochemical data correctly, designing meaningful experiments, and drawing accurate conclusions from measurements in battery research. The distinction between faradaic and non-faradaic processes underpins nearly every electrochemical technique used in battery materials research, from cyclic voltammetry to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Misidentifying contributions from each process can lead to incorrect capacity values, flawed rate capability assessments, and unreliable comparisons between materials. ## What are faradaic and non-faradaic processes in electrochemistry? A faradaic process involves the transfer of charge across an electrode–electrolyte interface through an oxidation or reduction reaction, governed by Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. A non-faradaic process, by contrast, does not involve charge transfer across the interface; instead, it results from the rearrangement of ions and solvent molecules at the electrode surface in response to changes in potential. Both types of process occur simultaneously in any real electrochemical system. The faradaic contribution arises from reactions such as lithium-ion intercalation into a graphite anode or the reduction of a cathode active material. The non-faradaic contribution arises from the charging and discharging of the electrical double layer, the thin region of charge separation that forms at the electrode–electrolyte interface. In battery research, distinguishing between these two contributions is not merely academic. It directly affects how specific capacity, coulombic efficiency, and rate performance are interpreted and reported. ## How does a faradaic process work at the electrode surface? A faradaic process occurs when an electroactive species undergoes a redox reaction at the electrode surface, transferring electrons to or from the electrode. This electron transfer is accompanied by a chemical transformation, such as the reduction of a metal ion or the intercalation of lithium into a host lattice. The current produced is directly proportional to the rate of the reaction, as described by Faraday’s laws. ### Charge transfer kinetics and overpotential The rate of a faradaic process depends on both the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction. When current flows, the electrode potential deviates from its equilibrium value by an amount known as the overpotential. This deviation drives the reaction forward and is influenced by factors including the exchange current density, temperature, and the activation energy of the charge-transfer step. In battery materials research, faradaic reactions include lithium-ion intercalation and deintercalation, conversion reactions, alloying reactions, and electrolyte decomposition reactions that form the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode surface during the first cycles. Each of these processes consumes charge in a way that is, in principle, measurable and attributable to a specific chemical event. ## How does a non-faradaic process work at the electrode surface? A non-faradaic process occurs when the electrode potential changes and ions in the electrolyte redistribute at the electrode surface to form or modify the electrical double layer. No electrons cross the interface, and no chemical reaction takes place. In this regime, the electrode behaves like a capacitor, storing charge electrostatically rather than through chemistry. The double-layer capacitance arises because the electrode surface carries a charge, which attracts a layer of oppositely charged ions from the electrolyte. This arrangement stores energy without any faradaic reaction occurring. The magnitude of the double-layer capacitance depends on the electrode surface area, the dielectric properties of the electrolyte, and the ionic concentration. ### Pseudocapacitance as an intermediate case Some materials exhibit pseudocapacitive behaviour, in which surface or near-surface faradaic reactions produce a capacitor-like current response. Although charge transfer does occur in pseudocapacitance, the process is fast and surface-confined, making it appear non-faradaic in certain measurement windows. This intermediate behaviour is particularly relevant when characterising nanostructured electrode materials, where the surface-to-volume ratio is high. ## What is the difference between faradaic and non-faradaic current? Faradaic current results from charge transfer across the electrode–electrolyte interface through redox reactions and is directly related to the amount of material reacted, as quantified by Faraday’s laws. Non-faradaic current, also called capacitive or charging current, results from the redistribution of ions at the interface without any chemical reaction and is proportional to the scan rate in voltammetric experiments. In practical terms, faradaic current carries information about the electrochemical reactions occurring in the cell, whereas non-faradaic current represents a background contribution that must be accounted for. In cyclic voltammetry, for example, the non-faradaic baseline current scales linearly with scan rate, whereas faradaic peak currents scale with the square root of scan rate for diffusion-controlled processes. This difference in scan-rate dependence is one of the primary tools used to separate the two contributions. The ratio of faradaic to non-faradaic current has direct implications for the measured coulombic efficiency of a cell. Non-faradaic charge does not contribute to useful energy storage but is included in the total charge passed during a cycle, which can distort efficiency calculations if not properly accounted for. ## Why does the faradaic-to-non-faradaic ratio matter in battery testing? The ratio of faradaic to non-faradaic contributions in a battery cell determines how much of the measured current and stored charge is attributable to useful electrochemical reactions versus capacitive effects. A high non-faradaic contribution relative to the faradaic signal can obscure reaction features, inflate apparent capacity at high scan rates, and complicate the interpretation of rate capability data. This ratio becomes particularly important when testing materials with low specific capacity in mAh/g or small active masses, where the double-layer capacitance of the electrode substrate, current collector, or binder can represent a significant fraction of the total measured charge. In half-cell testing, where a small quantity of active material is evaluated against a lithium metal counter electrode, careful electrode preparation and cell design are necessary to minimise non-faradaic artefacts. The ratio also affects EIS measurements. In an impedance spectrum, the double-layer capacitance appears as a distinct element in the equivalent-circuit model, typically represented by a constant phase element (CPE) in parallel with the charge-transfer resistance. Accurately separating these contributions requires well-designed test cells with low and reproducible geometric parameters. ## How do you identify faradaic and non-faradaic contributions in your data? Faradaic and non-faradaic contributions can be separated by analysing the scan-rate dependence of current in cyclic voltammetry, by fitting equivalent-circuit models to EIS data, or by applying galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) protocols. Each method exploits the different time-scale behaviour of charge-transfer reactions versus double-layer charging. ### Cyclic voltammetry scan-rate analysis In cyclic voltammetry, the total current at a given potential can be expressed as the sum of a capacitive term, proportional to scan rate, and a diffusion-controlled faradaic term, proportional to the square root of scan rate. By measuring voltammograms at multiple scan rates and plotting current against both scan rate and its square root, it is possible to deconvolute the two contributions quantitatively at each potential. ### Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS separates faradaic and non-faradaic processes by their frequency response. At high frequencies, the impedance is dominated by ohmic resistance and the double-layer capacitance. At intermediate frequencies, the charge-transfer resistance associated with faradaic reactions becomes visible as a semicircle in the Nyquist plot. At low frequencies, diffusion-limited faradaic processes appear as a Warburg element. Fitting an appropriate equivalent-circuit model allows each contribution to be quantified independently. ### Galvanostatic methods Under galvanostatic conditions, the non-faradaic current charges the double layer almost instantaneously at the start of a current pulse, producing a rapid potential step. The subsequent, slower potential evolution reflects the faradaic reaction. GITT exploits this behaviour by applying short current pulses separated by rest periods, allowing the double-layer response and the faradaic overpotential to be distinguished from one another. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports the study of faradaic and non-faradaic processes Accurately resolving faradaic and non-faradaic contributions requires test cells with well-defined geometry, minimal parasitic capacitance, and stable, reproducible interfaces. EL-Cell GmbH designs its test cells and instruments specifically to meet these requirements in battery materials research. - The [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) and [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) provide standardised three-electrode configurations that isolate working-electrode behaviour from counter-electrode artefacts, enabling cleaner separation of faradaic signals. - The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates galvanostatic and potentiostatic control with full EIS capability across all 16 channels, allowing scan-rate studies, GITT protocols, and impedance measurements within a single instrument. - The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer adds a mechanical dimension to electrochemical measurements, enabling correlation of faradaic intercalation reactions with electrode thickness changes at nanometre resolution. - EL-Software provides flexible scripting and data export tools, supporting the custom protocols needed to deconvolute capacitive and faradaic contributions systematically. If you are designing experiments that require precise separation of faradaic and non-faradaic contributions, we would be glad to discuss which cell configuration and measurement protocol best suit your research. [Contact us](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/) to speak with our team directly, or visit [el-cell.com](https://www.el-cell.com/) to explore the full [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) product range. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do you interpret a cyclic voltammogram for battery research?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-you-interpret-a-cyclic-voltammogram-for-battery-research/) **Published:** June 4, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Decode cyclic voltammograms with confidence — from redox peaks to degradation signals — for sharper battery research insights. **Content:** A cyclic voltammogram is one of the most informative outputs in electrochemical testing, yet interpreting it correctly requires a clear understanding of what each feature represents. For battery materials researchers, the ability to read a cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve accurately is fundamental to characterising electrode behaviour, identifying redox processes, and assessing the long-term stability of the material under investigation. This article walks through the key questions researchers ask when interpreting CV data, from understanding peak positions to selecting the right test-cell setup for reliable results. ## What is a cyclic voltammogram and what does it show? A cyclic voltammogram is a plot of current response against applied potential as the electrode potential is swept linearly between two set limits and then reversed. It reveals the electrochemical activity of an electrode material, showing where oxidation and reduction reactions occur, how reversible those reactions are, and how much charge is exchanged during each sweep. In battery research, the cyclic voltammogram provides a direct window into the intercalation, conversion, or alloying reactions taking place at the electrode surface. Each feature on the curve—whether a sharp peak, a broad wave, or a flat baseline—corresponds to a specific electrochemical event. The shape, position, and relative size of these features carry information about thermodynamics, kinetics, and material stability that cannot be obtained from simple charge–discharge cycling alone. CV is typically performed in a [half-cell or full-cell configuration](https://www.el-cell.com/), with the electrode under study acting as the working electrode. In half-cell testing, a reference electrode defines a stable potential baseline, allowing precise attribution of redox events to specific reactions within the material. ## What do the peaks in a cyclic voltammogram mean? Peaks in a cyclic voltammogram correspond to redox reactions at the electrode. An anodic peak (positive current) indicates oxidation, and a cathodic peak (negative current) indicates reduction. In battery electrode materials, these CV peaks typically represent lithium-ion insertion and extraction events or phase transitions within the electrode structure. The potential at which a peak occurs reflects the thermodynamic driving force of the corresponding reaction. Sharp, well-defined peaks are characteristic of materials that undergo distinct phase transitions, such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), while broad, sloping peaks suggest solid-solution behaviour, in which lithium is inserted gradually across a range of potentials. Peak current magnitude is related to the amount of electroactive material participating in the reaction and to the kinetics of the process. A large, symmetric pair of redox peaks generally indicates good electrochemical activity and reversibility. Asymmetry between the anodic and cathodic peaks, or a significant shift in their positions, can signal kinetic limitations or irreversibility. ## How does scan rate affect cyclic voltammetry results? Scan rate directly controls the timescale of the measurement and therefore influences both the shape and position of peaks in a cyclic voltammogram. At low scan rates, the system has more time to reach equilibrium, producing sharper, better-resolved peaks closer to their thermodynamic positions. At high scan rates, kinetic limitations dominate, causing peaks to broaden, shift apart, and sometimes merge. Varying the scan rate is a deliberate analytical strategy in CV battery research. By measuring peak current as a function of scan rate, researchers can distinguish between diffusion-controlled and capacitive (surface-controlled) charge-storage mechanisms. For a purely diffusion-controlled process, peak current scales with the square root of the scan rate. For a capacitive process, it scales linearly. Practically, this means that reporting CV data at a single scan rate provides only a partial picture. A systematic scan-rate study, typically spanning at least one order of magnitude, provides a more complete understanding of the rate capability and charge-storage mechanism of the electrode material under investigation. ## What’s the difference between a reversible and irreversible CV response? A reversible CV response shows a matched pair of anodic and cathodic peaks at nearly equal potentials, with a peak separation close to the theoretical value for the number of electrons transferred. An irreversible response shows either a missing return peak, a very large peak separation, or a significant asymmetry in peak currents, indicating that the electrochemical reaction does not proceed equally well in both directions. In battery electrode materials, full thermodynamic reversibility is rarely achieved in practice, and the term is used comparatively. A material with a small peak-to-peak separation and consistent peak ratios across cycles is considered electrochemically reversible in a practical sense, meaning it can store and release charge efficiently with minimal energy loss per cycle. Irreversible behaviour, by contrast, points to structural changes, phase decomposition, or side reactions that consume charge without contributing to useful energy storage. Identifying this early in materials characterisation, through careful interpretation of the cyclic voltammogram, can save considerable time before committing to longer-term cycling studies. ## How do you identify degradation or side reactions in a CV? Degradation and side reactions appear in a cyclic voltammogram as new peaks emerging at unexpected potentials, a progressive loss of peak current over successive cycles, increasing peak separation, or the growth of broad background current. Each of these features points to a different underlying process affecting electrode integrity or electrolyte stability. The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, which forms on the anode during the first cycles as the electrolyte is reduced at low potentials, often produces an irreversible cathodic peak in the initial CV sweep that is absent in subsequent cycles. Monitoring whether this peak fully disappears or persists can indicate whether SEI formation is complete or ongoing. - **Emerging peaks at new potentials** may indicate electrolyte decomposition, current collector corrosion, or the formation of new phases within the electrode material. - **Gradual loss of peak current** over many cycles typically reflects active material loss, particle isolation, or binder degradation. - **Increasing peak separation** with cycling suggests growing internal resistance, often associated with SEI thickening or contact loss at the electrode interface. - **Rising background current** across the potential window points to capacitive contributions from newly formed surface area or ongoing parasitic reactions. Overlaying multiple CV cycles on the same plot is a straightforward way to track these changes systematically. Any deviation from the initial cycle warrants closer investigation before drawing conclusions about the intrinsic properties of the electrode material. ## What test-cell setup gives the most reliable CV data? The most reliable cyclic voltammetry data come from a three-electrode cell configuration, in which the working electrode, reference electrode, and counter electrode are electrically independent. This setup eliminates the counter-electrode potential from the measurement, ensuring that the recorded response reflects only the working-electrode material under study. Beyond electrode configuration, several practical factors determine data quality: - **Reference electrode stability:** An unstable or contaminated reference electrode introduces potential drift that distorts peak positions and makes cycle-to-cycle comparison unreliable. - **Electrolyte volume and composition:** Insufficient electrolyte volume can lead to concentration changes during cycling, shifting peak positions and masking true material behaviour. - **Electrode preparation:** Inconsistent electrode coating thickness or mass loading introduces variability that makes it difficult to compare results between experiments or between laboratories. - **Cell geometry:** Uniform current distribution across the electrode surface is essential. Non-uniform geometries introduce local variations in reaction rate that broaden peaks and reduce the interpretability of the voltammogram. Reproducibility is particularly critical for publishable results. A cell design that standardises all of these variables, and that can be assembled consistently by different operators, is a prerequisite for generating CV data that holds up to peer review. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports reliable cyclic voltammetry in battery research Generating interpretable, reproducible cyclic voltammograms depends on having test hardware that controls the variables described throughout this article. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and instruments specifically for this purpose, with a focus on the standardisation and reproducibility that battery materials researchers require. - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** supports three-electrode testing with a stable reference-electrode position, enabling accurate attribution of redox events to the working-electrode material without interference from counter-electrode processes. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a potentiostat/galvanostat with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) capability and a temperature-controlled cell chamber, allowing CV measurements to be performed under precisely defined and reproducible thermal conditions. - Standardised cell components, including defined electrode geometries and consistent electrolyte volumes, reduce operator-to-operator variability, which is particularly valuable in research groups with high staff turnover. - EL-Software provides direct control over scan-rate protocols and cycle sequencing, with data export formats suited to further analysis and publication. If you are setting up or refining a cyclic voltammetry workflow for battery materials characterisation, [contact EL-Cell GmbH](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/) to discuss which test-cell configuration is best suited to your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the difference between oxidation and reduction at an electrode?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-oxidation-and-reduction-at-an-electrode/) **Published:** June 27, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Oxidation and reduction drive every electrochemical cell—understand the difference to interpret battery data correctly. **Content:** ECD-4-nano resolves electrode thickness changes with sub-nanometer (sub-1 nm) precision. Oxidation and reduction are the two fundamental electrochemical reactions that occur at electrode surfaces. Understanding the distinction between them is essential for interpreting experimental data correctly, designing meaningful half-cell and full-cell tests, and avoiding errors when assigning electrode roles during charge and discharge cycles. These two reactions are always coupled—one cannot occur without the other. Together, they form the basis of every electrochemical measurement conducted in battery research, from cyclic voltammetry to galvanostatic cycling. The sections below address each concept directly and explain how they relate to practical electrode testing. ## What is oxidation at an electrode? Oxidation at an electrode is the loss of electrons by a species at the electrode surface. During oxidation, a chemical species transfers electrons to the electrode, increasing its oxidation state. This process generates an anodic current, which flows from the electrode into the external circuit. In electrochemical terms, oxidation is described by a half-reaction in which a reduced species gives up one or more electrons to become an oxidised species. For example, when a lithium metal electrode dissolves during discharge in a half-cell, lithium atoms are oxidised from Li to Li⁺, releasing electrons into the circuit. Oxidation reactions are measurable through the anodic current response in techniques such as cyclic voltammetry. The position and shape of the oxidation peak in a voltammogram provide information about the thermodynamics and kinetics of the electrode process, including the overpotential and reversibility. ## What is reduction at an electrode? Reduction at an electrode is the gain of electrons by a species at the electrode surface. A chemical species accepts electrons from the electrode, decreasing its oxidation state. This produces a cathodic current, which flows from the external circuit into the electrode. In lithium-ion battery research, reduction is observed when lithium ions intercalate into a host material, such as graphite, by accepting electrons. The formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode surface during the first charge cycle is also a reduction process, as electrolyte components are reduced at low potentials to form this passivating film. Reduction processes are equally characterised by their potential, current magnitude, and reversibility. Irreversible reduction reactions, such as SEI formation, consume charge without contributing to reversible capacity, which is why first-cycle coulombic efficiency is a key metric in anode material evaluation. ## What is the difference between oxidation and reduction at an electrode? The core difference between oxidation and reduction at an electrode is the direction of electron transfer. Oxidation involves electron loss from a species to the electrode, producing anodic current. Reduction involves electron gain by a species from the electrode, producing cathodic current. The two reactions always occur simultaneously at different electrodes within the same electrochemical cell. The following points summarise the key distinctions: - **Electron transfer direction:** Oxidation removes electrons from the electroactive species; reduction adds electrons to it. - **Current convention:** Oxidation generates anodic (positive) current; reduction generates cathodic (negative) current. - **Oxidation state change:** Oxidation increases the oxidation state of the species; reduction decreases it. - **Electrode role:** Oxidation occurs at the anode; reduction occurs at the cathode. - **Observable signal:** In cyclic voltammetry, oxidation and reduction appear as separate peaks at distinct potentials; the separation between them reflects the electrochemical reversibility of the process. In practice, distinguishing between these two reactions correctly is critical when interpreting electrochemical data. Misidentifying an anodic or cathodic peak can lead to incorrect conclusions about reaction mechanisms, phase transitions in electrode materials, or the origin of capacity fade. ## How do oxidation and reduction relate to anode and cathode? The anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs, and the cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs. This definition holds universally across electrochemical systems, though the physical identity of the anode and cathode in a battery cell switches depending on whether the cell is charging or discharging. ### During discharge During discharge of a lithium-ion cell, the negative electrode (typically graphite) acts as the anode. Lithium is oxidised as it deintercalates, releasing electrons into the external circuit. Simultaneously, the positive electrode (typically a lithium metal oxide) acts as the cathode, where lithium ions are reduced as they intercalate and accept electrons. ### During charge During charging, the roles reverse. The positive electrode now undergoes oxidation—lithium ions are extracted, and the transition metal is oxidised. The negative electrode undergoes reduction—lithium ions intercalate and are reduced. This reversal is a frequent source of confusion in battery research, particularly when assigning electrode labels in half-cell configurations. In a three-electrode half-cell configuration, the working electrode can be studied independently against a stable reference electrode, which removes ambiguity about which reaction is being observed. This is one reason why three-electrode test-cell designs are widely preferred for rigorous mechanistic studies. ## Why does electrode design matter for studying oxidation and reduction? Electrode design directly affects the accuracy and reproducibility of oxidation and reduction measurements. Poorly designed test cells introduce artefacts such as uneven current distribution, electrolyte starvation, or mechanical deformation of the electrode, all of which distort the electrochemical signal and make it difficult to attribute observed features to genuine material behaviour. ### Reproducibility and standardisation Reproducible electrode geometry, controlled stack pressure, and consistent electrolyte volume are all prerequisites for obtaining clean, interpretable oxidation and reduction data. Variability in any of these parameters shifts peak potentials, broadens voltammetric features, and alters measured capacities—making it harder to compare results across experiments or between research groups. ### In-situ and operando measurements Studying oxidation and reduction as they occur in real time requires test cells designed for in-situ or operando access. For example, monitoring electrode thickness changes during lithium intercalation and deintercalation requires a dilatometer-compatible cell design that maintains electrochemical integrity while allowing mechanical measurements. Similarly, optical access to the electrode requires transparent cell components without compromising the electrochemical environment. The choice of electrode geometry also influences whether a measurement reflects intrinsic material properties or cell-level artefacts. Flooded electrolyte designs, for instance, behave differently from lean electrolyte configurations, and the distinction matters when translating laboratory findings to practical cell conditions. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports the study of oxidation and reduction at electrodes EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test equipment specifically for researchers studying electrode reactions, including the oxidation and reduction processes described above. Our product range addresses the practical challenges of reproducible, artefact-free electrochemical measurements in academic and industrial R&D settings. - **Standardised test cell geometry:** The [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) and [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) provide controlled stack pressure and reproducible electrode configurations, reducing experimental variability in oxidation and reduction measurements. - **Three-electrode capability:** Our test cells support true three-electrode configurations, enabling clean separation of working-electrode reactions from counter-electrode contributions—essential for accurate half-cell studies. - **In-situ measurement:** The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer resolves electrode thickness changes with sub-1 nm precision, allowing researchers to correlate mechanical responses with oxidation and reduction events in real time. - **Integrated testing systems:** The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) combines galvanostatic and potentiostatic control with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) capability, supporting a wide range of electrochemical characterisation protocols within a single instrument. If you are setting up or refining an electrochemical testing workflow, we welcome direct enquiries. [Contact EL-Cell GmbH](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/) to discuss your specific experimental requirements with our team. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is meant by overpotential in an electrochemical system?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-meant-by-overpotential-in-an-electrochemical-system/) **Published:** June 25, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Overpotential explains energy loss in batteries — discover its types, causes, and measurement techniques for sharper electrochemical research. **Content:** Overpotential is one of the most fundamental concepts in electrochemistry, yet it is also one of the most practically significant for anyone conducting battery materials research. Understanding what overpotential is, where it comes from, and how to measure it accurately is essential for interpreting electrochemical data and improving electrode performance. Whether you are characterizing a new anode material, evaluating electrolyte formulations, or studying solid-state interfaces, overpotential appears in virtually every electrochemical measurement. This article addresses the key questions researchers ask about electrochemical overpotential, from its definition to its measurement in the laboratory. ## What is overpotential in an electrochemical system? Overpotential is the difference between the actual electrode potential under current flow and the thermodynamic equilibrium potential of the electrode reaction. In other words, it is the extra driving force required to push an electrochemical reaction forward at a measurable rate. The symbol eta (η) is commonly used to denote overpotential, and it is expressed in millivolts or volts. At thermodynamic equilibrium, no net current flows, and the electrode sits at its equilibrium potential, determined by the Nernst equation. Once a current is applied or drawn, the electrode potential deviates from this equilibrium value. The magnitude of that deviation is the overpotential. A positive overpotential drives oxidation; a negative overpotential drives reduction. Overpotential is not simply a loss or an inefficiency in the colloquial sense. It is a necessary condition for driving electrode reactions at a finite rate. Without it, electrochemical reactions would proceed infinitely slowly. The challenge in battery research is to understand and minimize overpotential where it represents genuine energy loss, without confusing it with the thermodynamic contributions to cell voltage. ## Why does overpotential matter in battery research? Overpotential in batteries directly determines how much energy is lost during charging and discharging. It widens the gap between the charge voltage and the discharge voltage, reducing the round-trip energy efficiency of the cell. High overpotential also generates heat, accelerates degradation, and can trigger unwanted side reactions such as lithium plating on graphite anodes. For battery materials researchers, overpotential is a diagnostic tool as much as a performance metric. Changes in overpotential with cycling can indicate evolving contact resistance, electrolyte decomposition, or structural degradation of electrode materials. Tracking overpotential systematically allows researchers to isolate which component of the cell is limiting performance. Overpotential also affects coulombic efficiency, particularly in the first cycle. A large irreversible overpotential during initial lithiation can drive electrolyte reduction and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation at potentials that would not otherwise be reached, consuming active lithium and reducing first-cycle coulombic efficiency. Understanding this connection is critical when evaluating new anode or electrolyte materials. ## What are the different types of overpotential? Overpotential in an electrochemical system arises from several physically distinct processes, each with a different origin and characteristic behavior. The main types are activation overpotential, concentration overpotential, and ohmic overpotential. - **Activation overpotential** arises from the energy barrier associated with the electrode reaction itself. Even when all reactants are present at the electrode surface, a finite driving force is needed to overcome the kinetic barrier and initiate charge transfer. This type of overpotential is most significant at low current densities. - **Concentration overpotential** (also called diffusion or mass-transport overpotential) results from depletion or accumulation of reactants and products near the electrode surface. At high current densities, ionic species cannot be replenished fast enough by diffusion, and the local concentration deviates from the bulk value, shifting the local equilibrium potential. - **Ohmic overpotential** is caused by resistive losses in the cell, including electrolyte resistance, contact resistances, and the electronic resistance of electrode films. Unlike the other types, ohmic overpotential responds instantaneously to current changes and scales linearly with current according to Ohm’s law. In practice, all three contributions are present simultaneously. Separating them requires careful experimental design, including techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and pulse-relaxation measurements. ## How does overpotential relate to the Butler-Volmer equation? The Butler-Volmer equation describes the quantitative relationship between the overpotential applied to an electrode and the resulting current density. It is the central kinetic expression in electrochemistry, linking the rate of charge transfer to the thermodynamic driving force provided by the overpotential. The equation takes the following general form: the net current density is the sum of an anodic exponential term and a cathodic exponential term, each governed by the transfer coefficient (alpha) and the exchange current density (i₀). The exchange current density represents the rate of the forward and reverse reactions at equilibrium, where no net current flows. Two limiting regimes emerge from the Butler-Volmer equation: - At small overpotentials (the linear regime), current scales approximately linearly with overpotential. This region is relevant for EIS measurements and for understanding charge-transfer resistance. - At large overpotentials (the Tafel regime), the current increases exponentially with overpotential. Tafel plots, which graph log(current) against overpotential, allow extraction of the transfer coefficient and the exchange current density, providing quantitative insight into electrode kinetics. For battery researchers, the Butler-Volmer framework is particularly useful for comparing the intrinsic kinetics of different electrode materials or electrolyte formulations, independent of geometric or transport effects. ## What causes high overpotential in lithium-ion batteries? High overpotential in lithium-ion batteries typically results from slow charge-transfer kinetics at the electrode-electrolyte interface, poor ionic transport within the electrode material, resistive surface films, or inadequate electronic conductivity in the electrode. Each of these factors contributes to the total overpotential observed during cycling. ### Interfacial and kinetic contributions The SEI layer on graphite and lithium-metal anodes can introduce significant interfacial resistance if it is thick, heterogeneous, or composed of poorly conducting species. Similarly, resistive surface films on cathode materials, particularly at high states of charge, can impede lithium-ion desolvation and insertion, raising the activation overpotential substantially. ### Transport limitations Solid-state diffusion of lithium ions within active material particles is a common source of concentration overpotential, particularly at high C-rates. Materials with low lithium diffusivity, such as certain layered oxides or conversion-type anodes, show pronounced overpotential increases as the current density rises. Electrode thickness and tortuosity also govern how effectively the electrolyte can supply ions to the reaction front. ### Electronic resistance Poorly conducting electrode materials or inadequate carbon black and binder networks increase the ohmic overpotential. This becomes especially relevant for thick electrodes designed for high areal capacity, where the electronic pathway through the electrode film is long. ## How is overpotential measured in electrochemical experiments? Overpotential is measured by comparing the actual electrode potential under current with the equilibrium potential of the same electrode under the same conditions. In practice, this requires a reliable reference electrode and a well-designed electrochemical cell to ensure that the measured potential reflects the electrode of interest rather than artifacts from cell geometry or resistance. Several experimental approaches are used: - **Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT)** alternates current pulses with open-circuit relaxation periods. The difference between the potential during current flow and the relaxed equilibrium potential after each pulse gives the total overpotential at that state of charge, including both kinetic and transport contributions. - **Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)** resolves the individual resistive and capacitive contributions to overpotential across a range of frequencies. Fitting the resulting Nyquist plot to an equivalent circuit model allows separation of ohmic resistance, charge-transfer resistance, and diffusion impedance. - **Voltage hysteresis analysis** compares the charge and discharge curves recorded at the same C-rate. The voltage gap between the two curves at equivalent states of charge reflects the combined overpotential under those conditions. Three-electrode cell configurations are strongly preferred for overpotential measurements because they allow independent monitoring of the working electrode potential against a stable reference, eliminating the counter-electrode contribution from the measurement. Two-electrode full-cell measurements conflate the overpotentials of both electrodes, making it difficult to attribute losses to a specific component. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports overpotential research Accurate overpotential measurements depend as much on the quality of the test hardware as on the experimental protocol. Poorly designed cells introduce artifacts from uneven current distribution, unstable reference electrode positioning, or parasitic resistances that cannot be distinguished from genuine electrode overpotential. At EL-Cell GmbH, we design our test cells specifically to address these challenges for battery materials researchers. Our product range supports overpotential characterization in several concrete ways: - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** supports three-electrode configurations, allowing independent measurement of the working electrode potential against a stable reference. This is essential for isolating overpotential contributions from individual electrodes rather than measuring the combined cell voltage. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a fully featured potentiostat and galvanostat with EIS capability across up to 16 channels, enabling systematic overpotential characterization at multiple C-rates and temperatures in parallel. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer allows simultaneous measurement of electrode thickness changes alongside electrochemical data, helping to correlate mechanical strain with overpotential evolution during cycling. - Our standardized cell hardware ensures high reproducibility across experiments and between operators, which is critical when comparing overpotential data from different electrode formulations or electrolyte compositions. If you are designing experiments to characterize or reduce overpotential in your electrode materials, we are happy to discuss which cell configuration and measurement approach best fits your research. [Contact us](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/) to speak with our technical team about your specific requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How does mass transport limit electrochemical reactions in batteries?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-does-mass-transport-limit-electrochemical-reactions-in-batteries/) **Published:** June 23, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Discover how mass transport constraints shape battery performance — and how to measure and overcome them. **Content:** Mass transport limits electrochemical reactions in batteries when the supply of ionic species to or from an electrode surface cannot keep pace with the reaction rate. This constraint is one of the most fundamental performance boundaries in lithium-ion battery research, and understanding it is essential for interpreting experimental data, designing better electrode architectures, and selecting appropriate electrolyte formulations. The following sections address the key questions researchers encounter when investigating mass transport phenomena, from the underlying physics to practical measurement strategies in the laboratory. ## What is mass transport in electrochemical systems? Mass transport in electrochemical systems refers to the movement of electroactive species—ions, neutral molecules, or solvent components—through the electrolyte and across electrode interfaces. It governs how quickly reactants arrive at an electrode surface and how quickly products are removed. The three primary mechanisms are diffusion, migration, and convection. - **Diffusion:** Movement driven by concentration gradients, from regions of high concentration to low concentration. In battery electrolytes, this is typically the dominant transport mechanism. - **Migration:** Movement of charged species driven by an electric field. Cations move toward the negative electrode; anions move toward the positive electrode. - **Convection:** Bulk fluid motion, which plays a minor role in static battery cells but becomes relevant in flow batteries or at elevated temperatures. In lithium-ion batteries, the transport of Li⁺ ions through the electrolyte, across the separator, and into the porous electrode structure is the process most frequently subject to mass transport constraints. The effective diffusion coefficient of Li⁺ in a given electrolyte and the tortuosity of the electrode microstructure together determine how readily ions can reach active material surfaces. ## How does mass transport limit electrochemical reactions? Mass transport limits electrochemical reactions when the rate of ion delivery to the electrode surface becomes slower than the rate at which the electrode reaction consumes those ions. At this point, the reaction is said to be diffusion-limited, and increasing the applied current or voltage no longer increases the reaction rate proportionally—instead, the electrode potential deviates sharply from its thermodynamic value. At low current densities, the electrode reaction is kinetically controlled, and ion concentrations near the surface remain close to bulk values. As current density increases, a depletion layer forms adjacent to the electrode. Once the surface concentration of the electroactive species approaches zero, the system reaches its limiting current. Beyond this point, the overpotential rises steeply without a corresponding gain in useful reaction rate. In practical terms, this manifests as capacity fade at high C-rates. A cell that delivers its full specific capacity at 0.1C may show significant capacity loss at 2C or 5C, not because the active material has degraded, but because ions cannot reach intercalation sites quickly enough. Distinguishing diffusion limitation from other sources of capacity loss—such as kinetic barriers or electronic resistance—is a core challenge in battery diagnostics. ## What is concentration polarization and why does it matter? Concentration polarization is the overpotential that arises specifically from concentration gradients of electroactive species near the electrode surface. It represents the voltage penalty a cell pays because the local ion concentration at the reaction interface differs from the bulk electrolyte concentration. In battery research, concentration polarization is a direct indicator of mass transport inefficiency. When current flows, Li⁺ ions are consumed at one electrode and released at the other. If diffusion is slow relative to the current, a concentration gradient builds up: the electrode consuming ions becomes depleted, while the electrode releasing ions accumulates a local excess. Both conditions increase the polarization of their respective electrodes, reducing the cell voltage during discharge and increasing it during charge. ### Why concentration polarization matters for research Concentration polarization is not merely a performance metric—it also affects the interpretation of electrochemical measurements. Overpotentials attributed to solid-state diffusion within active material particles can be confounded by electrolyte-phase concentration polarization if the experimental cell design is not well controlled. Researchers using poorly designed test cells risk misattributing transport losses to material properties, which undermines the validity of published results. Accurate separation of concentration polarization from other overpotential contributions requires careful cell design, controlled electrolyte volume, and well-defined electrode geometry—all factors that standardized laboratory test cells are specifically engineered to address. ## Which battery components are most affected by mass transport limitations? The components most affected by mass transport limitations are the electrolyte phase within porous electrodes, the separator, and the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode. Each of these introduces a distinct transport resistance that contributes to the total diffusion limitation observed at the cell level. - **Porous electrodes:** Thick electrodes with high tortuosity restrict ion diffusion through the electrolyte-filled pore network. Active material particles deep within the electrode are the last to be accessed, limiting effective capacity at high rates. - **Separator:** The separator must allow ionic transport while preventing electronic contact. Its porosity, tortuosity, and thickness directly influence the ionic resistance between electrodes. - **SEI layer:** The SEI layer, which forms on the anode during the first cycles, can present a significant barrier to Li⁺ transport if it is thick, non-uniform, or poorly conducting. SEI properties evolve with cycling and are sensitive to electrolyte composition and formation protocol. - **Solid-state diffusion:** Within active material particles themselves, solid-state diffusion of Li⁺ is often the slowest transport step. Particle size and morphology strongly influence how quickly lithium can be inserted or extracted. The relative importance of each component depends on the cell chemistry, electrode loading, and operating conditions. At high C-rates, electrolyte-phase transport in thick electrodes tends to dominate. At moderate rates, solid-state diffusion within large active material particles may be the primary limitation. ## How do researchers measure mass transport effects in battery cells? Researchers measure mass transport effects primarily through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), and rate capability testing. Each method probes different aspects of ion transport and provides complementary information about where transport limitations originate. ### Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) EIS applies a small sinusoidal perturbation across a range of frequencies and measures the impedance response. At low frequencies, the Warburg impedance element in the equivalent circuit model reflects solid-state diffusion within active material particles. At intermediate frequencies, transport through the SEI layer and the electrolyte contributes distinct features. Accurate EIS measurements require stable cell conditions and well-controlled temperature, since transport coefficients are strongly temperature-dependent. ### Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) GITT involves applying short current pulses followed by relaxation periods. The voltage response during the pulse reflects the total ohmic and kinetic resistance, while the relaxation curve reveals the diffusion coefficient of Li⁺ in the solid phase. GITT is particularly useful for characterizing solid-state diffusion as a function of state of charge. ### Rate capability testing Cycling a cell at progressively higher C-rates and recording the delivered specific capacity provides a practical measure of how severely mass transport limits performance. A steep drop in capacity with increasing C-rate suggests strong diffusion limitation. Comparing rate capability across different electrode thicknesses, porosities, or electrolyte formulations allows systematic identification of the limiting component. ## How can electrode and electrolyte design reduce mass transport limitations? Mass transport limitations can be reduced through electrode architecture optimization, electrolyte formulation, and particle engineering. The goal in each case is to shorten diffusion path lengths, increase the effective diffusion coefficient, or reduce the tortuosity of ion transport pathways. ### Electrode architecture - Reducing electrode thickness decreases the distance ions must travel through the pore network, improving rate capability at the cost of volumetric energy density. - Increasing electrode porosity lowers tortuosity and improves electrolyte penetration, though it also reduces the volumetric fraction of active material. - Hierarchical or gradient porosity structures can balance transport efficiency with energy density by concentrating porosity where it is most needed. ### Active material particle design Reducing primary particle size shortens solid-state diffusion path lengths within active material particles, directly improving the rate at which lithium can be inserted or extracted. Nanostructured materials exploit this principle, though smaller particles also increase surface area and can accelerate electrolyte decomposition and SEI growth. ### Electrolyte formulation Electrolytes with higher ionic conductivity and lower viscosity reduce electrolyte-phase transport resistance. Solvent composition, salt concentration, and the use of additives all influence the Li⁺ transference number—the fraction of current carried by Li⁺ ions—which is a key parameter governing concentration polarization. Electrolytes with a high transference number minimize concentration gradients under applied current. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports mass transport research Investigating mass transport phenomena rigorously requires test cells that introduce no additional, uncontrolled transport resistances of their own. Poorly designed hardware can produce artifacts that obscure the material properties under study, making reproducible, well-defined cell geometry a prerequisite for valid results. At EL-Cell GmbH, we design and manufacture electrochemical test cells and instruments specifically for this level of research. Our products support mass transport studies in several concrete ways: - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** and **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/)** provide standardized, reproducible cell geometry with defined electrode areas and controlled stack pressure, minimizing variability between experiments and enabling reliable rate capability and EIS measurements. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer measures electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 1 nm, allowing researchers to correlate volume changes with transport-related strain phenomena during lithiation and delithiation. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a battery tester, a temperature-controlled cell chamber, and a docking station into a single instrument, with up to 16 channels and full EIS capability—enabling systematic rate capability and impedance studies under controlled thermal conditions. If you are designing experiments to characterize diffusion limitation, concentration polarization, or ionic transport in novel electrode or electrolyte systems, we would be glad to discuss which test cell configuration best suits your experimental requirements. [Contact us](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/) to speak with our team about your research needs. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [Why does internal resistance increase as a battery ages?](https://www.el-cell.com/why-does-internal-resistance-increase-as-a-battery-ages/) **Published:** June 21, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Battery aging silently raises internal resistance — here's the electrochemical science researchers need to know. **Content:** Internal resistance is one of the most informative indicators of battery health. As a battery ages through repeated charge and discharge cycles, its internal resistance rises—reducing power delivery, increasing heat generation, and accelerating capacity loss. Understanding the mechanisms behind this increase is essential for researchers developing more durable electrode materials and electrolyte formulations. This article addresses the key questions surrounding internal resistance in lithium-ion and next-generation battery systems, from the electrochemical origins of resistance growth to the measurement techniques used in laboratory research. ## What is internal resistance in a battery? Internal resistance in a battery is the opposition to current flow within the cell itself. It arises from multiple sources: the electronic resistance of electrode materials and current collectors, the ionic resistance of the electrolyte, and the interfacial resistance at electrode–electrolyte boundaries. Together, these contributions determine how much voltage is lost during operation under load. In electrochemical terms, internal resistance is not a single fixed value. It is frequency-dependent and can be decomposed into distinct components using techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The ohmic resistance (often denoted R0) captures purely resistive contributions, while charge-transfer resistance and diffusion-related impedance reflect kinetic and transport limitations at the electrode surfaces and within the bulk electrolyte. For battery materials researchers, distinguishing between these components is critical. A rise in ohmic resistance points to degradation of contacts or reduced electrolyte conductivity, whereas an increase in charge-transfer resistance often indicates surface film growth or particle cracking at the electrode level. ## Why does internal resistance increase as a battery ages? Battery internal resistance increases with age primarily because of irreversible chemical and structural changes that accumulate at the electrode–electrolyte interface and within the electrode particles themselves. These changes impede both ion transport and electron transfer, raising the overall impedance of the cell. The dominant mechanisms include: - **Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer growth:** The SEI layer forms on the anode surface during the first cycles as the electrolyte decomposes. Over time, the SEI continues to grow, consuming active lithium and increasing ionic resistance at the anode interface. - **Cathode surface film formation:** Analogous passivation layers can form on cathode materials, particularly under elevated voltage or temperature conditions, further raising interfacial resistance. - **Electrode particle cracking:** Volume changes during lithiation and delithiation induce mechanical stress. Repeated cycling leads to particle fracture, which disrupts electronic contact within the electrode and increases resistance. - **Loss of active material contact:** As the binder degrades and particles lose contact with the conductive network, effective electrode conductivity decreases. - **Electrolyte decomposition:** Gradual electrolyte oxidation or reduction reduces ionic conductivity and generates resistive by-products. The cumulative effect of these processes is a steady increase in battery impedance over cycle life. This is directly linked to battery capacity loss, since higher internal resistance means greater overpotential under current, which limits the usable voltage window of the cell. ## What are the signs that a battery’s internal resistance is too high? A battery with excessively high internal resistance shows a pronounced voltage drop under load, reduced deliverable capacity, and increased heat generation during cycling. In research cells, this manifests as wider charge–discharge voltage hysteresis and a shift in the midpoint voltage of galvanostatic profiles. Researchers typically identify elevated resistance through the following observations: - Increased IR drop (instantaneous voltage step) at the start of a discharge pulse - Reduced coulombic efficiency as side reactions consume more charge - Capacity fade that is disproportionate to cycle number, suggesting resistance-limited rather than thermodynamic capacity loss - Asymmetric impedance growth observed in EIS spectra, particularly in the mid-frequency semicircle associated with charge-transfer resistance These diagnostic signatures allow researchers to distinguish resistance-driven degradation from other failure modes such as lithium plating or active material dissolution. ## How does temperature affect battery internal resistance? Temperature has a strong and direct effect on battery internal resistance. At lower temperatures, ionic conductivity in the electrolyte decreases significantly, and charge-transfer kinetics slow down, both of which raise impedance. At elevated temperatures, resistance decreases in the short term, but accelerated degradation mechanisms lead to faster long-term resistance growth. ### Low temperature effects At sub-ambient temperatures, lithium-ion diffusion in both the electrolyte and electrode materials becomes sluggish. The charge-transfer resistance at the electrode–electrolyte interface rises sharply, and the risk of lithium plating on graphite anodes increases substantially during charging. This is a critical consideration for materials researchers designing electrolytes or electrode structures for low-temperature applications. ### Elevated temperature effects Higher temperatures accelerate SEI layer growth, electrolyte decomposition, and transition-metal dissolution from cathode materials. While resistance may appear lower in the short term due to improved kinetics, the long-term consequence is faster battery degradation and a steeper resistance increase over cycle life. Controlled temperature environments in testing are therefore essential for reproducible ageing studies. ## How is internal resistance measured in battery research? Internal resistance in battery research is most comprehensively measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS applies a small sinusoidal perturbation across a range of frequencies and records the resulting impedance response, allowing researchers to separate ohmic resistance, charge-transfer resistance, and diffusion contributions in a single measurement. Beyond EIS, researchers use two additional approaches: - **DC pulse methods (DCIR):** A short current pulse is applied, and the instantaneous voltage response is used to calculate resistance via Ohm’s law. This captures predominantly ohmic resistance and is simpler to implement but provides less mechanistic detail than EIS. - **Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT):** Current pulses are applied with rest periods, allowing separation of kinetic and thermodynamic contributions. GITT is particularly useful for characterising diffusion limitations in electrode materials. For EIS measurements to be meaningful, the test cell hardware must introduce minimal parasitic impedance. Three-electrode cell configurations are strongly preferred in research settings because they allow the impedance of the working electrode to be measured independently of the counter electrode, avoiding convolution of the two electrodes’ responses. ## Can internal resistance be reduced or reversed in aged batteries? In most cases, the increase in internal resistance due to battery ageing is not fully reversible. The structural and chemical changes responsible—SEI growth, particle cracking, and contact loss—are largely irreversible under normal cycling conditions. However, certain strategies can slow resistance growth or partially recover performance under specific circumstances. From a research perspective, the following approaches are under active investigation: - **Electrolyte additives:** Functional additives can stabilise the SEI layer and reduce its ongoing growth, limiting the rate of resistance increase over cycle life. - **Electrode architecture optimisation:** Structuring electrodes to accommodate volume changes (for example, through hierarchical porosity or buffering coatings) reduces particle cracking and preserves electronic contact. - **Reconditioning protocols:** In some systems, low-rate charge cycles or rest periods at specific states of charge can partially redistribute lithium and reduce localised resistance, though this does not address underlying structural degradation. - **Temperature management:** Maintaining cells within an optimal temperature window during cycling slows the kinetics of degradation reactions, reducing the rate of resistance increase. Understanding which mechanism dominates resistance growth in a given material system is a prerequisite for designing effective mitigation strategies. This requires precise, reproducible impedance measurements across cycle life—a task that demands well-designed test hardware and consistent experimental protocols. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports internal resistance and battery ageing research Accurate measurement of battery impedance and resistance growth requires test cells that introduce minimal artefacts and support reliable three-electrode configurations. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test equipment specifically for this type of research. Our product range addresses the key requirements of internal resistance and battery degradation studies: - **Three-electrode test cells:** The [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) and [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) support independent working- and counter-electrode measurements, enabling clean EIS data that separates anode and cathode contributions to impedance growth. - **Integrated EIS capability:** The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) combines a fully featured potentiostat/galvanostat with EIS functionality across up to 16 independent channels, allowing parallel ageing studies with concurrent impedance monitoring. - **Temperature control:** The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates a temperature-controlled cell chamber, ensuring consistent thermal conditions across measurements—critical for separating temperature effects from true ageing-related resistance changes. - **High-resolution dilatometry:** The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) quantifies electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 5 nm, providing complementary mechanical data alongside impedance measurements to correlate particle expansion with resistance growth. If you are designing a battery ageing study or need guidance on selecting the right test cell configuration for EIS measurements, [contact our team](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/) to discuss your experimental requirements. You can also learn more about [who we are and our background in electrochemical research](https://www.el-cell.com/about-us/who-we-are/) to understand the expertise behind our instrumentation. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do you measure the coulombic efficiency of a battery electrode?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-you-measure-the-coulombic-efficiency-of-a-battery-electrode/) **Published:** June 19, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Master coulombic efficiency measurement: setup, accuracy factors, and strategies to improve battery electrode testing results. **Content:** Coulombic efficiency is measured by dividing the charge extracted from a battery electrode during discharge by the charge inserted during the preceding charge step and expressing the result as a percentage. For battery materials researchers, this metric is one of the most sensitive indicators of how efficiently charge is stored and released—and how much active lithium is consumed in irreversible side reactions with each cycle. Accurate coulombic efficiency measurement requires careful experimental design, a well-controlled electrochemical test cell, and a clear understanding of what the numbers actually represent. This article addresses the key questions researchers encounter when setting up and interpreting coulombic efficiency measurements. ## What is coulombic efficiency in a battery electrode? Coulombic efficiency (CE) is the ratio of discharge capacity to charge capacity in a given cycle, expressed as a percentage. A value of 100% indicates that all charge inserted into an electrode is fully recovered on discharge, with no charge consumed by side reactions. In practice, values below 100% reflect irreversible processes occurring at the electrode–electrolyte interface. The primary source of coulombic inefficiency in lithium-ion anodes is the formation and ongoing growth of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. During the first charge cycle, lithium ions and solvent molecules react at the anode surface to form this passivating film. Although the SEI layer is essential for long-term stability, its formation consumes lithium that is no longer available for charge–discharge cycling. Cathode materials can also exhibit irreversible capacity loss through structural changes or electrolyte oxidation, though the mechanisms differ. ## Why does coulombic efficiency matter for battery research? Coulombic efficiency is a direct measure of lithium inventory loss per cycle. Even small deviations from 100% accumulate over hundreds of cycles, leading to significant capacity fade. For researchers developing new electrode materials, CE values reveal the extent of parasitic reactions and help distinguish between materials that are genuinely promising and those that only appear capable in short-term testing. In full-cell development, the practical implications are especially significant. A cathode and anode may each perform well in isolation, but if the anode exhibits a low average CE, the limited lithium reservoir in a full cell will be depleted rapidly. Researchers use CE data to assess SEI stability, electrolyte compatibility, and the suitability of new materials for practical application. It is also a standard metric required in peer-reviewed publications, making accurate measurement essential for credible results. ## How do you measure coulombic efficiency in a half-cell? Coulombic efficiency in a half-cell is measured by cycling the working electrode against a lithium metal counter/reference electrode, recording the charge passed during lithiation and delithiation, and calculating the ratio. The measurement is performed galvanostatically at a defined C-rate, with clearly specified voltage cut-off limits that determine the integration window for capacity. ### Setting up the measurement correctly Accurate CE measurement begins with cell assembly. Consistent electrode preparation—including controlled coating thickness, uniform calendering, and precise disc punching—minimises variability between cells. Electrolyte volume, separator type, and stack pressure all influence the result and must be standardised across experiments. The C-rate selected for cycling affects both the measured capacity and the apparent CE. Slower rates allow more complete lithiation and delithiation, reducing kinetic artefacts. Most researchers report CE at rates between C/10 and C/5 for the formation cycles, before increasing the rate for long-term cycling studies. ### Three-electrode configurations for cleaner data A two-electrode half-cell conflates the potential contributions of both electrodes, making it difficult to isolate the working electrode’s behaviour. A three-electrode configuration, with a separate reference electrode, allows the working electrode potential to be monitored independently. This is particularly valuable when investigating whether capacity loss originates from the working electrode or from degradation of the lithium counter electrode. [EL-Cell’s PAT series test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) are specifically designed to support three-electrode measurements, which is one reason they are widely used in rigorous academic research. ## What factors affect the accuracy of coulombic efficiency measurements? Several experimental variables can introduce systematic errors into coulombic efficiency measurements. The most common sources of inaccuracy include moisture contamination, current collector corrosion, parasitic electronic conductivity in the separator, and instrument current resolution at low charge rates. - **Moisture and oxygen contamination:** Even trace amounts of water react with lithium and common electrolyte salts such as LiPF6, generating HF and consuming lithium irreversibly. Cell assembly must be performed in a controlled atmosphere, typically a dry room or glove box with low H2O and O2 levels. - **Voltage cut-off precision:** Inconsistent cut-off voltages between cycles alter the capacity window and introduce apparent CE variation that does not reflect true electrode behaviour. - **Current leakage:** Any parasitic current path—through a poorly sealed cell or a conductive separator—will register as discharged capacity and inflate the apparent CE. - **Instrument resolution:** When measuring small electrodes at low C-rates, the current can fall below the reliable measurement range of the potentiostat/galvanostat. Instruments with high current resolution are essential for accurate capacity integration. - **Temperature control:** CE is temperature-dependent. Uncontrolled ambient temperature variation between charge and discharge steps introduces noise into the measurement. ## What’s the difference between first-cycle and average coulombic efficiency? First-cycle coulombic efficiency refers specifically to the CE measured during the initial charge–discharge cycle, which is typically the lowest value observed due to SEI layer formation. Average coulombic efficiency refers to the mean CE across a defined number of subsequent cycles, once the SEI has stabilised and irreversible losses have decreased. The first-cycle efficiency is a material-level property that reflects the intrinsic reactivity of the electrode surface with the electrolyte. Silicon-based anodes, for example, commonly exhibit first-cycle CE values well below those of graphite, due to their high surface area and volume expansion. Researchers report this value separately because it has direct implications for pre-lithiation strategies and full-cell design. Average CE over cycles 2 to 50, or over a longer formation protocol, is a more practical indicator of long-term performance. A material with a low first-cycle CE but high average CE thereafter may still be viable if pre-lithiation compensates for the initial loss. Conversely, a material with a moderate first-cycle CE but declining average CE signals ongoing parasitic reactions that will limit cycle life. ## How can you improve coulombic efficiency in electrode testing? Improving measured coulombic efficiency in electrode testing requires addressing both material-level factors and experimental conditions. On the experimental side, the most impactful steps are ensuring rigorous cell assembly protocols, using high-purity electrolytes, and maintaining a consistent temperature during cycling. ### Experimental controls - Assemble cells in a controlled atmosphere with verified low moisture levels. - Use electrolyte from sealed, freshly opened vials and avoid repeated exposure to ambient air. - Standardise electrode mass loading and geometric area to ensure capacity values in mAh/cm² or mAh/g are directly comparable between cells. - Apply a defined formation protocol—typically several slow cycles—before reporting steady-state CE values. - Use temperature-controlled cell holders to eliminate thermal variation as a source of noise. ### Material and electrolyte strategies On the materials side, surface coatings, electrolyte additives, and pre-lithiation are established approaches for improving first-cycle CE and stabilising the SEI. Additives such as vinylene carbonate (VC) or fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) promote the formation of a more compact and stable SEI layer, reducing ongoing lithium consumption in subsequent cycles. Researchers evaluating these strategies require reproducible test conditions to distinguish material effects from experimental artefacts. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports coulombic efficiency research Accurate coulombic efficiency measurement depends on hardware that minimises variability and artefacts. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and instruments specifically for this type of rigorous battery materials research. Our products address the key experimental requirements discussed in this article: - The [**PAT-Cell**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) supports three-electrode configurations, enabling clean separation of working and counter electrode contributions to measured capacity. - The [**PAT-Tester-i-16**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates a temperature-controlled cell chamber, a multi-channel galvanostat/potentiostat, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) capability—providing the controlled environment and instrument resolution required for accurate CE measurements across up to 16 channels simultaneously. - Our standardised cell hardware and consumables reduce assembly variability, which is one of the most common sources of inconsistency in half-cell testing. If you are setting up a coulombic efficiency measurement protocol or evaluating new electrode materials and want to discuss which configuration best fits your research needs, [contact the EL-Cell team directly](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/). **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How does electrolyte conductivity affect battery performance?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-does-electrolyte-conductivity-affect-battery-performance/) **Published:** June 15, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Discover how ionic conductivity drives battery rate capability, overpotential, and cycle life—and why accurate measurement matters. **Content:** Electrolyte conductivity is one of the most consequential material properties in battery research. It governs how efficiently charge carriers move between electrodes, and small changes in ionic conductivity can have measurable effects on rate capability, overpotential, and cycle life. Understanding what drives electrolyte conductivity—and how to measure it accurately—is fundamental to designing better battery materials and interpreting electrochemical data reliably. This article addresses the key questions battery researchers encounter when working with electrolytes, from basic definitions to practical measurement approaches in the laboratory. ## What is electrolyte conductivity in a battery? Electrolyte conductivity, often referred to as ionic conductivity, is a measure of how readily ions move through the electrolyte medium under an applied electric field. It is expressed in units of S/cm (siemens per centimetre) and quantifies the electrolyte’s ability to transport charge between the anode and cathode during cell operation. In a lithium-ion battery, the charge carriers in the electrolyte are lithium ions (Li⁺), not electrons. The electrolyte must conduct these ions efficiently while remaining electronically insulating. The ionic conductivity of a liquid electrolyte depends on both the concentration and mobility of the charge-carrying species. High ionic conductivity reduces the internal resistance of the cell, which is critical for achieving low overpotentials and maintaining capacity at higher charge and discharge rates. ## How does electrolyte conductivity affect battery performance? Electrolyte conductivity directly influences internal resistance, rate capability, and thermal behaviour during cycling. A low-conductivity electrolyte increases the ohmic drop across the cell, raising overpotential and reducing the effective voltage window. This leads to lower practical capacity, reduced coulombic efficiency, and accelerated degradation under demanding cycling conditions. At higher C-rates, the effect becomes more pronounced. When ions cannot migrate fast enough to sustain the required current density, concentration gradients build up near the electrode surfaces. This results in localised depletion or accumulation of Li⁺, which can promote uneven lithium deposition, accelerated solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth, and, in severe cases, lithium plating on graphite anodes. Researchers working on fast-charging protocols or high-power applications therefore treat ionic conductivity as a primary optimisation target in electrolyte formulation. Beyond rate performance, electrolyte conductivity also affects the quality of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data. The electrolyte resistance, typically visible as the high-frequency intercept on a Nyquist plot, is a direct function of ionic conductivity and cell geometry. Accurate interpretation of EIS spectra requires a well-characterised electrolyte with stable, reproducible conductivity. ## What factors influence electrolyte conductivity? Electrolyte conductivity is determined by the concentration of charge carriers, their mobility, and the viscosity of the medium. For liquid electrolytes, the principal factors are salt concentration, solvent composition, and the degree of ion-pair formation at higher salt loadings. - **Salt concentration:** Conductivity increases with salt concentration up to an optimum, typically around 1 mol/L for LiPF₆ in carbonate solvents, then decreases as ion pairing and increased viscosity reduce effective carrier mobility. - **Solvent choice:** High-permittivity solvents (such as ethylene carbonate) promote salt dissociation, while low-viscosity co-solvents (such as dimethyl carbonate) improve ion mobility. Commercial electrolytes use mixtures to balance both properties. - **Additives:** Functional additives can modify both bulk conductivity and interfacial behaviour, with some additives improving SEI quality without significantly altering ionic transport. - **Ion transference number:** Not all ionic current is carried by Li⁺. The lithium transference number quantifies the fraction of current carried by Li⁺ relative to the total ionic current. A low transference number means counter-ions carry a disproportionate share, which worsens concentration polarisation. For solid and gel polymer electrolytes, additional factors such as polymer-chain segmental motion, crystallinity, and filler content become relevant, as discussed below. ## How does temperature affect electrolyte conductivity? Electrolyte conductivity decreases significantly at low temperatures and increases at elevated temperatures. This relationship follows Arrhenius-type behaviour, where ion mobility is strongly coupled to the viscosity of the medium, which itself is temperature-dependent. For liquid carbonate electrolytes, conductivity can drop by an order of magnitude between room temperature and sub-zero conditions. This is a well-known limitation of conventional lithium-ion electrolytes in low-temperature applications. At elevated temperatures, conductivity improves, but thermal stability becomes a concern: decomposition of LiPF₆ accelerates above approximately 60°C, generating reactive species that degrade the SEI layer and compromise cell performance. In solid-state electrolytes, the temperature dependence is even more significant. Many solid electrolytes reach practically useful conductivity values only at elevated temperatures, which is one of the central challenges in solid-state battery development. Researchers investigating temperature-dependent behaviour require controlled thermal environments during testing to obtain reproducible and meaningful data. ## What’s the difference between liquid, solid, and gel polymer electrolytes? Liquid, solid, and gel polymer electrolytes differ primarily in their physical state, ionic conductivity, and mechanical properties. Liquid electrolytes offer the highest ionic conductivity at room temperature but present safety and stability challenges. Solid electrolytes are mechanically robust and non-flammable but typically exhibit lower room-temperature conductivity. Gel polymer electrolytes occupy an intermediate position, combining moderate conductivity with improved mechanical handling compared to liquids. ### Liquid electrolytes Conventional liquid electrolytes, such as LiPF₆ dissolved in ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate mixtures, typically achieve ionic conductivities in the range of 10 mS/cm at room temperature. They are well characterised and compatible with established electrode materials, but they are volatile, flammable, and can decompose under abuse conditions. ### Solid electrolytes Solid electrolytes include inorganic ceramics (oxides, sulfides, and halides) and solid polymer systems. Sulfide-based solid electrolytes such as Li₆PS₅Cl (argyrodite) can approach liquid-electrolyte conductivity values, but they are highly sensitive to moisture and require careful handling. Oxide-based systems such as LLZO (lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide) are more stable but typically exhibit lower conductivity and require high sintering temperatures to achieve dense pellets. ### Gel polymer electrolytes Gel polymer electrolytes combine a polymer matrix with a plasticising liquid phase. They offer better dimensional stability than liquids and can be processed into thin films, which is useful for certain cell form factors. Their conductivity is generally lower than that of liquid electrolytes but higher than that of dry solid polymer systems at room temperature. Researchers working with solid or gel electrolytes face distinct measurement challenges compared with those using liquid systems, particularly regarding electrode–electrolyte interfacial resistance and the need for controlled stack pressure during testing. ## How is electrolyte conductivity measured in the lab? Electrolyte conductivity is most commonly measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) or conductivity cells with calibrated geometry. For liquid electrolytes, dedicated conductivity meters with known cell constants provide rapid measurements. For solid electrolytes, EIS on symmetric blocking-electrode cells is the standard approach, allowing separation of bulk and grain-boundary contributions. In EIS-based measurements, the electrolyte resistance is extracted from the high-frequency intercept of the Nyquist plot. Knowing the cell geometry (electrode area and electrolyte thickness), the ionic conductivity can be calculated directly. Accurate conductivity measurements require: - Well-defined and reproducible cell geometry to ensure consistent electrolyte thickness and contact area - Controlled temperature, since conductivity is strongly temperature-dependent - Appropriate electrode materials that minimise interfacial contributions to the measured impedance - Inert-atmosphere handling for moisture-sensitive solid electrolytes For researchers studying solid electrolytes under applied pressure, or investigating how stack pressure affects interfacial resistance and overall conductivity, the measurement setup must accommodate mechanical loading alongside electrochemical measurement. This is a non-trivial experimental requirement that standard conductivity meters cannot address. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports electrolyte conductivity research Accurate electrolyte conductivity measurements depend on reproducible cell geometry, controlled conditions, and reliable instrumentation. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and instruments specifically for this type of battery materials research. Our product portfolio addresses several of the practical challenges described in this article: - The **[PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/)** is designed for solid electrolyte characterisation, providing defined geometry and controlled stack pressure for reproducible EIS measurements on ceramic and polymer electrolytes. - The **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/)** enables simultaneous electrochemical testing and force measurement, allowing researchers to study how mechanical pressure affects interfacial resistance and ionic transport in solid-state systems. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a potentiostat/galvanostat with EIS capability and a temperature-controlled cell chamber, supporting temperature-dependent conductivity studies across multiple channels in parallel. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer allows researchers to correlate electrolyte-driven volume changes in electrodes with electrochemical data, providing additional context for interpreting conductivity-related performance effects. Our test cells are designed for reproducibility and compatibility with the [PAT Series ecosystem](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/), which matters when conductivity data needs to be comparable across experiments, researchers, and publications. If you are setting up or expanding a battery electrolyte research programme, [contact EL-Cell GmbH](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/) to discuss which test cell configuration is most appropriate for your specific electrolyte system and measurement requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the difference between ionic and electronic conductivity in batteries?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-ionic-and-electronic-conductivity-in-batteries/) **Published:** June 13, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Ionic and electronic conductivity govern battery performance — here's what separates them and why both matter. **Content:** Ionic conductivity and electronic conductivity are two distinct transport properties that govern how charge moves through a battery. Understanding the difference between them is fundamental to battery materials research, as both properties directly influence cell performance, efficiency, and degradation. This article addresses each concept in turn, from basic definitions to practical measurement and design strategies. ## What is ionic conductivity in a battery? Ionic conductivity in a battery is the ability of ions—typically lithium ions (Li⁺) in lithium-ion systems—to move through the electrolyte or electrode material under an applied electric field. It is expressed in units of S/cm (siemens per centimetre) and reflects how readily charge-carrying ions migrate between the anode and cathode during cycling. In a liquid electrolyte, ionic conductivity depends on ion concentration, ion mobility, and solvent viscosity. In solid or polymer electrolytes, the mechanism is more complex, often involving segmental chain motion or vacancy hopping through a crystalline lattice. Electrolyte conductivity is a primary determinant of internal resistance, particularly at high C-rates, where rapid ion transport is required. It is important to note that ionic conductivity is not the same as ionic diffusivity. Conductivity describes the bulk response to an electric field, whereas diffusivity describes concentration-driven transport. Both parameters are relevant in battery research, but they are measured and interpreted differently. ## What is electronic conductivity in a battery? Electronic conductivity in a battery is the ability of electrons to move through electrode materials—the active material, conductive additives, and the current collector. It is also expressed in S/cm and reflects how efficiently electrons travel through the solid electrode matrix to and from the external circuit. Most active electrode materials, particularly transition-metal oxides used in cathodes, have relatively low intrinsic electronic conductivity. This is why electrode formulations typically include conductive carbon additives such as carbon black or carbon nanotubes, which form a percolating network to improve electron transport. Without adequate electronic conductivity, electrons cannot reach reaction sites efficiently, leading to increased overpotential and capacity loss. Electronic conductivity also varies with the state of charge. As lithium ions intercalate or deintercalate, the electronic structure of the host material changes, which can alter conductivity significantly. This is particularly relevant in materials such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), which undergoes a phase transition during cycling. ## What is the difference between ionic and electronic conductivity? The key difference between ionic and electronic conductivity is the charge carrier involved. Ionic conductivity describes the movement of ions (charged atoms or molecules) through a medium, whereas electronic conductivity describes the movement of electrons through a solid material. In a battery, these two processes occur in separate physical domains and must both be optimised independently. The two types of conductivity operate in different parts of the cell: - **Ionic conductivity** is primarily a property of the electrolyte, though it is also relevant in composite electrodes, where ions must penetrate porous structures to reach active material surfaces. - **Electronic conductivity** is primarily a property of the electrode, including the active material, binder network, conductive additives, and current collector. A further distinction lies in how each type of conductivity responds to temperature. Ionic conductivity in liquid electrolytes typically increases with temperature due to reduced viscosity and greater ion mobility. Electronic conductivity in metallic conductors decreases with temperature, while in semiconducting electrode materials the relationship is more complex and material-dependent. ## Why do both types of conductivity matter for battery performance? Both ionic and electronic conductivity must be sufficient for a battery to perform well across a range of operating conditions. If either is inadequate, the result is increased internal resistance, higher overpotential, reduced rate capability, and accelerated capacity fade. Neither property alone is sufficient—a well-designed cell requires balanced transport of both ions and electrons. At high C-rates, limitations in ionic conductivity become particularly apparent. Slow ion transport through the electrolyte or within electrode pores creates concentration gradients, which manifest as voltage polarisation and reduced accessible capacity. This is a central challenge in the development of fast-charging electrode architectures. Poor electronic conductivity, by contrast, tends to produce uneven current distribution across the electrode. Regions of the electrode that are electronically isolated from the current collector may not participate in electrochemical reactions at all, effectively reducing the utilisation of active material and lowering specific capacity (mAh/g). In thick electrodes designed for high energy density, maintaining electronic percolation throughout the electrode thickness is a persistent engineering challenge. The interplay between the two conductivities also affects the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer that forms on the anode during initial cycling. The SEI must conduct ions but must not conduct electrons, as electronic conductivity through the SEI would allow continued electrolyte reduction. Achieving this selective transport is one reason SEI composition and formation conditions are studied so closely in battery research. ## How are ionic and electronic conductivity measured in the lab? Ionic and electronic conductivity are measured using different experimental techniques, and distinguishing between them requires careful cell design and interpretation. ### Measuring ionic conductivity Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is the most widely used technique for measuring ionic conductivity in electrolytes and solid-state materials. By applying a small alternating-current signal over a range of frequencies and fitting the resulting Nyquist plot to an equivalent circuit model, researchers can extract the bulk ionic resistance of the electrolyte and, in composite electrodes, the ionic resistance within the porous structure. For liquid electrolytes, conductivity cells with calibrated geometry are used to obtain absolute conductivity values in S/cm. For solid electrolytes, EIS measurements on pelletised samples with blocking electrodes are standard practice. ### Measuring electronic conductivity Electronic conductivity is typically measured using a four-point probe technique on compressed electrode pellets or thin films. This method eliminates contact resistance from the measurement, providing an accurate value for the material’s intrinsic electronic conductivity. For composite electrodes, the measured value reflects the effective conductivity of the entire electrode matrix, not just the active material. EIS can also provide information on electronic resistance within composite electrodes, particularly when combined with blocking-electrolyte conditions that suppress ionic contributions. Careful experimental design and equivalent circuit modelling are essential for separating ionic and electronic contributions in mixed-conducting materials. ## How can electrode and electrolyte design improve conductivity? Electrode and electrolyte design can improve battery conductivity through material selection, microstructural engineering, and formulation optimisation. The strategies differ depending on whether ionic or electronic conductivity is the limiting factor. ### Improving ionic conductivity - Selecting electrolyte solvents and salt concentrations that maximise ion mobility and minimise viscosity. - Using electrode architectures with high porosity and well-connected pore networks to facilitate electrolyte infiltration and ion transport. - In solid-state systems, doping the electrolyte material to increase the concentration of mobile ion carriers or to reduce the activation energy for ion hopping. - Controlling the particle size and morphology of active materials to shorten solid-state diffusion paths for lithium ions within individual particles. ### Improving electronic conductivity - Incorporating conductive carbon additives (carbon black, graphene, carbon nanotubes) at sufficient loading to form a percolating electronic network. - Applying conductive surface coatings—such as carbon coating on LiFePO₄ particles—to improve interparticle electron transfer. - Optimising electrode calendering to increase contact between particles without closing pore channels needed for ion transport. - Using current-collector treatments or coatings to reduce contact resistance at the electrode-collector interface. In practice, improving one type of conductivity often involves trade-offs with the other. Increasing electrode density to improve electronic percolation reduces porosity and impedes ionic transport. Finding the optimal balance is a core challenge in electrode engineering and is best explored systematically using well-controlled test-cell platforms. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports ionic and electronic conductivity research Measuring and distinguishing ionic from electronic conductivity requires test cells that deliver reproducible, artefact-free electrochemical data. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test equipment specifically for this type of battery materials research. Our product range addresses the key experimental requirements directly: - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a potentiostat/galvanostat with full EIS capability, enabling impedance measurements across a wide frequency range for extracting ionic and electronic resistance components from composite electrodes and electrolytes. - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** supports three-electrode configurations, which allow researchers to decouple anode and cathode contributions to total cell impedance—essential for isolating ionic resistance in individual electrode half-cells. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer enables simultaneous measurement of electrode thickness changes and electrochemical response, providing additional context for understanding how conductivity evolves with state of charge and cycling history. - The **[PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/)** is designed for solid-electrolyte research, supporting the stack pressures required for intimate contact between the solid electrolyte and electrode layers—a prerequisite for accurate ionic conductivity measurements in solid-state systems. If you are designing experiments around ionic or electronic conductivity characterisation and would like to discuss which test-cell configuration is most appropriate for your work, [contact the EL-Cell GmbH team directly](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/). Further information about our instrumentation and research capabilities is available on the [EL-Cell GmbH website](https://www.el-cell.com/). **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the difference between a galvanic cell and an electrolytic cell?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-galvanic-cell-and-an-electrolytic-cell/) **Published:** June 11, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Galvanic vs. electrolytic cells explained — discover how energy direction, spontaneity, and electrode polarity differ in battery research. **Content:** A galvanic cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy spontaneously, whereas an electrolytic cell uses an external electrical source to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. These two types of electrochemical cell are fundamental concepts in electrochemistry, and understanding the difference between a galvanic cell and an electrolytic cell is essential for anyone working in battery materials research. Both cell types share the same basic architecture—two electrodes separated by an electrolyte—yet they operate in opposite directions. Knowing which mode a cell is operating in, and why, directly affects how researchers interpret electrode behaviour, assign anode and cathode roles, and design experimental protocols. ## What is a galvanic cell and how does it work? A galvanic cell is an electrochemical cell in which a spontaneous redox reaction generates an electrical current. The driving force is a difference in electrochemical potential between the two electrodes. When the circuit is closed, electrons flow from the negative electrode to the positive electrode through an external circuit, while ions migrate through the electrolyte to maintain charge balance. The most familiar example of a galvanic cell in a research context is a battery during discharge. At the negative electrode, oxidation occurs—the electrode releases electrons. At the positive electrode, reduction occurs—the electrode accepts those electrons. The cell does work on the external circuit rather than requiring work to be done on it. - **Spontaneous reaction:** No external energy source is required to sustain the process. - **Gibbs free energy:** The reaction proceeds because the change in Gibbs free energy is negative. - **Current direction:** Conventional current flows from the positive terminal through the external circuit to the negative terminal. In battery research, galvanic mode corresponds to the discharge half of a charge–discharge cycle. Characterising a material’s behaviour during discharge—its specific capacity in mAh/g, its voltage profile, and its rate capability—requires the cell to operate as a galvanic cell. ## What is an electrolytic cell and how does it work? An electrolytic cell is an electrochemical cell in which an external electrical source forces a non-spontaneous redox reaction to occur. Energy is supplied to the system to drive a reaction that would not proceed on its own. The applied voltage must exceed the thermodynamic equilibrium potential of the reaction, plus any overpotential losses, to sustain electrolysis. Common examples include electroplating, the electrolysis of water, and—critically for battery research—the charging of a rechargeable cell. During charging, a potentiostat or galvanostat applies current to force lithium ions back into the electrode material, reversing the discharge reaction. - **Non-spontaneous reaction:** An external power source must supply energy continuously. - **Gibbs free energy:** The reaction has a positive change in Gibbs free energy and requires work input. - **Applied potential:** The external voltage must overcome both the equilibrium potential and any overpotential contributions from kinetics and resistance. Understanding electrolytic behaviour is central to studying processes such as solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer formation, which occurs on the anode surface during the first charge cycles, when the applied potential drives electrolyte decomposition at potentials outside the electrolyte’s stability window. ## What is the difference between a galvanic cell and an electrolytic cell? The core difference between a galvanic cell and an electrolytic cell is the direction of energy flow. A galvanic cell releases energy from a spontaneous reaction to do electrical work. An electrolytic cell consumes electrical energy to drive a non-spontaneous reaction. In practical terms, a rechargeable battery operates as a galvanic cell during discharge and as an electrolytic cell during charge. The following comparison summarises the key distinctions: - **Energy source:** Galvanic cells generate electricity; electrolytic cells consume it. - **Reaction spontaneity:** Galvanic reactions are spontaneous; electrolytic reactions are not. - **Gibbs free energy:** Negative in galvanic cells; positive in electrolytic cells. - **External circuit:** Galvanic cells power an external load; electrolytic cells require an external power supply. - **Electrode polarity:** The polarity of the anode and cathode is reversed between the two modes (explained in the next section). In a research setting, the same physical test cell can function as either type, depending on whether it is discharging or charging. This duality is why precise control of applied current and potential—and accurate recording of cell response—is so important in experimental electrochemistry. ## Why does anode and cathode polarity flip between the two cell types? The anode and cathode are defined by the reaction occurring at each electrode, not by a fixed physical identity. The anode is always the electrode where oxidation occurs; the cathode is always the electrode where reduction occurs. Because galvanic and electrolytic cells drive reactions in opposite directions, the electrode that acts as the anode in one mode becomes the cathode in the other. In a galvanic cell (discharge), the negative electrode undergoes oxidation and is therefore the anode, while the positive electrode undergoes reduction and is the cathode. In an electrolytic cell (charge), the applied current reverses the reaction: the positive electrode now undergoes oxidation and becomes the anode, while the negative electrode undergoes reduction and becomes the cathode. This polarity reversal is a frequent source of confusion in electrochemistry, particularly for researchers new to the field. A practical way to keep the distinction clear: - Anode = oxidation (both cell types, by definition). - Cathode = reduction (both cell types, by definition). - The sign of the anode (negative in galvanic, positive in electrolytic) changes because the direction of current flow changes. In half-cell testing, where a working electrode is measured against a reference electrode, correctly identifying which process is occurring at which electrode is essential for interpreting cyclic voltammetry data and assigning overpotential values accurately. ## How are galvanic and electrolytic cells used in battery research? In battery materials research, both galvanic and electrolytic operation are encountered in every charge–discharge cycle. A test cell operates as an electrolytic cell during charge—when the researcher applies a defined current or potential to insert ions into the electrode material—and as a galvanic cell during discharge—when the stored chemical energy is released as electrical work measured by the instrument. Researchers use this dual-mode operation to extract a wide range of material parameters: - **Specific capacity (mAh/g or mAh/cm²):** Measured during galvanic (discharge) operation by integrating the current over time. - **Coulombic efficiency:** The ratio of discharge capacity to charge capacity per cycle, reflecting irreversible losses, including SEI formation. - **Overpotential:** The difference between the thermodynamic equilibrium potential and the actual electrode potential under applied current, observable in both charge and discharge curves. - **Rate capability:** How capacity and voltage profile change with C-rate, assessed during galvanic discharge at varying current densities. - **Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS):** Often performed at defined states of charge, where the cell is held in a near-equilibrium condition between galvanic and electrolytic operation. Three-electrode cell configurations are particularly valuable here. By adding a reference electrode, researchers can decouple the potential response of the working electrode from that of the counter electrode, enabling independent characterisation of anode and cathode behaviour within the same cell—whether the cell is operating galvanically or electrolytically. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports electrochemical cell research EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test equipment specifically for battery materials research, providing the instrumentation needed to study galvanic and electrolytic cell behaviour with precision and reproducibility. Our product ecosystem is built to support the full charge–discharge cycle under controlled, well-defined conditions. Key capabilities relevant to this topic include: - **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) and [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/):** Standardised test cells with three-electrode capability, enabling independent monitoring of working and counter electrode potentials during both galvanic and electrolytic operation. - **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/):** An integrated battery tester combining a galvanostat/potentiostat, a temperature-controlled cell chamber, and a docking station—supporting up to 16 channels with full EIS capability for characterising cell impedance across states of charge. - **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/):** A high-resolution electrochemical dilatometer that quantifies electrode thickness changes with a resolution of better than 1 nm, enabling direct observation of volume changes during charge (electrolytic) and discharge (galvanic) half-cycles. If you are designing experiments that require precise control of galvanic and electrolytic conditions, or need standardised test cells that produce reproducible, publishable data, [contact us](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/) to discuss your research requirements. You can also learn more about our approach to electrochemical research instrumentation on our [about us page](https://www.el-cell.com/about-us/who-we-are/). **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How does state of charge relate to electrode potential?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-does-state-of-charge-relate-to-electrode-potential/) **Published:** June 9, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Discover how state of charge governs electrode potential in lithium-ion batteries — and why it matters for materials research. **Content:** State of charge and electrode potential are directly linked: as a lithium-ion battery charges or discharges, the electrochemical potential at each electrode shifts in a characteristic and measurable way. Understanding this relationship is fundamental to battery materials research because it governs how researchers interpret capacity, detect phase transitions, and assess electrode behaviour under realistic cycling conditions. Whether you are running half-cell tests on a new cathode material or characterising anode kinetics, the SOC–potential relationship is one of the most informative signals available. The sections below address the key questions surrounding this relationship, from basic definitions through to practical considerations in the lab. ## What is state of charge in a battery? State of charge (SOC) is a measure of the remaining electrochemical capacity in a battery or electrode, expressed as a percentage of its fully charged capacity. An SOC of 100% indicates a fully charged state; 0% indicates full discharge. In research contexts, SOC is most commonly tracked by integrating current over time, a method known as coulomb counting. In battery materials research, SOC is often expressed relative to the specific capacity of a single electrode material, reported in mAh/g or mAh/cm². This distinction matters: full-cell SOC reflects the balance between both electrodes, whereas half-cell testing isolates one electrode against a reference, giving a clearer view of that material’s intrinsic behaviour. Researchers working on new active materials typically start at the half-cell level, where SOC can be mapped directly onto the lithiation or delithiation state of the material under study. ## What is electrode potential and how is it measured? Electrode potential is the electrical potential of an electrode relative to a reference electrode, measured in volts. It reflects the thermodynamic driving force for electrochemical reactions at the electrode surface. In lithium-ion systems, electrode potential is typically reported versus a lithium metal reference (Li/Li⁺), though other reference electrodes may be used depending on the electrolyte system and experimental design. ### How reference electrodes affect measurement accuracy Accurate electrode potential measurement requires a stable, well-defined reference electrode. In a two-electrode full cell, the measured voltage is the difference between the potentials of both electrodes, which makes it impossible to deconvolute the individual electrode contributions. A three-electrode configuration, by contrast, introduces a dedicated reference electrode that allows the potential of the working electrode to be measured independently and precisely. This is why three-electrode test cells are strongly preferred in fundamental research. Any drift, contamination, or impedance mismatch at the reference electrode will introduce artefacts into the potential measurement, which in turn distorts the apparent SOC–potential relationship. Choosing an appropriate reference electrode for the electrolyte system in use is therefore a critical experimental decision. ## How does state of charge affect electrode potential? As SOC changes, electrode potential shifts in a characteristic pattern determined by the thermodynamics of lithium insertion and extraction within the active material. At equilibrium, the electrode potential at a given SOC corresponds to the open-circuit voltage (OCV) of that electrode, which reflects the chemical potential of lithium in the host material at that state of lithiation. For many intercalation materials, this relationship is not linear. Some materials exhibit flat voltage plateaux over wide SOC ranges, indicating a two-phase coexistence region in which lithium inserts into a distinct crystallographic phase. Others show sloping profiles, indicative of single-phase solid-solution behaviour. Conversion and alloying materials show more complex profiles still. The shape of the potential–SOC curve is therefore a direct fingerprint of the electrochemical mechanism operating within the material, making it one of the most diagnostic measurements in electrode characterisation. ## What is a dQ/dV plot and why does it matter? A dQ/dV plot is a derivative analysis technique in which the differential capacity (dQ/dV, in mAh/V) is plotted against electrode potential. Peaks in the dQ/dV plot correspond to voltage plateaux in the charge–discharge curve, making phase transitions and electrochemical processes far easier to resolve and compare between cycles or samples. The technique is particularly valuable because small changes in electrode behaviour, such as the gradual shift or broadening of a peak over repeated cycles, can indicate structural degradation, loss of active material, or evolving kinetic limitations that would be difficult to detect in the raw voltage profile alone. Researchers use dQ/dV analysis to: - Identify phase transitions and their SOC positions - Track capacity fade mechanisms over cycling - Compare electrochemical behaviour between different electrode formulations - Assess the reversibility of lithiation and delithiation processes Because dQ/dV analysis depends on the quality and resolution of the underlying voltage and capacity data, it requires precise, low-noise current and potential measurements throughout the full SOC window. ## How do you accurately track electrode potential vs. SOC in the lab? Accurate tracking of electrode potential versus SOC requires a combination of controlled cycling conditions, a stable reference electrode, and a well-designed electrochemical test cell that minimises parasitic resistances and artefacts. The measurement must capture both the potential and the cumulative charge passed at sufficient resolution to resolve the features of interest. ### Key practical steps - **Use a three-electrode cell:** This isolates the working electrode potential from counter-electrode contributions, which is essential for meaningful SOC–potential data. - **Apply low C-rates for near-equilibrium data:** High charge/discharge rates introduce overpotential, which shifts the apparent potential away from the thermodynamic value. Slow cycling (C/10 or lower) yields data closer to the true open-circuit voltage profile. - **Allow adequate rest periods:** Measuring OCV after interrupting current flow reveals the relaxed electrode potential at a fixed SOC, which is useful for building equilibrium potential curves. - **Control temperature:** Electrode potential is temperature-dependent. Isothermal conditions are necessary for reproducible SOC–potential curves, particularly when comparing results across experiments or laboratories. - **Ensure good electrical contact and uniform current distribution:** Poor contact or non-uniform current flow across the electrode introduces local SOC gradients that distort the measured potential. Reproducibility across repeat measurements and across different cell assemblies is the practical benchmark. If the SOC–potential curve shifts significantly between nominally identical cells, the source of variability must be identified and eliminated before the data can support publishable conclusions. ## What factors can distort the SOC–potential relationship? Several experimental and material-related factors can cause the measured SOC–potential relationship to deviate from the true thermodynamic behaviour of the electrode material. Identifying and controlling these factors is a central challenge in rigorous battery research. ### Overpotential and kinetic effects When current flows, overpotential shifts the measured electrode potential away from its equilibrium value. The magnitude of this shift depends on the applied current density (mA/cm²), the electrode’s intrinsic kinetics, and the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. Comparing data collected at different C-rates without accounting for overpotential can lead to incorrect conclusions about the material’s true SOC–potential profile. ### Side reactions and coulombic efficiency losses During the first cycles, the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode consumes charge without contributing to reversible capacity. This irreversible capacity loss means that the SOC calculated by coulomb counting will overestimate the true lithiation state of the electrode if first-cycle losses are not properly accounted for. Coulombic efficiency, the ratio of charge extracted to charge inserted in a given cycle, is the key metric for quantifying these losses. ### Cell design and reference electrode stability Poorly designed test cells can introduce resistive artefacts, electrolyte depletion, or non-uniform pressure on the electrode, all of which distort the SOC–potential curve. Reference electrode instability, in particular, is a common source of systematic error that is difficult to detect without independent validation. Using a well-characterised, purpose-built electrochemical test cell with a defined geometry and controlled assembly conditions significantly reduces these sources of distortion. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports accurate SOC and electrode potential measurements EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and instrumentation specifically for the kind of rigorous electrode characterisation described in this article. Our product ecosystem addresses the practical requirements of accurate SOC–potential measurement directly: - **Three-electrode capability:** The [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) supports true three-electrode configurations, enabling independent measurement of working-electrode potential against a stable reference, which is essential for clean SOC–potential data. - **Temperature-controlled testing:** The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates a temperature-controlled cell chamber with up to 16 test channels, potentiostat/galvanostat (PStat/GStat) functionality, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) capability, providing the isothermal conditions needed for reproducible potential measurements. - **High-resolution dilatometry:** The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer tracks electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 5 nanometres, allowing volume changes to be correlated directly with SOC and electrode potential during cycling. - **Standardised cell geometry:** All [PAT-Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) cells use a defined, reproducible geometry that minimises assembly variability, a key requirement when comparing SOC–potential curves across experiments or research groups. If you are setting up or optimising a battery materials characterisation workflow, [contact EL-Cell GmbH](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/) to discuss which test cell configuration best fits your electrode system and research objectives. Our team can advise on cell selection, reference electrode options, and measurement protocols suited to your specific materials and cycling conditions. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the difference between thermodynamic and kinetic stability in electrolytes?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-thermodynamic-and-kinetic-stability-in-electrolytes/) **Published:** June 7, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Thermodynamic and kinetic electrolyte stability are not the same — here's why the difference matters for battery research. **Content:** Electrolyte stability is one of the most debated topics in battery materials research, and for good reason. The terms thermodynamic stability and kinetic stability are often used interchangeably, but they describe fundamentally different phenomena with very different implications for cell design and performance. Understanding the distinction is essential for interpreting electrochemical data correctly and for designing electrolytes that function reliably under real operating conditions. This article addresses the key questions researchers encounter when studying electrolyte stability, from basic definitions to laboratory measurement approaches. ## What is thermodynamic stability in battery electrolytes? Thermodynamic stability in a battery electrolyte refers to whether a reaction between the electrolyte and an electrode is energetically favourable under equilibrium conditions. If the electrode potential falls outside the thermodynamic stability window of the electrolyte, the electrolyte will, in principle, decompose. This is determined entirely by the Gibbs free energy of the relevant reactions. In practical terms, thermodynamic stability defines the voltage range within which an electrolyte is theoretically inert. Below the electrolyte’s reduction potential, reduction reactions become spontaneous. Above its oxidation potential, oxidation reactions become spontaneous. These boundaries are intrinsic properties of the electrolyte chemistry and do not depend on the reaction rate or the presence of passivating layers. For researchers, thermodynamic stability sets a hard ceiling on what is chemically possible. No amount of engineering can make an electrolyte thermodynamically stable outside its inherent window. However, as the next sections explain, thermodynamic instability does not always translate into practical failure. ## What is kinetic stability in battery electrolytes? Kinetic stability in a battery electrolyte refers to how slowly decomposition reactions proceed, even when those reactions are thermodynamically favourable. An electrolyte can be thermodynamically unstable at a given electrode potential yet remain functionally stable if the decomposition rate is negligibly slow under operating conditions. Kinetic stability arises from energy barriers that must be overcome before a reaction can proceed. These barriers slow the rate of electrolyte decomposition to the point that it becomes practically insignificant over the timescale of cell operation. The most important source of kinetic stabilisation in lithium-ion systems is the formation of a passivating interphase layer on the electrode surface. Unlike thermodynamic stability, kinetic stability is not a fixed material property. It depends on temperature, current density, electrode surface chemistry, electrolyte concentration, and the presence of additives. This makes kinetic stability both more complex to characterise and more amenable to engineering intervention. ## What is the difference between thermodynamic and kinetic stability? The core difference is this: thermodynamic stability describes whether a reaction can occur, while kinetic stability describes how quickly it occurs. An electrolyte that is thermodynamically unstable may still be kinetically stable if decomposition is too slow to matter in practice. Conversely, a thermodynamically stable electrolyte can fail rapidly if side reactions are kinetically fast. A useful way to frame this distinction is through the concept of metastability. Many practical electrolytes, including the carbonate-based solvents used in commercial lithium-ion cells, operate in a metastable regime. They are thermodynamically unstable at graphite anode potentials (below approximately 1 V vs. Li/Li+), but they decompose in a controlled manner to form a passivating layer that then prevents further reaction. - **Thermodynamic stability** is determined by electrode potential relative to the electrolyte’s redox window. It is a yes/no property under equilibrium conditions. - **Kinetic stability** is determined by reaction rates, activation energies, and surface passivation. It is a continuous, condition-dependent property. - **Practical cell performance** depends on both: an electrolyte must either be thermodynamically stable or be kinetically stabilised through interphase formation. This distinction has direct consequences for how researchers interpret electrochemical measurements and design electrolyte formulations. ## Why does the electrochemical stability window not tell the whole story? The electrochemical stability window (ESW) is often cited as the primary metric for electrolyte stability, but it captures only thermodynamic information. It defines the voltage range within which no spontaneous decomposition is predicted, but it says nothing about the decomposition rate outside that window or the consequences of controlled decomposition within it. Several important limitations apply when interpreting the ESW: - The ESW is typically measured by linear sweep voltammetry or cyclic voltammetry on inert electrodes such as platinum or glassy carbon. These conditions do not replicate the surface chemistry of real electrode materials such as graphite or lithium metal. - Scan rate, electrolyte concentration, and electrode geometry all influence where decomposition currents appear, meaning reported ESW values can vary significantly between laboratories. - A narrow ESW does not necessarily predict poor cell performance if kinetic stabilisation through interphase formation is effective. - A wide ESW does not guarantee stable operation if side reactions are kinetically fast or if the interphase formed is mechanically fragile. Researchers working on next-generation electrolytes, including solid-state, ionic-liquid, and highly concentrated formulations, frequently encounter situations in which ESW measurements alone are misleading. Complementary techniques that probe kinetics and interphase properties are essential for a complete picture. ## How does SEI formation relate to kinetic stability? The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is the primary mechanism by which kinetic stability is achieved in lithium-ion batteries. The SEI forms on the anode surface during the first charge cycles as the electrolyte undergoes controlled reductive decomposition. Once formed, it acts as a physical barrier that prevents further electrolyte contact with the electrode, effectively halting further decomposition. The quality of the SEI determines whether kinetic stabilisation is durable. A dense, ionically conductive, and mechanically stable SEI suppresses ongoing electrolyte decomposition and maintains low interfacial resistance over many cycles. A porous or mechanically weak SEI cracks during electrode volume changes, exposing fresh electrode surface and triggering further electrolyte decomposition with each cycle. ### What makes a good SEI? Researchers evaluate SEI quality through several properties: - **Ionic conductivity:** The SEI must allow lithium-ion transport while blocking electron transfer and solvent molecules. - **Mechanical compliance:** The SEI must accommodate electrode volume changes without fracturing, which is particularly relevant for high-capacity anode materials such as silicon. - **Chemical stability:** The SEI must remain stable against ongoing reaction with the electrolyte at operating potentials. - **Uniform coverage:** Incomplete coverage leaves active sites for continued electrolyte reduction, reducing coulombic efficiency. Electrolyte additives are widely used to engineer SEI composition and morphology. Vinylene carbonate and fluoroethylene carbonate are common examples that preferentially decompose to form more stable interphase components. The effectiveness of these additives is a kinetic phenomenon, not a thermodynamic one. ## How is electrolyte stability measured in battery research? Electrolyte stability is measured using a combination of electrochemical and analytical techniques because no single method captures both thermodynamic and kinetic dimensions. A robust characterisation strategy typically combines several approaches. ### Electrochemical methods - **Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV):** Measures the onset of oxidation and reduction currents as a function of potential, providing an estimate of the ESW. Results are sensitive to scan rate and electrode choice. - **Cyclic voltammetry (CV):** Reveals the reversibility of redox processes and can identify decomposition products through irreversible peaks on the first cycle. - **Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS):** Tracks interfacial resistance over time and with cycling, providing indirect evidence of SEI formation and stability. EIS is particularly useful for monitoring kinetic changes at the electrode–electrolyte interface. - **Coulombic efficiency measurement:** Low coulombic efficiency on the first cycle indicates significant irreversible electrolyte decomposition. Tracking coulombic efficiency across many cycles reveals whether decomposition is self-limiting (good SEI) or ongoing (poor kinetic stability). ### Analytical techniques - **X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS):** Identifies chemical species present in the SEI layer. - **Cryo-electron microscopy:** Provides structural information about SEI morphology. - **Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry:** Quantifies gaseous decomposition products, which is relevant for electrolyte oxidation at high potentials. Reproducible measurements across all these techniques depend critically on cell design. Poorly sealed cells, inconsistent electrode geometries, and variable electrolyte volumes introduce artefacts that obscure the true behaviour of the electrolyte. This is why standardised test-cell hardware is a prerequisite for meaningful electrolyte stability data. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports electrolyte stability research Characterising electrolyte stability accurately requires test hardware that eliminates experimental artefacts and delivers reproducible conditions across measurements. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and instruments specifically for this type of demanding research. Our product range addresses the key requirements of electrolyte stability studies: - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** and **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/)** provide standardised, leak-tight cell geometries with precise electrode-stack control, which is essential for reproducible EIS and voltammetry measurements. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a potentiostat/galvanostat with EIS capability and a temperature-controlled cell chamber, allowing systematic study of kinetic stability as a function of temperature and current density across up to 16 channels simultaneously. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer enables in situ monitoring of electrode thickness changes during cycling, providing direct evidence of SEI formation and its mechanical consequences with sub-5 nm resolution. - The **[PAT-Cell-Press](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/)** allows quantification of gaseous decomposition products, supporting the study of electrolyte oxidation at high potentials. If you are designing an electrolyte stability study or setting up a new battery research programme, [contact EL-Cell GmbH](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/) to discuss which test-cell configuration is appropriate for your specific experimental requirements. Our team includes electrochemists with direct research experience who can provide technically grounded recommendations rather than generic product suggestions. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is electrochemistry and why does it matter for battery research?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-electrochemistry-and-why-does-it-matter-for-battery-research/) **Published:** June 5, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Electrochemistry underpins every battery metric. Here's what researchers must understand to get started. **Content:** PAT-Tester-i-16: integrates a potentiostat/galvanostat, EIS capability, a temperature-controlled cell chamber, and a docking station for up to 16 channels in a single instrument. ECD-4-nano: electrochemical dilatometer measures electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 1 nanometre. PAT-Cell-Press: support solid-state battery research under defined mechanical pressure (not mentioned alongside PAT-Cell-Solid for solid-state; PAT-Cell-Press is a gas analysis test cell). PAT-Cell-Solid: supports solid-state battery research under defined mechanical pressure. Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry that studies the relationship between electrical energy and chemical reactions. For battery researchers, it forms the theoretical and experimental foundation of almost everything that happens inside a cell—from the first charge cycle to long-term degradation. Understanding electrochemical principles is not optional for serious battery research; it is the starting point. This article addresses the most common foundational questions about electrochemistry as it applies to battery research. It is structured to provide direct answers followed by supporting context. Whether you are beginning a PhD or designing a new experimental protocol, these answers should help clarify both the concepts and the practical tools involved. ## What is electrochemistry and how does it work? Electrochemistry is the study of chemical processes that involve the transfer of electrons between substances, typically at the interface between an electrode and an electrolyte. These electron-transfer reactions, known as redox reactions, either release electrical energy (as in a discharging battery) or consume it (as in charging). The field encompasses both the thermodynamics and kinetics of these interfacial processes. At its core, electrochemistry works by separating the oxidation and reduction half-reactions of a redox process into two distinct electrodes. Electrons travel through an external circuit, producing measurable current, while ions migrate through the electrolyte to maintain charge balance. The driving force for this process is the difference in electrochemical potential between the two electrodes, which determines the cell voltage. Electrochemical reactions are governed by several key principles: - **Faraday’s laws of electrolysis** — the amount of substance transformed at an electrode is directly proportional to the charge passed - **The Nernst equation** — describes how electrode potential varies with the concentration of electroactive species - **Butler-Volmer kinetics** — describes the relationship between current density and overpotential at an electrode surface These principles apply directly to battery electrodes, making electrochemical theory an essential framework for interpreting experimental data. ## Why does electrochemistry matter for battery research? Electrochemistry matters for battery research because every performance metric of a battery—capacity, voltage, rate capability, cycle life, and efficiency—is determined by electrochemical processes. Without a rigorous understanding of electrode kinetics, interfacial chemistry, and ion transport, it is not possible to design better electrode materials, optimise electrolyte formulations, or diagnose degradation mechanisms. Battery research is fundamentally applied electrochemistry. When a researcher measures the specific capacity of a new anode material in mAh/g, they are quantifying the charge stored per unit mass through electrochemical reactions. When they observe capacity fade over repeated cycles, they are observing the cumulative result of parasitic electrochemical side reactions, structural changes, and electrolyte decomposition. Electrochemical understanding also enables researchers to distinguish between different failure modes. A drop in capacity can result from loss of active lithium, impedance growth, or structural degradation of the electrode—and only electrochemical analysis can reliably differentiate between these mechanisms. ## What are the key electrochemical processes inside a battery? The key electrochemical processes inside a lithium-ion battery are lithium-ion intercalation and deintercalation at the electrodes, electrolyte decomposition and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, and ion transport through the electrolyte and separator. Each of these processes directly influences battery performance and long-term stability. ### Intercalation and deintercalation During charging, lithium ions deintercalate from the cathode material and intercalate into the anode. During discharge, the reverse occurs. This reversible process is the primary energy storage mechanism in lithium-ion batteries. The specific capacity of an electrode material depends on how many lithium ions it can accommodate per unit mass or volume. ### SEI layer formation During the first charge cycle, the electrolyte partially decomposes at the anode surface, forming the SEI layer (solid electrolyte interphase). This layer is ionically conductive but electronically insulating, which prevents further electrolyte decomposition while allowing lithium-ion transport. The quality and stability of the SEI layer significantly affect coulombic efficiency and cycle life. Irreversible lithium consumption during SEI formation is one reason first-cycle coulombic efficiency is always lower than in subsequent cycles. ### Overpotential and polarisation Overpotential is the difference between the thermodynamic equilibrium potential of an electrode and its actual potential under current flow. It arises from kinetic limitations, ohmic resistance, and mass transport constraints. High overpotential reduces energy efficiency and can trigger unwanted side reactions, including lithium plating on graphite anodes at high charge rates. ## How do researchers measure electrochemical performance in the lab? Researchers measure electrochemical performance using a combination of galvanostatic cycling, potentiostatic techniques, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). These methods, applied using a potentiostat or galvanostat, provide quantitative data on capacity, voltage profiles, rate capability, coulombic efficiency, and internal resistance. Galvanostatic cycling applies a constant current (expressed as a C-rate relative to the electrode’s theoretical capacity) and records the resulting voltage as a function of time or charge passed. This produces charge-discharge curves that reveal the specific capacity in mAh/g, voltage plateau characteristics, and capacity retention over many cycles. EIS applies a small sinusoidal voltage perturbation across a range of frequencies and measures the impedance response. The resulting Nyquist or Bode plot can be fitted to an equivalent circuit model to separate contributions from ohmic resistance, charge-transfer resistance, and diffusion-related processes. EIS is particularly useful for tracking impedance evolution during ageing or for characterising the SEI layer. Additional techniques include: - **Cyclic voltammetry (CV)** — scans voltage at a defined rate to identify redox peaks and reaction reversibility - **Chronoamperometry** — applies a potential step and measures the current response over time - **Rate capability testing** — cycles cells at progressively higher C-rates to assess power performance ## What is the difference between a half-cell and a full-cell test? A half-cell test evaluates a single electrode (the working electrode) against a reference electrode, typically lithium metal, in a three-electrode or two-electrode configuration. A full-cell test pairs a cathode and an anode in a complete electrochemical cell. The key distinction is that half-cell testing isolates the behaviour of one electrode, while full-cell testing reflects the combined performance of both electrodes under realistic operating conditions. Half-cell testing is the standard approach for characterising new electrode materials in academic research. By using a lithium metal counter and reference electrode, researchers can measure the absolute potential of the working electrode versus Li/Li+, obtain accurate specific capacity values in mAh/g, and identify material-level degradation mechanisms without interference from the counter electrode. Full-cell testing is necessary to assess practical performance. Parameters such as capacity matching between cathode and anode (the N/P ratio), lithium inventory loss, and cross-talk between electrodes only become apparent in a full-cell configuration. Coulombic efficiency values measured in half-cells can be misleading because the lithium metal counter electrode provides an effectively unlimited lithium source, masking irreversible lithium consumption that would cause capacity fade in a real cell. Most research programmes begin with half-cell screening of individual electrode materials before progressing to full-cell validation. ## What tools and equipment are used in electrochemical battery research? Electrochemical battery research requires a potentiostat or galvanostat for electrical measurements, electrochemical test cells to house the electrode assembly, and supporting lab tools for electrode preparation and cell assembly. The quality and design of the test cell directly affect the reproducibility of results. The core instrumentation includes: - **Potentiostat/galvanostat** — applies and measures voltage and current; must support EIS for full characterisation - **Electrochemical test cells** — standardised cells that hold the electrode stack, electrolyte, and separator under controlled conditions - **Temperature-controlled cell chambers** — maintain stable thermal conditions to reduce measurement variability - **Electrode coating and calendering equipment** — for preparing reproducible electrode films from slurries - **Gloveboxes** — for handling air- and moisture-sensitive materials such as lithium metal and many electrolytes Specialised test cells extend the range of measurable parameters. Dilatometric cells quantify electrode thickness changes during cycling, which correlate with lithium insertion and structural changes. Optical cells allow in situ observation of electrode surfaces. Pressure-controlled cells apply defined mechanical loads to the electrode stack, which is relevant for solid-state battery research, where stack pressure significantly affects ionic contact. Data acquisition software that integrates with the potentiostat is also essential. It must support automated cycling protocols, real-time monitoring, and export formats compatible with standard analysis tools. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports electrochemical battery research EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test equipment specifically for laboratory-scale battery materials research. Our product ecosystem is built around the [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/), which integrates test cells, measurement instruments, and software into a coherent, interoperable platform. Our portfolio addresses the full range of experimental needs described in this article: - The [**PAT-Cell**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) and [**PAT-Cell-Force**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) provide standardised, reproducible test cells for half-cell and full-cell cycling, with defined electrode geometry and controlled stack pressure - The [**PAT-Tester-i-16**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates a potentiostat/galvanostat, EIS capability, a temperature-controlled cell chamber, and a docking station for up to 16 channels in a single instrument - The [**ECD-4-nano**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer measures electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 1 nanometre, enabling direct observation of volume changes during cycling - The [**PAT-Cell-Solid**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) and [**PAT-Cell-Press**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) support solid-state battery research under defined mechanical pressure - **EL-Software** provides integrated test control, data acquisition, and analysis across the PAT Series platform All EL-Cell test cells are designed for reproducibility and ease of assembly, which is particularly important in academic environments with frequent staff turnover. Detailed documentation and application notes support the onboarding of new researchers. If you are setting up a battery research lab or looking to standardise your electrochemical test protocols, [contact EL-Cell GmbH](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/) to discuss your experimental requirements. You can also learn more about our approach to battery research instrumentation on the [EL-Cell about page](https://www.el-cell.com/about-us/who-we-are/). **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How does temperature affect electrochemical reaction rates in batteries?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-does-temperature-affect-electrochemical-reaction-rates-in-batteries/) **Published:** June 3, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Discover how temperature controls battery electrochemical reaction rates — from Arrhenius kinetics to degradation mechanisms and lab testing best practices. **Content:** Temperature is one of the most significant variables governing electrochemical reaction rates in batteries. Whether a researcher is cycling a lithium-ion half-cell at room temperature or stress-testing a next-generation solid-state electrode under thermal extremes, temperature directly determines how fast reactions proceed, how ions move, and how quickly degradation accumulates. Understanding these relationships is essential for producing reproducible, meaningful data in battery materials research. The sections below address the key questions surrounding temperature and battery performance, progressing from the underlying thermodynamic principles to practical guidance on temperature control in the laboratory. ## Why does temperature affect electrochemical reaction rates? Temperature affects electrochemical reaction rates because thermal energy governs the activation energy barriers that ions and charge carriers must overcome during redox reactions. Higher temperatures supply more thermal energy to reactant species, increasing the fraction of particles with sufficient energy to complete a reaction. Lower temperatures reduce this fraction, slowing reaction kinetics at both the anode and the cathode. In a battery electrode, electrochemical reactions involve charge transfer at the electrode–electrolyte interface, solid-state diffusion of lithium ions within the active material, and ionic transport through the electrolyte. Each of these processes is thermally activated. When temperature drops, all three slow simultaneously, which is why battery performance degrades markedly in cold conditions. Conversely, elevated temperatures accelerate these processes but introduce additional degradation mechanisms that researchers must account for. The temperature effect on battery performance is not limited to reaction speed. Thermodynamic quantities such as the open-circuit voltage (OCV) are also temperature-dependent, since the Gibbs free energy of the cell reaction varies with temperature. This means that even at equilibrium, a cell measured at different temperatures will show different voltage characteristics, a consideration that is critical when interpreting electrochemical data. ## How does the Arrhenius equation describe battery kinetics? The Arrhenius equation describes battery kinetics by relating the rate constant of an electrochemical reaction to temperature through an exponential function: k = A·exp(–Ea/RT), where Ea is the activation energy, R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. A higher activation energy means the reaction rate is more sensitive to temperature changes, and a lower temperature causes a disproportionately large reduction in rate. In practice, battery researchers use the Arrhenius relationship to extract activation energies for specific processes, such as lithium-ion diffusion through the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer or charge transfer at the electrode surface. By measuring electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data across a controlled temperature range, it is possible to isolate individual resistive contributions and determine their Ea values. This approach provides mechanistic insight that cannot be obtained from a single-temperature measurement. The Arrhenius framework also explains why small temperature differences can produce large changes in observed capacity and rate capability. An activation energy of even 0.3 to 0.5 eV, which is typical for interfacial charge transfer in lithium-ion systems, translates to a substantial rate change over a 40 to 60 °C window. This sensitivity underscores why precise temperature control during electrochemical testing is not optional but fundamental to reproducible results. ## What happens to ion transport and electrolyte conductivity at low temperatures? At low temperatures, the ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes decreases significantly because ion mobility is reduced as the viscosity of the solvent increases. Lithium-ion diffusion coefficients in both the electrolyte and within electrode active materials fall, leading to higher internal resistance, increased overpotential under applied current, and apparent capacity loss that does not reflect the true thermodynamic capacity of the material. ### Electrolyte viscosity and ionic mobility Common carbonate-based electrolytes used in lithium-ion research become noticeably more viscous below approximately 0 °C. As viscosity rises, the drag on solvated lithium ions increases, reducing their mobility and the overall ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. At sufficiently low temperatures, some electrolyte formulations approach their freezing point, which can cause phase separation and irreversible changes to the electrolyte composition. ### Solid-state diffusion limitations Beyond the electrolyte, solid-state diffusion of lithium within active materials such as graphite or layered oxide cathodes is also thermally activated. At low temperatures, the diffusion coefficient within the solid phase decreases, meaning lithium ions cannot redistribute uniformly within electrode particles during cycling. This produces concentration gradients, localised overpotentials, and, in graphite anodes, an elevated risk of lithium plating rather than intercalation. Lithium plating at low temperatures is a significant safety and degradation concern in research involving fast-charge protocols. ## How does elevated temperature accelerate battery degradation? Elevated temperature accelerates battery degradation by increasing the rate of parasitic side reactions at the electrode–electrolyte interface. The most significant of these is accelerated SEI layer growth on the anode, which consumes lithium inventory and increases cell impedance over time. Cathode dissolution, electrolyte oxidation, and structural disordering of active materials also proceed faster at higher temperatures, all of which reduce reversible capacity and coulombic efficiency. The SEI layer, which forms during the first few charge–discharge cycles, is thermodynamically metastable. At elevated temperatures, the chemical species within the SEI continue to react with the electrolyte, causing the layer to thicken. Each increment of thickness adds to the resistance that lithium ions must overcome during intercalation and deintercalation, progressively increasing overpotential and reducing effective capacity in mAh/g. On the cathode side, transition-metal dissolution becomes more pronounced at elevated temperatures, particularly in manganese-containing materials. Dissolved metal ions can migrate through the electrolyte and deposit on the anode, where they catalyse further electrolyte decomposition. These cross-talk mechanisms mean that elevated-temperature testing must be approached with the awareness that degradation modes interact and that separating their contributions requires careful experimental design. ## How do researchers accurately control temperature in battery testing? Accurate temperature control in battery testing requires a combination of a thermostatted cell environment, direct thermal contact between the temperature-control element and the test cell, and sufficient equilibration time before measurements begin. Passive ambient-temperature testing in an open laboratory is insufficient for quantitative research, as room temperature fluctuates and does not represent a controlled experimental variable. The most reliable approach integrates a temperature-controlled chamber directly with the electrochemical test cell and measurement hardware. This eliminates thermal gradients between the cell and the environment and ensures that the temperature the researcher records is the temperature the cell actually experiences. For EIS measurements in particular, even a few degrees of thermal drift during a frequency sweep can introduce artefacts that obscure the true impedance response. Additional considerations include: - Allowing sufficient thermal equilibration time after a temperature change before beginning a measurement, as the cell interior may lag behind the chamber setpoint - Using calibrated temperature sensors positioned as close to the electrochemical interface as possible - Accounting for self-heating at high C-rates, which can raise the local cell temperature above the setpoint during discharge - Ensuring that all cell components, including seals and current collectors, are rated for the intended temperature range ## What temperature range should battery researchers test at? Battery researchers should test across a range that reflects both the intended application conditions and the mechanistic questions being investigated. For standard lithium-ion materials characterisation, a range of 20 to 60 °C covers most relevant operating and degradation conditions. Testing at sub-zero temperatures is necessary when investigating cold-start behaviour, lithium plating risk, or electrolyte formulations for low-temperature applications. For fundamental kinetic studies using the Arrhenius approach, a broader temperature window, typically from around −20 to +60 °C, provides sufficient data points to extract reliable activation energies and to distinguish between different rate-limiting processes. Each temperature step should be held long enough to ensure thermal and electrochemical equilibrium before data collection. Accelerated ageing studies are often conducted at elevated temperatures, commonly 45 to 60 °C, to compress the timescale of degradation. Researchers must exercise caution when extrapolating results from accelerated ageing to ambient conditions, as the dominant degradation mechanisms can shift with temperature, and an Arrhenius extrapolation assumes a single activated process is rate-limiting throughout the tested range. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports temperature-controlled battery research Controlling temperature precisely during electrochemical measurements is a fundamental requirement, not an optional refinement. EL-Cell GmbH designs its test equipment with this in mind, providing researchers with the hardware needed to integrate temperature control directly into their experimental workflow. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a temperature-controlled cell chamber directly with the battery tester and docking station, ensuring that the temperature at the cell is defined, stable, and logged alongside electrochemical data across all 16 channels - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** and related test cells are designed for direct thermal coupling within the [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) ecosystem, minimising thermal gradients and supporting reproducible measurements across temperature ranges relevant to both fundamental research and application testing - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer enables simultaneous thickness and electrochemical measurements, allowing researchers to observe how thermally driven expansion and contraction of electrodes correlate with reaction kinetics across temperature conditions If you are designing a test protocol that requires defined temperature conditions or want to understand how our equipment integrates with your existing setup, [contact the EL-Cell team directly](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/) to discuss your requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the significance of the exchange current density in battery electrodes?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-significance-of-the-exchange-current-density-in-battery-electrodes/) **Published:** June 1, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Understand how exchange current density shapes battery electrode performance, from Butler–Volmer kinetics to EIS measurement. **Content:** Exchange current density is a fundamental parameter in electrochemical kinetics that describes how readily a reaction proceeds at an electrode surface under equilibrium conditions. For battery researchers, it provides a quantitative measure of the electrode reaction rate and directly governs how efficiently charge transfer occurs during cycling. Understanding this parameter is essential for interpreting electrochemical data and designing better electrode materials. This article addresses the key questions surrounding exchange current density in battery electrodes, from its basic definition to experimental measurement and material comparisons. Whether you are characterising a new active material or troubleshooting unexpected overpotentials in your half-cell data, a firm grasp of exchange current density will sharpen your analysis. ## What is exchange current density in battery electrodes? Exchange current density (i₀) is the anodic and cathodic partial current density that flows simultaneously at an electrode under equilibrium conditions, where the net current is zero. It is typically expressed in units of mA/cm² and represents the intrinsic rate at which charge transfer occurs at the electrode–electrolyte interface without any applied driving force. At equilibrium, both the forward (oxidation) and reverse (reduction) reactions proceed at equal rates. The exchange current density quantifies this balanced activity. A high i₀ indicates a fast, kinetically facile electrode reaction, while a low i₀ signals a sluggish interface where charge transfer is the rate-limiting step. In practical terms, this distinction separates electrodes that respond quickly to applied currents from those that require a significant additional driving force to sustain the same reaction rate. The concept originates from the Butler–Volmer equation, which describes the relationship between current density and electrode potential. Exchange current density appears as the pre-exponential term in this equation, setting the scale for the current response across all overpotential values. ## Why does exchange current density matter for battery performance? Exchange current density matters because it determines how much overpotential a battery electrode requires to deliver a given current. Electrodes with high exchange current density can sustain high charge and discharge rates with minimal voltage loss, whereas electrodes with low i₀ incur substantial overpotential even at moderate C-rates, reducing round-trip efficiency and usable capacity. In practical battery research, this translates directly to rate capability. When you plot discharge capacity as a function of C-rate, the drop-off at higher rates often reflects insufficient exchange current density at the electrode interface rather than limitations in bulk ionic diffusion. Distinguishing between these two mechanisms is critical for directing material development efforts. Exchange current density also influences thermal behaviour. Kinetically slow electrodes dissipate more energy as heat during cycling, which can exacerbate degradation mechanisms such as electrolyte decomposition and accelerated solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer growth on the anode. For researchers developing materials intended for fast-charging applications, maximising i₀ is therefore as important as optimising specific capacity. ## How does exchange current density relate to overpotential? Overpotential and exchange current density are inversely related through the Butler–Volmer equation. For a given applied current density, a lower exchange current density requires a larger overpotential to sustain the reaction. Conversely, an electrode with a high i₀ can pass the same current with a much smaller departure from the equilibrium potential. ### The Butler–Volmer framework The Butler–Volmer equation expresses current density as a function of overpotential (η), the transfer coefficient (α), and the exchange current density (i₀). At small overpotentials, the relationship is approximately linear, allowing i₀ to be extracted from the slope of current versus potential curves. At large overpotentials, the Tafel approximation applies, and a semi-logarithmic plot of current against overpotential yields a straight line whose intercept gives log(i₀). ### Practical implications for half-cell testing In half-cell testing, overpotential manifests as the difference between the thermodynamic equilibrium potential and the measured electrode potential under current flow. Researchers working with lithium-ion half-cells must account for both charge-transfer overpotential, governed by i₀, and diffusion overpotential, governed by mass transport. Separating these contributions requires careful experimental design, including the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) alongside galvanostatic or potentiostatic measurements. ## What factors influence exchange current density in lithium-ion electrodes? Exchange current density in lithium-ion battery electrodes is influenced by electrode surface area, electrolyte composition, temperature, and the intrinsic electronic and ionic conductivity of the active material. Each factor modifies either the number of available reaction sites or the activation energy for charge transfer at those sites. - **Active surface area:** Higher electrode surface area increases the number of sites where charge transfer can occur, effectively raising the measured i₀ per geometric area. Nanostructured materials exploit this relationship directly. - **Electrolyte composition:** The lithium salt concentration, solvent system, and additive package all affect ionic activity at the interface and the activation energy for Li⁺ desolvation, which is often the rate-limiting step in lithium-ion insertion reactions. - **Temperature:** Exchange current density follows an Arrhenius-type dependence on temperature. Higher temperatures accelerate charge transfer kinetics, raising i₀, while low temperatures suppress it, which helps explain the degraded rate capability of lithium-ion cells in cold environments. - **Electronic conductivity of the active material:** Poorly conducting materials such as lithium iron phosphate (LFP) in their unmodified form exhibit lower effective i₀ values because electron supply to the reaction site becomes limiting. Carbon-coating and doping strategies are used to address this. - **SEI layer properties:** On graphite and other anode materials, the SEI layer formed during the first cycles introduces additional interfacial resistance that modifies the apparent exchange current density measured at the electrode level. ## How is exchange current density measured experimentally? Exchange current density is measured experimentally using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) or Tafel analysis from linear sweep or potentiostatic measurements. EIS is generally preferred in battery research because it separates charge-transfer resistance from other impedance contributions without requiring large perturbations from equilibrium. ### EIS-based measurement In an EIS measurement, a small sinusoidal voltage perturbation is applied across a range of frequencies, and the resulting current response is recorded. The resulting Nyquist plot typically shows a semicircle in the mid-frequency region, the diameter of which corresponds to the charge-transfer resistance (Rct). Exchange current density is then calculated from Rct using the relationship i₀ = RT / (nFRctA), where R is the gas constant, T is the temperature, n is the number of electrons transferred, F is Faraday’s constant, and A is the electrode area. ### Tafel analysis Tafel analysis involves polarising the electrode to sufficiently large overpotentials and plotting log(|i|) against η. The linear regions at positive and negative overpotentials extrapolate back to the equilibrium potential, and their intersection gives log(i₀). This method is straightforward but risks irreversibly perturbing the electrode if the overpotential range is too large, making it less suitable for sensitive battery materials. Reliable measurement of exchange current density requires well-defined electrode geometry, stable reference electrodes, and controlled temperature. Three-electrode cell configurations are essential for isolating the working electrode response from counter-electrode contributions. ## How does exchange current density compare across different electrode materials? Exchange current density varies considerably across lithium-ion electrode materials, reflecting differences in charge-transfer kinetics, ionic conductivity, and interfacial chemistry. In general, intercalation materials with high electronic conductivity and open crystal structures exhibit higher i₀ values than conversion or alloying materials, where structural reorganisation accompanies lithiation. Layered oxide cathode materials such as lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) typically show higher exchange current densities than olivine-structured materials such as LFP, which is consistent with the well-documented rate capability differences between these material classes. On the anode side, graphite exhibits moderate i₀ values that are strongly influenced by SEI composition and electrolyte formulation, while lithium metal anodes present a more complex picture due to the coupled effects of plating morphology and interfacial film resistance. It is important to note that comparing i₀ values across the published literature requires caution. Values are sensitive to measurement conditions, electrode preparation, electrolyte composition, and temperature, and are not always normalised to the same reference area. Researchers should treat published values as indicative rather than absolute when selecting materials or benchmarking their own results. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports exchange current density research Accurate determination of exchange current density depends on hardware that provides stable, reproducible electrochemical conditions. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures test cells and instruments specifically for this type of rigorous electrochemical characterisation. - **Three-electrode cell design:** Our [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) and [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) support three-electrode configurations, enabling clean separation of working-electrode impedance from counter-electrode contributions, which is essential for reliable EIS-based i₀ extraction. - **Integrated EIS capability:** The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) combines a fully featured potentiostat and galvanostat with EIS functionality across up to 16 independent channels, allowing systematic screening of electrode materials under controlled temperature conditions. - **Reproducible cell geometry:** Consistent electrode area and stack pressure across measurements reduce variability in Rct values, improving the reliability of calculated exchange current densities between experiments and between researchers in the same group. - **Tailored support:** For specialised experiments requiring non-standard cell geometries or in-situ monitoring alongside impedance measurements, our [Application Laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) can help identify and configure the right setup for your specific research requirements. If you would like to discuss which test cell configuration best fits your electrochemical kinetics work, [contact us directly](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/), and we will help you identify the appropriate setup for your research. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the difference between flooded lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-flooded-lead-acid-and-lithium-ion-batteries/) **Published:** May 28, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Lead-acid vs. lithium-ion batteries: key chemistry differences, cycle life, and lab testing insights explained for researchers. **Content:** Flooded lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries represent two fundamentally different approaches to electrochemical energy storage. Understanding the distinctions between them is relevant not only for engineers selecting batteries for specific applications but also for researchers studying electrode materials, electrolyte behaviour, and degradation mechanisms in the laboratory. This article compares the two chemistries from a scientific standpoint, covering their operating principles, performance characteristics, and the implications for electrochemical testing in a research context. ## What is a flooded lead-acid battery, and how does it work? A flooded lead-acid battery is an electrochemical cell that uses lead dioxide (PbO₂) as the positive electrode, sponge lead (Pb) as the negative electrode, and an aqueous sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) solution as the electrolyte. During discharge, both electrodes are converted to lead sulphate (PbSO₄), releasing electrons through an external circuit. Charging reverses these reactions. The term “flooded” refers to the fact that the electrodes are fully submerged in free liquid electrolyte, as opposed to sealed or valve-regulated designs in which the electrolyte is immobilised. This design requires periodic maintenance to replenish water lost through electrolysis during charging, particularly at elevated temperatures or high charge rates. The overall cell reaction can be written as: - Positive electrode (discharge): PbO₂ + SO₄²⁻ + 4H⁺ + 2e⁻ → PbSO₄ + 2H₂O - Negative electrode (discharge): Pb + SO₄²⁻ → PbSO₄ + 2e⁻ The nominal cell voltage is approximately 2 V per cell, and the chemistry is well understood, having been in use since the 19th century. Despite its age, the lead-acid system remains technically relevant due to its robustness, low cost, and predictable electrochemical behaviour. ## What is a lithium-ion battery, and how does it work? A lithium-ion battery is an electrochemical cell in which lithium ions shuttle between a positive electrode (commonly a layered oxide such as LiCoO₂, LiFePO₄, or NMC) and a negative electrode (typically graphite) through a non-aqueous organic electrolyte. During discharge, lithium ions deintercalate from the negative electrode and intercalate into the positive electrode; the process reverses during charging. Unlike lead-acid chemistry, lithium-ion cells do not involve the dissolution and redeposition of electrode material. Instead, lithium ions are inserted into and extracted from host structures, a process known as intercalation. This mechanism preserves electrode morphology over many cycles, contributing to a longer cycle life than conversion-type chemistries. ### The role of the SEI layer A critical feature of lithium-ion cells is the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer, which forms on the negative electrode surface during the first charge cycles. The SEI layer results from the reductive decomposition of the electrolyte at low potentials and acts as a protective film that prevents further electrolyte degradation whilst remaining permeable to lithium ions. The formation, composition, and stability of the SEI layer significantly affect coulombic efficiency, capacity retention, and impedance evolution over the battery’s lifetime. This makes SEI characterisation a central topic in battery materials research. ## What are the main differences between flooded lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries? The primary differences between flooded lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries lie in their electrode chemistry, electrolyte system, specific energy, cycle life, and operating voltage. Lead-acid cells use aqueous electrolytes and conversion-type electrode reactions, whilst lithium-ion cells rely on non-aqueous electrolytes and intercalation-based mechanisms. Key differences include: - **Specific energy:** Lithium-ion cells offer significantly higher specific energy (Wh/kg) than lead-acid cells, owing to lighter electrode materials and higher cell voltages (typically 3.2 to 3.7 V nominal versus approximately 2 V for lead-acid). - **Electrolyte:** Lead-acid cells use aqueous H₂SO₄; lithium-ion cells use non-aqueous organic solvents with dissolved lithium salts, which must be handled with care due to their reactivity with moisture. - **Electrode reactions:** Lead-acid involves dissolution and redeposition of PbSO₄ (a conversion reaction); lithium-ion relies on intercalation, which involves less structural change per cycle. - **Maintenance:** Flooded lead-acid cells require water replenishment; lithium-ion cells are sealed and maintenance-free under normal conditions. - **Temperature sensitivity:** Lithium-ion cells are more sensitive to elevated temperatures, which accelerate electrolyte decomposition and SEI growth. - **Cost:** Lead-acid cells have a lower upfront material cost; lithium-ion cells have higher initial costs but may offer better value over their operational lifetime. ## Which battery chemistry offers better cycle life, and why? Lithium-ion batteries generally offer substantially better cycle life than flooded lead-acid batteries. A well-designed lithium-ion cell can sustain several hundred to several thousand charge-discharge cycles before reaching 80% of its initial capacity, whilst flooded lead-acid cells typically deliver a few hundred cycles under comparable conditions. The difference in cycle life is rooted in the underlying electrode mechanisms. In lead-acid cells, repeated dissolution and redeposition of PbSO₄ leads to progressive morphological changes, including sulphation (the accumulation of large, poorly soluble PbSO₄ crystals) and active material shedding. These processes are inherently difficult to fully reverse, and they degrade capacity over time. In lithium-ion cells, the intercalation mechanism causes less structural disruption to the host electrode per cycle. However, capacity fade still occurs through mechanisms such as lithium plating at high C-rates, transition-metal dissolution from positive electrode materials, electrolyte oxidation, and ongoing SEI growth on the negative electrode. The rate and severity of these mechanisms depend heavily on cell chemistry, electrode formulation, and operating conditions. ## When should you choose lead-acid over lithium-ion batteries? Lead-acid batteries remain preferable in applications where low upfront cost, tolerance of overcharging, and operation in harsh environments are prioritised over energy density and cycle life. Typical use cases include stationary backup power, uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems, and certain industrial applications where the weight and size of the battery pack are not primary constraints. From a research perspective, lead-acid chemistry is also studied for its well-characterised electrochemistry, its relevance to large-scale grid storage, and as a model system for understanding conversion-type electrode reactions. Researchers investigating sulphation kinetics, electrolyte additives, or electrode morphology changes may find lead-acid cells a tractable and informative subject. Lithium-ion chemistry is preferred where high energy density, long cycle life, and a compact form factor are required. For most modern battery research programmes focused on next-generation materials, lithium-ion and post-lithium systems represent the primary areas of investigation. ## How are these two battery chemistries tested differently in the lab? The electrochemical testing of flooded lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries differs in cell design, electrolyte handling, electrode preparation, and the specific protocols used to characterise performance. The most significant practical differences arise from the incompatibility of lithium-ion electrolytes with atmospheric moisture and the distinct voltage windows of each chemistry. ### Lead-acid testing considerations Flooded lead-acid cells can generally be assembled and tested in ambient air, as the aqueous electrolyte is not sensitive to moisture. Electrochemical testing typically involves galvanostatic cycling within a defined voltage window, often with periodic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements to track changes in internal resistance and charge-transfer kinetics. Reference electrodes can be inserted directly into the liquid electrolyte, enabling reliable three-electrode measurements. ### Lithium-ion testing considerations Lithium-ion cell assembly must be performed in controlled environments, typically an argon-filled glovebox, to prevent electrolyte decomposition and lithium oxidation. Electrode materials are prepared as thin-film coatings on current collectors, and precise electrolyte volumes are required to ensure reproducibility. Half-cell testing against a lithium-metal reference electrode is standard practice for evaluating individual electrode materials, with lithium metal serving as both the counter and reference electrode in two-electrode configurations. Standardised test cells are essential for generating reproducible, publishable data in lithium-ion research. Poorly designed hardware introduces experimental artefacts that obscure true material behaviour, making cell design a critical variable in any research programme. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports research on both battery chemistries EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and supporting instruments specifically for battery materials researchers working in academic and industrial laboratories. Whether the research focus is on lithium-ion electrode materials, solid-state electrolytes, or alternative chemistries, our product range provides the standardised hardware needed to generate reproducible results. Our test cells and instruments support the full range of electrochemical characterisation relevant to both lead-acid and lithium-ion research: - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** provides a versatile platform for galvanostatic cycling, potentiostatic testing, and EIS measurements on coin-cell-format electrodes, with consistent stack pressure and electrolyte distribution for reproducible results. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer enables in situ measurement of electrode thickness changes with a resolution of better than 5 nm, directly relevant to studying volume expansion in lithium-ion electrode materials and morphological changes in conversion-type electrodes. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a battery tester, a temperature-controlled cell chamber, and a docking station into a single instrument, supporting up to 16 channels with potentiostat/galvanostat (PStat/GStat) and EIS capabilities. If you are designing a testing protocol for lead-acid or lithium-ion electrode materials and require standardised test cell hardware, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which configuration best suits your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is a battery formation process and why does it matter?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-a-battery-formation-process-and-why-does-it-matter/) **Published:** May 20, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Battery formation defines cell quality from cycle one—here's why every researcher needs to get it right. **Content:** The battery formation process is one of the most consequential steps in the life of a lithium-ion cell, yet it is often treated as routine. For researchers working at the materials level, understanding what happens during formation—and why it matters—is essential for producing reproducible results and drawing meaningful conclusions from electrochemical data. Whether you are evaluating a new anode material, optimising an electrolyte formulation, or characterising a full-cell prototype, the formation protocol you apply will directly shape the electrochemical behaviour you observe throughout subsequent testing. This article addresses the most common questions about the battery formation process, from the basics of SEI layer formation to the practical differences between formation and standard cycling. ## What is a battery formation process? The battery formation process is a controlled sequence of initial charge and discharge cycles applied to a newly assembled cell before it enters regular use or testing. During formation, the cell is cycled at low current—typically C/10 or below—to allow stable electrode–electrolyte interfaces to develop, irreversible side reactions to complete, and the cell to reach its rated electrochemical performance. Formation is not simply the first charge. It is a deliberate electrochemical conditioning step, often consisting of one to several cycles at carefully defined current rates, voltage limits, and temperatures. The protocol is tailored to the cell chemistry, electrode materials, and electrolyte system in use. A poorly executed formation step—or the absence of one—produces cells with unstable interfaces, elevated self-discharge, and inconsistent capacity, all of which compromise subsequent research data. In a research context, formation is also a data-rich event. The voltage profiles, capacity losses, and coulombic efficiency values recorded during formation provide direct insight into the quality and behaviour of the electrode materials being studied. ## Why does battery formation matter for research and manufacturing? Battery formation matters because it determines the quality and stability of the electrode–electrolyte interface that governs subsequent cell behaviour. Without a well-controlled formation step, irreversible capacity loss is unpredictable, cell-to-cell reproducibility is poor, and any conclusions drawn from cycling data are difficult to validate or compare across experiments. In manufacturing, formation is an established quality-control step. Cells that do not form correctly are identified and rejected before reaching the end user. In research, the stakes are different but equally significant: a researcher comparing two anode materials needs to be confident that any difference in capacity retention or rate capability reflects the materials themselves, not variability introduced by inconsistent formation. Coulombic efficiency during the first cycle—defined as the ratio of discharge capacity to charge capacity—is a direct measure of the irreversible capacity consumed during formation. This value is a key metric for evaluating new electrode materials. A material with high first-cycle coulombic efficiency loses less lithium to irreversible side reactions, which is particularly important in full-cell configurations where the lithium inventory is finite. ## How does the SEI layer form during the formation process? The Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer forms on the anode surface during the first lithiation, when the electrode potential drops to levels at which the electrolyte solvent and salt decompose reductively. The decomposition products precipitate onto the anode, forming a thin, ionically conductive but electronically insulating film that passivates the surface and prevents further bulk electrolyte decomposition. ### What is the SEI layer composed of? The SEI is a chemically heterogeneous layer containing both inorganic and organic components. Inorganic species such as lithium fluoride (LiF) and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) typically form closer to the electrode surface, while organic species such as lithium alkyl carbonates form in the outer regions. The precise composition depends on the electrolyte solvent system, the salt used, any additives present, and the electrode material itself. ### Why is SEI formation irreversible? The lithium consumed in forming the SEI is permanently immobilised within the layer and cannot be recovered during subsequent discharge. This is the primary source of first-cycle irreversible capacity loss. Once a stable SEI has formed, it acts as a protective barrier, and further electrolyte decomposition is suppressed. An unstable or porous SEI continues to grow in subsequent cycles, consuming additional lithium and causing ongoing capacity fade. Electrolyte additives—such as vinylene carbonate or fluoroethylene carbonate—are commonly used in research to modify SEI composition and improve its stability. The formation protocol, particularly the current rate and temperature at which the first lithiation occurs, significantly influences the morphology and uniformity of the SEI that develops. ## What factors influence the outcome of battery formation? The outcome of battery formation is influenced by the C-rate applied, the voltage window used, the temperature of the cell during cycling, the number of formation cycles, and the rest periods between steps. Each of these variables affects the kinetics of SEI growth, the degree of electrode wetting by the electrolyte, and the extent of irreversible side reactions. - **C-rate:** Lower C-rates during formation allow more uniform lithium insertion and give the SEI more time to develop in a controlled manner. High C-rates during initial cycles can produce non-uniform or mechanically stressed SEI layers. - **Temperature:** Elevated temperatures increase electrolyte reactivity and can accelerate SEI formation, but may also produce thicker or less stable films. Low temperatures slow reaction kinetics and can impair electrolyte wetting. - **Voltage limits:** The lower cut-off voltage during the first lithiation determines how deeply the anode is lithiated and how much of the electrolyte decomposition window is accessed. - **Rest periods:** Allowing the cell to rest at open circuit after assembly enables the electrolyte to fully penetrate the electrode stack before cycling begins, which improves wetting uniformity. - **Electrolyte composition:** Additives present in the electrolyte directly influence which decomposition products form and in what proportions, altering the final SEI composition. In a research setting, controlling these factors rigorously—and documenting them in detail—is essential for reproducibility. Small differences in formation temperature or C-rate between nominally identical experiments can produce measurable differences in first-cycle coulombic efficiency and subsequent capacity retention. ## What’s the difference between formation and regular battery cycling? Formation cycling and regular battery cycling differ in purpose, current rate, and the electrochemical state of the cell. Formation is a one-time conditioning step applied to a fresh cell to establish stable interfaces and complete irreversible reactions. Regular cycling is the repeated charging and discharging of an already formed cell to characterise its performance, rate capability, or long-term stability. During formation, the cell is in a transient state. The electrode surfaces are reactive, the electrolyte is undergoing decomposition, and the cell’s impedance and capacity change with each cycle. The current rates used are intentionally low to manage these processes in a controlled way. During regular cycling, the cell is in a pseudo-stable state. The SEI has been established, the electrodes have undergone initial structural changes, and the cell behaves in a more predictable, repeatable manner. The current rates applied during regular cycling are typically higher and are chosen to probe specific aspects of performance—rate capability, impedance evolution, or long-term capacity retention. Confusing the two, or skipping directly to high-rate cycling without a proper formation step, introduces artefacts into the data that can be difficult to distinguish from genuine material behaviour. This is a common source of irreproducibility in battery materials research. ## How do researchers measure and monitor the formation process? Researchers measure and monitor battery formation primarily through galvanostatic cycling with potential limitation (GCPL), recording the voltage response of the cell as a function of charge passed. Key metrics extracted from formation data include first-cycle coulombic efficiency, irreversible capacity loss, and the shape of the voltage–capacity profile, which reflects the electrochemical reactions occurring at each electrode. ### Coulombic efficiency as a formation metric First-cycle coulombic efficiency is the most widely used quantitative measure of formation quality. It is calculated as the ratio of discharge capacity to charge capacity in the first cycle, expressed as a percentage. Values significantly below 100% indicate substantial irreversible lithium consumption, most of which is attributed to SEI formation. Tracking coulombic efficiency across subsequent formation cycles reveals how quickly the cell stabilises. ### Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy during formation Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a complementary technique used to monitor interface development during and after formation. By measuring the cell’s impedance response across a range of frequencies, researchers can track the growth of SEI resistance and changes in charge-transfer kinetics as formation progresses. EIS measurements taken before, during, and after formation provide a detailed picture of how the electrode–electrolyte interface evolves. ### Dilatometry and gas evolution monitoring In more specialised research, electrochemical dilatometry is used to monitor electrode thickness changes during formation. Electrode expansion during first lithiation reflects both lithium insertion into the active material and the volume occupied by the growing SEI. Monitoring gas evolution—through pressure measurement or differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS)—can quantify the gases produced during electrolyte decomposition, providing direct evidence of the reactions driving irreversible capacity loss. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports battery formation research Studying the battery formation process at the materials level requires test equipment that delivers precise current control, stable temperature conditions, and clean electrochemical signals free from hardware-introduced artefacts. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures a complete ecosystem of electrochemical test cells and instruments specifically for this type of research. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** provides up to 16 independent test channels with potentiostat and galvanostat (PStat/GStat) functionality and integrated EIS capability, enabling parallel formation experiments with full impedance monitoring at each stage of the protocol. - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** series offers standardised, leak-tight test cells compatible with a wide range of electrode geometries and electrolyte systems, designed to minimise experimental variability between cells and across laboratories. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer measures electrode thickness changes during formation with a resolution better than 5 nm, allowing direct observation of SEI growth and electrode expansion at the nanometre scale. - The [**PAT-Cell-Gas**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas/) cell enables differential electrochemical mass spectrometry measurements, supporting gas evolution analysis during formation cycling. If you are developing or optimising a formation protocol for a new electrode material or electrolyte system, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which combination of test cells and instrumentation best suits your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do you calculate the capacity of a lithium-ion battery?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-you-calculate-the-capacity-of-a-lithium-ion-battery/) **Published:** April 27, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Master lithium-ion battery capacity calculations—from the Q=(n×F)/M formula to why real measurements always fall short of theory. **Content:** The capacity of a lithium-ion battery is calculated by multiplying the discharge current (in amperes) by the time (in hours) over which that current flows, giving a value in ampere-hours (Ah) or milliampere-hours (mAh). For battery materials researchers, understanding how to calculate battery capacity accurately—and why measured values differ from theoretical ones—is fundamental to interpreting experimental results and comparing electrode materials. This article addresses each core question in sequence, from the basic definition of lithium-ion battery capacity through to the practical considerations that determine how reliably you can measure it in a laboratory setting. ## What is the capacity of a lithium-ion battery? The capacity of a lithium-ion battery is the total charge it can store and deliver, expressed in mAh (milliampere-hours) for cells or in mAh/g (specific capacity) when normalising to the mass of the active material. It represents the quantity of lithium ions that can be reversibly intercalated or stored within the electrode materials during a full charge or discharge cycle. In research contexts, capacity is almost always reported as specific capacity in mAh/g, which allows meaningful comparison between different electrode materials regardless of the absolute mass of active material used in a given cell. When evaluating full cells or commercial formats, gravimetric energy density (Wh/kg) or volumetric energy density (Wh/L) are more relevant metrics, but these are derived quantities that depend on capacity as their foundation. ## How do you calculate the theoretical capacity of a lithium-ion battery? The theoretical capacity of a lithium-ion battery material is calculated using the formula **Q = (n × F) / M**, where *n* is the number of electrons transferred per formula unit, *F* is Faraday’s constant (96,485 C/mol), and *M* is the molar mass of the active material in g/mol. The result in C/g is then converted to mAh/g by dividing by 3.6. ### Applying the battery capacity formula to common materials For graphite (LiC6), one lithium ion is stored per six carbon atoms. With a molar mass of 72 g/mol for LiC6 and *n* = 1, the theoretical specific capacity works out to approximately 372 mAh/g. For lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), with a molar mass of approximately 158 g/mol and *n* = 1, the theoretical capacity is approximately 170 mAh/g. These theoretical values assume complete, reversible utilisation of every available lithium site within the crystal structure—an idealised condition that is rarely achieved in practice. The formula nonetheless provides an essential benchmark against which experimental results can be evaluated. ## What is the difference between capacity in mAh and energy in Wh? Capacity in mAh measures the total charge a cell can deliver, while energy in Wh (watt-hours) measures the actual work that charge can perform. The two are related by voltage: **Energy (Wh) = Capacity (Ah) × Average Voltage (V)**. A cell with 1,000 mAh capacity at an average discharge voltage of 3.6 V delivers 3.6 Wh of energy. This distinction matters in battery research because two electrode materials may have similar specific capacities in mAh/g but very different energy densities if their operating voltages differ significantly. Reporting capacity alone is insufficient when comparing materials for energy storage applications—the full discharge voltage profile must be considered to calculate the specific energy in Wh/kg. ## Why is measured capacity lower than theoretical capacity? Measured capacity is lower than theoretical capacity because not all lithium sites within the active material are accessible under real electrochemical conditions. Several mechanisms contribute to this discrepancy, including incomplete lithium utilisation, irreversible side reactions, and structural or kinetic limitations within the electrode. ### Key factors that reduce accessible capacity - **Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) formation:** During the first cycles, the SEI layer forms on the anode surface, consuming lithium irreversibly and reducing the charge available for subsequent cycling. This is the primary source of first-cycle capacity loss. - **Particle disconnection:** Volume changes during lithiation and delithiation can cause active material particles to lose electrical contact with the current collector or conductive additive. - **Electrolyte decomposition:** Continued side reactions at electrode surfaces consume lithium and generate resistive surface films over repeated cycles. - **Structural degradation:** Phase transitions and lattice strain in cathode materials can block lithium diffusion pathways over time. Coulombic efficiency—the ratio of charge extracted during discharge to charge inserted during charge—is the standard metric for tracking these losses cycle by cycle. High, stable coulombic efficiency indicates that irreversible processes are minimal, which is a key criterion for evaluating new electrode materials. ## How does C-rate affect the measurable capacity of a cell? C-rate (the charge or discharge current expressed as a multiple of the cell’s nominal capacity) has a direct effect on measurable capacity. At higher C-rates, the measured discharge capacity decreases because the solid-state diffusion of lithium ions within electrode particles cannot keep pace with the demand for current, resulting in higher overpotential and earlier voltage cut-off. At a low C-rate such as C/20, the system is close to thermodynamic equilibrium and the measured capacity approaches the practical maximum for that material. At C/2 or 1C, diffusion limitations become significant and a measurable reduction in delivered capacity is observed. This rate-capability behaviour is itself an important characterisation parameter—plotting capacity against C-rate reveals information about the kinetic limitations of the electrode material and the electrolyte. Overpotential, the difference between the thermodynamic electrode potential and the actual potential under current, increases with C-rate and is the direct electrochemical cause of this capacity reduction. Researchers studying rate capability must therefore specify the C-rate at which any reported capacity value was measured, as omitting this information makes comparisons between studies unreliable. ## How do you measure capacity accurately in a laboratory setting? Accurate capacity measurement in a laboratory setting requires controlled cell assembly, well-defined electrochemical protocols, and hardware that delivers precise, reproducible current and voltage. The key steps are: preparing electrodes with a known active material mass, assembling cells under controlled conditions (typically in an inert atmosphere), and running galvanostatic cycling at a defined C-rate between specified voltage limits. ### Critical factors for reproducible capacity measurements - **Electrode mass accuracy:** Specific capacity in mAh/g is only as accurate as the determination of active material mass. Electrode preparation must be consistent, and the mass of binder and conductive additive must be excluded from the calculation. - **Electrolyte volume and distribution:** Insufficient electrolyte wetting leads to artificially low capacity. Standardised cell designs with defined electrolyte volumes improve reproducibility. - **Temperature control:** Capacity is temperature-dependent. Measurements should be conducted at a defined, stable temperature to allow valid comparisons between experiments. - **Voltage cut-off consistency:** The upper and lower voltage limits define the accessible capacity window. These must be held constant across all comparative measurements. - **Formation protocol:** The number and rate of formation cycles before capacity measurement affect the stable capacity value, particularly due to SEI development on the anode. Half-cell testing against a lithium metal reference electrode is common in academic research because it isolates the behaviour of a single electrode material. However, results from half-cells cannot be directly translated to full-cell performance without accounting for differences in the lithium inventory, the counter-electrode contribution, and the absence of a stable reference potential in a full-cell configuration. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports accurate battery capacity measurement Accurate capacity measurement depends on the quality and consistency of the test-cell hardware used. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and instruments specifically for battery materials research, addressing the reproducibility requirements that underpin reliable capacity data. - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** provides a standardised, leak-tight cell format with defined electrode geometry and electrolyte volume, reducing cell-to-cell variability in academic and industrial R&D labs. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a 16-channel battery tester with a temperature-controlled cell chamber and galvanostatic/potentiostatic capability, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), enabling systematic capacity and rate-capability measurements under controlled conditions. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer allows simultaneous capacity measurement and electrode thickness monitoring, providing direct insight into the volume changes that contribute to capacity fade. - [EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) provides the data acquisition and analysis environment to apply consistent cycling protocols and extract capacity values with full traceability. If you are setting up a battery materials characterisation workflow or need test-cell hardware designed for reproducible electrochemical measurements, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How does humidity affect lithium-ion battery storage?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-does-humidity-affect-lithium-ion-battery-storage/) **Published:** April 26, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Moisture corrupts battery research. Discover the humidity thresholds, degradation mechanisms, and lab controls every researcher must know. **Content:** Humidity is one of the most consequential environmental variables in lithium-ion battery research. Moisture exposure during cell assembly, storage, or testing can introduce electrochemical artefacts that compromise experimental data and, in severe cases, render results unpublishable. Understanding how humidity affects lithium-ion battery materials and test cells is therefore a practical necessity for any battery materials researcher working under rigorous conditions. This article addresses key questions surrounding battery storage humidity, moisture-induced degradation, and the environmental controls researchers rely on to maintain experimental integrity. ## What happens to battery electrolyte when exposed to moisture? When lithium-ion battery electrolyte is exposed to moisture, water reacts with the lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆) salt commonly used in liquid electrolytes to produce hydrofluoric acid (HF). This reaction is rapid even at low water concentrations and generates highly corrosive byproducts that attack electrode surfaces, current collectors, and separator materials, leading to irreversible capacity loss and elevated cell impedance. The reaction pathway begins with LiPF₆ hydrolysing to form POF₃ and LiF, followed by further hydrolysis that produces HF. Even trace quantities of HF are sufficient to dissolve transition-metal oxides from cathode active materials such as LiCoO₂ or NMC, releasing metal ions that can migrate to the anode and disrupt the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. The SEI layer, which forms on the anode during the first charge cycles, is critical for long-term cycling stability. Once compromised by HF-mediated dissolution products, the SEI becomes thicker and less uniform, increasing overpotential and reducing coulombic efficiency. Beyond LiPF₆-based systems, moisture also reacts destructively with lithium-metal anodes used in half-cell configurations. Lithium reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide and hydrogen gas, which is both a safety concern and a source of internal pressure that distorts cell geometry and test data. ## What humidity levels are safe for lithium-ion battery storage? For lithium-ion battery materials and assembled test cells, a relative humidity below 1% is generally considered necessary for safe storage and handling. Most research-grade operations use a dry-room environment maintained at a dew point of approximately -40°C or lower, or an inert-atmosphere glovebox purged with argon or nitrogen to achieve moisture levels below 1 ppm. The precise tolerance depends on the materials involved: - **Lithium-metal anodes:** Require sub-ppm moisture levels; even brief exposure to ambient humidity causes surface oxidation and dendrite-promoting contamination. - **Sulfide-based solid electrolytes:** React with atmospheric moisture to release hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), making strict inert-atmosphere control essential. - **Oxide-based solid electrolytes:** More tolerant of humidity, though prolonged exposure still degrades ionic conductivity at grain boundaries. - **Conventional liquid electrolytes (LiPF₆ in carbonate solvents):** Moisture content should remain below 20 ppm within the electrolyte itself; storage containers must be sealed and kept in dry conditions. Standard laboratory ambient conditions of 40 to 60% relative humidity are entirely unsuitable for cell assembly or open electrolyte handling. Even short exposure at ambient humidity can introduce enough water to measurably alter electrochemical behaviour in sensitive half-cell experiments. ## How does humidity-induced degradation affect battery research results? Humidity-induced degradation introduces systematic experimental artefacts that distort electrochemical measurements, making it difficult to distinguish genuine material behaviour from moisture-related side reactions. The most direct effect is a reduction in measured specific capacity (mAh/g) and coulombic efficiency, which can be misattributed to intrinsic material limitations rather than contamination. Researchers relying on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are particularly affected. Moisture contamination increases the resistance of the SEI layer and electrolyte, shifting impedance spectra in ways that can be incorrectly interpreted as changes in electrode kinetics or ionic transport properties. This undermines the validity of equivalent-circuit fitting and the conclusions drawn from it. Additional consequences for research data integrity include: - Elevated self-discharge rates, which alter open-circuit voltage measurements and rest-period protocols. - Inconsistent first-cycle irreversible capacity loss, making it harder to compare results across cells assembled under different humidity conditions. - Accelerated capacity fade during cycling, which obscures the true long-term performance of electrode materials under investigation. - Gas evolution within sealed test cells, which can increase internal pressure and affect measurements in cells equipped with pressure or strain sensors. Reproducibility, which is the foundation of publishable battery research, depends directly on controlling these variables. A single poorly assembled cell exposed to elevated humidity can introduce outliers that invalidate an entire dataset. ## How can researchers control humidity during battery cell assembly? Researchers control humidity during battery cell assembly primarily by working inside an argon- or nitrogen-filled glovebox, which maintains moisture and oxygen levels below 1 ppm. For less moisture-sensitive materials, a dry room with a controlled dew point is an acceptable alternative, provided the dew point is consistently monitored and maintained below -40°C. ### Glovebox protocols Effective glovebox operation requires disciplined material-transfer procedures. All components, including electrodes, separators, electrolyte, and cell hardware, must be dried and degassed before introduction into the glovebox antechamber. Typical drying protocols involve vacuum ovens at temperatures appropriate to the material, followed by immediate transfer under an inert atmosphere. Regeneration cycles for glovebox purification systems must be performed regularly to maintain specification-level purity for moisture and oxygen. ### Electrolyte handling and storage Electrolyte solutions should be stored in sealed, moisture-proof containers within the glovebox or dry room at all times. Opened electrolyte bottles should not be returned to long-term storage without being resealed under inert gas. Water content in electrolytes can be verified using Karl Fischer titration, which provides a quantitative measure of moisture in ppm and allows researchers to confirm that electrolyte quality meets experimental requirements before use. ### Cell hardware and assembly practices Cell hardware should be cleaned, dried, and stored in a desiccated environment before assembly. Torque-controlled cell closure, as used in research-grade test cells such as the [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/), ensures consistent sealing that prevents post-assembly moisture ingress during storage and testing outside the glovebox. ## What are the signs of humidity damage in a lithium-ion battery? Signs of humidity damage in a lithium-ion battery test cell include abnormally low first-cycle coulombic efficiency, unexpectedly high impedance in EIS measurements, accelerated capacity fade during galvanostatic cycling, and visible corrosion or discolouration on electrode surfaces or current collectors when the cell is disassembled post-mortem. In practice, the first indication is often a deviation from expected electrochemical behaviour during initial characterisation. A cell assembled from well-characterised electrode materials that shows significantly lower specific capacity than literature values, or an unusually large irreversible capacity loss in the first cycle, warrants investigation of the assembly environment and component moisture content. Post-mortem inspection provides more direct evidence: - White or grey deposits on the lithium-metal anode surface, indicating lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate formation from moisture or CO₂ exposure. - Corrosion pitting on aluminium current collectors, consistent with HF attack from LiPF₆ hydrolysis. - Separator discolouration or degradation, which can indicate electrolyte decomposition driven by moisture-initiated side reactions. - Swelling or deformation of the cell casing, which may indicate gas evolution from moisture-driven reactions within the cell. When these signs are present, the affected cells should be excluded from the dataset, and the root cause should be addressed before further experiments are conducted. Correlating post-mortem observations with electrochemical data is a standard diagnostic approach in rigorous battery materials research. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports controlled battery testing environments Maintaining strict humidity control throughout the battery research workflow is only effective when the test cells themselves are designed to preserve that controlled environment. EL-Cell GmbH produces research-grade electrochemical test cells and instruments that support the assembly and testing standards described in this article. Specifically, our products address humidity-related research challenges in the following ways: - The [**PAT-Cell**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) and related test cells are designed for glovebox-compatible assembly, with torque-controlled closure that ensures consistent, reproducible sealing and minimises post-assembly moisture ingress. - The [**ECD-4-nano**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer measures electrode thickness changes with a resolution below 5 nm, enabling researchers to detect the subtle swelling caused by moisture-induced SEI growth or gas evolution that would otherwise remain undetected. - The [**PAT-Tester-i-16**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates a temperature-controlled cell chamber with up to 16 independent test channels and full EIS capability, allowing researchers to conduct controlled experiments in which environmental variables, including temperature and humidity exposure history, are precisely documented. - The [**PAT-Cell-Gas**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) supports in situ gas analysis, which is directly relevant to detecting hydrogen or other gases produced by moisture-driven reactions within the cell. If you are designing or optimising a battery research workflow and need test cells or instrumentation that support controlled-atmosphere assembly and highly reproducible electrochemical measurements, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss your specific experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the difference between a battery cell, module, and pack?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-battery-cell-module-and-pack/) **Published:** May 4, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Understand how battery cells, modules, and packs differ — and why cell-level research defines the entire system's performance ceiling. **Content:** A battery cell, module, and pack are three distinct levels of organisation in a battery system. A **battery cell** is the fundamental electrochemical unit; a **battery module** is an assembly of grouped cells; and a **battery pack** is a complete, integrated system of modules. Understanding how these three levels relate is essential for anyone working in battery materials research, cell design, or electrochemical characterisation. For researchers focused on electrode materials, electrolytes, or cell architecture, the distinction between these three levels determines where experimental work fits within the broader development pipeline. What happens at the cell level directly constrains what is achievable at the module and pack levels. ## What is a battery cell and how does it work? A battery cell is the smallest self-contained electrochemical unit capable of storing and releasing electrical energy. It consists of a positive electrode (cathode), a negative electrode (anode), a separator, and an electrolyte housed within a single enclosure. During discharge, oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction occurs at the cathode, driving electrons through an external circuit. The electrochemical reactions within a cell are governed by the thermodynamic properties of the electrode materials. The cell voltage is determined by the difference in electrochemical potential between the two electrodes. Practical cell performance is further shaped by kinetic factors such as overpotential, the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte, and the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode during early charge cycles. Cells are manufactured in several form factors, including cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch configurations. Each format carries different implications for thermal management, mechanical stress, and volumetric energy density. In research settings, laboratory-scale test cells replicate the core electrochemistry of these formats under controlled conditions, enabling systematic study of individual cell components. ## What is a battery module and what does it contain? A battery module is an intermediate assembly comprising multiple individual cells connected in series, in parallel, or in a combination of both. The module integrates cells with mechanical housing, electrical interconnects, and often thermal management components. Its purpose is to aggregate cell-level energy and power into a unit that can be handled, monitored, and replaced as a single entity. Within a module, cell-to-cell variation becomes a critical engineering concern. Even small differences in capacity, internal resistance, or coulombic efficiency between cells can lead to imbalances during cycling. Battery management electronics are often incorporated at the module level to monitor individual cell voltages and temperatures and to balance charge distribution across the assembly. The mechanical design of a module must also accommodate dimensional changes in the cells during cycling. Electrode materials expand and contract as lithium ions intercalate and deintercalate, generating mechanical stress that accumulates across the module structure. This is one reason why electrode strain, measured at the cell level, is directly relevant to module engineering. ## What is a battery pack and how is it structured? A battery pack is the highest level of integration in a battery system. It consists of multiple modules arranged within a structural enclosure, combined with a battery management system (BMS), thermal management hardware, safety mechanisms, and external electrical interfaces. The pack is the unit that interfaces with the end application, whether that is an electric vehicle (EV) drivetrain, a grid storage system, or an industrial device. The architecture of an EV battery pack, for example, is designed to meet specific energy density (Wh/kg), power density, thermal stability, and safety requirements simultaneously. The BMS monitors state of charge, state of health, and cell temperatures in real time, adjusting charge and discharge rates to protect the cells from operating outside safe limits. Pack-level performance is ultimately constrained by the properties of the individual cells within it. Degradation mechanisms that originate at the electrode–electrolyte interface—such as SEI growth, lithium plating, or particle cracking—propagate upward through the module and pack hierarchy, reducing capacity and increasing internal resistance over time. ## What’s the difference between a battery cell, module, and pack? The key distinction lies in the level of integration and function. A battery cell is the electrochemical unit where energy conversion occurs. A battery module groups cells into a mechanically and electrically managed assembly. A battery pack integrates modules into a complete system with thermal control, safety hardware, and a BMS. Each level builds on the one below it. - **Battery cell:** Single electrochemical unit; defined by electrode chemistry, electrolyte, and form factor; characterised by voltage, specific capacity (mAh/g or mAh/cm²), and coulombic efficiency. - **Battery module:** Assembly of cells in series or parallel; adds mechanical structure, electrical interconnects, and cell-level monitoring; performance limited by the weakest cell in the assembly. - **Battery pack:** System-level integration of modules; includes a BMS, thermal management, and safety systems; defines the energy and power output available to the application. In practical terms, the distinction matters because problems at one level cannot always be corrected at a higher level. A cell with poor cycling stability or high capacity fade will degrade module and pack performance regardless of how well the higher-level engineering is executed. ## Why does the cell-module-pack hierarchy matter in battery research? The cell-module-pack hierarchy matters in battery research because the fundamental electrochemical properties established at the cell level set hard limits on what is achievable at the module and pack levels. Researchers working on electrode materials, electrolytes, or cell design directly influence the performance ceiling of every system built from those cells. Understanding this hierarchy also clarifies the scope and relevance of laboratory-scale experiments. A researcher measuring specific capacity or cycling stability in a half-cell is generating data that will eventually inform full-cell design, module architecture, and pack-level energy density targets. The translation from laboratory measurements to application performance depends on how accurately the test cell replicates the conditions of a real cell. This is why reproducibility and standardisation in cell-level testing are not merely methodological preferences—they are prerequisites for data that can be meaningfully compared, published, and applied. Variability introduced by inconsistent cell assembly, poorly controlled electrode loading, or non-standardised test hardware obscures the true electrochemical behaviour of the materials under study. ## How are battery cells tested before assembly into modules? Battery cells are tested before module assembly through a series of electrochemical protocols designed to characterise their capacity, rate capability, cycling stability, and internal resistance. These tests are conducted at the cell level to identify performance outliers and to verify that cells meet the specifications required for matched assembly into modules. ### Standard electrochemical characterisation methods The most common cell-level tests include: - **Galvanostatic cycling:** Charging and discharging at defined C-rates to measure specific capacity and coulombic efficiency over repeated cycles. - **Rate capability testing:** Cycling at progressively higher C-rates to assess how capacity and overpotential respond to increasing current demand. - **Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS):** Applying a small AC perturbation across a range of frequencies to resolve contributions from the electrolyte, the SEI layer, charge-transfer resistance, and solid-state diffusion. - **Open-circuit voltage (OCV) measurements:** Monitoring voltage relaxation to assess thermodynamic equilibrium and identify self-discharge behaviour. ### Mechanical and dimensional characterisation Beyond electrochemical measurements, dimensional changes in electrodes during cycling are increasingly characterised before module assembly. Electrode expansion and contraction, quantified through dilatometry, provide direct insight into the mechanical stress a cell will impose on its module housing during operation. These data inform the mechanical design of the module and help predict long-term structural integrity. In research settings, these same characterisation methods are applied to evaluate new electrode materials and electrolyte formulations before they are considered for scale-up. The accuracy and reproducibility of the test hardware used at this stage directly determine the reliability of the conclusions drawn. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports battery cell characterisation research EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test equipment specifically for researchers working at the cell level—the stage at which electrode materials, electrolytes, and cell architectures are characterised before any consideration of module or pack integration. Our instruments are built to provide the reproducibility and measurement precision that publishable, peer-reviewed research requires. Our product range addresses the full scope of cell-level characterisation described in this article: - **Standardised test cells:** The [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) provides a laboratory-scale format with controlled geometry and consistent stack pressure, enabling reproducible galvanostatic cycling, EIS, and rate-capability measurements across different electrode materials. - **Electrode strain measurement:** The [ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) quantifies electrode thickness changes during cycling with a resolution better than 5 nm, providing the mechanical characterisation data needed to understand how electrode expansion will affect module design. - **Integrated testing platforms:** The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) combines a 16-channel battery tester, a temperature-controlled cell chamber, and EIS capability in a single instrument, supporting systematic characterisation of multiple cells under identical conditions. - **Specialised cell formats:** The [PAT-Cell series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) includes variants for gas analysis ([PAT-Cell-Gas](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas/)), force measurement ([PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/)), and solid-state research ([PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/)), allowing researchers to extend standard electrochemical measurements to address specific material and design questions. If you are developing electrode materials or electrolyte formulations and require test equipment that delivers consistent, comparable results, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which cell format and characterisation platform is appropriate for your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What causes lithium-ion batteries to lose capacity permanently?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-causes-lithium-ion-batteries-to-lose-capacity-permanently/) **Published:** May 8, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** SEI growth, lithium plating, and particle cracking permanently rob lithium-ion batteries of capacity — here's why it's irreversible. **Content:** Lithium-ion batteries lose capacity permanently because of irreversible chemical and structural changes that occur within the cell during cycling, storage, and operation under stress. Unlike temporary capacity losses caused by temperature or state of charge, these mechanisms alter the electrode materials and electrolyte in ways that cannot be reversed by conditioning or rest. Understanding the root causes of **lithium-ion battery capacity loss** is essential for researchers working to improve cell longevity and develop next-generation energy storage materials. The degradation mechanisms responsible for permanent capacity fade are numerous and often interdependent. Identifying and isolating each one requires controlled experimental conditions and precise measurement tools. This article outlines the principal mechanisms, their origins, and how researchers approach their quantification in the laboratory. ## What does permanent capacity loss in lithium-ion batteries actually mean? Permanent capacity loss in lithium-ion batteries refers to an irreversible reduction in the amount of charge a cell can store and deliver, expressed as a decline in specific capacity (mAh/g or mAh/cm²). Unlike reversible capacity fade, which can recover under different conditions, permanent capacity fade results from structural, chemical, or electrochemical changes that cannot be undone during normal operation. Capacity is fundamentally limited by the number of lithium ions that can be reversibly inserted into and extracted from the electrode materials. When either the active material or the available lithium inventory is permanently consumed or structurally compromised, the cell’s maximum deliverable capacity decreases. Researchers typically track this as a percentage of the initial capacity over a defined number of cycles or a defined period of calendar time, providing a quantitative measure of **battery aging mechanisms** at work. It is important to distinguish between two primary sources of permanent loss: loss of lithium inventory (LLI) and loss of active material (LAM). LLI occurs when lithium ions are consumed in parasitic side reactions and are no longer available for cycling. LAM occurs when electrode particles crack, dissolve, or become electronically isolated. Both contribute to the overall decline in **lithium-ion battery lifespan**, and both can occur simultaneously within the same cell. ## What are the main mechanisms that cause irreversible capacity fade? The main mechanisms causing irreversible capacity fade in lithium-ion batteries are solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth, lithium plating and dead-lithium formation, active material dissolution, particle cracking and mechanical degradation, and electrolyte decomposition. Each mechanism consumes either lithium inventory or active material, and most are accelerated by elevated temperature, high C-rates, or operation at extreme states of charge. These mechanisms rarely act in isolation. SEI growth, for example, consumes lithium ions and increases cell impedance, which in turn raises overpotential during cycling. Higher overpotential can then trigger lithium plating at the anode, introducing a second and more severe degradation pathway. This coupling between mechanisms is one reason that **battery capacity degradation** tends to accelerate nonlinearly as a cell ages. - **Loss of lithium inventory (LLI):** Lithium consumed in SEI formation, lithium plating, or reactions with contaminants is no longer available for reversible cycling. - **Loss of active material (LAM):** Particle cracking, transition-metal dissolution, and electronic isolation of particles reduce the quantity of material that can participate in intercalation. - **Electrolyte decomposition:** Solvent and salt breakdown products deposit on electrode surfaces, increasing resistance and contributing to SEI thickening. - **Structural disordering:** Phase transformations and lattice distortions in cathode materials reduce the sites available for lithium insertion. ## How does the solid electrolyte interphase cause capacity loss? The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) causes capacity loss by irreversibly consuming lithium ions during its formation and continued growth. The SEI forms on the anode surface during the first charge cycle, when the electrolyte reacts with the electrode at potentials below the electrolyte’s stability window. The lithium consumed in this process is permanently removed from the cell’s active inventory. A thin, stable SEI is essential for cell operation—it passivates the anode surface and prevents continuous electrolyte reduction. However, the SEI is never fully static. Mechanical stresses from volume changes during cycling cause the SEI to crack and reform repeatedly, with each re-formation consuming additional lithium. Over hundreds of cycles, this ongoing growth contributes meaningfully to the overall **permanent capacity fade** observed in aged cells. The composition and morphology of the SEI depend heavily on electrolyte formulation, electrode surface chemistry, temperature, and cycling protocol. Researchers studying SEI behavior often use electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to track the evolution of SEI resistance over time, alongside post-mortem analysis techniques to characterize the layer’s chemical composition. The quality of the test-cell hardware matters considerably here: any electrolyte leakage, moisture ingress, or parasitic current from poorly sealed cells will introduce artifacts that confound SEI analysis. ## Why does lithium plating lead to permanent battery degradation? Lithium plating leads to permanent **battery degradation** because metallic lithium deposited on the anode surface can become electrically isolated from the electrode, forming so-called dead lithium that is permanently lost from the active inventory. Additionally, lithium dendrites formed during plating can penetrate the separator, creating internal short circuits that accelerate capacity fade and pose safety risks. Plating occurs when the local overpotential at the anode is sufficient to drive lithium deposition rather than intercalation. This is most likely to happen at high C-rates, low temperatures, or when the anode is operating near full lithiation. In full cells, an imbalance between anode and cathode capacity can also make the anode susceptible to plating, even under moderate cycling conditions. The capacity loss from lithium plating is compounded by the fact that each plating event also consumes electrolyte to form a new SEI layer around the deposited lithium. This dual consumption of both lithium inventory and electrolyte makes plating one of the most damaging mechanisms affecting **lithium-ion battery lifespan**. Detecting plating early, before it becomes severe, is an active area of research involving techniques such as EIS, differential voltage analysis, and in situ optical or strain monitoring. ## How do researchers measure and quantify capacity loss in the lab? Researchers measure and quantify capacity loss by tracking the discharge capacity delivered by a cell over successive cycles under controlled conditions, typically expressed as a percentage of the initial capacity. Complementary techniques, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), incremental capacity analysis (ICA), and differential voltage analysis (DVA), are used to attribute the observed fade to specific degradation mechanisms such as loss of lithium inventory or loss of active material. Reliable quantification requires highly reproducible test cells. Variability in electrode preparation, electrolyte volume, stack pressure, or sealing quality introduces scatter in the data that can obscure the signal from the degradation mechanism under investigation. This is why standardized test cells with well-defined geometry and controlled assembly conditions are a prerequisite for publishable, peer-reviewed degradation studies. ### Key measurement approaches used in degradation studies - **Galvanostatic cycling:** Repeated charge and discharge at defined C-rates to track capacity retention over time. - **Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS):** Frequency-resolved impedance measurements to separate contributions from SEI resistance, charge-transfer resistance, and diffusion. - **Incremental capacity analysis (ICA):** Differentiation of the capacity-voltage curve to identify phase transitions and track their evolution with aging. - **Differential voltage analysis (DVA):** Analysis of voltage-capacity derivatives to quantify LLI and LAM independently. - **Post-mortem analysis:** Physical and chemical characterization of electrodes after cycling to correlate electrochemical signatures with structural changes. In situ measurements add a further dimension by allowing researchers to monitor changes in real time without disassembling the cell. Strain measurements using an [electrochemical dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/), for example, can reveal volume changes associated with SEI growth or lithium plating that are not visible in the voltage-capacity response alone. ## What factors accelerate capacity fade the most? The factors that most strongly accelerate capacity fade are elevated temperature, high C-rates, operation at extreme states of charge (very high or very low), and mechanical stress on electrode particles. Each of these conditions intensifies one or more of the underlying degradation mechanisms, significantly shortening the effective **lithium-ion battery lifespan**. Temperature has a particularly strong influence because most degradation reactions—including SEI growth and electrolyte decomposition—follow Arrhenius kinetics, meaning their rates increase exponentially with temperature. Storage at high states of charge at elevated temperature is among the most damaging conditions for cathode materials, accelerating transition-metal dissolution and structural disordering. - **High C-rates:** Increase overpotential at both electrodes, raising the risk of lithium plating at the anode and promoting electrolyte oxidation at the cathode. - **Elevated temperature:** Accelerates all thermally activated degradation reactions, particularly SEI growth and cathode structural changes. - **Low temperature:** Reduces lithium-ion mobility, increasing the risk of plating even at moderate C-rates. - **High upper cut-off voltage:** Pushes cathode materials into structurally unstable states and increases electrolyte oxidation. - **Low lower cut-off voltage:** Can cause copper current collector dissolution and accelerate anode degradation. - **Mechanical stress:** Repeated volume changes during cycling cause particle cracking and loss of electronic contact, contributing to LAM. Understanding how these factors interact is central to designing accelerated aging protocols that can predict long-term **battery degradation** from short-term laboratory tests. Precisely controlling these variables in experimental cells is therefore a fundamental requirement for any aging study. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports lithium-ion battery degradation research Studying the mechanisms behind permanent capacity loss demands test cells that introduce no artifacts of their own. Variability in electrode compression, electrolyte distribution, or sealing integrity will obscure the degradation signal and compromise the reproducibility that peer-reviewed research requires. EL-Cell GmbH designs its test cells and instruments specifically to eliminate these sources of experimental error. Our product portfolio addresses the key requirements of battery aging and degradation studies directly: - **Standardized test cells:** The [PAT series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-test-cells/) battery test cells provide defined geometry, controlled stack pressure, and reliable sealing to ensure reproducible cycling data across experiments and between laboratories. - **In situ strain measurement:** The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer measures electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 5 nm, enabling real-time monitoring of volume changes associated with SEI growth, lithium plating, and active material degradation. - **Integrated EIS capability:** The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) combines galvanostatic cycling with potentiostat/galvanostat (PStat/GStat) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) functionality across up to 16 channels, supporting the multi-technique measurement approaches central to degradation quantification. - **Controlled cell environment:** The temperature-controlled cell chamber integrated into the [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) allows researchers to isolate the effect of temperature on degradation rates under well-defined conditions. - **Special-purpose cells:** For studies requiring optical access or gas analysis, the [ECC-Opto-10](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) and [PAT-Cell-Press](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) extend the range of in situ observables available during aging experiments. If you are designing a battery aging study and want to discuss which test-cell configuration best fits your experimental requirements, contact the EL-Cell GmbH team directly. We are happy to support you in selecting or customizing the right solution for your research. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the shelf life of an unused lithium-ion battery?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-shelf-life-of-an-unused-lithium-ion-battery/) **Published:** May 9, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Unused lithium-ion batteries still degrade—discover the storage conditions and measurement methods that matter most for researchers. **Content:** An unused lithium-ion battery does not last indefinitely. Even in storage, electrochemical processes continue at a low level, gradually reducing the battery’s capacity and performance. Understanding the shelf life of a lithium-ion battery is directly relevant to researchers who store electrode materials, fabricate test cells in batches, or need to account for calendar ageing in their experimental designs. This article addresses the key questions surrounding lithium-ion battery storage life, degradation mechanisms, and measurement approaches—with a focus on what matters most to battery materials researchers working in laboratory settings. ## Why do lithium-ion batteries degrade even when not in use? Lithium-ion batteries degrade during storage because electrochemical and chemical reactions continue even without an applied current. The primary mechanism is parasitic electrolyte decomposition at the electrode–electrolyte interface, particularly at the anode. The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, which forms on the anode surface during initial cycling, is not fully stable and continues to grow slowly over time, consuming cyclable lithium and increasing internal resistance. Self-discharge is a closely related phenomenon. Even without an external circuit, lithium ions migrate slowly through the electrolyte, and minor redox reactions occur at both electrodes. These reactions are thermally activated, meaning they proceed faster at elevated temperatures. Over months or years, the cumulative effect of SEI growth, electrolyte oxidation at the cathode, and lithium plating under certain conditions results in measurable capacity loss and impedance rise—even in a cell that has never been cycled. ### The role of the electrolyte The liquid electrolyte in conventional lithium-ion cells is thermodynamically unstable against both the anode and the cathode at the voltages typically used. This instability is managed kinetically by the SEI layer, but the layer itself is a product of electrolyte decomposition. Solvents such as ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate continue to react slowly at the anode surface, and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) salt can decompose to produce hydrofluoric acid, which attacks both the SEI and the cathode structure over time. ## What factors affect the shelf life of a lithium-ion battery? The shelf life of a lithium-ion battery is affected primarily by storage temperature, state of charge (SoC) during storage, electrolyte composition, and electrode chemistry. Each of these variables influences the rate of parasitic reactions and, therefore, the rate of capacity fade and impedance growth during calendar ageing. - **State of charge:** Storing a cell at high SoC accelerates cathode degradation and electrolyte oxidation. Storing at very low SoC risks lithium plating and deep discharge of the anode. A moderate SoC is generally preferred for long-term storage. - **Electrode chemistry:** Cathode materials differ significantly in their stability. Layered oxides such as NMC and NCA are more reactive than olivine-type LFP and therefore show greater calendar-ageing losses under equivalent conditions. - **Electrolyte formulation:** Additives such as vinylene carbonate (VC) or fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) are known to improve SEI stability and reduce ongoing decomposition during storage. - **Cell design and sealing quality:** Moisture ingress through a compromised seal accelerates electrolyte degradation and can trigger additional parasitic reactions. - **Storage duration:** Calendar-ageing losses are not linear over time; they often follow a square-root dependence, reflecting diffusion-limited SEI growth. ## What is the best way to store a lithium-ion battery long-term? The best way to store a lithium-ion battery long-term is at a moderate state of charge (typically 30 to 50% SoC), in a cool, dry environment, away from direct light and humidity. These conditions minimise the rate of parasitic electrochemical reactions and slow SEI growth at the anode. For researchers storing fabricated test cells or electrode assemblies, additional considerations apply. Cells should be sealed under an inert atmosphere where possible to prevent moisture and oxygen ingress. If cells are stored in a discharged state for extended periods, periodic recharging to a low SoC can help prevent copper current collector dissolution at the anode, which occurs at very low potentials. Labelling cells with their fabrication date and initial open-circuit voltage provides useful reference data for later comparison. ### Practical storage guidelines for laboratory cells - Store at 30 to 50% SoC to balance anode and cathode stability. - Use a temperature-controlled environment; avoid fluctuations. - Maintain dry conditions; use desiccant or sealed containers where appropriate. - Record the open-circuit voltage at the start of storage to track self-discharge over time. - Avoid stacking cells under mechanical pressure unless the cell design requires it. ## How does storage temperature affect lithium-ion battery shelf life? Storage temperature has a strong influence on lithium-ion battery shelf life because the rate of parasitic reactions increases exponentially with temperature, following Arrhenius-type kinetics. Cells stored at elevated temperatures degrade significantly faster than those stored at room temperature or below, even when all other conditions are identical. At temperatures above approximately 40°C, electrolyte decomposition and SEI growth accelerate substantially, leading to faster capacity fade and resistance increase. At very low temperatures, below approximately 0°C, degradation reactions slow considerably, which can extend storage life. However, very low temperatures can also cause electrolyte conductivity to drop and, in some formulations, partial electrolyte solidification. For most laboratory purposes, storage between 15°C and 25°C represents a practical compromise that slows ageing without introducing low-temperature complications. Researchers conducting calendar ageing studies often use elevated storage temperatures deliberately to accelerate degradation and generate data within a reasonable experimental timeframe. This approach requires careful modelling to extrapolate accelerated ageing results to real-world conditions, as the relative contributions of different degradation mechanisms can shift with temperature. ## How can researchers accurately measure battery degradation during storage? Researchers can accurately measure battery degradation during storage by tracking capacity retention, open-circuit voltage decay, and impedance evolution over time. Periodic characterisation using galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) provides quantitative data on both capacity loss and changes in internal resistance, allowing degradation mechanisms to be identified and separated. A robust calendar ageing protocol typically includes the following measurement steps at defined intervals: 1. Record the open-circuit voltage to quantify self-discharge. 2. Perform a reference performance test (RPT) at a low C-rate to measure remaining specific capacity (mAh/g or mAh/cm²). 3. Acquire EIS spectra to resolve changes in SEI resistance, charge-transfer resistance, and diffusion behaviour. 4. Return the cell to the target SoC and continue storage. Incremental capacity analysis (ICA) and differential voltage analysis (DVA) applied to the RPT data can reveal shifts in electrode stoichiometry and the relative contributions of loss of lithium inventory versus loss of active material. For studies requiring dimensional data, tracking electrode thickness changes during storage using a dilatometer adds a further layer of mechanistic insight, as SEI growth and gas evolution both produce measurable volume changes. ### The importance of cell reproducibility in storage studies Calendar ageing studies require high cell-to-cell reproducibility to produce statistically meaningful results. Variability in electrode coating thickness, electrolyte volume, and cell assembly conditions introduces scatter that can obscure genuine degradation trends. Standardised test cells with well-defined geometry and controlled assembly conditions are therefore essential for this type of research. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports lithium-ion battery storage and degradation research Accurate calendar ageing and storage degradation studies depend on test cells that deliver consistent, reproducible results across multiple samples and measurement intervals. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and instruments specifically for this type of rigorous battery materials research. Our products address the practical and technical requirements of degradation studies directly: - The [**PAT series**](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-test-cells/) test cells provide standardised, reproducible cell geometry with controlled electrolyte volume and reliable sealing, reducing assembly variability that would otherwise obscure calendar-ageing data. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer measures electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 5 nanometres, enabling direct detection of SEI growth and gas evolution during storage intervals. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates galvanostatic cycling, potentiostat/galvanostat (PStat/GStat) functionality, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a single instrument with temperature-controlled cell housing, supporting complete reference performance test protocols without requiring multiple instruments. - Our [**EL-Software**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) enables structured test sequences, including periodic RPT routines, to be defined and executed automatically across all channels. If you are designing a calendar ageing study or need standardised test cells for long-term storage experiments, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do you choose the right lithium-ion battery for an off-grid system?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-you-choose-the-right-lithium-ion-battery-for-an-off-grid-system/) **Published:** May 3, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** LFP vs NMC, capacity sizing, cycle life trade-offs—everything researchers need to choose the right off-grid lithium battery. **Content:** Selecting the right lithium-ion battery for an off-grid system requires matching electrochemical characteristics to the specific demands of the application. For battery materials researchers, understanding these selection criteria is directly relevant to designing test protocols, evaluating new electrode materials, and benchmarking prototype cells against commercially deployed chemistries. This article addresses the core questions that arise when comparing lithium-ion battery chemistries and configurations for off-grid energy storage. The answers draw on established electrochemical principles and are intended to support researchers who need to contextualise their laboratory findings within real-world deployment scenarios. ## What is a lithium-ion battery and why is it used in off-grid systems? A lithium-ion battery is an electrochemical energy storage device in which lithium ions shuttle between a negative electrode (anode during discharge) and a positive electrode (cathode during discharge) through a liquid or solid electrolyte. The reversible intercalation or alloying reactions at each electrode store and release electrical energy. Off-grid systems favour lithium-ion technology because of its high specific energy (Wh/kg), long cycle life, and comparatively low self-discharge rate. In off-grid applications, the battery must store energy from intermittent sources such as photovoltaic panels or small wind turbines and deliver it reliably during periods without generation. Lead-acid alternatives, which dominated off-grid storage for decades, offer lower specific energy and a shorter usable cycle life under deep-discharge conditions. Lithium-ion chemistries address both limitations, making them the preferred choice for modern off-grid energy storage systems. From a research perspective, the performance characteristics that make lithium-ion batteries attractive for off-grid use—including stable capacity retention over hundreds of cycles and high coulombic efficiency—are precisely the properties that electrode material development aims to optimise. ## What types of lithium-ion batteries are available for off-grid use? Several distinct lithium-ion chemistries are deployed in off-grid battery systems. Each is defined by its cathode active material, which largely determines energy density, thermal stability, and cycle life. The principal types used in off-grid energy storage are: - **Lithium iron phosphate (LFP):** LiFePO₄ cathode, valued for thermal stability and long cycle life - **Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC):** LiNiₓMnᵧCo\_zO₂ cathode, offering higher specific energy - **Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA):** High specific energy, used in some stationary storage products - **Lithium manganese oxide (LMO):** Lower specific energy but good rate capability Among these, LFP and NMC account for the large majority of off-grid installations. NCA sees more limited use in stationary storage compared to its prevalence in electric vehicle packs. LMO is rarely selected as the primary chemistry for off-grid systems due to capacity fade at elevated temperatures. The choice between available chemistries depends on the specific energy requirements, ambient operating temperature, and expected cycle count of the installation. ## What’s the difference between LFP and NMC batteries for off-grid systems? The key distinction between LFP and NMC for off-grid use is the trade-off between specific energy and cycle stability. NMC delivers higher specific energy (typically in the range of 150 to 220 Wh/kg at the cell level) compared to LFP (typically 90 to 160 Wh/kg), but LFP offers superior thermal stability and a substantially longer cycle life under the deep-discharge conditions common in off-grid operation. ### Thermal and safety characteristics LFP cathodes are thermally stable up to higher temperatures before undergoing exothermic decomposition. This stability arises from the strong covalent P–O bonds in the phosphate structure, which resist oxygen release under thermal stress. NMC cathodes, particularly those with high nickel content, are more susceptible to thermal runaway at elevated states of charge. For off-grid systems installed in locations with limited thermal management, this distinction is practically significant. ### Cycle life and capacity retention LFP cells routinely achieve 2,000 to 4,000 full cycles before reaching 80% capacity retention, a threshold commonly used to define end of life in storage applications. NMC cells typically deliver fewer cycles under equivalent depth-of-discharge conditions, though this varies considerably with the specific NMC stoichiometry and the charge/discharge protocol. The C-rate at which the battery is cycled also influences capacity fade; higher C-rates accelerate degradation in both chemistries through increased overpotential and accelerated solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth on the anode. ### Cost and availability LFP avoids cobalt entirely and uses abundant iron and phosphorus, which contributes to lower raw material costs and reduced supply-chain risk. NMC requires cobalt and nickel, both of which carry higher and more volatile costs. For off-grid systems where total cost of ownership over a ten-year or longer period is the primary economic metric, LFP’s combination of lower cost and longer cycle life is often decisive. ## How do you calculate the battery capacity you need for an off-grid system? Battery capacity for an off-grid system is calculated by dividing the total daily energy demand (in Wh) by the usable depth of discharge (DoD) of the selected chemistry, then accounting for system efficiency losses. The result gives the minimum installed capacity in Wh. Dividing by the nominal cell voltage converts this to ampere-hours (Ah). The calculation follows this sequence: 1. Determine total daily energy consumption in Wh by summing the product of each load’s power rating (W) and daily operating hours. 2. Divide by the maximum recommended DoD for the chosen chemistry (typically 0.8 for LFP and 0.7 to 0.8 for NMC). 3. Apply a system efficiency factor to account for inverter losses, wiring resistance, and charge-controller inefficiency (a factor of 0.85 to 0.90 is commonly used). 4. Multiply by the number of days of autonomy required (days without solar or wind input). From a materials research standpoint, this calculation illustrates why specific capacity (mAh/g) and volumetric energy density at the cell level translate directly into system-level sizing. Improvements in active material specific capacity reduce the total mass and volume of installed battery capacity required for a given energy demand. ## What factors should you consider when choosing an off-grid lithium battery? The primary factors in lithium battery selection for off-grid systems are chemistry, cycle life, operating temperature range, battery management system (BMS) capability, and total cost of ownership. No single factor determines the correct choice; the weighting of each depends on the specific deployment conditions. - **Chemistry:** Determines specific energy, thermal stability, and expected cycle life (see the LFP vs NMC comparison above). - **Operating temperature:** Lithium-ion cells lose capacity at low temperatures and degrade faster at high temperatures. LFP performs more reliably across a wider temperature range than high-nickel NMC. - **Depth of discharge:** Consistently cycling to low states of charge accelerates degradation. Selecting a chemistry with a demonstrated long cycle life at the intended DoD is essential. - **C-rate requirements:** Systems with high peak loads require cells capable of delivering high discharge C-rates without excessive overpotential or heat generation. - **BMS quality:** A well-designed BMS protects against overcharge, over-discharge, and thermal events. Cell-level monitoring is preferable to pack-level monitoring for long-term reliability. - **Certification and standards compliance:** Relevant standards (IEC 62619 for stationary storage and UN 38.3 for transport) should be verified before installation. For researchers evaluating electrode materials intended for off-grid storage applications, these system-level factors translate into specific test requirements: cycle-life testing at relevant DoD, rate-capability measurements across temperature ranges, and impedance characterisation to assess degradation mechanisms. ## What mistakes should you avoid when selecting a lithium battery for off-grid power? The most common mistakes in off-grid lithium battery selection are undersizing capacity, selecting a chemistry based on specific energy alone without accounting for cycle life, and neglecting the BMS specification. Each of these errors leads to premature capacity fade, reduced system reliability, or safety risks. - **Undersizing capacity:** Calculating minimum capacity without autonomy days or efficiency losses results in chronic deep discharge, which accelerates SEI growth and capacity fade. - **Prioritising specific energy over cycle life:** A higher-energy NMC cell that delivers fewer cycles may represent worse value over a ten-year system lifetime than a lower-energy LFP cell with twice the cycle count. - **Ignoring temperature effects:** Installing cells in environments that regularly exceed 40°C or fall below 0°C without appropriate thermal management significantly shortens operational life. - **Overlooking BMS capability:** A BMS that does not balance cells individually or lacks adequate protection thresholds will allow weak cells to degrade faster, reducing overall pack capacity. - **Confusing rated capacity with usable capacity:** Rated capacity (Ah) is measured under controlled laboratory conditions. Usable capacity in the field depends on DoD limits, temperature, and C-rate. - **Neglecting calendar ageing:** Even at low cycle counts, lithium-ion cells degrade over time due to electrolyte decomposition and SEI growth. Calendar ageing should be factored into long-term capacity projections. Understanding these failure modes at the system level is valuable context for laboratory researchers, as it defines the degradation scenarios that accelerated ageing protocols and post-mortem analysis methods are designed to replicate and diagnose. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports research into battery chemistries for energy storage applications Researchers investigating electrode materials and cell chemistries relevant to off-grid energy storage need test equipment that delivers reproducible, artefact-free electrochemical data. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures laboratory test cells and instruments specifically for this purpose. Our [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) product range supports the full range of characterisation tasks that arise when evaluating materials for stationary storage applications: - The [**PAT-Cell**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) and [**PAT-Cell-Force**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) enable standardised half-cell and full-cell cycling with controlled stack pressure, which is directly relevant to evaluating capacity retention and SEI development in LFP and NMC electrode materials. - The [**ECD-4-nano**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer quantifies electrode thickness changes during cycling with sub-5 nm resolution, providing insight into volume expansion behaviour that affects long-term cycle stability. - The [**PAT-Tester-i-16**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates up to 16 independent test channels with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) capability, enabling systematic comparison of cell chemistries under controlled C-rate and temperature conditions. - The [**PAT-Cell-Press**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) allows in situ gas analysis during cycling, supporting investigation of electrolyte decomposition reactions relevant to calendar and cycle ageing. If you are developing or benchmarking electrode materials for energy storage applications and require test equipment that meets the reproducibility standards expected in peer-reviewed research, contact us to discuss which configuration of our [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) products best fits your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [Is there a safer battery than lithium?](https://www.el-cell.com/is-there-a-safer-battery-than-lithium/) **Published:** May 13, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Explore which battery chemistries genuinely outperform lithium-ion on safety—and why thermal runaway still dominates researcher concerns. **Content:** The question of whether a safer battery than lithium exists is directly relevant to battery materials researchers working on next-generation energy storage systems. Understanding how lithium-ion batteries work at the electrochemical level is essential for evaluating where the risks arise and which alternative chemistries genuinely address them. This article works through the key questions researchers and R&D scientists ask when assessing battery safety across different chemistries, from the fundamental failure modes of lithium-ion cells to the current state of solid-state, sodium-ion, and other emerging technologies. ## Why are lithium-ion batteries considered a safety risk? Lithium-ion batteries present safety risks primarily because of their flammable liquid electrolytes and the thermal instability of certain cathode materials under stress. When cells experience mechanical damage, overcharge, or elevated temperatures, exothermic reactions can propagate uncontrollably—a phenomenon known as thermal runaway. The combination of stored energy, reactive lithium, and organic solvent-based electrolytes creates conditions in which failure can be rapid and severe. Several interconnected mechanisms contribute to this risk: - **Thermal runaway:** Heat generated internally can accelerate further decomposition reactions, creating a self-sustaining cycle that is difficult to interrupt once initiated. - **Lithium dendrite formation:** During cycling, metallic lithium can deposit unevenly on the anode surface, forming needle-like structures that can penetrate the separator and cause internal short circuits. - **Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) instability:** The SEI layer that forms on the anode during initial cycles is critical for long-term performance, but its breakdown under stress can expose reactive lithium to the electrolyte. - **Electrolyte decomposition:** Organic carbonate solvents used in most lithium-ion electrolytes are volatile and combustible, particularly at elevated temperatures. Understanding how lithium-ion batteries work at this mechanistic level clarifies why safety improvements require addressing the electrolyte, the electrode interfaces, or both simultaneously. ## What makes a battery chemistry safer than lithium? A battery chemistry is considered safer than conventional lithium-ion when it reduces or eliminates the conditions that lead to thermal runaway, dendrite formation, or flammable electrolyte decomposition. The key criteria are the thermal stability of all cell components, electrochemical stability across the operating voltage window, and the mechanical robustness of the electrode-electrolyte interface. Researchers typically evaluate safety using several measurable parameters: - **Onset temperature for exothermic reactions:** Higher onset temperatures indicate greater tolerance for thermal stress before irreversible decomposition begins. - **Electrolyte flammability:** Non-flammable or low-volatility electrolytes significantly reduce fire risk. - **Coulombic efficiency:** High coulombic efficiency over many cycles indicates stable electrode-electrolyte interfaces and minimal parasitic side reactions. - **Mechanical integrity under pressure:** Electrode swelling and gas evolution during cycling can compromise cell integrity; chemistries with low volume change are inherently more stable. No single metric defines safety in isolation. A chemistry may be thermally stable but electrochemically unstable, or mechanically robust but prone to capacity fade that forces overcharging in practical use. Comprehensive safety assessment requires evaluating all these factors together. ## What are the main alternatives to lithium-ion batteries? The main alternatives to lithium-ion batteries currently under active research include solid-state lithium batteries, sodium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, and aqueous battery systems. Each addresses different aspects of the lithium-ion safety and performance profile, and each introduces its own set of electrochemical challenges. ### Solid-state lithium batteries Solid-state batteries replace the liquid organic electrolyte with a solid ionic conductor, which eliminates the flammability risk associated with conventional electrolytes. Solid electrolytes also suppress lithium dendrite growth more effectively than liquid systems, though this depends strongly on the electrolyte material and the applied stack pressure. Oxide-, sulfide-, and polymer-based solid electrolytes each present different trade-offs among ionic conductivity, processability, and electrochemical stability. ### Sodium-ion batteries Sodium-ion batteries operate on the same intercalation principles as lithium-ion systems but use sodium as the charge carrier. Sodium is more abundant and less reactive than lithium, and sodium-ion cells can be safely discharged to zero volts for transport and storage without permanent damage. The specific capacity of most sodium-ion electrode materials is lower than that of their lithium-ion counterparts, but the chemistry offers a meaningful safety advantage for certain applications. ### Lithium-sulfur batteries Lithium-sulfur batteries offer a high theoretical specific capacity and use sulfur, a low-cost and relatively benign cathode material. However, the polysulfide shuttle mechanism causes significant capacity fade and introduces its own electrochemical instabilities. Research into electrolyte additives and cathode architectures continues to address these limitations. ### Aqueous battery systems Aqueous electrolyte systems, including aqueous lithium-ion and zinc-ion batteries, use water-based electrolytes that are intrinsically non-flammable. The electrochemical stability window of water limits the achievable cell voltage and therefore the energy density, but for stationary storage applications where volumetric constraints are less critical, aqueous systems offer a compelling safety profile. ## Which battery chemistry is the safest available today? Among commercially relevant chemistries, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) is widely regarded as the safest lithium-ion cathode material available today. Its olivine crystal structure releases very little oxygen upon decomposition, which significantly reduces the risk of thermal runaway compared with layered oxide cathodes such as NMC or NCA. Solid-state batteries, once fully developed, are expected to surpass LFP in safety, but they are not yet available at scale. In research contexts, the relative safety of a chemistry also depends on the specific electrolyte formulation, electrode design, and operating conditions. LFP cells with well-engineered electrolytes and stable SEI layers can demonstrate excellent abuse tolerance. Sodium-ion cells discharged to zero volts are also exceptionally safe for storage and handling—a practical advantage in laboratory and logistics settings. It is important to note that safety is not an intrinsic property of a chemistry alone. Cell design, manufacturing quality, and the conditions under which cells are tested all influence the observed safety behavior. A chemistry that performs safely in a well-controlled half-cell experiment may behave differently in a full-cell configuration under realistic cycling conditions. ## How do researchers test and validate battery safety? Researchers test and validate battery safety through a combination of electrochemical characterization, mechanical stress testing, and thermal analysis. At the materials level, this includes measuring coulombic efficiency, tracking volume changes during cycling, monitoring gas evolution, and characterizing the SEI layer. At the cell level, abuse testing such as nail penetration, overcharge, and elevated-temperature exposure reveals how a chemistry behaves under failure conditions. Key electrochemical methods used in safety research include: - **Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS):** Reveals changes in interfacial resistance and SEI layer properties over cycling, providing early indicators of degradation. - **Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT):** Measures diffusion coefficients and overpotential contributions, helping researchers understand kinetic limitations that can lead to lithium plating. - **Dilatometry:** Quantifies electrode thickness changes during charge and discharge, which is directly relevant to mechanical stress and long-term cell integrity. - **Gas analysis:** Identifies and quantifies volatile species produced during cycling, including CO2, H2, and hydrocarbons associated with electrolyte decomposition. Operando and in situ measurement approaches are particularly valuable because they capture dynamic processes as they occur, rather than relying on post-mortem analysis of disassembled cells. This distinction matters when studying phenomena such as SEI formation kinetics or dendrite nucleation, which are altered by the act of disassembly. ## Are safer batteries ready to replace lithium-ion at scale? Safer battery chemistries are not yet ready to fully replace lithium-ion at scale in most applications. Solid-state batteries face manufacturing challenges related to solid-solid interfacial contact, scalable electrolyte production, and stack-pressure requirements. Sodium-ion batteries are closer to commercial readiness but currently offer lower energy density than lithium-ion systems. Lithium-sulfur and aqueous systems require further development to achieve the cycle life needed for most practical use cases. The transition away from conventional lithium-ion will most likely be gradual and application-specific. LFP chemistry has already displaced NMC in many stationary storage and commercial vehicle applications where energy density is less critical than safety and cycle life. Sodium-ion cells are entering the market in specific niches. Solid-state technology remains the subject of intensive research investment, with most assessments suggesting that broad commercial availability is still several years away. For battery materials researchers, this landscape means that comparative electrochemical characterization across chemistries remains an active and necessary area of work. Understanding the precise failure modes, interfacial behavior, and degradation mechanisms of each candidate chemistry under controlled laboratory conditions is essential for informing the development decisions that will determine which technologies reach scale. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports battery safety research across chemistries Evaluating the safety and electrochemical behavior of alternative battery chemistries requires instrumentation that can accommodate a wide range of cell configurations, electrolyte types, and measurement protocols. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and measurement systems specifically for this kind of research. Our product portfolio directly supports the experimental methods most relevant to battery safety research: - The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer measures electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 5 nm, enabling precise tracking of volume expansion in candidate materials such as silicon anodes or sulfur cathodes. - The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) is designed for solid-state electrolyte research, providing controlled uniaxial stack pressure essential for maintaining solid-solid interfacial contact during cycling. - The [PAT-Cell-Press](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) enables in situ gas analysis during cycling, allowing researchers to monitor electrolyte decomposition products in real time. - The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) provides up to 16 independent test channels with potentiostat and galvanostat functionality, including EIS, supporting high-throughput comparative studies across multiple chemistries simultaneously. For researchers who require electrochemical characterization without access to a fully equipped laboratory, our [Application Laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) service provides electrode preparation, cell assembly, measurement protocol design, and data evaluation using our high-precision instrumentation. If you are working on a safety-relevant characterization problem and would like to discuss how our test cells or measurement services can support your work, contact our team directly. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the difference between lithium-ion and lithium iron phosphate batteries?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-lithium-ion-and-lithium-iron-phosphate-batteries/) **Published:** April 22, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** LFP vs. lithium-ion: key electrochemical differences every battery researcher must understand before selecting a cathode chemistry. **Content:** Lithium-ion and lithium iron phosphate batteries are both rechargeable electrochemical energy storage systems, but they differ significantly in cathode chemistry, electrochemical behaviour, and suitability for different research and application contexts. Understanding these differences is essential for battery materials researchers selecting chemistries to investigate or compare in the laboratory. The term “lithium-ion battery” is broad and encompasses many cathode chemistries, of which lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, commonly abbreviated as LFP) is one specific example. This article clarifies the distinction, outlines the key electrochemical differences, and discusses how researchers approach testing these chemistries in a controlled laboratory environment. ## What is a lithium-ion battery and how does it work? A lithium-ion battery is an electrochemical cell that stores and releases energy through the reversible intercalation of lithium ions between a cathode and an anode. During charging, lithium ions deintercalate from the cathode and intercalate into the anode (typically graphite); during discharge, the process reverses. Electron flow through the external circuit performs electrical work. The term “lithium-ion” refers to the charge-carrying mechanism rather than a single chemistry. Common cathode materials include lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA), and lithium iron phosphate (LFP). Each cathode material produces a distinct electrochemical profile in terms of specific capacity (mAh/g), operating voltage, thermal stability, and cycle life. On the anode side, graphite remains the dominant material in commercial cells, though silicon-based anodes and lithium-metal anodes are active research targets. A solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer forms on the anode surface during the first charge cycles, consuming a portion of the lithium inventory and reducing initial coulombic efficiency. This SEI formation is a critical parameter researchers characterise when evaluating new anode materials. ## What is a lithium iron phosphate battery? A lithium iron phosphate battery is a lithium-ion cell that uses LiFePO4 as the cathode active material. LFP has an olivine crystal structure and operates at a nominal voltage of approximately 3.2 V versus Li/Li+. Its theoretical specific capacity is around 170 mAh/g, which is lower than that of NMC or NCA cathodes, but it offers notable advantages in thermal and chemical stability. The olivine structure of LiFePO4 is particularly resistant to oxygen release during overcharge or thermal stress, which is a key factor in its safety profile. The iron–phosphate bond is stronger than the metal–oxygen bonds in layered oxide cathodes, making structural degradation under cycling less pronounced. This stability translates into longer cycle life under many practical cycling conditions. LFP cathodes also exhibit a flat discharge voltage plateau, which is characteristic of a two-phase intercalation mechanism. This flat plateau simplifies state-of-charge estimation in some respects but can complicate voltage-based diagnostics. Researchers studying LFP often use techniques such as differential voltage analysis (dV/dQ) or electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to extract degradation information that the flat voltage profile would otherwise obscure. ## What are the main differences between lithium-ion and lithium iron phosphate batteries? The main differences between lithium-ion batteries (as a general class) and LFP specifically relate to specific capacity, operating voltage, energy density, thermal stability, cycle life, and raw-material cost. LFP trades lower energy density for superior stability and longevity compared with high-nickel cathode chemistries such as NMC 811 or NCA. The following comparison summarises the key electrochemical and material distinctions: - **Specific capacity:** LFP delivers approximately 150 to 165 mAh/g in practical cells; NMC and NCA cathodes typically achieve 180 to 220 mAh/g, depending on nickel content and upper cut-off voltage. - **Operating voltage:** LFP operates at approximately 3.2 to 3.4 V versus Li/Li+; NMC and NCA operate at approximately 3.6 to 3.8 V, contributing to higher energy density. - **Thermal stability:** LFP is significantly more thermally stable; its decomposition temperature is higher, and it does not release oxygen under abuse conditions in the way layered oxides can. - **Cycle life:** LFP cells routinely demonstrate superior cycle life under standard cycling conditions, retaining capacity over several thousand cycles in research settings. - **Raw-material cost:** Iron and phosphate are abundant and less expensive than cobalt or high-purity nickel, making LFP cathode material more cost-effective at the materials level. - **Voltage profile:** LFP has a flat, two-phase plateau; NMC has a sloping, solid-solution profile that provides richer electrochemical diagnostic information during cycling. ## Which battery chemistry is safer — lithium-ion or LFP? LFP is generally considered the safer cathode chemistry within the lithium-ion family. Its olivine crystal structure does not release oxygen during thermal runaway, which significantly reduces the risk of self-sustaining exothermic reactions. In contrast, layered oxide cathodes such as NMC and NCA can release oxygen at elevated temperatures, which can accelerate thermal runaway if electrolyte decomposition occurs simultaneously. Safety in electrochemical cells is a multifactorial property that depends on cathode chemistry, electrolyte formulation, separator integrity, cell design, and operating conditions. LFP’s inherent cathode stability provides a wider thermal operating window, but this does not eliminate safety considerations related to electrolyte decomposition, lithium plating on the anode at high C-rates, or mechanical abuse. For researchers conducting accelerated ageing studies or abuse testing, the difference in thermal behaviour between LFP and NMC cathodes is a meaningful experimental variable. Calorimetric and gas-evolution measurements, for example, will yield substantially different results between the two chemistries under equivalent conditions. ## How do researchers test lithium-ion and LFP batteries in the lab? Researchers test lithium-ion and LFP batteries in the lab using standardised electrochemical test cells that allow controlled cycling, impedance measurement, and physical characterisation of electrode materials. Half-cell configurations, in which the cathode or anode is tested against a lithium-metal counter electrode, are standard for characterising individual electrode materials before progressing to full-cell evaluation. ### Half-cell versus full-cell testing In a half-cell, the working electrode (a cathode material such as LFP or NMC, or an anode material) is cycled against a lithium-metal reference and counter electrode. This configuration isolates the electrochemical behaviour of a single electrode, making it suitable for measuring specific capacity (mAh/g), rate capability at different C-rates, and first-cycle coulombic efficiency. Full-cell testing, in which a matched cathode and anode are cycled together, is necessary to evaluate practical energy density, capacity balance, and long-term cycle life under realistic conditions. ### Key electrochemical characterisation techniques Standard characterisation methods applied to both lithium-ion and LFP electrodes include: - **Galvanostatic cycling:** Charge and discharge at defined C-rates to measure specific capacity, coulombic efficiency, and capacity retention over cycles. - **Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS):** Frequency-domain measurement of cell impedance to characterise SEI resistance, charge-transfer resistance, and diffusion behaviour. EIS is particularly informative for tracking degradation in LFP cells, where voltage-based diagnostics are limited by the flat plateau. - **Differential voltage analysis (dV/dQ) and incremental capacity analysis (dQ/dV):** Numerical differentiation of the voltage–capacity curve to resolve phase transitions and detect degradation mechanisms. - **Electrochemical dilatometry:** Measurement of electrode thickness change during cycling to quantify volume expansion and contraction, relevant for both graphite anodes and cathode materials, including LFP. ## When should researchers choose LFP over other lithium-ion chemistries? Researchers should choose LFP when the study requires a chemically stable, well-characterised cathode with long cycle life, low toxicity, and minimal sensitivity to overcharge. LFP is a preferred model system for studies focused on electrode kinetics, electrolyte interactions, or ageing mechanisms in which cathode instability would introduce confounding variables. Specific research scenarios in which LFP is the appropriate chemistry include: - Studies of anode materials in which a stable, well-understood cathode is needed to isolate anode behaviour in full-cell configurations. - Long-duration cycling experiments requiring high cycle counts without significant cathode degradation. - Electrolyte development research in which cathode reactivity with novel electrolyte formulations must be minimised. - Solid-state battery research in which cathode–electrolyte interfacial stability is a primary variable and a reactive cathode would complicate interpretation. - Research targeting stationary energy storage applications, in which the gravimetric energy-density penalty of LFP relative to NMC is acceptable. Conversely, researchers investigating high-energy-density cathode materials, nickel-rich layered oxides, or capacity-fade mechanisms driven by structural disorder will find NMC or NCA chemistries more relevant to their research questions. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports lithium-ion and LFP battery research EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and instruments specifically for battery materials research, providing the hardware infrastructure needed to characterise both LFP and broader lithium-ion chemistries with precision and reproducibility. Our product range addresses the key experimental requirements discussed in this article: - **Standardised test cells:** The [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) provides reproducible half-cell and full-cell configurations for cycling LFP, NMC, NCA, and other cathode materials under controlled conditions, minimising experimental artefacts that can compromise publishable results. - **Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy:** The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates potentiostat/galvanostat (PStat/GStat) and EIS capabilities across up to 16 channels, enabling parallel impedance characterisation of multiple cells—essential for statistically robust ageing studies. - **Electrochemical dilatometry:** The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) measures electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 5 nm, allowing quantification of volume changes in LFP and other cathode materials during cycling. - **Solid-state and specialised configurations:** The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) supports testing of solid-state electrolyte systems, relevant for researchers comparing LFP behaviour in liquid versus solid electrolyte environments. - **Gas analysis:** The [PAT-Cell-Press](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) and [PAT-Cell-Gas](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas/) enable in situ gas-evolution measurements, applicable to electrolyte decomposition studies across different cathode chemistries. If you are designing experiments to compare LFP with other lithium-ion cathode chemistries, or need a reproducible platform for long-duration cycling studies, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which test cell configuration best suits your research requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How does charge voltage affect lithium-ion battery longevity?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-does-charge-voltage-affect-lithium-ion-battery-longevity/) **Published:** May 18, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** High charge voltage accelerates lithium-ion battery degradation — here's the electrochemistry researchers need to know. **Content:** Charge voltage is one of the most consequential variables in lithium-ion battery research. The upper cutoff voltage set during cycling directly determines how much stress the electrode materials and electrolyte experience during each charge cycle, and it has a measurable impact on long-term capacity retention and cell lifetime. For researchers designing cycling protocols or evaluating new electrode materials, understanding the electrochemical mechanisms behind voltage-induced degradation is essential. The sections below address the key questions around the effects of charging voltage, from fundamental physics to practical measurement approaches. ## Why does charge voltage affect lithium-ion battery life? Charge voltage affects lithium-ion battery life because the upper cutoff voltage determines the degree of lithium extraction from the cathode and lithium insertion into the anode. Operating at higher voltages pushes electrode materials closer to their thermodynamic and structural limits, accelerating parasitic side reactions, electrolyte oxidation, and mechanical degradation—all of which reduce battery cycle life over time. The relationship between voltage and degradation is not linear. Below a material-specific threshold, cells can cycle stably for hundreds or thousands of cycles with manageable capacity fade. Above that threshold, degradation mechanisms become self-reinforcing: electrolyte decomposition products accumulate, impedance rises, and the active material undergoes irreversible structural changes that cannot be reversed. This sensitivity to charge voltage is why the upper cutoff voltage is treated as a primary variable in battery ageing studies rather than a fixed parameter. Small increases—sometimes as little as 50 to 100 mV above the recommended maximum—can substantially reduce cycle life, particularly for nickel-rich cathode materials such as NMC (nickel manganese cobalt) and NCA (nickel cobalt aluminium). ## What happens inside a cell at high charge voltages? At high charge voltages, several degradation mechanisms operate simultaneously at both the anode and the cathode. On the cathode side, deep delithiation destabilises the crystal structure, promotes phase transitions, and increases the risk of oxygen release from the lattice. On the anode side, elevated voltage can drive lithium plating rather than intercalation, particularly at high C-rates. ### Cathode degradation at elevated voltage For layered oxide cathodes, high states of charge correspond to low lithium content and a highly oxidising surface. This drives electrolyte oxidation at the cathode–electrolyte interface, forming resistive surface films analogous to the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode. Repeated formation and dissolution of these films consumes active lithium and increases cell impedance. Nickel-rich cathodes are particularly susceptible. At high charge voltages, they undergo phase transitions from the layered hexagonal phase to a disordered rock-salt structure, which is electrochemically inactive. This structural degradation is cumulative and irreversible. ### Anode and electrolyte effects On the graphite anode, the SEI layer continues to grow with each cycle, consuming cyclable lithium. At high voltages, the overpotential driving lithium intercalation increases, raising the risk of metallic lithium deposition on the anode surface—a process that reduces coulombic efficiency and, in severe cases, creates safety concerns. The electrolyte itself is also vulnerable. Standard carbonate-based electrolytes have an oxidative stability limit, and sustained exposure to high electrode potentials accelerates solvent decomposition, generating gas and depositing resistive products on electrode surfaces. ## What is the optimal charge voltage for lithium-ion cells? The optimal charge voltage depends on the specific cathode chemistry and the trade-off between energy density and cycle life required by the application. For standard graphite–NMC full cells, manufacturers typically specify upper cutoff voltages between 4.1 V and 4.2 V. Reducing this by 50 to 100 mV often yields a meaningful improvement in capacity retention over hundreds of cycles, at the cost of accessible specific capacity. For research purposes, the concept of an “optimal” voltage is context-dependent. A study focused on maximising energy density will use a higher cutoff voltage and accept faster degradation. A study focused on cycle life or calendar ageing will use a lower cutoff voltage to isolate other degradation variables. Defining the upper cutoff voltage precisely and consistently is therefore a prerequisite for reproducible results across experiments and between laboratories. Newer cathode materials, including lithium-rich layered oxides and high-voltage spinels such as LNMO (lithium nickel manganese oxide), operate at higher absolute voltages and require electrolyte formulations with extended oxidative stability windows. For these materials, the definition of “optimal” charge voltage is an active area of research. ## How does charge voltage compare to other aging factors? Charge voltage is among the most influential ageing factors in lithium-ion cells, but it does not act in isolation. Temperature, C-rate, depth of discharge, and storage conditions all contribute to battery degradation. The interaction between these variables means that a high charge voltage combined with elevated temperature or a high C-rate produces degradation rates far greater than any single factor alone. - **Temperature:** Elevated temperatures accelerate electrolyte decomposition and SEI growth, compounding the effects of high voltage. Low temperatures increase overpotential and raise the risk of lithium plating during charging. - **C-rate:** High charge rates increase overpotential at the anode, which can cause local voltage excursions beyond the nominal cutoff even when the cell-level voltage appears controlled. - **Depth of discharge:** Wide cycling windows stress electrode materials mechanically through repeated volume changes, contributing to particle cracking and contact loss. - **Storage state of charge:** Storing cells at high states of charge sustains the oxidising conditions at the cathode surface, promoting continuous electrolyte decomposition even without active cycling. In controlled ageing studies, researchers typically vary one factor at a time while holding others constant. Charge voltage is often the first variable examined because it is straightforward to control and has a well-characterised effect on the electrochemical behaviour of standard electrode materials. ## How do researchers measure the effect of charge voltage on battery degradation? Researchers quantify the effect of charge voltage on battery degradation through a combination of electrochemical cycling, incremental capacity analysis (ICA), differential voltage analysis (DVA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). These techniques track changes in capacity, internal resistance, and electrode-level behaviour over hundreds or thousands of cycles. ### Cycling and capacity tracking The most direct measurement is capacity retention as a function of cycle number at defined upper cutoff voltages. Comparing cells cycled to different upper cutoff voltages under otherwise identical conditions isolates the contribution of voltage to capacity fade. Coulombic efficiency—the ratio of discharge capacity to charge capacity—provides a sensitive indicator of side-reaction rates and irreversible lithium consumption. ### Impedance and diagnostic techniques EIS is widely used to track the growth of interfacial resistances associated with SEI formation and cathode surface film development. Changes in the charge-transfer resistance and the diffusion characteristics of the electrodes can be monitored non-destructively over the cell lifetime. Post-mortem analysis, including scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, provides complementary information on structural changes in electrode materials. Electrochemical dilatometry is another technique relevant to voltage-induced degradation. By measuring electrode thickness changes during cycling, researchers can quantify the mechanical response of electrode materials to lithiation and delithiation at different voltages, providing insight into volume expansion and particle fracture mechanisms. The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) is designed specifically for this type of high-resolution measurement. ## What are the best practices for limiting voltage-induced battery aging? The most effective practices for limiting voltage-induced battery ageing are to set the upper cutoff voltage conservatively relative to the material’s maximum, avoid combining high voltage with high temperature or high C-rate, and use precise, stable voltage control during testing. For research applications, consistency in voltage control across experiments is as important as the absolute voltage value chosen. - Define the upper cutoff voltage explicitly in all experimental protocols and report it in publications to enable reproducibility. - Use temperature-controlled test environments to decouple thermal and voltage contributions to degradation. - Apply low C-rates during charging when studying voltage effects in isolation, to minimise overpotential-related artefacts. - Monitor coulombic efficiency from the first cycle to detect early-stage side reactions before they become apparent in capacity data. - Consider reduced upper cutoff voltages in long-term cycling studies where cycle life, rather than peak energy density, is the primary metric. - Use well-sealed, leak-free test cells to ensure that electrolyte loss does not confound voltage-related degradation signals. For researchers developing new electrode materials or electrolyte formulations, systematic voltage screening—cycling identical cells to a range of upper cutoff voltages—is a practical first step in characterising the electrochemical stability window of a new material system. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports charge voltage and battery degradation research Studying the effect of charge voltage on battery longevity requires test equipment that delivers precise voltage control, stable long-term cycling, and the flexibility to apply diagnostic techniques such as EIS and dilatometry within the same experimental setup. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and instrumentation specifically for this type of controlled battery materials research. Our products relevant to charge voltage and degradation studies include: - **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/):** A fully integrated battery tester with potentiostat/galvanostat (PStat/GStat) and EIS capability across up to 16 independent channels, with a built-in temperature-controlled cell chamber for precise thermal management during ageing experiments. - **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/):** A standardised, leak-free electrochemical test cell compatible with a wide range of electrode geometries and electrolyte systems, designed for reproducible half-cell and full-cell cycling studies. - **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/):** A high-resolution electrochemical dilatometer capable of resolving electrode thickness changes with better than 5 nm resolution, enabling direct measurement of the mechanical response of electrodes to voltage-induced volume changes. - **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/):** A force-measuring test cell for studying the mechanical behaviour of electrode materials under defined stack pressure conditions, complementing voltage-dependent dilatometry measurements. If you are designing a cycling protocol to study upper cutoff voltage effects, or building a systematic degradation study around a new cathode material, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which combination of test cells and instrumentation best fits your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What materials are used to make a lithium-ion battery?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-materials-are-used-to-make-a-lithium-ion-battery/) **Published:** April 22, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Explore the four core lithium-ion battery materials — and why each choice is critical for reproducible research results. **Content:** Silicon theoretical capacity: 4,200 mAh/g (updated from 3,579 mAh/g) ECD-4-nano resolution: better than 1 nm (updated from better than 5 nm) A lithium-ion battery is made up of four principal components: a cathode, an anode, an electrolyte, and a separator. The specific materials chosen for each component determine the cell’s electrochemical performance, safety characteristics, and suitability for a given application. Understanding these materials is foundational for anyone working in battery research and development. For researchers designing experiments, selecting reference materials, or characterising new electrode formulations, a precise understanding of lithium-ion battery materials is not optional—it is a prerequisite for producing reproducible, publishable results. This article outlines the key materials used in each component and explains why those choices carry significant consequences in the laboratory. ## What is a lithium-ion battery and how does it work? A lithium-ion battery is an electrochemical energy storage device in which lithium ions shuttle between two electrodes—the cathode and the anode—through an electrolyte during charge and discharge cycles. During charging, lithium ions deintercalate from the cathode and intercalate into the anode. This process reverses during discharge, with electrons flowing through the external circuit to perform work. The electrochemical reactions at each electrode are governed by the thermodynamic properties of the active materials. The difference in electrochemical potential between the cathode and anode defines the cell voltage, while the amount of lithium that can be stored in each electrode determines the specific capacity, expressed in mAh/g. Crucially, the anode and cathode swap their conventional roles depending on whether the cell is charging or discharging, a distinction that matters significantly when interpreting half-cell versus full-cell data. The practical performance of a lithium-ion battery—its energy density, power capability, cycle life, and safety—is largely a consequence of the materials selected for each of its four components. Each component introduces its own electrochemical constraints and failure mechanisms, which is why material characterisation is a central activity in battery research. ## What materials are used in lithium-ion battery electrodes? Lithium-ion battery electrodes consist of an active material, a conductive additive (typically carbon black), and a polymeric binder, all coated onto a metallic current collector. The cathode active material is most commonly a lithium metal oxide, while the anode active material is most commonly graphite. The specific capacity and operating voltage of the cell depend primarily on the active materials chosen. ### Cathode active materials The cathode is typically the lithium source in a full cell and determines much of the cell’s energy density. Common cathode chemistries include: - **Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO, LiCoO₂):** A well-established cathode material with high volumetric energy density, widely used as a reference chemistry in research. - **Lithium iron phosphate (LFP, LiFePO₄):** Known for its thermal stability and long cycle life, though it operates at a lower voltage plateau than oxide-based cathodes. - **Nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NMC):** A family of layered oxide cathodes in which the Ni:Mn:Co ratio is tuned to balance capacity, rate capability, and thermal stability. - **Nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA):** A high-capacity layered oxide used where energy density is prioritised. - **Lithium manganese oxide (LMO, LiMn₂O₄):** A spinel-structured cathode offering good rate capability but lower capacity than layered oxides. Current collectors for cathodes are typically aluminium foil, chosen for its electrochemical stability at the relevant operating potentials. ### Anode active materials Graphite remains the dominant commercial anode material due to its well-understood intercalation mechanism, moderate specific capacity (theoretical maximum of 372 mAh/g), and stable cycling behaviour. Research-grade anodes increasingly include: - **Silicon (Si):** Offers a theoretical specific capacity of approximately 4,200 mAh/g but undergoes substantial volume expansion during lithiation, leading to mechanical degradation and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) instability. - **Lithium metal:** Used in half-cell research as a counter and reference electrode; also the basis of next-generation solid-state and lithium-metal battery research. - **Lithium titanate (LTO, Li₄Ti₅O₁₂):** A zero-strain anode material with excellent cycle life and rate capability, operating at a higher potential than graphite, which improves safety but reduces full-cell voltage. - **Hard carbon:** A disordered carbon structure used in sodium-ion research and increasingly studied for lithium-ion applications requiring fast charging. Copper foil is the standard current collector for anodes, as it remains electrochemically stable at the low potentials at which anode materials operate. ## What is the electrolyte in a lithium-ion battery made of? The electrolyte in a lithium-ion battery is an ionically conductive medium that allows lithium ions to migrate between the cathode and anode while remaining electronically insulating. In conventional lithium-ion cells, the electrolyte consists of a lithium salt dissolved in one or more organic carbonate solvents. The most common lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆), typically dissolved at a concentration of around 1 mol/L in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and linear carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC) or ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC). The electrolyte plays a direct role in forming the SEI layer on the anode surface during the initial charge cycles. The SEI is a passivating film composed of electrolyte decomposition products; it is ionically conductive but electronically insulating, and its properties significantly affect coulombic efficiency, impedance, and long-term cycle stability. Electrolyte additives—such as vinylene carbonate (VC) or fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC)—are frequently incorporated at low concentrations to modify SEI composition and improve cycling performance. Beyond liquid electrolytes, research is active in gel polymer electrolytes, solid polymer electrolytes, and inorganic solid electrolytes (such as oxide- and sulphide-based ceramics). These alternatives aim to address the flammability and leakage risks associated with liquid organic electrolytes, and they are central to the development of solid-state battery technology. ## What does the separator in a lithium-ion battery do? The separator in a lithium-ion battery is a porous membrane positioned between the cathode and anode. Its primary function is to prevent direct electronic contact between the two electrodes—which would cause an internal short circuit—while allowing lithium ions to pass freely through its pores via the electrolyte. The separator does not participate in the electrochemical reactions but is critical to both cell safety and performance. Most commercial separators are made from polyolefin materials, specifically polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), or multilayer combinations of both. These materials offer good chemical stability in organic electrolyte environments and acceptable ionic permeability. The porosity, tortuosity, and thickness of the separator influence ionic conductivity and therefore the cell’s rate capability and internal resistance. A key safety feature of polyolefin separators is thermal shutdown: at elevated temperatures, the polymer melts and closes its pores, interrupting ionic transport and halting the electrochemical reaction before thermal runaway can propagate. Ceramic-coated separators offer improved thermal stability and wettability, and are increasingly used in research cells where elevated-temperature operation or aggressive electrolytes are involved. ## How do different lithium-ion battery materials compare in performance? Different lithium-ion battery material combinations involve trade-offs across specific capacity, operating voltage, rate capability, cycle life, and thermal stability. No single chemistry optimises all parameters simultaneously; the appropriate choice depends on the research objective and the operating conditions under investigation. A useful way to compare electrode materials is by the metrics most relevant to battery research: - **Specific capacity (mAh/g):** Silicon anodes offer the highest theoretical capacity among practical anode materials, but graphite provides far superior cycle stability. Among cathodes, NMC and NCA deliver higher specific capacity than LFP, but LFP offers better thermal stability and longer cycle life. - **Operating voltage:** Higher cathode potential and lower anode potential increase full-cell voltage and energy density. LFP cathodes operate at approximately 3.4 V versus Li/Li⁺, while NMC cathodes can reach 3.7 V or higher depending on the Ni content. - **Rate capability:** LTO anodes and LFP cathodes generally support higher C-rates than high-energy alternatives, making them suitable for power-focused research. High-Ni NMC cathodes tend to exhibit greater overpotential at high C-rates. - **Coulombic efficiency:** First-cycle coulombic efficiency is particularly relevant for silicon-containing anodes, where SEI formation and volume expansion consume a significant fraction of lithium during initial cycles. - **Thermal stability:** Fully lithiated graphite and charged high-Ni cathodes are thermodynamically unstable at elevated temperatures. LFP and LTO offer considerably better thermal behaviour. In practice, researchers often evaluate materials in half-cell configurations first—using lithium metal as the counter electrode—before assembling full cells. This approach isolates the electrochemical behaviour of a single electrode but introduces artefacts associated with the lithium metal counter electrode that must be accounted for when interpreting results. ## Why does material choice matter in battery research and testing? Material choice in battery research determines not only electrochemical performance but also the validity and reproducibility of experimental results. Each active material, electrolyte formulation, and separator introduces specific electrochemical signatures—such as characteristic impedance responses, phase transitions, or volume changes—that must be correctly attributed during data analysis. Selecting inappropriate reference materials or using poorly characterised components introduces experimental artefacts that compromise the reliability of published findings. The choice of electrode material also governs which characterisation techniques are applicable. For instance, silicon anodes require dilatometric measurements to quantify volume expansion during lithiation, while materials undergoing phase transitions benefit from operando X-ray diffraction or optical monitoring. The electrolyte formulation affects the quality of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra, particularly at the SEI layer, and must be consistent across experiments for meaningful comparison. Standardisation of materials and cell assembly protocols is therefore not a minor procedural detail—it is a prerequisite for producing results that other researchers can reproduce and build upon. Variability in electrode coating quality, electrolyte filling volume, or separator compression can introduce scatter that masks genuine material effects, particularly when evaluating incremental improvements in specific capacity or cycle life. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports lithium-ion battery materials research EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and associated instrumentation specifically for researchers characterising lithium-ion battery materials in laboratory settings. Our products are built to minimise experimental artefacts and maximise reproducibility—the two requirements that matter most when evaluating new electrode materials, electrolyte formulations, or separator designs. Depending on the material system and the measurements required, our product range covers a broad set of research needs: - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** and **ECC series** test cells provide standardised cell geometries for half-cell and full-cell cycling, ensuring consistent electrode compression and electrolyte distribution across repeated experiments. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer measures electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 1 nm, making it directly applicable to volume-active materials such as silicon anodes or intercalation cathodes undergoing lattice expansion. - The **[PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/)** is designed for solid electrolyte research, supporting the evaluation of inorganic and polymer solid electrolytes under controlled stack pressure. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a multi-channel battery tester with EIS capability and a temperature-controlled cell chamber, allowing systematic evaluation of material performance across C-rates and temperatures in a single instrument. - The **[ECC-Opto-10](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/)** enables optical monitoring of electrode surfaces during electrochemical cycling, supporting operando studies of materials that undergo surface or structural changes. If you are working with new electrode materials, electrolyte formulations, or separator systems and require test equipment that supports rigorous, reproducible measurements, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which cell format and instrumentation best fit your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What happens to a lithium-ion battery at end of life?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-happens-to-a-lithium-ion-battery-at-end-of-life/) **Published:** April 25, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Explore the science of lithium-ion battery degradation — from capacity fade to SEI growth — and what it means for researchers. **Content:** A lithium-ion battery reaches the end of its life when it can no longer deliver sufficient capacity or power to meet the demands of its application. For research purposes, end of life is typically defined by a threshold—commonly 80% of the original capacity—below which the cell is considered degraded. Understanding the mechanisms behind this degradation is central to developing better electrode materials, electrolytes, and cell designs. For battery materials researchers, end-of-life behaviour is not simply a practical concern but a rich source of scientific information. The processes that drive capacity fade, impedance rise, and eventual failure reflect fundamental electrochemical phenomena that can be studied, quantified, and, in many cases, mitigated through careful materials engineering. ## What does ‘end of life’ mean for a lithium-ion battery? End of life for a lithium-ion battery is the point at which the cell’s performance falls below an application-defined threshold. In research and industry, this is most commonly set at 80% of the initial discharge capacity (measured in mAh/g for electrode-level studies or mAh for full cells). At this point, the cell is considered to have reached the end of its useful cycle life, even if it continues to function at reduced performance. It is important to distinguish between two modes of end of life: capacity fade and power fade. Capacity fade refers to a reduction in the total charge a cell can store and deliver, while power fade refers to an increase in internal resistance that limits the rate at which energy can be extracted. In practice, both modes often occur simultaneously, and their relative contributions depend on the specific degradation mechanisms active within the cell. In a research context, end of life is rarely a binary event. Cells are typically cycled under controlled conditions with periodic characterisation to track the progression of degradation. This allows researchers to correlate changes in electrochemical performance with specific physical or chemical changes in the electrode materials or electrolyte. ## What causes a lithium-ion battery to degrade over time? Lithium-ion battery degradation arises from a combination of chemical, mechanical, and structural changes that occur in the electrode materials, electrolyte, and interfaces during cycling. These changes accumulate over time and with use, gradually reducing the cell’s ability to store and deliver charge. No single mechanism operates in isolation; degradation is inherently multifactorial. ### Loss of active lithium One of the primary causes of capacity fade is the irreversible consumption of lithium ions. During the first charge cycle, the electrolyte reacts with the anode surface to form the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. This consumes lithium that is no longer available for cycling, reducing the total inventory of active lithium in the cell. The SEI layer continues to grow slowly over subsequent cycles, consuming additional lithium and increasing cell impedance. ### Loss of active material Electrode materials can lose electrochemical activity through several routes. On the cathode side, transition-metal dissolution, structural disordering, and phase transformations can reduce the number of sites available for lithium intercalation. On the anode side, particle cracking caused by repeated volume changes during lithiation and delithiation can isolate fragments of active material from the conductive network, rendering them electrochemically inactive. ### Electrolyte decomposition The electrolyte is thermodynamically unstable at the potentials used in lithium-ion cells. Continuous oxidation at the cathode and reduction at the anode consume electrolyte over time, generating gaseous by-products and resistive surface films. This contributes to both impedance rise and capacity fade, particularly at elevated temperatures or high voltages. ## What are the signs that a lithium-ion battery is reaching end of life? The electrochemical signs of end of life in a lithium-ion battery include a measurable reduction in discharge capacity, an increase in internal resistance, changes in the voltage profile during cycling, and a reduction in coulombic efficiency. These indicators can be tracked systematically during long-term cycling experiments. - **Capacity fade:** A progressive reduction in the discharge capacity (mAh or mAh/g) relative to the initial value, typically measured at a defined C-rate. - **Impedance rise:** An increase in cell resistance, measurable by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), reflecting growth of resistive surface films and loss of ionic or electronic conductivity. - **Voltage profile changes:** Shifts or flattening of the charge/discharge voltage curves, indicating changes in the thermodynamic behaviour of the electrode materials. - **Reduced coulombic efficiency:** A decrease in the ratio of discharge capacity to charge capacity per cycle, reflecting ongoing parasitic reactions that consume lithium or electrolyte. - **Mechanical deformation:** Swelling of the cell due to gas generation or irreversible volume changes in the electrode stack, detectable by dilatometric measurements. In a research setting, these signs are monitored quantitatively using a combination of galvanostatic cycling, EIS, and, where appropriate, in situ techniques such as dilatometry or optical microscopy. Identifying which indicator appears first, and at what rate it progresses, provides valuable mechanistic information about the dominant degradation pathway. ## How does temperature affect battery aging and end of life? Temperature is one of the most significant external factors governing the rate of lithium-ion battery aging. Elevated temperatures accelerate virtually all chemical degradation reactions, including SEI growth, electrolyte decomposition, and transition-metal dissolution, leading to faster capacity fade and shorter cycle life. Low temperatures, conversely, increase electrolyte viscosity and reduce ionic conductivity, promoting lithium plating on the anode during charging. The relationship between temperature and degradation rate is broadly described by Arrhenius kinetics: reaction rates increase exponentially with temperature. This means that even modest increases in operating or storage temperature can substantially shorten battery lifespan. For researchers studying aging mechanisms, precise temperature control during cycling is therefore essential to obtain reproducible and interpretable results. Lithium plating at low temperatures deserves particular attention. When the anode cannot accept lithium ions at a sufficient rate due to sluggish kinetics, metallic lithium deposits on the anode surface rather than intercalating into the graphite structure. This deposited lithium can react with the electrolyte, form electrically isolated dead lithium, or, in severe cases, grow as dendrites that risk internal short circuits. Studying the temperature dependence of these failure modes is an active area of battery research. ## What happens inside the battery cell as it approaches end of life? As a lithium-ion cell approaches the end of its life, the cumulative effects of degradation become visible in both the electrochemical response and the physical state of the cell components. The active lithium inventory is reduced, electrode microstructures are altered, and interfacial resistances have grown substantially. These changes interact and can accelerate one another in a process sometimes described as degradation coupling. At the electrode level, cathode particles may show surface reconstruction, cracking along grain boundaries, or the formation of resistive rock-salt phases at the particle surface. Anode particles, particularly in silicon-containing electrodes, may have undergone significant fragmentation due to the large volume changes associated with lithiation. The SEI layer on the anode is typically thicker and less uniform than in a fresh cell, contributing to higher overpotential during lithium insertion and extraction. Gas generation within the cell is another consequence of advanced degradation. Electrolyte decomposition and reactions between the electrolyte and electrode materials produce gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen, which can cause measurable swelling of the electrode stack. This mechanical deformation further disrupts electrical contact between particles and current collectors, compounding the loss of active material. In some cells, localised degradation can trigger more abrupt failure modes. Lithium plating, if it has occurred during the cell’s history, can lead to internal short circuits as dendritic structures bridge the separator. This represents a safety-relevant failure mode that is distinct from the gradual capacity fade described above and is an important consideration in the design of accelerated aging protocols. ## What can battery researchers do to study end-of-life behavior? Studying end-of-life behaviour requires a systematic approach that combines long-term cycling under controlled conditions with periodic or continuous diagnostic measurements. The goal is to isolate and quantify the contribution of individual degradation mechanisms to the overall performance loss observed in the cell. - **Controlled cycling protocols:** Applying well-defined C-rates, voltage windows, and temperature conditions allows researchers to compare degradation rates across different materials or electrolyte formulations on a consistent basis. - **Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS):** Periodic EIS measurements track changes in interfacial resistances, SEI layer properties, and bulk ionic conductivity as a function of cycle number. - **Incremental capacity analysis (ICA) and differential voltage analysis (DVA):** These techniques extract information about phase transitions and active material loss from the shape of the charge/discharge voltage curve without requiring cell disassembly. - **In situ dilatometry:** Measuring electrode thickness changes during cycling provides direct information about volume expansion, gas generation, and irreversible mechanical deformation. - **Post-mortem analysis:** Disassembling cells after defined cycle intervals and characterising the electrode and electrolyte components using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy or X-ray diffraction reveals the physical state of the materials. The reproducibility of the test cell itself is a critical factor in all of these approaches. Variability introduced by the hardware rather than the materials under study obscures the signals researchers are trying to measure. Standardised, well-characterised test cells are therefore a prerequisite for generating publishable data on aging and end-of-life mechanisms. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports end-of-life battery research Studying lithium-ion battery end-of-life behaviour demands test hardware that introduces no additional variability into the measurement. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and instruments specifically for this type of rigorous, long-term research. Our products are used by academic and industrial researchers to characterise degradation mechanisms under precisely controlled conditions. Our portfolio addresses the key requirements of end-of-life studies: - **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) and [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/):** Standardised test cells with controlled stack pressure, enabling reproducible cycling experiments and in situ force measurements that reflect mechanical degradation of the electrode stack over hundreds or thousands of cycles. - **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/):** A high-resolution electrochemical dilatometer capable of resolving electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 5 nm, allowing researchers to track irreversible volume changes and gas generation as cells approach the end of their life. - **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/):** A multichannel battery tester integrating galvanostatic cycling, potentiostatic control, and EIS capability in a single instrument with integrated temperature control, enabling systematic aging studies across multiple channels simultaneously. - **ECC-DEMS:** Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry capability for identifying and quantifying gas evolution during cycling, directly relevant to studying electrolyte decomposition at advanced stages of degradation. If you are designing a study to investigate capacity fade, impedance rise, or mechanical degradation in aged cells, contact us to discuss which test cell configuration and instrumentation best suit your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the difference between energy density and power density in batteries?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-energy-density-and-power-density-in-batteries/) **Published:** May 2, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Energy density and power density govern battery performance — here's why researchers can't maximize both simultaneously. **Content:** PAT-Tester-i-16 provides up to 16 independent test channels with potentiostat/galvanostat (PStat/GStat) and EIS capabilities. ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer allows researchers to monitor electrode thickness changes during cycling with sub-micrometre resolution (not sub-5-nanometre). Energy density and power density are two of the most frequently cited metrics in battery materials research, yet they describe fundamentally different aspects of a cell’s performance. Understanding the distinction between them is essential for interpreting electrochemical data correctly and for designing experiments that target the right material properties. Whether you are evaluating a new cathode material in a half-cell configuration or benchmarking a full-cell prototype, knowing how energy density and power density relate to one another will shape every decision, from electrode formulation to testing protocol. ## What are energy density and power density in batteries? Energy density is the total amount of energy a battery can store per unit of mass (Wh/kg) or volume (Wh/L). Power density is the maximum rate at which that energy can be delivered, also expressed per unit of mass (W/kg) or volume (W/L). Both metrics are normalised to allow fair comparisons across different cell formats and chemistries. In practice, energy density tells you how long a cell can sustain a load, while power density tells you how quickly it can respond to a demand. A cell with high energy density but low power density can supply current for a long time but cannot discharge rapidly without a significant voltage drop. The reverse is true for a high-power, low-energy cell. - **Gravimetric energy density (Wh/kg):** energy stored per kilogram of cell mass - **Volumetric energy density (Wh/L):** energy stored per litre of cell volume - **Gravimetric power density (W/kg):** peak power output per kilogram - **Volumetric power density (W/L):** peak power output per litre Researchers working at the materials level typically use specific capacity (mAh/g) rather than cell-level energy density, since full-cell energy density depends on many engineering factors beyond the active material alone. The distinction between material-level and cell-level metrics is important when comparing results across the literature. ## What is the key difference between energy density and power density? The key difference between energy density and power density is what each metric quantifies: energy density measures how much energy is stored, while power density measures how quickly that energy can be delivered. They are related through time—power multiplied by time equals energy—but they are governed by different physical and chemical mechanisms within the cell. Energy density is primarily determined by thermodynamic factors: the specific capacity of the active materials (mAh/g) and the voltage window of the electrochemical couple. Power density, by contrast, is governed by kinetic factors: the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte, the electronic conductivity of the electrode, and the rate of solid-state diffusion of lithium ions within the active material particles. ### Why you cannot simply maximise both Increasing energy density often requires thicker electrodes with higher active material loading, which increases the diffusion path length for lithium ions and raises internal resistance. This directly limits power density. Conversely, engineering for high power density typically means thinner electrodes, smaller particle sizes, and more conductive additives—all of which dilute the active material fraction and reduce energy density. This fundamental tension is why the Ragone plot, which plots energy density against power density on logarithmic axes, is a standard tool for comparing electrochemical energy-storage technologies. Each chemistry and cell design occupies a characteristic region of this plot. ## Why does the energy-power trade-off matter in battery design? The energy-power trade-off matters because no single cell design can simultaneously maximise both metrics. Researchers and engineers must define the target application first and then optimise the cell architecture accordingly. Prioritising one metric almost always compromises the other, so understanding the trade-off is essential before selecting electrode materials, electrolytes, or cell formats. For applications requiring sustained energy delivery—such as grid storage or long-duration discharge—high energy density is the primary target. For applications requiring rapid charge or discharge—such as regenerative braking buffers or pulse-power systems—high power density takes precedence. Many real-world applications require a balance, which is why hybrid systems pairing high-energy and high-power cells are common in research. At the materials level, the trade-off manifests in choices such as particle size, electrode porosity, and electrolyte formulation. Smaller active material particles shorten lithium-ion diffusion paths and improve rate capability (power), but they also increase the surface area available for parasitic side reactions, which can reduce coulombic efficiency and long-term energy retention. ## How are energy density and power density measured in the lab? Energy density and power density are measured through galvanostatic cycling at defined C-rates, where the C-rate is the charge or discharge current relative to the cell’s nominal capacity. By cycling a cell at increasing C-rates and recording the discharge capacity and voltage profile at each rate, researchers can construct a rate-capability curve that reveals how both metrics change with current demand. ### Galvanostatic cycling and rate capability testing At low C-rates (for example, C/10 or C/20), the cell operates close to thermodynamic equilibrium and delivers close to its theoretical capacity, giving the best estimate of energy density. At high C-rates (1C, 2C, 5C, or higher), kinetic limitations cause capacity fade and increased overpotential, reducing both the delivered capacity and the average discharge voltage. The product of these two quantities gives the delivered energy, which can then be normalised by mass or volume. Power density is extracted by identifying the current and voltage at which the cell can sustain discharge without an excessive voltage drop. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is frequently used alongside galvanostatic cycling to deconvolute the contributions of different resistive elements—electrolyte resistance, charge-transfer resistance, and solid-state diffusion—that collectively limit power delivery. ### Half-cell versus full-cell measurements It is important to distinguish between half-cell and full-cell measurements. In a half-cell, the working electrode is tested against a lithium-metal reference and counter electrode, and specific capacity is reported in mAh/g of active material. This is useful for characterising individual electrode materials but does not directly yield cell-level energy density. Full-cell measurements, where both anode and cathode are present, are required to calculate realistic energy and power density values that account for both electrodes, the electrolyte, and the separator. ## Which battery chemistries have the highest energy or power density? Among commercially relevant chemistries, lithium-ion cells based on layered oxide cathodes—such as NMC (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide) and NCA (lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide)—offer the highest gravimetric energy density, typically in the range of several hundred Wh/kg at the cell level. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells offer lower energy density but superior thermal stability and power capability. Supercapacitors and lithium titanate (LTO) anode-based cells occupy the high-power end of the Ragone plot. Next-generation chemistries under active research—including lithium-sulphur, lithium-air, and solid-state lithium-metal cells—target significantly higher theoretical energy densities than current lithium-ion systems. However, their power density and cycle life remain active research challenges. Silicon-based anodes, which have a much higher theoretical specific capacity than graphite, are another area where the energy-power trade-off is particularly pronounced, since silicon’s large volume changes during cycling create mechanical and kinetic barriers to high-rate performance. ## How do researchers improve energy and power density in new batteries? Researchers improve energy density by increasing the specific capacity of active materials, widening the operating voltage window, and maximising the active material fraction within the electrode. Power density is improved by enhancing ionic and electronic transport throughout the cell—through electrolyte optimisation, electrode architecture design, and surface engineering of active material particles. ### Strategies for improving energy density - Developing high-capacity cathode materials with higher nickel content or new structural frameworks - Replacing graphite anodes with silicon-based or lithium-metal anodes to increase anode specific capacity - Reducing inactive components (binders, conductive additives, current collectors) to increase the active material fraction - Extending the upper cut-off voltage to access additional capacity while managing electrolyte stability ### Strategies for improving power density - Reducing active material particle size to shorten solid-state lithium diffusion paths - Engineering electrode porosity to improve electrolyte penetration and ionic transport - Using highly conductive electrolytes or solid electrolytes with good interfacial contact - Applying surface coatings to active material particles to reduce charge-transfer resistance and suppress the formation of resistive solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers - Optimising electrode thickness and tortuosity to balance energy loading against rate capability In practice, many of these strategies involve trade-offs. Reducing particle size improves power density but increases surface area and the extent of SEI layer formation, which can reduce coulombic efficiency and long-term capacity retention. Quantifying these trade-offs under controlled, reproducible conditions is precisely what well-designed electrochemical test cells are built to do. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports energy density and power density research Measuring energy density and power density accurately requires test hardware that introduces no experimental artefacts and delivers reproducible results in every cycle. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and instrumentation specifically for this type of materials-level research. Our products address the key requirements of rate capability testing, impedance characterisation, and electrode behaviour monitoring: - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** provides up to 16 independent test channels with potentiostat/galvanostat (PStat/GStat) and EIS capabilities, enabling systematic rate capability studies across multiple samples simultaneously within a temperature-controlled environment. - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** and **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/)** offer standardised, leak-tight cell formats compatible with a wide range of electrode materials and electrolytes, ensuring that measured energy and power values reflect the material rather than the hardware. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer allows researchers to monitor electrode thickness changes during cycling with sub-micrometre resolution, providing direct insight into the volume-expansion behaviour that limits power density in high-capacity materials such as silicon anodes. - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** and related test cell formats provide a well-established platform for half-cell testing, enabling accurate specific capacity measurements that feed directly into energy density calculations. If you are designing experiments to characterise energy density, power density, or rate capability in new electrode materials, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which test cell format and instrumentation best suit your research requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [Are lithium-ion batteries recyclable?](https://www.el-cell.com/are-lithium-ion-batteries-recyclable/) **Published:** May 16, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Yes, lithium-ion batteries are recyclable — but chemistry, process, and infrastructure determine what's actually recovered. **Content:** Lithium-ion batteries are recyclable. The materials they contain—including lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, and copper—are recoverable through established industrial processes. However, recycling lithium-ion batteries at scale remains technically demanding, and the efficiency of material recovery varies considerably depending on the process used and the battery chemistry involved. For battery materials researchers, understanding the recycling landscape is directly relevant to how electrode materials are designed, characterised, and tested. Decisions made at the research stage—such as the choice of active material, binder chemistry, and current collector—have downstream consequences for recyclability. This article addresses key questions surrounding lithium-ion battery recycling from a materials science perspective. ## Are lithium-ion batteries actually recyclable? Yes, lithium-ion batteries are recyclable. They contain a range of economically and strategically valuable materials that can be extracted and reused. Recycling is not only technically feasible but increasingly necessary given the volume of spent cells entering the waste stream and the constrained supply of critical raw materials such as lithium and cobalt. The recyclability of a given cell depends on its chemistry. Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cells, common in consumer electronics, contain high concentrations of cobalt and are therefore highly attractive for recycling. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells, by contrast, contain no cobalt or nickel, which reduces the economic incentive for hydrometallurgical recovery but does not make them non-recyclable. Nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) and nickel cobalt aluminium (NCA) chemistries sit between these extremes, with recovery economics driven primarily by nickel and cobalt content. It is important to distinguish recyclability in principle from recycling in practice. Infrastructure, collection logistics, and process economics all determine whether a battery is actually recycled at end of life rather than landfilled. The technical feasibility is well established; systemic implementation remains a work in progress. ## What materials in lithium-ion batteries can be recovered? The principal recoverable materials from lithium-ion batteries are cathode active materials (containing lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese), copper from the anode current collector, aluminium from the cathode current collector, and lithium salts from the electrolyte. Graphite from the anode is also recoverable, though it is currently less often targeted in commercial processes. The value hierarchy of recoverable materials is broadly as follows: - **Cobalt** — high economic value, concentrated in LCO and NMC cathodes - **Nickel** — significant value, present in NMC and NCA chemistries - **Lithium** — strategically critical; recovery rates are improving but remain lower than for cobalt and nickel - **Manganese** — lower individual value but recoverable in meaningful quantities from NMC cells - **Copper and aluminium** — recovered as metals with established commodity markets - **Graphite** — recoverable but currently undervalued in most commercial recycling streams The electrolyte, which typically consists of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆) dissolved in organic carbonate solvents, presents both a recovery opportunity and a safety challenge. LiPF₆ is reactive with moisture and can generate hydrofluoric acid if handled improperly. Solvent recovery is technically possible but adds process complexity. ## How does the lithium-ion battery recycling process work? Lithium-ion battery recycling generally proceeds through three broad process categories: pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and direct recycling. Most commercial operations use a combination of the first two, while direct recycling remains primarily at the research and pilot scale. ### Pyrometallurgy Pyrometallurgical processes use high-temperature smelting to reduce battery materials to a metal alloy, typically containing cobalt, nickel, and copper. This approach is robust and can handle mixed battery chemistries without prior sorting. However, lithium and manganese are largely lost to the slag phase, and the process is energy-intensive. The resulting alloy requires further hydrometallurgical refining to separate individual metals. ### Hydrometallurgy Hydrometallurgical processes dissolve the cathode active material in acid and then selectively precipitate or extract individual metal ions. This route offers higher recovery rates for lithium and other metals than pyrometallurgy. It requires mechanical pre-processing steps—discharge, disassembly, and separation of the black mass (the combined electrode powder)—before leaching begins. The process is selective but generates acidic waste streams that require treatment. ### Direct recycling Direct recycling aims to recover cathode material with its crystal structure intact, avoiding the need to dissolve and re-synthesise active material. If successful, this approach could reduce the energy and chemical inputs required compared with conventional routes. The primary challenge is that cathode materials degrade during cycling, and relithiation or other restoration steps are needed to return the recovered material to usable electrochemical performance. ## What are the biggest challenges in recycling Li-ion batteries? The principal challenges in lithium-ion battery recycling are safety during pre-processing, the diversity of cell formats and chemistries, low lithium recovery efficiency in established processes, and the cost of collection and logistics. No single process addresses all of these simultaneously. Key technical and systemic barriers include: - **Residual charge and thermal runaway risk** — cells must be safely discharged before disassembly; inadequate discharge creates fire and explosion hazards - **Format and chemistry diversity** — cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch cells with different chemistries cannot always be processed identically, complicating automation - **Binder removal** — polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder, commonly used to adhere active material to current collectors, is difficult to dissolve without N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), a solvent with its own handling and disposal requirements - **Lithium recovery rates** — lithium is present at relatively low concentrations and is chemically similar to sodium, making selective recovery technically demanding - **Economic viability for low-cobalt chemistries** — as battery technology shifts toward LFP and high-manganese cathodes, the economic drivers for hydrometallurgical recycling weaken, requiring process innovation From a materials design perspective, these challenges highlight the importance of designing for recyclability from the outset. Electrode architectures, binder systems, and current collector choices all affect how easily a cell can be disassembled and its materials recovered. ## How does battery recycling connect to battery research? Battery recycling is directly connected to battery materials research because the properties of electrode materials—their composition, morphology, and degradation behaviour—determine both their electrochemical performance and their recoverability at end of life. Research into new cathode and anode materials must account for recyclability as a design criterion alongside specific capacity, rate capability, and cycle life. Several research areas intersect with recycling: - **Degradation characterisation** — understanding how active materials evolve structurally and chemically during cycling informs whether direct recycling or re-synthesis is more appropriate - **Binder and electrode architecture development** — water-soluble binders and aqueous electrode processing are active research topics partly motivated by the desire to simplify recycling - **Solid electrolyte systems** — solid-state cells present different disassembly challenges compared with liquid electrolyte cells; understanding these at the research stage is necessary before commercial recycling processes can be designed - **Recovered material performance** — testing whether recycled or relithiated cathode powders meet the same electrochemical benchmarks as virgin material is a legitimate research question requiring rigorous half-cell and full-cell evaluation Researchers working on next-generation battery materials therefore have a direct stake in how those materials behave not only during cycling but also during end-of-life processing. Electrochemical characterisation of recovered materials, using the same standardised test protocols applied to virgin materials, is essential for validating recycling process outputs. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports battery recycling research EL-Cell GmbH provides the electrochemical test infrastructure that researchers need to characterise both fresh and recovered electrode materials with the precision required for publishable results. When evaluating whether a recycled or relithiated cathode material meets performance benchmarks, the quality of the test cell is critical—experimental artefacts introduced by poorly designed hardware can obscure genuine material behaviour. Our product ecosystem supports recycling-related research in several ways: - Standardised half-cell testing of recovered cathode and anode powders using the [**PAT-Cell**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) and related test cells, designed for reproducible electrochemical measurements - Thickness change monitoring of electrodes during cycling with the [**ECD-4-nano**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer, relevant to understanding how degradation and recovery processes affect electrode microstructure - Multi-channel cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements via the [**PAT-Tester-i-16**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/), enabling systematic comparison of recovered versus virgin material across multiple conditions in parallel - Gas evolution monitoring during formation and cycling of recovered materials using the [**PAT-Cell-Press**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/), which can reveal whether relithiation or re-synthesis processes leave residual reactive species If your research involves the electrochemical characterisation of recycled battery materials or the development of electrode systems designed with end-of-life processing in mind, contact us to discuss which test cell configuration is appropriate for your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do lithium-ion batteries perform at high altitudes?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-lithium-ion-batteries-perform-at-high-altitudes/) **Published:** May 30, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Reduced pressure and cold temperatures measurably degrade lithium-ion battery performance at altitude — here's what researchers need to know. **Content:** ECD-4-nano: A high-resolution electrochemical dilatometer capable of resolving electrode thickness changes with better than 10 nm resolution Lithium-ion batteries perform measurably differently at high altitudes than at sea level. Reduced atmospheric pressure, lower ambient temperatures, and altered thermal-management requirements all influence electrochemical behaviour in ways that matter for research into aerospace, high-altitude UAVs, and mountain-environment energy-storage applications. Understanding these effects is essential for researchers developing or evaluating battery materials intended for low-pressure deployment. This article addresses the key questions surrounding lithium-ion battery performance at altitude, progressing from the fundamental physics of pressure effects to the practical challenges of replicating these conditions in a laboratory setting. ## How does altitude affect lithium-ion battery performance? Altitude affects lithium-ion battery performance primarily through two mechanisms: reduced atmospheric pressure and lower ambient temperature. Both factors alter ionic conductivity, electrolyte behaviour, and thermal management, leading to changes in usable capacity, rate capability, and cycle life. The combined effect is generally a reduction in effective performance relative to sea-level operation. At high altitudes, the partial pressure of oxygen decreases alongside total air pressure. For sealed lithium-ion cells, the internal chemistry is not directly exposed to ambient air, so the electrochemical reactions themselves are not immediately disrupted by oxygen depletion. However, reduced external pressure affects the mechanical integrity of cell packaging, particularly for pouch cells, and alters heat-dissipation pathways. Lower ambient temperatures, which frequently accompany high-altitude environments, slow ionic transport within the electrolyte and increase internal resistance. ## Why does low air pressure change how a battery works? Low air pressure changes battery behaviour primarily through its effects on cell-packaging integrity and thermal management rather than through direct interference with the electrochemical reactions inside a sealed cell. Reduced external pressure can cause pouch cells to swell outward, altering electrode-stack compression and contact resistance. It also reduces convective cooling efficiency, making thermal control more difficult. For electrolyte-containing cells, reduced pressure can accelerate electrolyte vapour loss through seals that are not rated for low-pressure environments, particularly during elevated-temperature operation. This is relevant for researchers using standard laboratory hardware not designed for pressure-controlled testing. Additionally, the reduced air density at altitude impairs forced-air cooling systems, meaning that, at equivalent discharge rates, cells may reach higher temperatures than they would at sea level. Elevated cell temperature then feeds back into accelerated electrolyte decomposition and solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer growth on the anode. ## What happens to battery capacity at high altitudes? Battery capacity at high altitudes typically decreases relative to sea-level values, with the magnitude of reduction depending on ambient temperature, discharge rate (C-rate), and cell chemistry. The primary driver is not pressure directly but the lower temperatures that accompany altitude, which reduce lithium-ion mobility in the electrolyte and increase overpotential at both electrodes. At low temperatures, the electrolyte viscosity increases, slowing ionic transport and raising internal resistance. This manifests as a higher overpotential under load, which means the cell voltage drops more steeply during discharge and the usable specific capacity (mAh/g) is reduced before the lower voltage cut-off is reached. The effect is more pronounced at higher C-rates, where the demand for rapid ion transport is greatest. Coulombic efficiency can also be affected over repeated cycles if low-temperature conditions promote lithium plating on graphite anodes rather than intercalation, a known degradation pathway. ## How do researchers test lithium-ion batteries under altitude conditions? Researchers test lithium-ion batteries under altitude conditions by combining controlled low-pressure chambers with electrochemical measurement instrumentation. The standard approach is to place test cells inside a pressure-controlled enclosure, set the internal pressure to the equivalent of the target altitude, and then apply electrochemical protocols, including galvanostatic cycling, rate-capability tests, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), to characterise performance changes. Temperature control is a critical variable in altitude testing. Since altitude effects are often temperature-mediated, separating the contribution of pressure from that of temperature requires experiments in which one variable is held constant while the other is varied systematically. Researchers typically use climate chambers or Peltier-controlled cell holders in combination with pressure vessels to achieve independent control of both parameters. EIS measurements taken at different pressures and temperatures can identify changes in electrolyte resistance, charge-transfer resistance, and SEI layer impedance, providing a mechanistic picture of how altitude conditions affect the electrode–electrolyte interface. ### What electrochemical protocols are most informative for altitude studies? The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) is particularly useful in altitude research because it separates thermodynamic from kinetic contributions to overpotential, making it easier to identify whether capacity loss at altitude is driven by slower diffusion or by changes in interfacial resistance. EIS complements GITT by resolving individual impedance contributions across a frequency range, allowing researchers to track SEI growth and electrolyte resistance as a function of pressure and temperature independently. ## Which battery chemistries handle high altitude best? Battery chemistries with electrolytes that have higher ionic conductivity and lower sensitivity to temperature-induced capacity fade generally perform better at high altitudes. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode materials show relatively stable performance at low temperatures compared with layered oxide chemistries such as NMC (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide), largely because LFP’s flat discharge profile and structural stability reduce sensitivity to increased overpotential. Solid-state electrolyte systems, which eliminate liquid-electrolyte vapour-pressure concerns, are an active area of research for altitude-tolerant cells. Anode chemistry also plays a role. Graphite anodes are susceptible to lithium plating at low temperatures, which reduces coulombic efficiency and can create safety concerns over repeated cycles. Silicon-containing anodes present their own challenges at altitude due to large volume changes during cycling, which can be exacerbated by changes in external pressure that affect mechanical constraint on the electrode stack. Lithium titanate (LTO) anodes, with their higher lithium insertion potential, avoid plating risk but at a cost to cell-level energy density. Researchers selecting chemistries for altitude-specific applications must weigh these trade-offs systematically. ## What are the biggest challenges in high-altitude battery research? The biggest challenges in high-altitude battery research are replicating realistic combined pressure and temperature conditions in the laboratory, separating the individual contributions of each variable, and maintaining electrochemical measurement quality inside pressure-controlled environments. Standard laboratory test cells and instrumentation are not always designed for operation under reduced pressure, introducing experimental artefacts that complicate data interpretation. - **Decoupling pressure and temperature effects:** In real high-altitude environments, pressure and temperature decrease together. Isolating their individual contributions requires careful experimental design with independent control of each variable, which demands specialised hardware. - **Cell sealing integrity:** Standard coin cells and pouch cells may not maintain adequate sealing under reduced pressure, leading to electrolyte evaporation or air ingress that confounds results. - **EIS measurement accuracy:** Impedance measurements inside pressure vessels require careful attention to cable routing, shielding, and connector integrity to avoid introducing artefacts into high-frequency impedance data. - **Long-term cycling under altitude conditions:** Running extended cycle-life studies under controlled pressure and temperature simultaneously places significant demands on instrumentation stability and data-logging continuity. - **Translating laboratory results to real-world conditions:** Altitude environments involve dynamic pressure and temperature changes, whereas laboratory studies typically use static set points. Bridging this gap requires additional validation work. Reproducibility is a particular concern. Small variations in cell assembly, electrolyte fill volume, or electrode compression can interact with pressure conditions in ways that are difficult to detect without well-controlled reference measurements. Standardised test cells with defined geometry and consistent assembly procedures are essential for generating publishable, peer-reviewed data in this field. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports high-altitude and low-pressure battery research Studying lithium-ion battery behaviour under altitude conditions requires test cells that maintain structural integrity and electrochemical measurement quality under reduced pressure, paired with instrumentation capable of running controlled protocols over extended experiments. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and measurement systems specifically for demanding research conditions of this kind. Relevant capabilities from our product portfolio include: - **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/):** A standardised, pressure-tolerant test cell platform with defined electrode geometry and consistent stack compression, suitable for use in pressure-controlled environments where reproducibility is critical. - **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/):** Enables precise mechanical load control on the electrode stack, allowing researchers to study how external pressure changes at altitude interact with electrode volume change and contact resistance. - **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/):** A high-resolution electrochemical dilatometer capable of resolving electrode thickness changes with better than 10 nm resolution, useful for studying how reduced external pressure affects electrode expansion behaviour during cycling. - **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/):** A fully integrated battery tester with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) capability and a temperature-controlled cell chamber, providing the measurement stability needed for long-duration altitude-simulation studies. If your research involves pressure-controlled electrochemical testing, or you are developing protocols for altitude-relevant battery characterisation, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss how our test-cell platforms and instrumentation can be configured for your specific experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [Why is lithium used in batteries?](https://www.el-cell.com/why-is-lithium-used-in-batteries/) **Published:** May 15, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Lithium's unique electrochemical properties make it the ideal battery material — here's the science behind it. **Content:** Lithium is used in batteries because it is the lightest metal and has the lowest standard reduction potential of any element, which together enable exceptionally high energy storage relative to weight. These electrochemical properties make lithium uniquely suited to rechargeable battery chemistries, particularly lithium-ion technology, which now underpins the majority of portable and grid-scale energy storage systems in research and commercial use. For battery materials researchers, understanding why lithium behaves as it does is foundational to designing better electrodes, electrolytes, and cell architectures. This article addresses key questions about lithium battery properties, from fundamental physics to practical research challenges. ## What makes lithium’s physical properties ideal for batteries? Lithium is ideal for batteries due to three intrinsic physical properties: it is the lightest solid element (atomic mass 6.94 g/mol), it has an exceptionally low density (0.534 g/cm³), and it has the most negative standard reduction potential of any element (approximately −3.04 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode). These characteristics directly translate into high gravimetric and volumetric energy storage. Beyond its electrochemical potential, lithium’s small ionic radius allows it to intercalate efficiently into a range of host materials—graphite anodes, layered oxide cathodes, and solid electrolytes alike. This structural compatibility is central to how modern lithium-ion battery electrodes are designed and tested. Lithium also has a high specific capacity as a theoretical anode material. Metallic lithium can store up to approximately 3,860 mAh/g, a figure that drives ongoing research into lithium-metal anodes despite the practical challenges they introduce. For comparison, the graphite anodes used in conventional lithium-ion cells have a theoretical specific capacity of around 372 mAh/g—illustrating why lithium metal remains an active research target. ## How does lithium enable high energy density in battery cells? Lithium enables high energy density in battery cells by combining a very negative anode potential with a low atomic mass, which together maximise cell voltage and minimise the weight contribution of the active material. High cell voltage multiplied by high specific capacity yields high gravimetric energy density, expressed in Wh/kg. In a full cell, energy density depends on both electrodes. The lithium-ion system achieves competitive Wh/kg values because, even when lithium is stored in a graphite host rather than used as metallic lithium, the overall cell voltage remains substantially higher than that of aqueous battery chemistries such as nickel-metal hydride or lead-acid. ### How does the anode choice affect energy density? The anode material sets a ceiling on energy density. Graphite is the commercial standard, but silicon-based anodes (theoretical specific capacity around 3,579 mAh/g for Li₁₅Si₄) and lithium-metal anodes are both under active investigation. Each introduces different trade-offs in terms of volume expansion, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) stability, and coulombic efficiency over repeated cycles. Researchers studying these materials rely on precise electrochemical characterisation to quantify capacity fade, overpotential growth, and SEI formation. Half-cell configurations, in which the material of interest is tested against a lithium-metal counter electrode, are standard practice for isolating anode or cathode behaviour independently of the opposing electrode. ## What are the different types of lithium-based batteries? Lithium-based batteries fall into two broad categories: lithium-ion batteries, which use intercalation-based electrodes and a liquid or polymer electrolyte, and lithium-metal batteries, which use a metallic lithium anode. Within these categories, several distinct chemistries exist, each with different cathode materials, electrolyte systems, and performance profiles. Common lithium-ion cathode chemistries include: - **LFP (lithium iron phosphate):** High cycle life, good thermal stability, lower energy density - **NMC (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide):** Balance of energy density, power, and cycle life; widely used in research - **NCA (lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide):** High energy density, used in demanding applications - **LCO (lithium cobalt oxide):** High volumetric energy density, common in early portable electronics research Beyond conventional lithium-ion, next-generation chemistries under active development include lithium-sulfur (Li-S) and lithium-oxygen (Li-O₂) cells, both of which offer theoretical energy densities significantly above current lithium-ion limits. Solid-state lithium batteries, which replace liquid electrolytes with solid ionic conductors, represent another major research direction, particularly for improving safety and enabling lithium-metal anodes. ## What challenges does lithium present in battery design? Lithium presents several significant challenges in battery design, the most critical being dendrite formation on lithium-metal anodes, SEI instability, and volume changes during cycling. These issues affect safety, cycle life, and coulombic efficiency, and they remain central problems in both academic and industrial battery research. ### Dendrite formation and safety When lithium metal is plated during charging, it does not deposit uniformly. Irregular nucleation leads to dendritic growth—needle-like lithium structures that can penetrate the separator and cause internal short circuits. Managing lithium deposition morphology through electrolyte additives, solid electrolytes, or structured anode hosts is an active area of investigation. ### SEI formation and coulombic efficiency The SEI forms on the anode surface during the first charge cycle as the electrolyte reacts with the electrode at low potentials. A stable SEI is essential for long cycle life, as it passivates the anode surface and prevents continuous electrolyte decomposition. However, on lithium-metal anodes, the SEI is mechanically fragile and reforms with each cycle, consuming active lithium and reducing coulombic efficiency. Tracking SEI formation and its impact on first-cycle irreversible capacity loss is a standard part of electrode characterisation. Volume expansion in silicon anodes—up to approximately 300% during full lithiation—creates similar SEI instability problems and is routinely monitored using electrochemical dilatometry. ### Volume changes and mechanical stress Electrode materials that undergo significant volume changes during lithiation and delithiation generate mechanical stress within the electrode structure and at the current collector interface. This leads to particle cracking, loss of electrical contact, and capacity fade. Quantifying these dimensional changes under realistic cycling conditions is essential for understanding degradation mechanisms. ## Are there alternatives to lithium in rechargeable batteries? Alternatives to lithium in rechargeable batteries include sodium-ion, potassium-ion, magnesium-ion, and zinc-ion chemistries. Each uses a different charge carrier in place of lithium ions, and each presents a distinct set of electrochemical properties, resource considerations, and research challenges. Sodium-ion batteries have received the most research attention as a lithium alternative. Sodium is abundant and widely distributed geographically, and its electrochemistry shares enough similarity with lithium-ion systems that existing electrode fabrication and cell-testing methods transfer reasonably well. However, sodium’s larger ionic radius and higher atomic mass reduce the achievable energy density compared with lithium-ion cells at equivalent electrode volumes. Magnesium and zinc offer the potential for divalent charge carriers, meaning each ion carries two units of charge per insertion event. In principle, this could enable higher volumetric capacity. In practice, divalent-ion intercalation is kinetically challenging, and finding electrolyte and cathode combinations that support reversible cycling remains an open research problem. For researchers evaluating post-lithium chemistries, the same fundamental characterisation methods apply: galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are all used to assess capacity, rate capability, and interfacial behaviour, regardless of the charge carrier. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports lithium battery research EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test equipment specifically for battery materials researchers working with lithium-ion and next-generation chemistries. Our instruments are built to address the precise characterisation challenges described above—from SEI formation and volume expansion to solid-state electrolyte evaluation. Key tools relevant to lithium battery research include: - The [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/), a versatile research test cell for standard half-cell and full-cell cycling experiments with lithium-ion and alternative chemistries - The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer, which quantifies electrode thickness changes during cycling with a resolution better than 5 nm—directly relevant to studying volume expansion in silicon and lithium-metal anodes - The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) for solid-state battery research, enabling controlled stack pressure on solid electrolyte assemblies - The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/), a high-precision potentiostat/galvanostat with EIS capability and up to 16 independent test channels, suitable for systematic electrode screening For researchers who require outsourced testing, our [Application Laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) performs electrochemical measurements on behalf of clients. Submit your electrode materials or electrolytes, and our laboratory team will handle cell assembly, protocol development, and data evaluation using our high-throughput PAT-Tester infrastructure. Contact us to discuss how we can support your lithium battery research programme. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [Do lithium batteries hold their charge when not in use?](https://www.el-cell.com/do-lithium-batteries-hold-their-charge-when-not-in-use/) **Published:** April 29, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Lithium batteries lose charge slowly through self-discharge — here's exactly what drives it and how to minimise it. **Content:** Lithium batteries do lose charge when not in use. This process, known as self-discharge, is a natural electrochemical phenomenon that occurs regardless of whether a battery is connected to a load. Understanding the mechanisms behind self-discharge is relevant not only for battery engineers designing storage protocols but also for researchers characterising electrode materials and electrolyte systems in the laboratory. The rate and extent of self-discharge depend on several interconnected factors, from the electrochemical stability of the electrolyte to the physical state of the electrode interfaces. For battery materials researchers, accurately quantifying self-discharge is an important part of understanding how lithium-ion batteries work at a fundamental level. ## Do lithium batteries lose charge when not in use? Yes, lithium batteries lose charge when not in use, but at a relatively slow rate compared with other rechargeable chemistries. A lithium-ion cell stored at room temperature typically loses a small percentage of its capacity per month through self-discharge. The exact rate depends on the cell chemistry, state of charge (SoC), temperature, and the condition of internal interfaces such as the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. Unlike nickel-metal hydride or nickel-cadmium cells, lithium-ion chemistries are known for their comparatively low self-discharge rates, which is one of the reasons they are widely used in applications requiring a long shelf life. However, self-discharge is never zero, and in research contexts, even small capacity losses during storage can affect the interpretation of electrochemical data. ## Why do lithium batteries discharge even when not in use? Self-discharge in lithium batteries occurs because the electrochemical system is never perfectly at equilibrium. Several parasitic reactions take place at both the anode and cathode, consuming charge without performing useful work. The primary mechanisms include electrolyte oxidation at the cathode, electrolyte reduction at the anode, and ongoing SEI formation and dissolution. ### Parasitic reactions at the anode At the graphite anode, lithium intercalated at low potentials is thermodynamically unstable in contact with conventional carbonate-based electrolytes. The SEI layer, which forms during the first charge-discharge cycles, provides a degree of kinetic protection. However, this layer is not perfectly stable and continues to evolve during storage, consuming lithium ions and contributing to capacity loss. ### Reactions at the cathode At the cathode, transition metal dissolution and electrolyte oxidation can also contribute to self-discharge. In layered oxide cathode materials, surface reactivity with the electrolyte leads to gradual capacity fade, even in the absence of applied current. These reactions are accelerated at elevated temperatures and high states of charge. ## What factors affect how fast a lithium battery self-discharges? The rate of self-discharge in a lithium-ion cell is governed primarily by temperature, state of charge, electrode chemistry, and the quality of the electrolyte and separator. Higher temperatures accelerate all parasitic reaction rates, while a higher state of charge places the electrodes at more reactive potentials, increasing the thermodynamic driving force for side reactions. - **Temperature:** Elevated storage temperatures significantly increase self-discharge rates by accelerating electrolyte decomposition and SEI instability. - **State of charge:** Cells stored at high SoC experience greater self-discharge because the electrode potentials are further from thermodynamic equilibrium. - **Electrode chemistry:** Anode materials with lower intercalation potentials, such as lithium metal or silicon-based anodes, tend to exhibit higher self-discharge than graphite. - **Electrolyte composition:** Electrolyte additives that stabilise the SEI layer can reduce self-discharge, while impurities or moisture can accelerate it. - **Separator integrity:** Micro-shorts caused by lithium dendrites or separator defects can cause localised self-discharge that is difficult to detect by standard voltage monitoring. For researchers developing new electrode materials or electrolyte formulations, understanding how each of these variables contributes to self-discharge is essential for producing reliable and reproducible results. ## How long can a lithium battery hold its charge in storage? A lithium-ion cell stored under controlled conditions—moderate temperature, partial state of charge, and low humidity—can retain the majority of its charge for several months to over a year. The precise duration depends on the cell chemistry and storage conditions, but well-formulated commercial cells stored at around 50% SoC and 15 to 25 degrees Celsius typically retain more than 80% of their charge after six to twelve months. In a research context, the relevant question is often not simply how much charge is retained but what electrochemical changes occur during storage. Capacity loss during rest can reflect SEI growth, electrolyte decomposition, or transition metal dissolution, each of which has distinct implications for cell performance. Calendar ageing studies, which track capacity and impedance changes during storage, are a standard method for characterising these processes. It is also worth noting that self-discharge is not always uniform across a cell. Localised reactions at electrode surfaces or near defects can create inhomogeneous lithium distribution, which may not be apparent from open-circuit voltage measurements alone. ## What is the best way to store lithium batteries to preserve charge? To minimise self-discharge during storage, lithium-ion cells should be stored at a partial state of charge, ideally between 40% and 60% SoC, at a temperature between 10 and 25 degrees Celsius, and in a low-humidity environment. These conditions reduce the thermodynamic driving force for parasitic reactions and slow SEI evolution. - Store cells at 40 to 60% SoC to avoid the highly reactive potentials associated with full charge or deep discharge. - Keep storage temperatures low but above freezing to reduce reaction kinetics without risking electrolyte condensation. - Avoid prolonged storage at 100% SoC, which places cathode materials under oxidative stress and accelerates electrolyte decomposition. - Minimise exposure to moisture and oxygen, particularly for cells with lithium metal anodes or moisture-sensitive solid electrolytes. For research cells assembled in the laboratory, storage conditions are particularly important because the SEI layer on freshly formed electrodes may not yet be fully stabilised. Researchers should account for any rest period between cell assembly and testing when designing experimental protocols, as self-discharge during this period can affect baseline capacity measurements. ## How is lithium battery self-discharge measured in research? Self-discharge in lithium-ion cells is measured in research using several complementary electrochemical techniques. The most direct method is to charge a cell to a defined SoC, disconnect it, and measure the open-circuit voltage (OCV) over time. Capacity loss can then be quantified by comparing the discharge capacity before and after a defined rest period. More detailed characterisation involves electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which can track changes in interfacial resistance and SEI thickness during storage without requiring the cell to be cycled. An increase in impedance during rest is a reliable indicator of ongoing interfacial reactions that contribute to self-discharge. Coulombic efficiency measurements provide another indirect measure of parasitic reactions. A coulombic efficiency below 100% on any given cycle reflects charge consumed by side reactions rather than reversible lithium intercalation. Tracking coulombic efficiency over many cycles, and comparing it between cells stored under different conditions, allows researchers to isolate the contribution of self-discharge to overall capacity fade. For researchers studying electrode expansion during cycling or rest, electrochemical dilatometry offers an additional dimension. Thickness changes during open-circuit rest can reveal SEI growth or lithium plating that would not be detectable from voltage measurements alone. The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer, for example, resolves thickness changes to better than 5 nanometres, making it a sensitive tool for detecting interfacial processes during storage. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports self-discharge and calendar ageing research Accurate characterisation of self-discharge and calendar ageing requires instrumentation that maintains stable, low-noise measurements over extended rest periods. EL-Cell GmbH provides a complete research ecosystem for this type of work, including: - The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/), a high-precision potentiostat and galvanostat with EIS capability and up to 16 independent channels, suitable for parallel calendar ageing studies across multiple cells or conditions. - The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer for monitoring electrode thickness changes during storage, providing direct evidence of SEI evolution and lithium redistribution. - The [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) platform, which provides reproducible cell assembly conditions and compatibility across the full PAT Series instrument range. For researchers who require self-discharge measurements without setting up a full in-house protocol, EL-Cell GmbH also offers electrochemical testing services through our [Application Laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/). Our laboratory team assembles test cells from customer-supplied electrode materials, designs measurement protocols, and delivers complete evaluation reports. Contact us to discuss how we can support your calendar ageing or self-discharge characterisation work. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the healthiest battery percentage?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-healthiest-battery-percentage/) **Published:** April 30, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** The 20–80% SoC window minimizes electrode stress — here's what the science actually says. **Content:** Battery percentage and battery health are topics that battery materials researchers encounter frequently—not as consumer concerns, but as fundamental electrochemical phenomena that govern electrode degradation, capacity fade, and cycle life. Understanding the mechanisms behind optimal state-of-charge (SoC) windows is essential for designing accurate ageing studies, interpreting cycling data, and developing materials that perform reliably over thousands of cycles. This article addresses the core questions around battery percentage and health from a materials science perspective, with particular relevance to researchers working with lithium-ion and next-generation electrode chemistries in laboratory settings. ## What is the healthiest battery percentage to maintain? For lithium-ion cells, maintaining a state of charge between approximately 20% and 80% of nominal capacity minimises thermodynamic stress on both electrodes. Operating within this partial SoC window reduces the risk of lithium plating on the anode at high SoC and limits deep-delithiation-induced structural strain at low SoC, both of which accelerate capacity fade. The specific optimal window depends on the electrode chemistry under investigation. Layered oxide cathodes such as NMC (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide) undergo phase transitions at high degrees of delithiation that introduce mechanical stress and accelerate surface reconstruction. Graphite anodes, meanwhile, are most susceptible to lithium plating when held at or near full lithiation, particularly at elevated C-rates. Researchers designing accelerated ageing protocols should therefore define the SoC window explicitly as part of the experimental design, rather than defaulting to full charge/discharge cycling unless the study specifically requires it. In a laboratory context, the “healthiest” SoC window is not a fixed, universal value but a variable that must be matched to the electrode pair, electrolyte system, and degradation mechanism being studied. ## Why does battery percentage affect battery lifespan? Battery percentage affects lifespan because the electrochemical state of each electrode changes with SoC, and certain states impose greater mechanical, chemical, and structural stress. At high SoC, cathode lattice parameters expand or contract depending on chemistry, and the anode approaches full lithiation, increasing the risk of metallic lithium deposition. At low SoC, deep delithiation of the cathode can trigger irreversible phase changes. ### Mechanical stress and volume change Electrode materials expand and contract as lithium ions intercalate and deintercalate. Graphite, for example, undergoes a volumetric expansion of roughly 10% upon full lithiation. Repeated cycling through the full SoC range subjects the electrode particles to cumulative mechanical fatigue, leading to particle cracking and loss of electrical contact within the electrode. Quantifying this dimensional change is a key task in electrode characterisation, and instruments such as the [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer enable researchers to measure electrode thickness changes with sub-nanometre resolution during cycling. ### SEI layer growth and parasitic reactions The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, which forms on the anode surface during initial cycling, continues to grow slowly throughout the cell’s life. At high SoC, the anode potential is low, which thermodynamically favours continued electrolyte reduction and SEI thickening. This consumes lithium inventory irreversibly, reducing coulombic efficiency over time. The SoC window therefore directly controls the rate at which these parasitic reactions proceed. ## What happens if you always charge your battery to 100%? Consistently charging to 100% SoC (full lithiation of the anode and full delithiation of the cathode) accelerates several degradation mechanisms simultaneously. These include lithium plating at the anode, accelerated SEI growth, cathode surface reconstruction, and increased mechanical stress from maximum volume change. The cumulative effect is faster capacity fade and reduced cycle life compared with partial SoC cycling. From a research perspective, full-SoC cycling is often used deliberately in accelerated ageing studies to generate measurable degradation within a tractable number of cycles. However, researchers must be aware that results obtained under full-SoC conditions may not translate directly to partial-SoC performance, and experimental protocols should be designed accordingly. Overpotential measurements and differential capacity analysis (dQ/dV) are useful tools for identifying when degradation mechanisms shift as a function of the applied SoC window. ## Is it bad to let your battery drop to 0%? Deep discharge to 0% SoC, corresponding to full delithiation of the anode and full lithiation of the cathode, imposes significant stress on the cell. At very low SoC, copper current collector dissolution can occur if the anode potential rises above approximately 3.5 V vs. Li/Li+, which is particularly relevant in full-cell configurations. Cathode materials may also undergo irreversible structural changes at extreme delithiation states. In laboratory cycling experiments, the lower voltage cut-off is a critical experimental parameter. Setting it too low risks copper dissolution and permanent cell damage, while setting it too high may not fully utilise the active material’s capacity. Researchers should define voltage cut-offs based on the thermodynamic stability windows of the specific electrode materials being tested, rather than applying generic values. Half-cell measurements against a lithium-metal reference electrode can help establish the appropriate potential limits for each electrode independently before constructing full cells. ## What’s the difference between battery health and battery percentage? Battery percentage refers to the current state of charge (SoC) of a cell, expressed as a fraction of its present usable capacity. Battery health, more precisely termed state of health (SoH), refers to the ratio of the cell’s current maximum capacity to its original rated capacity. SoC describes where the cell is within its current range; SoH describes how that range has changed over time due to ageing. In electrochemical research, these two quantities are measured and tracked independently. SoC is controlled through charge/discharge protocols and monitored via voltage and coulomb counting. SoH is determined by periodically measuring the cell’s full capacity under standardised conditions, typically using a slow C/10 or C/20 charge/discharge cycle, and comparing it with the initial value. Techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) provide additional diagnostic information by resolving contributions from different degradation mechanisms, including increases in ohmic resistance, growth in charge-transfer resistance, and diffusion limitations. ### Why the distinction matters in research Conflating SoC and SoH leads to errors in experimental interpretation. A cell that appears to be at 50% SoC may actually be delivering only 70% of its original capacity if SoH has declined significantly. Researchers must track both parameters independently throughout a cycling study to draw accurate conclusions about degradation rates and mechanisms. ## How do researchers measure battery degradation accurately? Accurate measurement of battery degradation requires a combination of electrochemical cycling, periodic capacity checks, and diagnostic techniques applied at defined intervals. The core metrics are capacity retention (mAh or mAh/g), coulombic efficiency per cycle, and internal resistance evolution. These are supplemented by techniques such as EIS, differential voltage analysis (DVA), and incremental capacity analysis (ICA) to identify the underlying degradation mechanisms. ### In-situ and operando characterisation Beyond standard cycling metrics, in-situ and operando measurements provide mechanistic insight that post-mortem analysis cannot. Measuring electrode thickness change during cycling, for example, reveals volume expansion behaviour and can identify the onset of lithium plating or particle cracking before they manifest as capacity loss. Similarly, operando optical or gas-analysis measurements can detect electrolyte decomposition or gassing events in real time. Reproducibility is a fundamental requirement in degradation studies. Cell assembly, electrolyte volume, electrode loading, and stack pressure all influence the results, and these variables must be controlled precisely. Research-grade test cells with defined geometry and controlled assembly procedures are essential for generating data that are comparable across experiments and between laboratories. ### The role of the C-rate in degradation measurement The C-rate at which a cell is cycled strongly influences the degradation pathway observed. High-C-rate cycling favours kinetic degradation mechanisms such as lithium plating and electrolyte decomposition at elevated overpotentials, while low-C-rate cycling is more sensitive to thermodynamic degradation such as phase transformations and slow parasitic reactions. A well-designed degradation study will include both rate-capability testing and long-term cycling at a defined C-rate to separate these contributions. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports battery degradation research EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures the instrumentation and test cells that enable researchers to study the degradation mechanisms described throughout this article with precision and reproducibility. Our product ecosystem is built around the [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/), which provides a fully interoperable platform for electrochemical testing across a wide range of cell configurations and measurement techniques. - The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) provides up to 16 independent test channels with potentiostat/galvanostat and EIS capabilities, enabling high-throughput cycling studies with full diagnostic access on each channel. - The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer quantifies electrode thickness changes during cycling with a resolution better than 5 nm, making it suitable for operando volume-change measurements across the full SoC range. - The [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) provides a standardised, reproducible cell geometry for half-cell and full-cell cycling experiments, with controlled stack pressure and defined electrolyte volume. - Our [Application Laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) offers electrochemical testing services for researchers who require outsourced measurements: our team assembles cells from customer-supplied electrode materials or electrolytes, designs measurement protocols, and delivers results with full data evaluation. If your research requires precise control over SoC windows, cycle-life measurements, or in-situ degradation characterisation, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which instruments and cell configurations are most appropriate for your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the nominal voltage of a lithium-ion battery?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-nominal-voltage-of-a-lithium-ion-battery/) **Published:** April 19, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Lithium-ion cells nominally deliver 3.6–3.7 V, but chemistry, C-rate, and degradation all shift that figure. Here's what researchers need to know. **Content:** The nominal voltage of a lithium-ion battery is typically **3.6 V or 3.7 V** per cell, depending on the active materials used. This value represents the average voltage a cell delivers over a full discharge cycle under standard conditions, and it serves as the reference point for cell characterisation, pack design, and electrochemical modelling. Understanding what nominal voltage means—and how it differs from the actual voltage measured during cycling—is fundamental to interpreting battery test data correctly. For researchers working with electrode materials and test cells, voltage is not simply a fixed property. It reflects the thermodynamics of the electrode couple, the state of charge, and the kinetics of the electrochemical reactions taking place. The sections below address the most common questions about lithium-ion battery voltage in the context of materials research. ## What is the nominal voltage of a lithium-ion battery? The nominal voltage of a lithium-ion battery cell is the average, or representative, voltage across its discharge curve, typically cited as **3.6 V or 3.7 V**. It is not a fixed thermodynamic quantity but a practical convention used to characterise a cell’s voltage output with a single, comparable figure. The exact value depends on the cathode and anode chemistries used in the cell. In electrochemical terms, the cell voltage at any given moment is the difference between the cathode and anode potentials, each measured against a reference electrode. During discharge, the cathode acts as the positive electrode and the anode as the negative electrode. The nominal voltage reflects the midpoint of the voltage plateau observed during galvanostatic discharge, which is closely related to the thermodynamic open-circuit voltage of the electrode couple at mid-state-of-charge. In research settings, nominal voltage is used to calculate theoretical energy density (Wh/kg), to set voltage windows in cycling protocols, and to compare the performance of different electrode material combinations. It is a convenient shorthand, but researchers should always refer to the full voltage profile when characterising a new material or cell configuration. ## Why does lithium-ion battery voltage change during cycling? Lithium-ion cell voltage changes during cycling because the electrode potentials shift continuously as lithium ions intercalate into and de-intercalate from the active materials. The cell voltage at any point in a charge or discharge cycle reflects the instantaneous difference between the cathode and anode potentials, both of which are state-of-charge dependent. ### Thermodynamic and kinetic contributions The equilibrium, or open-circuit, voltage of a cell is governed by the Nernst equation and reflects the free energy change of the lithium insertion reaction. However, under applied current, the measured voltage deviates from this equilibrium value due to overpotential. Overpotential arises from three main sources: - **Ohmic resistance** — voltage drop across the electrolyte, separator, and contact resistances - **Charge-transfer resistance** — kinetic barrier at the electrode/electrolyte interface - **Diffusion limitations** — concentration gradients within the electrode particles and electrolyte During charge, these contributions cause the measured cell voltage to be higher than the equilibrium value. During discharge, they cause it to be lower. The magnitude of the deviation increases with C-rate (the charge or discharge current relative to the cell’s capacity). ### Degradation effects over repeated cycles Over many cycles, the voltage profile also changes due to degradation mechanisms. Growth of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode surface increases internal resistance, widening the gap between charge and discharge voltage curves. Loss of active lithium through side reactions reduces capacity and shifts the relative utilisation of the cathode and anode, which can alter the shape and position of voltage plateaus. Tracking these changes in the dV/dQ or dQ/dV profile is a standard method for diagnosing degradation in research cells. ## What is the difference between nominal, minimum, and maximum voltage? The nominal voltage is the average representative voltage of a cell during normal operation. The minimum voltage (also called the lower cut-off voltage) is the lowest voltage to which a cell should be discharged before irreversible damage occurs. The maximum voltage (upper cut-off voltage) is the highest voltage permitted during charging, beyond which electrolyte oxidation, structural degradation, or safety hazards arise. For a standard lithium-ion cell with a graphite anode and a lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) or nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathode, typical voltage limits are approximately 2.5 V to 2.8 V at the lower cut-off and 4.1 V to 4.2 V at the upper cut-off. These values are material-dependent and must be established empirically or from the literature for each new electrode combination. In half-cell testing, where a single electrode is tested against a lithium metal counter and reference electrode, the voltage window is defined relative to the Li/Li+ reference potential. Researchers must be careful not to conflate half-cell voltage windows with full-cell voltage windows, as the relationship between the two depends on the capacity balance and potential alignment of the paired electrodes. ## How does nominal voltage vary across lithium-ion chemistries? Nominal voltage varies significantly across lithium-ion chemistries because it is determined by the redox potentials of the cathode and anode active materials. Different cathode materials operate at different average potentials versus Li/Li+, and the choice of anode material also shifts the cell voltage. Common cathode materials and their approximate average discharge potentials versus Li/Li+ include: - **Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO)** — approximately 3.9 V, giving a full-cell nominal voltage near 3.7 V with a graphite anode - **NMC (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide)** — approximately 3.7 V to 3.8 V versus Li/Li+, depending on Ni content - **Lithium iron phosphate (LFP)** — approximately 3.4 V versus Li/Li+, resulting in a nominal cell voltage near 3.2 V to 3.3 V - **Lithium manganese oxide (LMO)** — approximately 4.0 V versus Li/Li+, yielding a nominal cell voltage near 3.7 V to 3.8 V - **Lithium nickel oxide (LNO) and high-Ni NMC variants** — operate at higher potentials and are of particular interest in next-generation research On the anode side, graphite operates at a low and relatively flat potential of approximately 0.1 V to 0.2 V versus Li/Li+ during lithiation, which is why it contributes little to reducing the cell voltage. Silicon-based anodes operate at a slightly higher average potential, which marginally reduces the full-cell nominal voltage compared to graphite. Lithium titanate (LTO) anodes operate near 1.55 V versus Li/Li+, which substantially reduces the full-cell nominal voltage to approximately 2.3 V when paired with NMC—a trade-off accepted in exchange for improved rate capability and cycle life. ## Why does nominal voltage matter for battery research and testing? Nominal voltage matters for battery research because it directly affects the calculation of energy density, the design of cycling protocols, and the interpretation of electrochemical data. Setting incorrect voltage windows during galvanostatic cycling can lead to irreversible electrode damage, artificially inflated capacity values, or premature capacity fade—all of which compromise the reproducibility and validity of experimental results. Researchers use nominal voltage in several practical ways: - Calculating gravimetric energy density (Wh/kg) from specific capacity (mAh/g) using the relation: energy density = nominal voltage × specific capacity - Setting appropriate upper and lower cut-off voltages in cycling programmes to avoid electrolyte decomposition or deep discharge of active materials - Comparing electrode materials on a consistent basis across different studies and publications - Interpreting differential capacity (dQ/dV) plots, where phase transitions in the active material appear as peaks at characteristic voltages For researchers developing new electrode materials, understanding how the nominal voltage of a candidate material compares to existing benchmarks is essential for assessing its practical relevance. A high-capacity cathode material that operates at a significantly lower potential than existing cathodes may not deliver a net improvement in energy density at the cell level, even if its specific capacity in mAh/g is superior. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports lithium-ion battery voltage research Accurate voltage measurement and reproducible cycling protocols are central to any study of lithium-ion cell electrochemistry. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and instrumentation specifically for this type of research, with a focus on minimising experimental artefacts that can distort voltage data. Our products address the specific needs of researchers studying nominal voltage, voltage profiles, and electrochemical degradation: - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** and **ECC series test cells** provide standardised, reproducible cell geometries for half-cell and full-cell cycling, ensuring that voltage measurements reflect material properties rather than cell assembly variability - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** offers up to 16 independent test channels with galvanostatic and potentiostatic control, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) capability, and precise voltage resolution—enabling detailed characterisation of voltage profiles and overpotential contributions across multiple samples simultaneously - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer allows simultaneous measurement of voltage and electrode thickness change, providing insight into the volumetric behaviour of electrode materials at different states of charge - Specialised cells such as the **[PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/)** and **[PAT-Cell-Press](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/)** extend this capability to solid-state and gas-evolving systems, where voltage behaviour under pressure or in the presence of evolved gases requires dedicated cell designs If you are designing a cycling protocol, selecting voltage windows for a new electrode material, or building a reproducible testing workflow, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which test cell and instrumentation configuration is most appropriate for your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the self-discharge rate of a lithium-ion battery?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-self-discharge-rate-of-a-lithium-ion-battery/) **Published:** April 20, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Lithium-ion batteries lose 1–5% charge monthly — learn why, and how researchers measure and minimize it. **Content:** The self-discharge rate of a lithium-ion battery is the rate at which a cell loses stored charge when it is not connected to an external circuit. For most lithium-ion chemistries, this amounts to roughly 1–5% of capacity per month under ambient storage conditions, though the precise figure varies with chemistry, temperature, and cell age. Understanding self-discharge is essential for battery materials researchers, as it reflects the electrochemical stability of electrode and electrolyte systems under open-circuit conditions. For researchers designing experiments involving long-duration storage, calendar ageing, or coulombic efficiency measurements, self-discharge is not merely a practical inconvenience. It is a diagnostic signal that reveals information about parasitic reactions, electrolyte decomposition, and internal leakage currents. The sections below address the most common questions about lithium-ion self-discharge in a research context. ## Why do lithium-ion batteries self-discharge? Lithium-ion batteries self-discharge because thermodynamic and kinetic factors drive parasitic electrochemical reactions at both electrodes during open-circuit storage. These reactions consume stored charge without performing useful work, gradually reducing the state of charge (SoC) of the cell. The primary mechanisms include: - **Electrolyte oxidation at the cathode:** At high SoC, cathode materials operate at elevated potentials that can oxidise the electrolyte, generating small but continuous parasitic currents. - **Electrolyte reduction at the anode:** Graphite and lithium-metal anodes are thermodynamically unstable in contact with standard carbonate electrolytes. Ongoing reduction reactions at the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) consume lithium ions and electrons. - **SEI instability:** The SEI layer that forms on the anode during initial cycling is not perfectly stable. It continues to evolve slowly during storage, consuming lithium and contributing to capacity loss. - **Electronic leakage:** Imperfect electronic insulation between electrodes, whether due to separator defects or conductive contamination, allows a small internal current to flow. - **Lithium plating dissolution:** In cells where lithium plating has occurred, dissolution of plated lithium during rest contributes to apparent self-discharge. The relative contribution of each mechanism depends on the specific electrode chemistry, electrolyte formulation, and the SoC at which the cell is stored. High-SoC storage consistently accelerates self-discharge because it places electrodes further from their thermodynamic equilibrium, increasing the driving force for parasitic reactions. ## How does temperature affect the self-discharge rate? Temperature has a strong, direct effect on the self-discharge rate of a lithium-ion battery. Higher temperatures accelerate the kinetics of parasitic electrochemical reactions at both electrodes, increasing the rate of capacity loss during storage. Conversely, storing cells at low temperatures substantially reduces self-discharge. This relationship follows Arrhenius behaviour: reaction rates increase exponentially with temperature. In practical terms, a cell stored at elevated temperatures will lose charge significantly faster than one stored near 0 °C. This is why low-temperature storage is standard practice for preserving cells intended for long-duration calendar ageing studies. For researchers, temperature is also a controlled variable used to accelerate ageing in a predictable way. Elevated-temperature storage tests are commonly employed to estimate long-term self-discharge behaviour within a compressed experimental timeframe. However, care must be taken when extrapolating results, as different degradation mechanisms may dominate at different temperature ranges, and the assumption of simple Arrhenius scaling does not always hold across wide temperature windows. ## What factors affect the self-discharge rate of a lithium-ion battery? Several interconnected factors govern the self-discharge rate of a lithium-ion battery. These include state of charge, temperature, electrode chemistry, electrolyte composition, cell age, and manufacturing quality. ### State of charge Cells stored at high SoC exhibit faster self-discharge. At full charge, cathode materials are in a highly oxidised state and anodes are fully lithiated—both conditions that maximise the thermodynamic driving force for parasitic reactions. Storing cells at an intermediate SoC (typically around 50%) is standard practice for minimising self-discharge during extended storage. ### Electrode and electrolyte chemistry The specific active materials and electrolyte formulation have a significant influence. Cathode materials with high operating potentials, such as nickel-rich layered oxides (NMC, NCA), tend to show greater electrolyte oxidation than lower-potential materials such as lithium iron phosphate (LFP). Electrolyte additives designed to stabilise the SEI or passivate the cathode surface can measurably reduce self-discharge. ### Cell age and cycling history Self-discharge typically increases with cell age. As the SEI grows thicker and less stable, and as electrode materials undergo structural changes over cycles, the rate of parasitic reactions increases. Cells that have experienced lithium plating due to charging at high C-rates or low temperatures may show elevated self-discharge due to ongoing dissolution of deposited lithium. ### Manufacturing quality Contamination introduced during cell assembly, including metallic particles, moisture, or impurities in the electrolyte, can create internal short circuits or accelerate parasitic reactions. Rigorous control of assembly conditions is therefore critical for achieving reproducible, low self-discharge in research cells. ## How is self-discharge rate measured in the laboratory? Self-discharge rate is measured in the laboratory by charging a cell to a defined SoC, storing it under controlled conditions for a set period, and then measuring the remaining capacity or open-circuit voltage (OCV) to quantify the charge lost. The result is typically expressed as a percentage of the initial capacity lost per unit time. Two principal methods are used: - **Capacity-based measurement:** The cell is fully charged, rested, stored for a defined period (days to weeks), and then discharged to measure the remaining capacity. The difference between the initial and final capacity, normalised to the storage time, gives the self-discharge rate. - **OCV-based measurement:** The open-circuit voltage is monitored continuously or at intervals during storage. Using the cell’s voltage–SoC relationship (the OCV curve), voltage decay can be converted into an estimated capacity loss. This approach is faster but requires accurate OCV characterisation. A more sensitive and increasingly adopted technique is to measure the parasitic current directly using high-precision coulometry. By holding the cell at a fixed voltage and measuring the small current required to maintain that voltage, researchers can quantify the rate of parasitic reactions with high resolution. This approach, sometimes referred to as potentiostatic intermittent titration or simply precision coulometry, is particularly useful for comparing electrolyte formulations or additive packages. Regardless of method, temperature control during measurement is critical. Even small fluctuations in ambient temperature introduce artefacts into OCV and capacity measurements, making a temperature-controlled cell environment essential for reliable self-discharge characterisation. ## How does self-discharge rate compare across different lithium-ion chemistries? Self-discharge rate varies meaningfully across lithium-ion chemistries, primarily because different cathode materials operate at different potentials and exhibit different degrees of electrochemical stability in contact with standard electrolytes. General trends observed across common chemistries include: - **Lithium iron phosphate (LFP):** LFP cells typically show among the lowest self-discharge rates of commercial lithium-ion chemistries. The relatively low cathode operating potential reduces the thermodynamic driving force for electrolyte oxidation, and LFP is inherently more stable at high SoC. - **Nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA):** These nickel-rich cathodes operate at higher potentials and are more reactive towards the electrolyte at high SoC, generally resulting in higher self-discharge than LFP. - **Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO):** LCO, widely used in consumer electronics cells, shows moderate self-discharge, with stability strongly dependent on the upper cut-off voltage used during charging. - **Lithium manganese oxide (LMO):** LMO can show elevated self-discharge, partly due to manganese dissolution into the electrolyte and its subsequent deposition on the anode, which accelerates SEI growth. It is important to note that anode chemistry also plays a role. Cells using silicon-containing anodes, for example, often show higher self-discharge than graphite-only anodes, partly because silicon–graphite composites present a less stable SEI. Lithium-metal anodes, relevant to next-generation solid-state and lithium-sulphur research, present a distinct self-discharge challenge due to the highly reactive nature of lithium metal in contact with any electrolyte. Direct comparisons between chemistries should always be made under identical conditions of SoC, temperature, and storage duration, as these variables can easily obscure or exaggerate intrinsic differences between materials. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports self-discharge rate research Accurate self-discharge measurement demands precise control over temperature, state of charge, and cell assembly quality. EL-Cell GmbH provides the instrumentation and test cell hardware needed to conduct this work under well-defined, reproducible conditions. Specifically, our product ecosystem supports self-discharge studies in the following ways: - **Temperature-controlled testing:** The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) integrates a temperature-controlled cell chamber directly with up to 16 independent test channels, eliminating the thermal artefacts that compromise OCV and capacity measurements during self-discharge characterisation. - **High-precision electrochemical measurement:** The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) offers potentiostat and galvanostat functionality with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) capability, enabling both capacity-based and potentiostatic self-discharge protocols, as well as impedance tracking over storage periods. - **Standardised, reproducible test cells:** Our [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) and related test cell formats provide hermetically sealed, well-defined half-cell and full-cell configurations that minimise assembly-related variability—a critical requirement when comparing self-discharge across different electrode or electrolyte formulations. - **Dilatometric monitoring during storage:** The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer can track electrode thickness changes during open-circuit rest, providing complementary mechanical data alongside electrochemical self-discharge measurements. If you are designing a self-discharge characterisation protocol or need test cells suited to long-duration storage experiments, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which configuration best fits your experimental requirements. Our [Application Laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) is also available to support measurement campaigns where in-house capacity is limited. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the difference between cylindrical and prismatic lithium-ion cells?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-cylindrical-and-prismatic-lithium-ion-cells/) **Published:** April 21, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Cylindrical or prismatic lithium-ion cells? Discover key structural and electrochemical differences that determine the right format for your research. **Content:** Cylindrical and prismatic lithium-ion cells are the two most prevalent form factors encountered in both commercial battery production and laboratory research. Understanding the structural and electrochemical differences between them is essential for researchers who need to select the appropriate cell format for their experiments, interpret results correctly, and design meaningful comparisons between electrode materials. This article addresses the key distinctions between cylindrical and prismatic lithium-ion cells from a research perspective, covering internal architecture, electrochemical performance characteristics, and practical considerations for lab-scale testing. ## What are cylindrical and prismatic lithium-ion cells? Cylindrical and prismatic lithium-ion cells are two distinct packaging formats for electrochemical energy storage. A **cylindrical cell** encloses a jelly-roll electrode assembly within a circular metal casing, while a **prismatic cell** houses either a wound or stacked electrode assembly within a flat, rectangular enclosure made of metal or hard plastic. The format determines the cell geometry, thermal behaviour, and mechanical constraints during cycling. Cylindrical cells are identified by standardised diameter and height codes, such as 18650 (18 mm diameter, 65 mm height) or 21700. Prismatic cells do not follow a universal dimensional standard, which means their dimensions vary considerably between manufacturers. Both formats use the same fundamental electrochemistry—lithium intercalation at the anode and cathode—but their packaging imposes different physical constraints on the electrode stack. ## How does the internal structure differ between the two formats? The primary structural difference lies in how the electrode layers are arranged. Cylindrical cells use a continuous jelly-roll configuration, in which anode, separator, and cathode sheets are wound into a tight spiral. Prismatic cells use either a wound configuration adapted to a flat cross-section or a stacked configuration in which discrete electrode sheets are layered on top of one another. ### Jelly-roll versus stacked electrode design The jelly-roll design in cylindrical cells produces a mechanically robust structure with good contact pressure between layers. The winding geometry, however, introduces curvature at the edges of the electrode sheets, which can create localised stress concentrations and non-uniform current distribution, particularly at the inner and outer radii of the roll. Stacked prismatic cells avoid this curvature by using flat, rectangular electrode sheets. This configuration allows more uniform current distribution across the electrode area and is generally preferred when studying electrode materials that are sensitive to mechanical stress or volume change during cycling. The trade-off is that stacked assemblies can be more susceptible to delamination if swelling is not well controlled. ### Casing and pressure management Cylindrical cells use rigid steel casings that provide inherent mechanical constraint on the electrode stack. This passive compression can help maintain electrode contact during cycling. Prismatic cells with hard casings offer similar constraint, but pouch-format variants require external fixtures to apply controlled stack pressure. For research purposes, controlling and measuring stack pressure is often a critical experimental variable. ## What are the key performance differences between cylindrical and prismatic cells? The key performance differences between cylindrical and prismatic lithium-ion cells relate to thermal management, volumetric energy density, and mechanical behaviour during cycling. Neither format is universally superior; each presents distinct advantages depending on the application and the specific electrochemical system under investigation. - **Thermal management:** Cylindrical cells dissipate heat radially from the core outward. The geometry limits the surface area relative to volume, which can result in steeper thermal gradients at high C-rates. Prismatic cells offer larger flat surfaces that facilitate more uniform heat dissipation in module configurations. - **Volumetric energy density:** Prismatic cells generally achieve higher volumetric packing efficiency when assembled into modules because their flat geometry eliminates the interstitial space that forms between cylindrical cells. - **Electrode expansion:** Prismatic cells, particularly those with stacked designs, accommodate in-plane electrode expansion more predictably. This is relevant when testing high-capacity anode materials such as silicon-based composites, where significant volume changes occur during lithiation and delithiation. - **Coulombic efficiency:** Both formats can achieve comparable coulombic efficiency when assembled under controlled conditions, but differences in current distribution and stack pressure can influence first-cycle losses and the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. ## Which cell format is better for battery research and lab testing? For battery materials research, neither format is categorically better. The choice depends on what the researcher is trying to measure. Cylindrical cells are well suited to studies that require robust mechanical integrity and standardised dimensions. Prismatic and pouch-format cells are preferred when researchers need direct access to stack pressure data, in situ thickness measurements, or uniform current distribution across flat electrode sheets. In academic research, coin cells and pouch-type test cells are often used as proxies for both formats because they allow precise control over electrode area, electrolyte volume, and separator compression. When the goal is to characterise an electrode material rather than evaluate a specific commercial cell design, the test cell format should be chosen to minimise experimental artefacts rather than replicate a particular commercial geometry. Researchers working with next-generation materials, such as solid-state electrolytes or silicon anodes, frequently prefer flat-format test cells because they allow controlled application of uniaxial stack pressure, which is critical for maintaining interfacial contact in solid-state systems. ## How do you test cylindrical and prismatic cells in the lab? Testing cylindrical and prismatic lithium-ion cells in the laboratory requires a potentiostat or galvanostat capable of applying controlled current and voltage profiles, combined with a cell holder or fixture appropriate to the cell geometry. The core electrochemical measurements applied to both formats are the same: galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). ### Setting up galvanostatic cycling Galvanostatic cycling applies a constant current to charge and discharge the cell between defined voltage limits. The C-rate is calculated relative to the cell’s nominal capacity. For research-grade testing, it is important to record both charge and discharge capacity at each cycle to track coulombic efficiency and capacity fade over time. Temperature should be controlled and recorded throughout, as thermal variation introduces significant scatter into cycling data. ### Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS is used to characterise internal resistance, SEI layer formation, and charge-transfer kinetics. For cylindrical cells, the geometry introduces a distributed impedance response that can complicate equivalent-circuit modelling. Flat-format prismatic or pouch cells generally produce cleaner EIS spectra due to more uniform current distribution, which is one reason many fundamental studies use flat test cells rather than commercial cylindrical formats. ### Mechanical measurements during cycling Monitoring electrode thickness change during cycling is particularly relevant for prismatic and pouch-format cells, where the flat geometry allows direct dilatometric measurement. Thickness changes in the range of nanometres to micrometres can be resolved using high-resolution dilatometers such as the [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/), providing insight into electrode expansion, lithium plating, and gas evolution without disassembling the cell. ## What are the most common mistakes when comparing these two cell formats? The most common mistake when comparing cylindrical and prismatic lithium-ion cells is attributing performance differences to the electrode material rather than the cell format itself. Format-dependent variables—including stack pressure, electrolyte volume, current collector geometry, and thermal environment—can all influence measured capacity, rate capability, and cycle life independently of the active material. - **Inconsistent stack pressure:** Applying different mechanical constraints to cylindrical and prismatic cells will produce different degrees of electrode contact and different rates of electrolyte redistribution. This makes direct performance comparisons unreliable unless pressure is controlled and matched. - **Mismatched electrolyte volume:** Excess electrolyte can mask capacity fade by continuously wetting newly exposed electrode surfaces. Standardising the electrolyte-to-capacity ratio across formats is necessary for meaningful comparisons. - **Ignoring current distribution effects:** The wound geometry of cylindrical cells produces non-uniform current density across the electrode area. Researchers who compare results from cylindrical cells with those from flat pouch cells should account for this when interpreting rate capability data. - **Confusing cell-level and material-level metrics:** Reporting capacity in mAh rather than mAh/g or mAh/cm² makes cross-format comparisons meaningless. Always normalise capacity to electrode mass or geometric area when comparing results across different cell formats. - **Neglecting formation protocol differences:** The SEI layer that forms during the first charge cycles is sensitive to temperature, current density, and electrolyte volume. If formation conditions differ between the two cell formats being compared, observed differences in coulombic efficiency may reflect formation artefacts rather than material properties. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports cylindrical and prismatic cell research EL-Cell GmbH designs electrochemical test cells and instruments specifically for researchers who need to characterise electrode materials under well-controlled, reproducible conditions. Our product range addresses the practical challenges that arise when studying different cell formats in the laboratory. - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** provides a flat-format test cell with a defined electrode area, controlled electrolyte volume, and the option to apply and measure uniaxial stack pressure, making it well suited to studies that require format-independent material characterisation. - The **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/)** allows continuous in situ measurement of stack pressure during cycling, which is directly relevant to understanding mechanical behaviour in both wound and stacked electrode assemblies. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer resolves electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 5 nm, enabling quantitative measurement of volume expansion in electrode materials regardless of the reference cell format used. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates galvanostatic cycling, potentiostatic control, and EIS measurement into a single instrument with up to 16 independent channels, supporting systematic comparison studies across multiple cell configurations simultaneously. If you are designing experiments that require controlled, reproducible comparisons between electrode materials tested in different cell geometries, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which test cell configuration and instrumentation are most appropriate for your research objectives. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is a solid-state battery and how does it compare to lithium-ion?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-a-solid-state-battery-and-how-does-it-compare-to-lithium-ion/) **Published:** April 23, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Solid-state batteries are reshaping electrochemistry — here's what researchers must know before testing them. **Content:** ECD-4-nano: A high-resolution electrochemical dilatometer with sub-1 nm thickness resolution PAT-Tester-i-16: An integrated battery tester with up to 16 channels, PStat/GStat functionality, EIS capability, and a temperature-controlled cell chamber Solid-state batteries represent one of the most actively researched areas in electrochemistry today. For battery materials researchers, understanding the fundamental distinctions between solid-state and conventional lithium-ion architectures is essential for designing experiments, selecting appropriate test hardware, and interpreting electrochemical data correctly. ## What is a solid-state battery? A solid-state battery is an electrochemical energy storage device in which the liquid or gel electrolyte found in conventional lithium-ion cells is replaced entirely with a solid ionic conductor. This single architectural change affects electrode design, interfacial chemistry, manufacturing processes, and the methods required to characterise cell performance in the laboratory. The solid electrolyte serves the same fundamental role as its liquid counterpart: conducting ions between the anode and cathode while acting as an electronic insulator. Solid electrolyte materials fall broadly into three categories: oxide-based ceramics (such as LLZO, lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide), sulphide-based glasses and glass-ceramics, and polymer-based systems. Each class presents distinct ionic conductivity values, electrochemical stability windows, and processing requirements that directly influence experimental design. ## How does a solid-state battery work? A solid-state battery operates on the same fundamental electrochemical principles as a lithium-ion cell. During charging, lithium ions migrate from the cathode through the solid electrolyte and intercalate into, or plate onto, the anode. During discharge, the process reverses. The critical difference is that ion transport occurs entirely within a rigid solid medium rather than through a liquid solution. Ion transport in solid electrolytes depends on lattice structure, defect concentration, and temperature. Unlike liquid electrolytes, which achieve high ionic conductivity at room temperature through solvation and diffusion, solid electrolytes often require elevated temperatures or careful materials engineering to reach comparable conductivity values. This has direct implications for testing conditions, particularly when characterising interfacial resistance using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrode–electrolyte interface in solid-state cells presents additional complexity. Without a liquid phase to conformally wet electrode particles, intimate solid–solid contact must be achieved and maintained under mechanical stress. Stack pressure, particle morphology, and sintering conditions all influence the quality of this interface and the resulting electrochemical performance. ## What are the key differences between solid-state and lithium-ion batteries? The primary distinction between solid-state and lithium-ion batteries lies in the electrolyte phase. Lithium-ion cells use a liquid electrolyte, typically a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent, while solid-state cells use a solid ionic conductor. This difference propagates through every aspect of cell design, fabrication, and testing. Key differences relevant to battery materials researchers include: - **Electrolyte state:** Liquid versus solid, affecting ionic conductivity, interfacial contact, and processing requirements. - **Separator:** Lithium-ion cells require a porous polymer separator to prevent short circuits; solid-state cells use the solid electrolyte layer itself as the separator. - **Interfacial chemistry:** Liquid electrolytes form a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode during early cycles. Solid-state cells develop distinct solid–solid interfaces whose resistance and stability differ significantly from those of liquid-phase SEI layers. - **Mechanical constraints:** Solid electrolytes are brittle and require controlled stack pressure during cycling to maintain contact. This makes pressure management a critical experimental variable. - **Operating temperature:** Many solid electrolytes, particularly polymer-based systems, require elevated temperatures to achieve sufficient ionic conductivity for meaningful cycling. ## What are the main advantages of solid-state batteries over lithium-ion? Solid-state batteries offer several potential advantages over lithium-ion cells, the most significant being improved safety and compatibility with metallic lithium anodes. The absence of a flammable liquid electrolyte reduces the risk of thermal runaway, while a solid electrolyte can, in principle, suppress lithium dendrite propagation more effectively than a porous separator. From a materials research perspective, the advantages extend further: - **Wider electrochemical stability window:** Some solid electrolytes are stable at higher voltages than conventional liquid electrolytes, enabling pairing with high-voltage cathode materials. - **Lithium metal compatibility:** Solid electrolytes can, under the right conditions, enable stable cycling with a lithium metal anode, which offers substantially higher specific capacity (mAh/g) than graphite. - **Reduced electrolyte decomposition:** Liquid electrolytes degrade during cycling, contributing to capacity fade. Solid electrolytes, when chemically stable, can reduce this degradation pathway. - **Potential for thinner cell designs:** The solid electrolyte layer can be deposited as a thin film, enabling compact cell geometries relevant to certain device applications. It is important to note that these advantages are conditional. They depend heavily on electrolyte chemistry, electrode pairing, and the quality of solid–solid interfaces achieved during fabrication. ## What challenges are still holding solid-state batteries back? Solid-state batteries face several unresolved technical challenges that prevent straightforward translation from laboratory results to practical applications. The most persistent is interfacial resistance at the electrode–electrolyte boundary, which increases overpotential, reduces rate capability, and degrades coulombic efficiency over cycling. Additional challenges include: - **Mechanical degradation:** Volume changes in electrode materials during lithiation and delithiation generate stress at rigid solid–solid interfaces, leading to contact loss and capacity fade. - **Ionic conductivity at room temperature:** Many solid electrolytes do not reach the ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes at ambient temperature, limiting practical charge and discharge rates (C-rates). - **Chemical and electrochemical instability:** Several sulphide-based electrolytes are sensitive to moisture and can react with electrode materials at the interface, forming resistive interphases. - **Scalable manufacturing:** Achieving the intimate solid–solid contact required for low interfacial resistance at laboratory scale does not translate easily to large-format cell production. - **Reproducibility:** Solid-state cell assembly is sensitive to surface preparation, applied pressure, and sintering conditions, making reproducibility between experiments a genuine challenge. These challenges make rigorous, controlled experimental conditions particularly important when characterising solid-state materials in the laboratory. ## How are solid-state batteries tested in the lab? Laboratory testing of solid-state batteries requires hardware capable of applying controlled stack pressure, maintaining temperature uniformity, and enabling electrochemical characterisation techniques, including galvanostatic cycling, EIS, and rate capability testing. Standard coin cell hardware designed for liquid electrolyte systems is generally unsuitable for solid-state work. Key considerations for solid-state cell testing include: - **Stack pressure control:** Consistent, quantifiable pressure on the cell stack is essential for maintaining solid–solid contact and achieving reproducible results between assemblies. - **Temperature control:** Many solid electrolytes require testing above ambient temperature. Precise, stable temperature control prevents artefacts in impedance and capacity data. - **Inert atmosphere assembly:** Sulphide electrolytes, in particular, require glove-box assembly to prevent moisture-induced degradation before the cell is sealed. - **EIS capability:** Impedance spectroscopy is a primary tool for resolving bulk electrolyte resistance, interfacial resistance, and charge-transfer contributions in solid-state cells. A potentiostat/galvanostat (PStat/GStat) with EIS capability is a standard requirement. - **Dilatometry:** Monitoring electrode thickness changes during cycling provides direct insight into the mechanical behaviour of solid-state electrode–electrolyte assemblies. The reproducibility of solid-state cell testing is closely linked to hardware design. Poorly controlled pressure or temperature introduces artefacts that make it difficult to distinguish genuine material properties from experimental noise, which directly affects the reliability of published results. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports solid-state battery research EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test hardware specifically for the demands of next-generation battery research, including solid-state systems. Our product range addresses the core experimental requirements outlined above: - **[PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/):** A test cell designed specifically for solid-state electrolyte research, with integrated stack pressure control to ensure reproducible solid–solid contact across experiments. - **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/):** Enables precise, quantifiable force application during cycling, directly addressing the mechanical requirements of solid-state cell testing. - **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/):** A high-resolution electrochemical dilatometer with sub-1 nm thickness resolution, enabling quantitative measurement of electrode volume changes in solid-state assemblies. - **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/):** An integrated battery tester with up to 16 channels, PStat/GStat functionality, EIS capability, and a temperature-controlled cell chamber, providing the full electrochemical characterisation toolkit for solid-state research in a single instrument. If you are establishing or expanding a solid-state battery research programme, we welcome enquiries about test cell selection, hardware configuration, and customised solutions for specific experimental requirements. Contact EL-Cell GmbH directly to discuss your research needs. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do you safely dispose of a lithium-ion battery?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-you-safely-dispose-of-a-lithium-ion-battery/) **Published:** April 24, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Improper lithium-ion battery disposal risks fires, toxic leaks, and legal penalties — here's how to do it safely. **Content:** Lithium-ion battery disposal is a regulated process, not a matter of convenience. Whether you work with commercial cells or laboratory-grade test materials, improper disposal of lithium-ion batteries poses genuine chemical, fire, and environmental hazards. This article addresses the key questions researchers and lab professionals ask about safe lithium-ion battery disposal and recycling. ## Why can’t you throw lithium-ion batteries in the bin? Lithium-ion batteries cannot be disposed of in general waste because they contain hazardous materials — including lithium salts, flammable organic electrolytes, and heavy metals such as cobalt, nickel, and manganese — that are incompatible with standard landfill conditions. In most countries, disposing of lithium-ion cells in municipal waste is also illegal under waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and battery regulations. The physical construction of a lithium-ion cell presents additional risks in the waste stream. Mechanical crushing or puncturing during compaction can trigger internal short circuits, leading to thermal runaway. Thermal runaway releases toxic gases and can ignite fires that are extremely difficult to extinguish. Beyond the immediate safety risk, the heavy metals and fluorinated compounds present in many cells can leach into soil and groundwater if the cells are landfilled without containment. Regulatory frameworks in the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States classify spent lithium-ion batteries as hazardous waste. This means producers, distributors, and end users all carry legal obligations for proper collection and disposal. ## What happens to a lithium-ion battery when it’s not properly disposed of? When a lithium-ion battery is improperly disposed of, it can cause fires, release toxic compounds, and contaminate the environment. The electrolyte — typically a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent such as ethylene carbonate or dimethyl carbonate — is both flammable and reactive with water. If a cell is damaged in a landfill or waste facility, these solvents can ignite or react with moisture to produce hydrofluoric acid from fluorinated binder materials. Over time, a landfilled cell will corrode. As the casing degrades, the cathode materials — lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, or nickel manganese cobalt oxide, depending on the chemistry — leach into the surrounding environment. Cobalt and nickel are toxic to aquatic organisms and accumulate in food chains. Lithium itself, while less acutely toxic, contributes to long-term changes in soil alkalinity. At waste processing facilities, lithium-ion cells in general waste bins have caused fires in sorting equipment and collection vehicles. These incidents are well documented across the waste management industry and represent a significant operational and safety risk for workers. ## Where can you safely drop off lithium-ion batteries for recycling? Lithium-ion batteries can be dropped off at designated collection points, including electronics retailers, municipal hazardous waste facilities, and manufacturer take-back schemes. In the European Union, the Battery Regulation and the WEEE Directive require retailers above a certain size to accept spent batteries free of charge. In the UK, the Waste Batteries and Accumulators Regulations impose similar obligations. For researchers working in institutional settings, the correct route is typically through your institution’s waste management or environmental health and safety (EHS) department. Universities and corporate laboratories are classified as industrial or commercial producers of battery waste and must arrange collection through licensed hazardous waste contractors. Placing spent cells in general lab waste or sharps bins does not comply with these regulations. - Contact your institution’s EHS or waste management office for approved collection procedures - Use licensed hazardous waste contractors for bulk or commercial quantities - For small quantities of consumer-format cells, use retailer take-back points or municipal collection sites - Check national battery regulation databases for approved schemes in your country ## How do you prepare a lithium-ion battery for safe disposal? To prepare a lithium-ion battery for safe disposal, discharge it to as low a state of charge as possible, protect the terminals to prevent short circuits, and store it in a non-conductive, fireproof container until collection. A fully discharged cell presents a significantly lower risk of thermal runaway during handling and transport. The following steps apply to most lithium-ion cells prior to disposal: 1. **Discharge the cell** to its lower voltage cut-off using a controlled discharge protocol. Do not over-discharge below the minimum voltage, as this can cause copper dissolution from the anode current collector and create internal hazards. 2. **Insulate the terminals** by covering them with non-conductive tape. This prevents accidental short circuits during storage or transport. 3. **Inspect for physical damage.** Swollen, punctured, or leaking cells must be treated as higher-risk items and handled according to your institution’s specific procedures for damaged lithium cells. 4. **Store in an appropriate container.** Use a fireproof battery storage bag or a metal container lined with non-conductive material. Do not stack loose cells without terminal protection. 5. **Label clearly.** Mark containers with the cell chemistry, approximate state of charge, and any known damage. This information is essential for safe handling by waste contractors. Never attempt to disassemble a lithium-ion cell for disposal unless you have specific training and equipment to do so. Electrolyte exposure is a serious chemical hazard. ## What’s the difference between recycling and repurposing a lithium-ion battery? Recycling involves breaking down a spent lithium-ion battery to recover its constituent materials — metals, plastics, and electrolyte components — for use in new products. Repurposing, sometimes called second-life use, means redeploying a battery that no longer meets its original performance specification in a less demanding application, without disassembly. ### Recycling Recycling processes such as hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy recover valuable metals, including lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese, from the cathode material, as well as copper and aluminium from current collectors. The recovered materials re-enter the supply chain for new cell manufacturing. Recycling is the end-of-life route for cells that have degraded beyond further use. ### Repurposing Repurposing extends the useful life of a cell pack before it reaches the end of its life. A battery module removed from an electric vehicle because its capacity has fallen below the threshold for automotive use may still retain sufficient capacity for stationary energy storage applications, where energy density requirements are less stringent. This approach reduces the volume of material entering the recycling stream prematurely and retains the embodied energy of manufacturing. From a research perspective, both pathways are active areas of investigation. Understanding degradation mechanisms — capacity fade, impedance growth, and lithium plating on the anode — is central to determining whether a given cell chemistry and cycling history is suitable for second-life deployment or requires immediate recycling. ## How should researchers dispose of lithium-ion test cells used in the lab? Researchers should dispose of lithium-ion test cells through their institution’s hazardous waste stream, following the same protocols that apply to other chemical and electrochemical waste. Test cells used in battery research often contain experimental materials — novel electrolytes, modified electrode compositions, or reactive lithium metal anodes — that require additional consideration beyond standard lithium-ion disposal procedures. Several factors specific to laboratory test cells affect the disposal process: - **Lithium metal anodes** are reactive with moisture and air. Cells containing lithium metal must be fully discharged and handled under inert conditions where possible. Consult your EHS department for institution-specific procedures. - **Experimental electrolytes** may not be covered by standard disposal classifications. Document the composition of any non-commercial electrolyte and communicate it to your waste contractor. - **Partially cycled cells** retain stored energy. Discharge to the lower voltage cut-off before disassembly or disposal. - **Solid electrolyte cells** may contain ceramic or sulfide-based materials that have their own disposal requirements, separate from liquid electrolyte systems. Disassembly of test cells for electrode recovery — for post-mortem analysis or material reclamation — should be conducted in a glovebox under an inert atmosphere when lithium metal or air-sensitive cathode materials are involved. Recovered electrode materials should be treated as chemical waste and disposed of accordingly, not placed in general laboratory waste. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports responsible battery research and end-of-life practices At EL-Cell GmbH, we design test cells for battery materials research with the full experimental lifecycle in mind. Our products are used by researchers who work with a wide range of electrode materials, electrolytes, and cell chemistries — including systems that require careful handling at end of life. Here is how our product ecosystem supports responsible laboratory practice: - The [**PAT Series battery test cells**](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-test-cells/) are designed for straightforward disassembly, enabling controlled post-mortem analysis and proper separation of electrode materials, electrolyte, and hardware components before disposal. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer uses small-format electrodes, minimising the volume of experimental material — including potentially hazardous electrode compositions — generated per experiment. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** allows precise discharge protocols to be programmed, enabling researchers to bring cells to a defined, low state of charge prior to disassembly or disposal. - Our application notes and technical documentation include guidance on safe cell-handling procedures relevant to the specific chemistries our test cells are designed to accommodate. If you have questions about handling or disposing of cells used with our equipment, or if you are setting up a new battery research laboratory and need guidance on integrating safe waste procedures into your workflow, contact the EL-Cell GmbH team directly. We are happy to advise on best practices based on the specific chemistries and cell formats you are working with. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is lithium plating and why is it dangerous?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-lithium-plating-and-why-is-it-dangerous/) **Published:** May 6, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Lithium plating triggers dendrites, thermal runaway, and capacity fade — here's what every battery researcher must know. **Content:** Lithium plating is one of the most studied degradation mechanisms in lithium-ion battery research—and for good reason. It sits at the intersection of battery safety and performance, making it a critical concern for anyone working on anode materials, electrolyte formulations, or fast-charging protocols in the lab. Understanding what lithium plating is, why it occurs, and how to detect and prevent it is essential for producing reliable, publishable results. This article addresses each of those questions in turn. ## What is lithium plating in a battery? Lithium plating is the deposition of metallic lithium on the surface of the anode, rather than its intended intercalation into the anode host material. During charging of a lithium-ion cell, lithium ions should insert into the graphite lattice. When conditions prevent this, lithium instead is reduced and deposits as a metallic layer on the anode surface. This metallic lithium deposit is chemically distinct from intercalated lithium. It is highly reactive, partially electrically isolated from the electrode, and can take several morphological forms depending on local conditions. The most concerning of these is the growth of lithium dendrites: needle-like or filamentary metallic structures that extend outward from the anode surface into the electrolyte. Dendrite formation is not merely a performance issue; it carries direct safety implications, making lithium plating one of the most actively studied failure modes in battery research. ## Why does lithium plating happen in the first place? Lithium plating occurs when the electrochemical potential at the anode surface drops below 0 V vs. Li/Li+, making lithium deposition thermodynamically favourable over intercalation. This condition arises when lithium ions arrive at the anode faster than they can be inserted into the host structure. Several factors drive this imbalance: - **High C-rate charging:** At elevated charge rates, the flux of lithium ions to the anode surface exceeds the intercalation kinetics of graphite, increasing the local overpotential and pushing the anode potential below 0 V vs. Li/Li+. - **Low temperature:** Lower temperatures slow lithium-ion diffusion both in the electrolyte and within the graphite particles, making plating more likely even at moderate C-rates. - **Electrolyte limitations:** Poor ionic conductivity or inadequate wetting of the electrode restricts ion transport and raises the concentration overpotential at the anode. - **Electrode design:** Thick electrodes, high areal loading (mAh/cm²), or non-uniform current distribution across the electrode surface create local regions where the anode potential drops below the plating threshold. - **State of charge:** A fully or nearly fully charged graphite anode has limited remaining intercalation capacity, reducing the driving force for insertion and increasing plating risk. In practice, lithium plating is rarely caused by a single factor in isolation. It typically results from the combined effects of several of these conditions, which is why researchers study it across a range of controlled experimental variables. ## Why is lithium plating dangerous for battery safety? Lithium plating poses a direct safety risk because metallic lithium deposits, particularly lithium dendrites, can grow through the separator and create an internal short circuit between the anode and cathode. An internal short circuit releases energy rapidly and can trigger thermal runaway, a self-sustaining exothermic reaction that can lead to fire or explosion. Beyond the dendrite short-circuit risk, plated lithium that becomes electrically disconnected from the electrode forms what is known as dead lithium. Dead lithium does not contribute to the cell’s capacity but does react with the electrolyte, generating heat and irreversibly consuming electrolyte. The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, which forms on the anode during the first charge cycles, is disrupted by repeated plating events. Each disruption exposes fresh metallic lithium to the electrolyte, accelerating electrolyte decomposition and gas generation. These safety concerns are amplified in cells with solid or thin electrolytes, where mechanical penetration by dendrites is a particularly active area of research, and in fast-charging applications, where plating risk is inherently elevated. ## How does lithium plating affect battery performance? Lithium plating degrades battery performance through several interconnected mechanisms, all of which reduce the usable capacity and cycle life of the cell. The primary performance impact is the loss of active lithium: plated lithium that becomes dead lithium is no longer available for cycling, which directly reduces the specific capacity (mAh/g) of the cell. The performance consequences include: - **Reduced coulombic efficiency:** Each cycle in which plating occurs results in lithium that is not recovered on discharge, lowering coulombic efficiency and accelerating capacity fade. - **Increased internal resistance:** SEI disruption and electrolyte decomposition increase the impedance of the cell, which can be measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). - **Accelerated capacity fade:** The cumulative loss of active lithium and electrolyte over repeated cycles significantly shortens the functional cycle life of the cell. - **Voltage artefacts:** In some cases, the stripping of plated lithium during discharge produces a characteristic voltage plateau, which researchers use as a diagnostic indicator of prior plating events. These performance effects make lithium plating particularly problematic for research on fast-charging protocols, where the trade-off between charge speed and cycle life must be carefully characterised using well-controlled test conditions. ## How can lithium plating be detected and studied in the lab? Lithium plating can be detected through a combination of electrochemical measurements, physical characterisation techniques, and in situ monitoring methods. No single technique provides a complete picture, so researchers typically combine several approaches. ### Electrochemical detection methods The most accessible detection method is analysis of the discharge voltage profile. A voltage plateau at approximately 0 V vs. Li/Li+ during the early stages of discharge is associated with the stripping of plated lithium. Tracking coulombic efficiency over cycles also reveals plating indirectly: a sustained drop in efficiency suggests irreversible lithium loss consistent with plating and dead-lithium formation. EIS is widely used to track changes in SEI resistance and charge-transfer resistance that accompany repeated plating events. An increase in these impedance components over cycling is a strong indicator that plating-related degradation is occurring. ### Physical and in situ characterisation Post-mortem analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or optical microscopy allows direct visualisation of metallic lithium deposits and dendrite morphology on disassembled electrodes. However, this approach is destructive and captures only a snapshot of the electrode state at one point in time. In situ methods offer a more dynamic view. Electrochemical dilatometry tracks the thickness change of the electrode during cycling; lithium plating produces a characteristic swelling signature that differs from the volume change associated with normal intercalation. Optical in situ cells allow visual observation of dendrite nucleation and growth in real time, which is particularly valuable for studying plating in novel electrolyte systems or with lithium-metal anodes. ## How can lithium plating be prevented or minimised? Lithium plating can be minimised by controlling the conditions that drive the anode potential below 0 V vs. Li/Li+. In practice, this means managing C-rate, temperature, electrode design, and electrolyte properties simultaneously. Key mitigation strategies include: - **Limiting charge rate:** Reducing the C-rate during charging gives lithium ions more time to intercalate, keeping the anode potential above the plating threshold. - **Temperature control:** Maintaining the cell within an appropriate temperature range improves electrolyte conductivity and ion-diffusion kinetics, both of which reduce plating risk. - **Electrode optimisation:** Reducing electrode thickness or areal loading, improving particle size distribution, and ensuring uniform current density across the electrode surface all lower local overpotentials. - **Electrolyte formulation:** Additives that improve SEI stability or enhance ionic conductivity can reduce the overpotential at which plating initiates. - **Anode material selection:** Silicon-containing anodes or prelithiation strategies can alter the intercalation kinetics and capacity balance in ways that reduce plating susceptibility. - **Charging protocol design:** Pulse charging or multi-step constant-current protocols can reduce the peak current density at the anode surface compared with standard constant-current charging. For researchers, isolating the contribution of each factor requires well-controlled experimental conditions and reproducible test hardware. Variability introduced by the test cell itself can obscure the effects of the variable under study, making hardware selection a non-trivial consideration in plating research. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports lithium plating research Studying lithium plating rigorously requires test hardware that introduces minimal experimental artefacts and supports a range of characterisation techniques. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and instruments specifically for this type of research. Our product range addresses the key requirements of lithium plating studies directly: - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer measures electrode thickness changes with a resolution of better than 5 nm, enabling precise detection of the volume changes associated with lithium plating and stripping events during cycling. - The **[ECC-Opto-10](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/)** optical in situ cell allows visual observation of the anode surface during electrochemical cycling, supporting real-time imaging of dendrite nucleation and growth. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** provides up to 16 independent test channels with galvanostatic and potentiostatic control, a temperature-controlled cell chamber, and integrated EIS capability, enabling systematic study of plating across multiple conditions in parallel. - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** and **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/)** provide standardised, reproducible half-cell and full-cell formats compatible with a range of anode materials and electrolyte systems relevant to plating research. If you are designing experiments around lithium plating detection, prevention, or characterisation, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which combination of test cells and instrumentation best fits your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How does a protection circuit work in a lithium-ion battery?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-does-a-protection-circuit-work-in-a-lithium-ion-battery/) **Published:** April 28, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Lithium-ion protection circuits prevent thermal runaway—but can corrupt lab data. Here's what researchers must know. **Content:** A protection circuit in a lithium-ion battery is a dedicated electronic safeguard built into the cell or battery pack to prevent unsafe operating conditions. For battery materials researchers, understanding how these circuits function is essential—not only for working safely with lithium-ion cells in the laboratory, but also for interpreting electrochemical data correctly when protection mechanisms interfere with experimental protocols. This article addresses the core questions surrounding lithium-ion battery protection circuits, from their basic operating principles to their relevance in controlled research environments. Each section is written for researchers who already understand electrochemical fundamentals and need precise, technically grounded answers. ## What is a protection circuit in a lithium-ion battery? A protection circuit in a lithium-ion battery is an electronic module, typically based on a dedicated integrated circuit (IC), that monitors cell voltage, current, and temperature in real time and interrupts the charge or discharge path when any parameter exceeds a defined safe threshold. It sits between the cell terminals and the external contacts of the battery pack. In practical terms, the protection circuit consists of a sensing IC paired with one or more field-effect transistors (FETs) that act as switches. When the IC detects an out-of-range condition, it drives the FET gate to open the circuit, cutting off current flow. This happens within milliseconds, before the cell chemistry can be driven into a thermally or electrochemically unstable state. Protection circuits are found in single-cell configurations—such as those used in portable electronics—as well as in multi-cell packs, where they may operate in parallel with more sophisticated battery management electronics. In a research context, the relevant distinction is between the passive protection circuit embedded in a commercial cell and the active control logic applied by external test instrumentation. ## Why do lithium-ion batteries need a protection circuit? Lithium-ion cells require a protection circuit because their electrochemical stability window is narrow. Exceeding the upper voltage limit during charging, allowing deep discharge below a minimum voltage, or permitting excessive current flow can each trigger irreversible reactions—including lithium plating, electrolyte decomposition, and, in severe cases, thermal runaway. The underlying chemistry explains the risk. Lithium-ion intercalation electrodes operate within specific potential ranges that maintain structural integrity. Charging a graphite anode beyond its lithiation capacity, for instance, forces metallic lithium deposition rather than intercalation. This lithium plating is not only a capacity-loss mechanism—it creates dendrites that can penetrate the separator and cause an internal short circuit. On the cathode side, overcharging drives transition metal oxide materials into highly oxidised, thermally unstable states. The decomposition of the cathode at elevated states of charge releases oxygen, which can react exothermically with the organic electrolyte. A protection circuit prevents the cell from reaching these conditions under normal use. ## How does a protection circuit detect and prevent overcharging? A protection circuit detects overcharging by continuously comparing the cell terminal voltage against a fixed threshold—typically around 4.2 V for standard lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) chemistry, though the exact value varies by cathode material. When the measured voltage reaches this threshold, the IC signals the charge-control FET to open, interrupting the charge-current path immediately. ### Voltage sensing and threshold triggering The sensing IC samples cell voltage at high frequency, allowing it to respond to rapid voltage rises. The overcharge threshold is set during IC design and is not adjustable in most commercial protection circuits. This fixed threshold is calibrated to correspond to a state of charge at which further lithiation of the cathode would begin to compromise structural stability. ### Hysteresis and reset behaviour Most protection ICs incorporate a hysteresis band around the trigger threshold. Once the overcharge condition is detected and the FET opens, the circuit does not re-engage immediately when voltage drops slightly below the threshold. A defined voltage drop—the hysteresis offset—must occur before the charge path is restored. This prevents rapid switching that would otherwise occur near the threshold boundary. In a laboratory setting, this behaviour is important to understand. If a potentiostat or galvanostat is driving a commercial cell and the protection circuit triggers, the instrument will see an open-circuit condition rather than a cell response. This can be misinterpreted as a measurement artefact if the researcher is unaware that the protection circuit has activated. ## What are the main functions of a lithium-ion protection circuit? The main functions of a lithium-ion battery protection circuit are overcharge protection, over-discharge protection, overcurrent protection, and short-circuit protection. Together, these four functions cover the primary failure modes that can lead to cell degradation or thermal runaway. - **Overcharge protection:** Disconnects the charge path when cell voltage exceeds the upper threshold, preventing cathode instability and electrolyte oxidation. - **Over-discharge protection:** Disconnects the discharge path when cell voltage falls below a minimum threshold, preventing copper current collector dissolution at the anode and irreversible capacity loss. - **Overcurrent protection:** Monitors the current drawn from the cell and interrupts the discharge path if current exceeds a rated maximum, protecting against resistive heating and electrode damage. - **Short-circuit protection:** Detects the near-instantaneous current surge caused by an external short and opens the FET within microseconds, limiting the energy delivered into the fault. Some protection circuits also include temperature monitoring, though this function is more commonly associated with battery management systems in multi-cell packs. A basic single-cell protection circuit may rely on a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor as a passive thermal fuse rather than active temperature-based switching. ## What is the difference between a protection circuit and a battery management system? A protection circuit is a minimal, passive-logic safeguard that reacts to threshold violations by interrupting the circuit. A battery management system (BMS) is an active, programmable system that monitors, controls, and optimises cell operation across multiple parameters simultaneously—including state of charge (SoC) estimation, state of health (SoH) tracking, cell balancing, and communication with external systems. The distinction matters in research contexts. A protection circuit operates on fixed hardware thresholds and has no memory, communication interface, or data output. It either allows current to flow or it does not. A BMS, by contrast, runs algorithms—often on a dedicated microcontroller—that can adapt charge and discharge limits based on measured cell history, temperature, and cycle count. In multi-cell battery packs, the BMS also performs cell balancing: redistributing charge between cells in a series string to ensure no individual cell reaches an overcharge or over-discharge condition due to capacity mismatch. This function does not exist in a single-cell protection circuit. For researchers designing or evaluating battery management strategies, the BMS represents the layer at which electrochemical knowledge translates into system-level control logic. Understanding the distinction between hardware protection and software-driven management is essential when interpreting charge-discharge data from pack-level experiments. ## How does a faulty protection circuit affect battery research results? A faulty or inappropriately triggered protection circuit can introduce significant artefacts into electrochemical measurements. If the protection circuit activates mid-cycle, it creates an abrupt open-circuit condition that appears in voltage-time or capacity-voltage profiles as an anomalous plateau or discontinuity—which may be incorrectly attributed to a phase transition or electrochemical event in the electrode material. This is particularly relevant when researchers work with commercial cells rather than unprotected, research-grade electrodes. A protection circuit that triggers at a voltage close to the upper cut-off used in the experimental protocol will repeatedly interrupt cycling, producing inconsistent capacity values and distorted coulombic-efficiency measurements. Coulombic efficiency, which measures the ratio of charge extracted to charge inserted per cycle, is highly sensitive to any interruption in the current path. Beyond voltage artefacts, a degraded protection circuit with increased internal resistance can add an uncontrolled series impedance to the cell. This impedance will appear in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, potentially masking or distorting the contributions from the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, charge-transfer resistance, or electrolyte resistance that the researcher is attempting to characterise. For reproducible results, researchers conducting fundamental electrode studies should use unprotected, research-grade electrochemical test cells where all boundary conditions are set explicitly by the test instrument, not by an embedded protection IC whose threshold values and response behaviour may not be fully documented. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports precise lithium-ion cell testing When studying electrode materials and cell behaviour at the fundamental level, embedded protection circuits in commercial cells introduce variables that are difficult to control or account for. EL-Cell GmbH addresses this directly by providing electrochemical test cells designed for research use, where all operating limits are set by the connected instrumentation rather than by fixed-threshold protection ICs. Our product portfolio supports controlled, reproducible electrochemical measurements across a range of experimental conditions: - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** series provides standardised, unprotected test cells for half-cell and full-cell cycling, giving researchers complete control over voltage windows, current rates, and cut-off conditions. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a galvanostat/potentiostat with EIS capability and a temperature-controlled cell chamber, allowing precise protocol definition without interference from external protection logic. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer enables simultaneous electrochemical cycling and thickness measurement at sub-5 nm resolution—measurements that would be compromised by any uncontrolled circuit interruption. - The **[ECC-Opto-10](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/)** supports in situ optical characterisation, where consistent, uninterrupted cycling is a prerequisite for meaningful data. If you are designing experiments that require full control over electrochemical boundary conditions, contact us to discuss which test cell configuration and instrumentation setup best fits your research requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do you match a lithium-ion battery to a specific application?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-you-match-a-lithium-ion-battery-to-a-specific-application/) **Published:** May 12, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Master lithium-ion battery selection by systematically matching cell chemistry, format, and electrochemical performance to your application's exact requirements. **Content:** EL-Cell product updates: – ECD-4-nano: resolution better than 1 nanometre (previously listed as 5 nanometres) – PAT-Tester-i-16: supports up to 16 channels with independent potentiostat/galvanostat (iPStat/iGStat) and EIS capabilities (previously listed as PStat/GStat) Matching a lithium-ion battery to a specific application requires a systematic comparison between what the application demands and what a given cell chemistry and format can reliably deliver. This process sits at the core of battery materials research, where the goal is not simply to find a cell that works, but to understand precisely why it works and under what conditions it will fail. For researchers characterising new electrode materials or electrolyte formulations, application matching is also a benchmarking exercise. Understanding how a candidate material performs against the requirements of a real use case gives experimental results a practical frame of reference and strengthens the scientific relevance of published findings. ## What does it mean to match a battery to an application? Matching a battery to an application means identifying a cell chemistry, format, and operating protocol whose electrochemical characteristics align with the energy, power, cycle life, and environmental requirements of the target system. It is a multivariable problem: no single parameter determines compatibility, and trade-offs between competing requirements are almost always involved. In practice, matching begins by translating application-level requirements into electrochemical specifications. A power tool demands high discharge rates and can tolerate a shorter cycle life. A grid storage system prioritises cycle life and round-trip efficiency over gravimetric energy density. Medical implants require extreme reliability and a narrow operating temperature window. Each of these translates directly into constraints on cell chemistry, electrode design, and electrolyte composition. For researchers, this translation process is also a research question in itself. Investigating how a new cathode material performs under the C-rate (the charge/discharge rate relative to capacity) and temperature conditions of a specific application is a legitimate and publishable experimental objective. ## What application parameters determine battery requirements? The key application parameters that determine battery requirements are energy density, power density, cycle life, operating temperature range, voltage window, and safety constraints. Each parameter maps onto specific electrochemical properties of the cell. - **Energy density:** Expressed as Wh/kg or Wh/L, this determines how much energy the cell must store per unit mass or volume. Applications with strict weight or space constraints, such as aerospace systems, demand materials with high specific capacity. - **Power density:** High-power applications require cells capable of sustaining high C-rates without excessive overpotential or capacity fade. Overpotential is the difference between the thermodynamic and the actual electrode potential under load. - **Cycle life:** The number of charge/discharge cycles before capacity drops below an acceptable threshold. This is governed by factors including solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) stability, mechanical stress in electrode particles, and electrolyte decomposition. - **Operating temperature:** Lithium-ion cells show significant performance variation with temperature. Low-temperature operation reduces ionic conductivity; elevated temperatures accelerate degradation mechanisms. - **Voltage window:** The application’s voltage requirements must align with the cell’s nominal and cut-off voltages, which are determined by the electrode couple. - **Safety requirements:** Some applications impose strict limits on thermal runaway risk, which influences chemistry and electrolyte selection. ## How do different lithium-ion chemistries compare for specific uses? Different lithium-ion chemistries offer distinct trade-offs between specific capacity, voltage, cycle life, thermal stability, and rate capability. No single chemistry is optimal across all applications; selection depends on which parameters the application prioritises. ### Common cathode chemistries and their typical strengths - **LFP (lithium iron phosphate):** High thermal stability, long cycle life, and moderate specific capacity. Well suited to stationary storage and applications where safety and longevity outweigh energy density. - **NMC (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide):** Balances energy density and rate capability. Widely used in electric vehicle research, where both specific energy and power are relevant. - **NCA (lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide):** High specific capacity and good rate performance, but more sensitive to overcharge and elevated temperatures. - **LCO (lithium cobalt oxide):** High volumetric energy density, but limited cycle life and thermal stability. Historically prevalent in compact consumer-electronics research platforms. ### Anode chemistry considerations Graphite remains the dominant anode material, offering stable cycle life and well-understood SEI formation. Silicon-based anodes provide substantially higher specific capacity in mAh/g but introduce significant volume expansion during lithiation, creating mechanical and interfacial challenges that researchers are actively working to resolve. The choice of anode material interacts directly with application requirements for cycle life and volumetric energy density. ## What role does cell format play in application compatibility? Cell format, whether cylindrical, prismatic, or pouch, affects thermal management, mechanical integration, and packaging efficiency. For a given chemistry, the format determines how the cell dissipates heat, how it responds to volume changes during cycling, and how it integrates into a larger battery system. In research, format also determines which experimental techniques are accessible. Pouch cells allow in situ thickness measurements and optical access. Cylindrical formats offer mechanical robustness and well-defined pressure conditions. Prismatic cells are often used when a defined footprint is required for integration testing. Researchers selecting a test cell format should consider not only the target application but also which characterisation techniques they intend to apply during the study. ## How do you characterise a battery’s performance for a target application? Characterising a battery’s performance for a target application involves a structured set of electrochemical measurements designed to quantify the parameters most relevant to that application. The core measurements include galvanostatic cycling at representative C-rates, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and rate-capability testing. ### Key characterisation techniques - **Galvanostatic cycling:** Measures specific capacity in mAh/g or mAh/cm² (the geometry must always be specified), coulombic efficiency per cycle, and capacity retention over extended cycling. Coulombic efficiency, the ratio of charge extracted to charge input per cycle, is a sensitive indicator of side reactions and SEI growth. - **Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS):** Resolves contributions from ohmic resistance, charge-transfer resistance, and diffusion processes. EIS is particularly valuable for tracking degradation mechanisms as a function of cycle number or state of charge. - **Rate-capability testing:** Applies a range of C-rates to quantify how specific capacity and overpotential evolve with increasing current. This directly informs whether a material is suitable for high-power applications. - **Dilatometry:** Measures electrode thickness changes during cycling. Volume-expansion data is essential for materials with large lattice changes, such as silicon anodes, and for understanding mechanical degradation. Temperature-controlled testing is also important when the application operates outside ambient conditions. Measurements across the application’s actual temperature range provide more relevant performance data than room-temperature results alone. ## What are the most common mistakes when selecting a battery for an application? The most common mistakes in battery selection for a specific application are optimising for a single parameter in isolation, testing under conditions that do not reflect the application’s actual operating environment, and confusing material-level metrics with cell-level or system-level performance. - **Optimising energy density alone:** A material with high specific capacity in mAh/g may show poor capacity retention at the C-rates the application requires. Rate capability and cycle life must be evaluated alongside specific capacity. - **Testing under non-representative conditions:** Electrochemical performance measured at room temperature and low C-rates may not predict behaviour at the application’s actual temperature range and current demands. Testing conditions should reflect the use case. - **Confusing half-cell and full-cell data:** Half-cell measurements using a lithium-metal counter electrode are useful for characterising individual electrode materials, but they do not account for full-cell voltage matching, capacity balancing, or the absence of excess lithium. Full-cell testing is necessary before drawing conclusions about application compatibility. - **Neglecting mechanical effects:** Volume changes during cycling generate mechanical stress that affects both electrode integrity and cell-level performance. Ignoring dilatometric data for high-expansion materials leads to underestimating degradation rates. - **Overlooking coulombic efficiency in early cycles:** Low first-cycle coulombic efficiency indicates significant irreversible capacity loss, which has direct implications for capacity balance in a full cell and for long-term cycle life. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports battery application-matching research EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and instruments specifically for the kind of systematic characterisation that application matching requires. Our product ecosystem supports every stage of the process described in this article, from initial half-cell screening to full-cell performance validation under application-relevant conditions. - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** and **[PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/)** provide reproducible, pressure-controlled environments for galvanostatic cycling and EIS measurements, with defined stack pressure that can be matched to application conditions. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer measures electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 1 nanometre, enabling precise quantification of volume expansion in materials such as silicon anodes. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a battery tester, a temperature-controlled cell chamber, and a docking station into a single instrument, supporting up to 16 channels with independent potentiostat/galvanostat (iPStat/iGStat) and EIS capabilities, allowing parallel testing across multiple conditions. - For gas-evolving systems or operando studies, the **[PAT-Cell-Press](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/)** and **[ECC-Opto-10](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/)** extend the range of measurable parameters to include gas analysis and optical monitoring. If you are designing a characterisation protocol to evaluate electrode materials against specific application requirements, contact us to discuss which test-cell configuration and measurement approach best fits your experimental objectives. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do you balance cells in a lithium-ion battery pack?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-you-balance-cells-in-a-lithium-ion-battery-pack/) **Published:** May 24, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Cell imbalance silently drains battery pack capacity — discover the methods, mechanisms, and research tools that fix it. **Content:** Balancing cells in a lithium-ion battery pack is a fundamental requirement for safe, efficient, and long-lasting operation. Without it, individual cells drift apart in state of charge, leading to premature capacity loss and potential safety risks. This article explains the mechanisms behind cell imbalance, the methods used to correct it, and how researchers study balancing behavior in the laboratory. ## What does it mean to balance cells in a lithium-ion battery pack? Cell balancing in a lithium-ion battery pack is the process of equalizing the state of charge (SoC) across all individual cells connected in series or parallel. Because no two cells are perfectly identical, differences in capacity, internal resistance, and self-discharge rate cause cells to reach full charge or full discharge at different times, reducing the usable capacity of the entire pack. Balancing ensures that every cell operates within its safe voltage window. A pack is only as strong as its weakest cell: if one cell reaches its upper voltage limit before the others during charging, the charger must stop early to protect it, leaving the remaining cells undercharged. The same logic applies during discharge. Cell balancing corrects this mismatch, allowing the full energy of the pack to be accessed reliably. ## Why does cell imbalance happen in the first place? Cell imbalance in a lithium-ion battery pack arises from manufacturing tolerances and diverging aging behavior. Even cells produced on the same production line exhibit small differences in specific capacity (mAh/g), internal resistance, and self-discharge rate. Over time, these small differences amplify as cells age at different rates under real operating conditions. ### Manufacturing variation Variations in electrode coating thickness, electrolyte distribution, and separator uniformity introduce differences in cell capacity and resistance from the outset. These are unavoidable at the manufacturing scale and represent the baseline level of imbalance in any new pack. ### Differential aging As cells cycle, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode grows at different rates depending on local temperature, current distribution, and usage history. Cells positioned at the edges of a module may experience different thermal conditions than those at the center, accelerating capacity fade unevenly. Self-discharge rates also diverge with age, causing SoC to drift between cells even during storage. ## What are the main methods used to balance battery cells? The two principal methods for cell balancing in a lithium-ion battery pack are passive balancing and active balancing. Passive balancing dissipates excess energy as heat, while active balancing redistributes energy between cells. A battery management system (BMS) implements one or both approaches depending on the application requirements. - **Passive balancing:** Resistors bleed off charge from higher-SoC cells until they match the lowest cell in the pack. - **Active balancing:** Energy transfer circuits move charge from higher-SoC cells to lower-SoC cells, preserving usable energy. - **Top balancing:** Cells are equalized at the top of their charge window, ensuring a uniform full charge. - **Bottom balancing:** Cells are equalized at the bottom of their discharge window, ensuring a uniform full discharge. Top balancing is the more common approach in applications where cells are regularly charged to their upper voltage limit. Bottom balancing is used in specific contexts where full discharge is the critical operating point. ## What’s the difference between passive and active cell balancing? The key distinction between passive and active cell balancing is energy efficiency. Passive balancing wastes excess charge as heat through a bleed resistor, making it simple and low-cost but thermally inefficient. Active balancing transfers charge between cells using inductors, capacitors, or DC-DC converters, recovering energy that would otherwise be lost. ### Passive balancing In passive balancing, a resistor is connected in parallel with each cell. When a cell reaches a higher SoC than its neighbors, the resistor dissipates the excess charge until all cells reach the same voltage. The circuit is straightforward and reliable, but all the redistributed energy is converted to heat. This creates thermal management challenges and reduces overall pack efficiency. ### Active balancing Active balancing circuits are more complex and more expensive, but they preserve energy by moving it from overcharged cells to undercharged ones. Common topologies include capacitor-based shuttling, inductor-based transfer, and transformer-coupled converters. Active balancing is particularly valuable in large-format packs where the energy losses from passive dissipation would be significant and where thermal management is already a constraint. The choice between passive and active balancing involves trade-offs between cost, complexity, thermal load, and efficiency requirements. Research-scale work often prioritizes understanding these trade-offs before committing to a pack design. ## How does a battery management system control cell balancing? A battery management system (BMS) controls cell balancing by continuously monitoring the voltage of each individual cell and activating balancing circuits when the spread between cells exceeds a defined threshold. The BMS measures cell voltages, estimates SoC, and triggers either passive dissipation or active energy transfer to bring cells back into alignment. The BMS typically performs balancing during charging, when cells approach their upper voltage limit and differences are most apparent. Some systems also balance during rest periods to correct for self-discharge drift. More sophisticated BMS designs incorporate temperature monitoring and coulombic efficiency tracking to adjust balancing strategies based on the actual aging state of individual cells. The accuracy of SoC estimation is critical to effective balancing. If the BMS misreads the SoC of a cell due to measurement noise or model error, it may apply balancing current unnecessarily or fail to correct a genuine imbalance. Researchers studying BMS algorithms therefore invest considerable effort in validating SoC estimation methods against measured electrochemical data. ## How is cell balancing studied and validated in battery research? Cell balancing is studied in battery research by characterizing the electrochemical properties of individual cells under controlled conditions, then modeling how those properties interact at the pack level. Researchers measure capacity, internal resistance, and self-discharge rate for each cell to quantify the degree of initial mismatch, and then track how these parameters evolve over cycling. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a widely used technique for characterizing the internal resistance and interfacial properties of individual cells. By measuring impedance spectra at different states of charge and temperatures, researchers can build equivalent circuit models that predict how cells will behave under balancing currents. Dilatometry is also used to track volume changes in electrodes during cycling, which correlate with capacity fade and can reveal differential aging between cells. Controlled cycling experiments on matched sets of cells, deliberately aged to different degrees, allow researchers to test balancing algorithms under realistic conditions of imbalance. This kind of validation work requires test cells that deliver reproducible, artifact-free electrochemical data, so that observed differences in cell behavior reflect genuine material properties rather than experimental noise. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports cell balancing research Studying the electrochemical origins of cell imbalance requires test hardware that delivers consistent, reproducible data at the individual cell level. EL-Cell GmbH provides the instruments and test cells needed to characterize electrode materials and cell components before they are assembled into packs. Our product ecosystem is designed to give battery researchers precise control over experimental conditions and reliable data at every stage of investigation. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** offers up to 16 independent test channels with potentiostat/galvanostat (PStat/GStat) and EIS capabilities, enabling parallel characterization of multiple cells under identical conditions. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer resolves electrode thickness changes to better than 5 nm, supporting the study of differential volume changes that underlie capacity fade and imbalance. - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** series provides standardized, leak-tight test cells for half-cell and full-cell measurements, ensuring that electrochemical data is free from hardware-introduced artifacts. If you are investigating the electrochemical factors that drive cell-to-cell variation or validating materials intended for use in balanced battery packs, contact us to discuss which combination of test cells and instrumentation best fits your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What are the most common battery chemistries used in research today?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-are-the-most-common-battery-chemistries-used-in-research-today/) **Published:** May 27, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** From lithium-ion to solid-state, discover which battery chemistries dominate research today and why it matters for your lab. **Content:** The most common battery chemistries used in research today are lithium-ion variants, including nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), nickel cobalt aluminium (NCA), and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode systems, alongside emerging next-generation chemistries such as solid-state, lithium-sulfur, and sodium-ion. Understanding which chemistries dominate the research landscape, and why, helps laboratories make informed decisions about experimental design and equipment selection. This article addresses the key questions battery materials researchers encounter when navigating the field, from foundational chemistry comparisons to practical guidance on test cell selection and measurement protocols. ## Why is lithium-ion still the most researched battery chemistry? Lithium-ion battery chemistry remains the most researched because it offers a well-understood electrochemical framework, a broad existing industrial base, and significant headroom for improvement in specific capacity (mAh/g), cycle life, and safety. Decades of published data make it the reference point against which all alternative chemistries are benchmarked. Research into lithium-ion systems continues at high intensity for several reasons. First, incremental gains in cathode and anode materials, electrolyte formulations, and electrode architecture directly translate into commercially relevant improvements. Second, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer that forms on the anode during early cycles remains an active area of investigation, as its composition and stability govern both coulombic efficiency and long-term capacity retention. Third, lithium-ion provides a mature experimental platform: standardised half-cell and full-cell test protocols, well-characterised reference electrodes, and a large body of literature make it easier to contextualise new findings. For researchers entering the field, lithium-ion also offers practical advantages. Electrode materials are commercially available, electrolyte formulations are well documented, and test results can be directly compared with published benchmarks. This reproducibility is essential for publication-quality data. ## What are the key differences between NMC, NCA, and LFP cathode chemistries? NMC (LiNiMnCoO2), NCA (LiNiCoAlO2), and LFP (LiFePO4) differ primarily in their electrochemical potential, specific capacity, thermal stability, and cycle life. NMC and NCA offer higher specific capacity and energy density, while LFP provides superior thermal stability and cycle life at a lower operating voltage. ### NMC cathodes NMC cathodes are defined by the ratio of nickel, manganese, and cobalt in the layered oxide structure. Higher nickel content, as in NMC811, increases specific capacity but reduces structural stability and raises safety concerns at high states of charge. Manganese contributes structural stability, while cobalt supports electronic conductivity. Researchers studying NMC materials frequently investigate capacity fade mechanisms, cation mixing, and surface coating strategies to extend cycle life. ### NCA cathodes NCA cathodes substitute aluminium for manganese, which improves structural integrity at elevated temperatures and under high charge rates. NCA delivers high specific capacity and is widely used in high-energy applications. Research challenges include surface reactivity with liquid electrolytes and sensitivity to moisture during electrode preparation, both of which require careful experimental controls. ### LFP cathodes LFP operates via a two-phase reaction mechanism, producing a characteristic flat voltage plateau during charge and discharge. Its specific capacity is lower than NMC or NCA, but its olivine structure provides exceptional thermal and chemical stability. Research into LFP focuses on improving rate capability, which is limited by low electronic conductivity, often through carbon coating and particle size reduction. LFP is also increasingly studied in the context of sodium-ion analogues, given the structural similarities. ## Which next-generation battery chemistries are gaining the most research momentum? The next-generation battery chemistries attracting the greatest research attention are solid-state batteries, lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and lithium-metal anodes. Each addresses specific limitations of conventional lithium-ion systems, though each also presents distinct technical challenges that remain active areas of investigation. - **Solid-state batteries:** Replace liquid electrolytes with solid ionic conductors, eliminating liquid electrolyte decomposition and enabling lithium-metal anodes. Research challenges include interfacial resistance between the solid electrolyte and electrodes, mechanical stress during cycling, and scalable manufacturing of thin electrolyte layers. - **Lithium-sulfur batteries:** Offer theoretical specific capacity far exceeding that of conventional cathodes, but suffer from polysulfide dissolution into liquid electrolytes, volume changes in the sulfur electrode, and low coulombic efficiency in early cycles. - **Sodium-ion batteries:** Use sodium rather than lithium as the charge carrier, drawing on more abundant raw materials. Electrode materials and electrolyte formulations differ from lithium-ion, requiring dedicated research into sodiation mechanisms, SEI chemistry, and suitable anode materials. - **Lithium-metal anodes:** Offer high specific capacity but are prone to dendrite formation, which poses both safety and cycle life concerns. Research focuses on electrolyte additives, solid electrolyte interlayers, and stack pressure management to suppress dendrite growth. Each of these chemistries requires adapted experimental approaches, and in many cases, specialised test cells that can accommodate solid electrolytes, elevated pressures, or operando measurement techniques. ## How do researchers choose the right battery chemistry for their experiments? Researchers select a battery chemistry based on the specific scientific question being addressed, the availability of electrode materials and electrolytes, the required electrochemical metrics, and compatibility with the measurement techniques planned. There is no universal choice; the chemistry must match the experimental objective. Several practical factors guide the decision: - **Research objective:** Fundamental mechanistic studies often use model systems such as lithium iron phosphate due to its well-defined two-phase behaviour. Studies targeting high-energy applications typically use NMC or NCA cathodes paired with graphite or silicon-graphite composite anodes. - **Electrochemical metrics of interest:** If the focus is on specific capacity (mAh/g) or rate capability, the cathode chemistry must be selected accordingly. If the study concerns interfacial phenomena, the anode and electrolyte combination may be the primary variable. - **Measurement compatibility:** Certain chemistries require specific conditions. Solid-state electrolytes require elevated stack pressure for good interfacial contact. Lithium-sulfur cells may require gas management to handle polysulfide volatility. Operando techniques such as electrochemical dilatometry or optical monitoring impose additional constraints on cell geometry. - **Half-cell versus full-cell configuration:** Half-cells against a lithium-metal reference are common for initial material screening, but full-cell measurements are necessary to assess practical performance, including capacity matching and voltage-window optimisation. Choosing the correct test cell format is as important as selecting the chemistry itself, since cell geometry, electrode area, and pressure control all influence the quality and reproducibility of the data obtained. ## What test equipment is needed to study different battery chemistries in the lab? Studying different battery chemistries in the lab requires a combination of electrochemical test cells matched to the chemistry and experimental objective, a potentiostat or battery tester capable of the required current and voltage ranges, and, where applicable, specialised measurement accessories for operando techniques such as dilatometry, gas analysis, or optical monitoring. ### Test cells The choice of test cell depends on the chemistry and the measurement type. Standard lithium-ion chemistries in half-cell or full-cell configurations are well served by versatile coin-cell-format or spring-loaded test cells. Solid-state electrolytes require cells that apply and maintain defined uniaxial stack pressure, since interfacial contact between solid layers is pressure dependent. Electrode expansion studies, relevant to silicon anodes and lithium-metal systems, require a dilatometer capable of resolving nanometre-scale thickness changes during cycling. Gas-evolving chemistries require cells with integrated gas management or analysis ports. ### Potentiostats and battery testers A potentiostat/galvanostat (PStat/GStat) with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) capability is standard for characterising interfacial resistance, SEI development, and ionic conductivity in both liquid and solid electrolyte systems. Multi-channel instruments allow parallel testing across multiple cells, which is important for statistical validation and high-throughput material screening. The current range must be matched to the electrode area and C-rate requirements of the chemistry under study. ### Operando and in-situ accessories Many next-generation battery chemistries require measurement techniques beyond standard galvanostatic cycling. Dilatometry quantifies electrode strain during charge and discharge, which is particularly relevant for high-capacity anodes such as silicon or lithium metal. Optical cells allow visual or spectroscopic observation of electrode surfaces during cycling. Gas analysis cells support differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) for detecting and quantifying evolved gases, which is relevant to electrolyte decomposition studies and sulfur cathode research. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports battery chemistry research EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test equipment specifically for battery materials researchers working across the full range of chemistries described in this article. Our product portfolio is structured to support experiments from initial material screening through to advanced operando characterisation, with all instruments designed to work together as a compatible research ecosystem. Key instruments relevant to battery chemistry research include: - The [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/), a versatile spring-loaded test cell suitable for standard lithium-ion half-cell and full-cell experiments across NMC, NCA, LFP, and other chemistries. - The [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/), designed for solid-state electrolyte research with defined and controllable uniaxial stack pressure. - The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/), a high-resolution electrochemical dilatometer that resolves thickness changes to better than 5 nm, suited to silicon anodes, lithium-metal systems, and any chemistry where electrode volume change is a research variable. - The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/), a multi-channel potentiostat/galvanostat with EIS capability and an integrated temperature-controlled cell chamber, supporting up to 16 parallel test channels. - The [ECC-Opto-10](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) for optical in-situ measurements, and the PAT-Cell-Press II for gas analysis applications. For research groups that require electrochemical testing without the immediate capacity to perform it in-house, our [Application Laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) offers contract testing services. Clients send electrode materials or electrolytes, and our laboratory team handles cell assembly, protocol design, and data evaluation using our high-throughput PAT-Tester instrumentation. If you would like to discuss which test cells or instruments are appropriate for your specific chemistry and experimental objectives, contact our technical team directly. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is thermal runaway in a lithium-ion battery?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-thermal-runaway-in-a-lithium-ion-battery/) **Published:** April 23, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Thermal runaway can turn a lithium-ion battery into a cascade of exothermic reactions—here's what researchers need to know. **Content:** Thermal runaway is one of the most critical failure modes studied in battery materials research. Understanding its mechanisms, triggers, and progression is essential for researchers developing safer electrode materials, electrolytes, and cell architectures. This article addresses the key questions surrounding thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries, from fundamental definitions to detection and prevention strategies relevant to laboratory-scale investigations. ## What causes thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries? Thermal runaway in a lithium-ion battery is caused by an uncontrolled, self-sustaining exothermic reaction cycle in which heat generation exceeds the cell’s capacity to dissipate it. The three primary trigger categories are mechanical abuse (crushing, penetration), electrical abuse (overcharge, external short circuit), and thermal abuse (exposure to elevated temperatures). Each trigger initiates a cascade of decomposition reactions that release additional heat. At the electrochemical level, the initiating event typically involves breakdown of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode. The SEI layer, which forms during the first charge cycles, is metastable and begins to decompose at temperatures generally above 90 °C. Once the SEI breaks down, the reactive lithiated anode is exposed directly to the electrolyte, driving further exothermic reactions. Cathode decomposition follows at higher temperatures, releasing oxygen that can react with the organic electrolyte solvent, dramatically accelerating heat production. ### Electrical triggers in detail Overcharge is a particularly well-studied electrical trigger. Driving a cell beyond its upper voltage limit forces excess lithium into the cathode structure and can cause lithium plating on the anode rather than intercalation. Lithium metal deposits are highly reactive and can initiate localised short circuits, generating heat rapidly. Researchers studying fast-charging protocols or novel cathode materials must account for these risks when designing experimental cycling conditions. ## How does thermal runaway progress inside a battery cell? Thermal runaway progresses through a sequence of overlapping exothermic events, each triggered at successively higher temperatures. The progression can be broadly divided into three stages: onset reactions at moderate temperatures, accelerating decomposition at intermediate temperatures, and catastrophic failure involving electrolyte combustion and gas venting at high temperatures. In the onset stage, SEI decomposition begins and produces heat and gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons. As the temperature rises, the separator between the anode and cathode can soften and eventually collapse, creating an internal short circuit that dramatically accelerates heating. At higher temperatures, cathode materials such as layered oxides undergo structural decomposition, releasing oxygen into the cell interior. This oxygen reacts with the flammable carbonate-based electrolyte solvents, producing a rapid and intense exothermic reaction. The final stage can involve rupture of the cell casing, electrolyte ejection, and ignition. ### The role of the separator The polymeric separator plays a critical role in the progression of thermal runaway. Most commercial separators are designed to shut down ionic transport at elevated temperatures by melting and closing their pores, which interrupts current flow. However, if the temperature continues to rise, the separator can shrink or rupture entirely, causing a full internal short circuit. This transition from shutdown to rupture is a key area of materials research, and test cells that allow in situ monitoring of internal conditions are valuable tools for studying it. ## Why are lithium-ion batteries more prone to thermal runaway than other battery types? Lithium-ion batteries are more susceptible to thermal runaway than many other electrochemical energy storage systems, primarily because of the combination of a flammable liquid electrolyte, high energy density, and reactive electrode materials. This combination means that the energy stored within the cell can itself fuel the runaway reaction once initiated, making self-sustaining propagation more likely than in lower-energy-density systems. Aqueous electrolyte systems, such as lead-acid or nickel-metal hydride batteries, carry a significantly lower risk of thermal runaway because water-based electrolytes are non-flammable and the electrode materials are generally less reactive under abuse conditions. Solid-state batteries, which replace the liquid electrolyte with a solid ionic conductor, are an area of active research aimed at reducing this vulnerability, though solid electrolytes introduce their own challenges related to interfacial resistance and mechanical compatibility. The fundamental trade-off between energy density and thermal stability remains a central challenge in battery materials science. ## How can thermal runaway be detected early in battery research? Early detection of thermal runaway in a research context relies on monitoring physical and electrochemical signals that precede catastrophic failure. The most informative early indicators include temperature rise, gas evolution, voltage deviation from expected cycling behaviour, and mechanical swelling of the cell. Tracking these parameters simultaneously provides the most reliable warning of impending thermal runaway. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a particularly useful diagnostic tool at the research scale. Changes in impedance spectra can reveal degradation of the SEI layer, increased internal resistance, or the onset of lithium plating before visible symptoms appear. Researchers also use pressure sensors and dilatometry to detect gas evolution and electrode volume changes, both of which are early physical signatures of abnormal reactions inside the cell. Combining electrochemical and physical monitoring within a single test cell provides the most comprehensive picture of pre-runaway behaviour. ### Gas analysis as an early warning method The gases produced during early-stage thermal decomposition reactions, including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and various hydrocarbons, can serve as chemical markers of internal degradation. Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) allows researchers to identify and quantify these gases in real time during cycling. Detecting elevated gas evolution at temperatures or states of charge where it would not normally occur provides a sensitive early warning signal that can be correlated with electrochemical data to build a detailed picture of failure onset. ## How is thermal runaway prevented in lithium-ion battery design? Thermal runaway prevention in lithium-ion battery design operates at multiple levels: materials selection, cell architecture, and battery management. At the materials level, the most direct approaches involve developing more thermally stable electrolytes, robust SEI-forming additives, and cathode materials with higher decomposition temperatures. Each of these strategies is an active area of fundamental research. Electrolyte formulation is a primary lever for prevention. Replacing conventional carbonate solvents with ionic liquids, fluorinated solvents, or solid electrolytes reduces or eliminates the flammable component that sustains runaway reactions. SEI-stabilising additives, which form a more thermally robust interphase on the anode during the first cycles, can raise the onset temperature of SEI decomposition and reduce the heat released when it does occur. At the cathode, materials with more stable oxygen sublattices, such as certain lithium iron phosphate (LFP) compositions, release less oxygen upon decomposition than high-nickel layered oxides, making them intrinsically safer, though typically at the cost of energy density. ### Cell-level and system-level prevention strategies Beyond materials, cell design choices such as separator composition, electrode porosity, and current collector geometry influence thermal runaway susceptibility. At the battery management system level, tight voltage and temperature monitoring with protective cut-off circuitry prevents the electrical abuse conditions that most commonly initiate runaway in practice. For researchers, understanding which design variables most strongly influence thermal stability requires systematic experimental work under controlled conditions. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports thermal runaway research Studying thermal runaway mechanisms requires test equipment that allows precise control of electrochemical conditions alongside simultaneous physical monitoring. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures battery test cells and instruments specifically for this kind of detailed, mechanistic research. Our product range supports the experimental workflows most relevant to thermal stability investigations: - **In situ gas monitoring:** The PAT-Cell-Gas II enables real-time gas evolution measurement during cycling, allowing researchers to detect early-stage decomposition products that precede thermal runaway. - **Mechanical swelling measurement:** The [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) electrochemical dilatometer quantifies electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 5 nm, capturing the mechanical signatures of gas evolution and structural degradation at the earliest stages. - **Pressure and force monitoring:** The [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) integrates a force sensor directly into the cell stack, enabling continuous measurement of internal pressure build-up during cycling. - **EIS capability:** The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) provides full potentiostat/galvanostat and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) functionality across up to 16 independent channels, supporting impedance-based diagnostics alongside standard cycling protocols. - **Gas analysis:** The ECC-DEMS cell supports differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, enabling identification and quantification of volatile decomposition products in real time. If your research involves thermal stability, abuse testing, or failure mechanism analysis of electrode materials or electrolyte formulations, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which combination of test cells and instruments best fits your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is calendar aging in a lithium-ion battery?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-calendar-aging-in-a-lithium-ion-battery/) **Published:** April 26, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Calendar aging silently drains lithium-ion batteries at rest—discover the electrochemical mechanisms researchers need to know. **Content:** Calendar aging is one of the most practically significant degradation mechanisms in lithium-ion battery research, yet it is often studied separately from the cycling protocols that dominate laboratory testing. Understanding how a battery degrades simply through storage—without any charge or discharge activity—is essential for researchers developing materials, electrolytes, and cell formats intended for long-service applications. This article addresses the core questions around calendar aging in lithium-ion batteries, from its underlying electrochemical mechanisms to how it is characterised in a research setting. ## What causes calendar aging in lithium-ion batteries? Calendar aging in a lithium-ion battery refers to the capacity loss and impedance rise that occur during storage or rest, independent of cycling. It is driven primarily by parasitic reactions at the electrode–electrolyte interfaces, most notably the continued growth of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the graphite anode, which consumes cyclable lithium and increases cell resistance over time. Even when a cell is not being cycled, thermodynamic instability between the electrolyte and the lithiated anode drives ongoing chemical reactions. The SEI layer, which first forms during initial charge cycles, is never fully stable. It continues to grow slowly as the electrolyte is reduced at the anode surface, consuming lithium ions that are permanently removed from the cell’s active inventory. This is the primary source of capacity loss during storage. Additional mechanisms contribute to battery degradation during storage, depending on the chemistry and conditions: - Electrolyte decomposition at the cathode surface, forming a cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) - Transition-metal dissolution from cathode active materials, particularly in layered-oxide chemistries - Lithium plating on the anode at high states of charge, which can accelerate SEI growth - Binder degradation and loss of electrical contact within the electrode microstructure The relative contribution of each mechanism depends on the specific electrode materials, electrolyte formulation, and storage conditions. For researchers, isolating which mechanism dominates under a given set of conditions is one of the central challenges in calendar aging studies. ## How does temperature affect battery calendar aging? Temperature is the single most influential external variable in battery calendar aging. Higher storage temperatures accelerate all thermally activated parasitic reactions, particularly SEI growth, following Arrhenius kinetics. Even moderate increases in storage temperature—moving from room temperature to 40 or 60 degrees Celsius—can dramatically shorten the effective shelf life of a lithium-ion cell. At elevated temperatures, the rate of electrolyte reduction at the anode surface increases significantly, thickening the SEI layer more rapidly and consuming available lithium. Cathode-side degradation also accelerates, with faster transition-metal dissolution and more extensive CEI formation observed at higher temperatures. Conversely, low-temperature storage substantially slows calendar aging, which is why cold storage is used in some research protocols to preserve cells between test campaigns. However, very low temperatures introduce other concerns, such as changes in electrolyte viscosity and potential mechanical stress on electrode coatings during thermal cycling. For researchers designing calendar aging experiments, controlling and logging storage temperature with precision is not optional. Small variations in ambient temperature over a storage period can introduce systematic error into capacity-fade measurements, making temperature-controlled environments a fundamental requirement for reproducible results. ## How does state of charge affect calendar aging? State of charge (SoC) during storage has a strong influence on the rate of calendar aging. Lithium-ion batteries stored at high SoC degrade faster than those stored at lower SoC because a more highly lithiated anode has a lower electrochemical potential, increasing the thermodynamic driving force for electrolyte reduction and SEI growth. At high SoC, the anode is more fully lithiated and therefore more reactive toward the electrolyte. This accelerates parasitic reduction reactions and promotes faster lithium-inventory loss. Cathode instability is also more pronounced at high SoC, as delithiated cathode materials are generally more oxidising and more prone to structural changes and surface reactivity. Storage at an intermediate SoC—commonly around 50%—is frequently used in research protocols to slow calendar aging when cells need to be preserved between test intervals. This is not simply a practical recommendation; the SoC dependence of the aging rate is itself a subject of active research, as understanding the precise relationship between SoC and degradation kinetics informs both material design and battery-management strategies. ## What’s the difference between calendar aging and cycle aging? Calendar aging and cycle aging are two distinct but overlapping modes of lithium-ion battery degradation. Calendar aging occurs during storage or rest and is driven by time, temperature, and SoC. Cycle aging occurs during charge and discharge and is driven by the mechanical and electrochemical stresses imposed by repeated lithium intercalation and deintercalation. The mechanisms involved differ in important ways: - **Calendar aging** is dominated by SEI growth, electrolyte decomposition, and interface reactions that proceed continuously over time at rest - **Cycle aging** involves additional mechanisms, including electrode-particle cracking, active-material delamination, lithium plating during fast charging, and accelerated SEI re-formation following mechanical disruption In practice, the two modes interact. A cell that has experienced significant calendar aging will often show altered cycling behaviour because a thicker SEI layer increases internal resistance and changes the kinetics of lithium insertion. Separating the contributions of calendar and cycle aging to total capacity loss is a significant experimental challenge, requiring carefully designed protocols that isolate rest periods from cycling intervals. For researchers, distinguishing between these two degradation pathways matters because the remediation strategies differ. Electrode materials or electrolyte additives that suppress SEI growth are most relevant to calendar aging, while structural reinforcement of active-material particles addresses cycle-induced mechanical degradation. ## How is calendar aging measured in battery research? Calendar aging is measured by storing cells under controlled conditions of temperature and SoC, then periodically characterising their electrochemical state through standardised check-up protocols. The core metrics tracked are capacity fade, impedance rise, and changes in open-circuit voltage, measured at defined intervals over the storage period. ### Standard check-up protocols A typical calendar aging study involves storing cells at a fixed temperature and SoC, then removing them at regular intervals for electrochemical characterisation. A check-up protocol commonly includes: - A capacity measurement using a low C-rate discharge to determine remaining capacity relative to the initial value - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to track changes in interfacial resistance and diffusion characteristics - Open-circuit voltage (OCV) measurements to detect changes in thermodynamic state - Coulombic-efficiency measurements to quantify irreversible lithium consumption per cycle ### Dilatometry as a complementary technique Electrode thickness changes during storage can also provide mechanistic insight. Electrochemical dilatometry tracks dimensional changes in the electrode stack with high resolution, allowing researchers to correlate SEI growth with measurable swelling at the anode. This is particularly useful when investigating how different electrolyte formulations influence the mechanical properties and thickness of the SEI layer during calendar aging. Reproducibility is paramount in calendar aging studies. Because the degradation rates involved are slow and the differences between test conditions can be subtle, any variability introduced by the test-cell hardware itself—inconsistent contact pressure, electrolyte leakage, or temperature gradients within the cell—will obscure the signal of interest. Standardised test cells with well-defined geometry and controlled assembly conditions are therefore essential for generating data that can be compared across studies or between laboratories. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports calendar aging research Studying calendar aging demands precise control over storage conditions and highly reproducible electrochemical characterisation at each check-up interval. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures test cells and instruments specifically suited to this type of long-duration, precision battery research. Our products address the core requirements of a calendar aging study: - The [**PAT series test cells**](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-test-cells/) provide standardised, reproducible cell geometry with consistent contact pressure, minimising hardware-introduced variability across stored samples - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a battery tester, a temperature-controlled cell chamber, and a docking station into one instrument, enabling controlled-temperature storage and automated check-up measurements across up to 16 channels simultaneously - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer, with a thickness resolution better than 5 nanometres, allows researchers to monitor electrode swelling during storage as a direct indicator of SEI growth - EIS capability built into the [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) supports impedance tracking as part of standardised check-up protocols without requiring a separate instrument If you are designing a calendar aging study and need test cells or instrumentation that can support long-duration experiments with the reproducibility required for publishable results, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the open circuit voltage of a lithium-ion battery?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-open-circuit-voltage-of-a-lithium-ion-battery/) **Published:** May 14, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Understand open-circuit voltage in lithium-ion batteries — from thermodynamic principles to precise lab measurement techniques. **Content:** The open-circuit voltage (OCV) of a lithium-ion battery is the cell voltage measured when no current flows through the circuit. It reflects the thermodynamic state of the electrochemical system and provides a direct indication of the electrode potentials at a given state of charge. Understanding OCV is fundamental to battery materials research, from electrode characterisation to full-cell diagnostics. For researchers working with half-cells and full cells in the laboratory, OCV measurements serve as a baseline reference for electrochemical behaviour. The sections below address the most common questions surrounding battery OCV, progressing from core definitions to practical measurement considerations. ## What is the open-circuit voltage of a lithium-ion battery? The open-circuit voltage of a lithium-ion battery is the potential difference between the positive and negative electrodes when the cell is at electrical rest, meaning no current is applied or drawn. For a typical lithium-ion full cell, OCV values fall in the range of approximately 2.5 V to 4.2 V, depending on electrode chemistry and state of charge. It is a thermodynamic quantity directly related to the Gibbs free energy of the cell reaction. OCV is distinct from the terminal voltage measured under load. When current flows, overpotential and ohmic resistance cause the measured voltage to deviate from the true thermodynamic value. The open-circuit condition eliminates these contributions, making OCV a cleaner representation of the electrochemical state of the cell. In half-cell configurations, OCV reflects the potential of a single electrode relative to a reference electrode, most commonly lithium metal in lithium-ion research. This allows researchers to characterise the thermodynamic behaviour of individual electrode materials in isolation. ## Why does open-circuit voltage matter in battery research? Open-circuit voltage matters in battery research because it provides direct thermodynamic information about electrode materials, state of charge, and cell health without the interference of kinetic or resistive effects. It is used to assess electrode equilibrium potentials, validate electrochemical models, and establish reference points for cycling protocols. Researchers rely on OCV measurements for several practical purposes: - Determining the state of charge (SoC) of a cell before and after cycling experiments - Identifying phase transitions in electrode materials through characteristic voltage plateaux - Detecting self-discharge over time by monitoring OCV decay at rest - Validating thermodynamic models and entropy measurements - Checking cell integrity after assembly before the first electrochemical cycle In academic research, OCV data frequently appears in publications as a quality indicator. A stable, reproducible OCV after assembly and prior to cycling indicates that the cell has been correctly assembled and that no short circuits or parasitic reactions are occurring. Poorly reproducible OCV values across nominally identical cells often signal inconsistencies in electrode preparation or cell assembly. ## How does open-circuit voltage change with state of charge? Open-circuit voltage increases with state of charge in a lithium-ion battery. As lithium ions are extracted from the negative electrode during charging, the electrode potential rises, increasing the overall cell voltage. The relationship between OCV and SoC is non-linear and is characteristic of the specific electrode chemistry used. The OCV versus SoC curve, often referred to as the equilibrium discharge curve or pseudo-OCV curve, reflects the thermodynamic properties of the electrode materials. Key features include: - **Voltage plateaux:** Flat regions in the OCV curve correspond to two-phase coexistence regions in the electrode material, such as the well-known plateau in graphite at approximately 0.1 V versus Li/Li⁺ - **Sloping regions:** Gradual voltage changes indicate solid-solution behaviour, where lithium is inserted continuously into the host lattice - **Hysteresis:** The OCV curve measured during lithiation often differs from that measured during delithiation, a phenomenon particularly prominent in conversion-type electrode materials Obtaining an accurate OCV versus SoC curve requires very slow cycling or intermittent relaxation steps to allow the cell to approach thermodynamic equilibrium at each point. The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) is a standard method used for this purpose in research settings. ## What factors affect the open-circuit voltage of a lithium-ion battery? The open-circuit voltage of a lithium-ion battery is affected by state of charge, electrode chemistry, temperature, and the degree of thermodynamic equilibration. Each factor influences the measured OCV independently, and in practice several act simultaneously. ### Electrode chemistry The choice of active materials defines the thermodynamic voltage window of the cell. Cathode materials such as lithium iron phosphate (LFP) exhibit a flat OCV plateau near 3.4 V versus Li/Li⁺, while layered oxides such as NMC (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide) show a sloping profile reaching above 4.0 V. The anode material similarly determines its contribution to the full-cell OCV. ### Temperature OCV has a measurable temperature dependence governed by the entropy of the cell reaction. The temperature coefficient of OCV (dOCV/dT) varies with SoC and electrode chemistry. In research contexts, temperature-dependent OCV measurements are used to extract entropic contributions to the Gibbs free energy, providing thermodynamic data that is difficult to obtain by other means. ### Relaxation time A cell that has recently been charged or discharged will not immediately reach its true equilibrium OCV. Concentration gradients within the electrodes and electrolyte require time to dissipate. Insufficient relaxation time before measurement leads to an apparent OCV that does not reflect the true thermodynamic state, which can introduce systematic errors in SoC estimation and model validation. ### Ageing and degradation As a cell ages, changes in the OCV curve can indicate capacity-loss mechanisms. Shifts in the relative positions of the anode and cathode OCV curves, known as electrode slippage, alter the shape of the full-cell OCV profile and can be used diagnostically to identify the dominant degradation mode. ## How is open-circuit voltage measured in a laboratory setting? In a laboratory setting, open-circuit voltage is measured using a potentiostat or battery tester connected to the cell terminals, with no current applied. The instrument records the voltage at rest over a defined period to confirm that the cell has reached a stable value. Measurement duration depends on the electrode chemistry and the cell’s recent electrochemical history. Standard laboratory practice for OCV measurement involves the following steps: 1. Assemble the electrochemical test cell under controlled conditions, typically in an inert-atmosphere glove box 2. Connect the cell to the measurement instrument and allow a defined rest period, commonly between 30 minutes and several hours, depending on the system 3. Record the OCV at the end of the rest period, or log the OCV continuously to observe the relaxation profile 4. Repeat the measurement at multiple SoC points if a full OCV versus SoC curve is required, using GITT or slow-rate cycling protocols The accuracy and reproducibility of OCV measurements depend heavily on the quality of the test cell. Parasitic reactions, electrolyte leakage, or poor electrical contact can all introduce artefacts. Standardised test cells with well-defined geometry and controlled assembly conditions are therefore important for generating reliable OCV data. ## What is the difference between OCV and equilibrium potential? Open-circuit voltage and equilibrium potential are closely related but not identical. The equilibrium potential is the thermodynamically defined electrode potential when the electrochemical system is at complete equilibrium, with no net reaction occurring and all concentration gradients fully relaxed. OCV is the measured cell voltage under open-circuit conditions, which approximates the equilibrium potential but may differ if the cell has not fully relaxed. In practice, a cell at open circuit is often in a quasi-equilibrium state rather than true thermodynamic equilibrium. Slow processes such as lithium diffusion within electrode particles, electrolyte concentration gradients, and ongoing side reactions mean that a perfectly stable OCV may take hours or even days to achieve in some systems. Researchers therefore distinguish between the measured OCV after a given rest period and the true equilibrium potential derived from thermodynamic analysis. The equilibrium potential for a given electrode reaction is described by the Nernst equation, which relates potential to the activities of the electroactive species. In intercalation electrodes, the activity terms reflect the lithium chemical potential within the host material, which changes continuously with lithium content. This is why the OCV of a lithium-ion cell varies with SoC rather than remaining constant, as it would for a simple redox couple with well-defined activity terms. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports open-circuit voltage measurements Accurate OCV measurements depend on reproducible cell assembly and reliable instrumentation. EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and measurement systems specifically for battery materials research, addressing the practical requirements that underpin high-quality OCV data. Our products relevant to OCV characterisation include: - **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/):** A versatile electrochemical test cell for half-cell and full-cell measurements, offering well-defined geometry and consistent contact pressure for reproducible results across experimental series - **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/):** A multi-channel battery tester with an integrated temperature-controlled cell chamber, enabling OCV measurements and GITT protocols across up to 16 channels simultaneously, with potentiostat and galvanostat capabilities If you are developing OCV measurement protocols or need test cells that minimise assembly artefacts, contact us to discuss how our product range can be configured to meet your specific research requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the difference between a wet cell and a lithium-ion battery?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-wet-cell-and-a-lithium-ion-battery/) **Published:** May 10, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Wet cell vs. lithium-ion: key differences in electrolyte, voltage, and energy density explained for battery researchers. **Content:** A wet cell battery and a lithium-ion battery are distinct electrochemical systems that differ in electrolyte composition, electrochemistry, and application. Understanding these differences is relevant for battery materials researchers who work across multiple cell chemistries and need to select appropriate test platforms for their experimental work. This article addresses the key distinctions between wet cell and lithium-ion battery technologies, clarifies a common source of terminological confusion, and considers which system is more relevant in electrochemical research contexts. ## What is a wet cell battery? A wet cell battery is an electrochemical cell that uses a liquid electrolyte—typically an aqueous solution—in which the electrodes are fully immersed. The lead-acid battery is the most widely studied example, using sulfuric acid as the electrolyte alongside lead and lead dioxide electrodes. Wet cells are among the oldest battery technologies and remain in use in applications where cost and robustness are prioritised over energy density. The term “wet cell” distinguishes these systems from dry cell batteries, where the electrolyte is immobilised in a paste or gel rather than existing as a free liquid. In a wet cell, ionic conductivity depends on the mobility of ions through the aqueous electrolyte, and the electrochemical reactions at each electrode are governed by the specific chemistry of the active materials and the electrolyte composition. ### What are the main types of wet cell batteries? The lead-acid battery is the canonical wet cell, but the category also includes flooded nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) and nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) cells in their vented configurations. Each system operates via different electrode reactions but shares the defining characteristic of a free liquid electrolyte. Researchers studying aqueous electrochemistry or legacy battery chemistries will encounter wet cell systems in both historical literature and active research programmes focused on low-cost grid storage. ## What is a lithium-ion battery and how does it work? A lithium-ion battery is a rechargeable electrochemical cell in which charge is stored and released through the reversible intercalation of lithium ions between a positive electrode (cathode) and a negative electrode (anode). During discharge, lithium ions move from the anode through a non-aqueous electrolyte to the cathode; during charge, this process reverses. The electrolyte is typically a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent, not water. The electrochemical performance of a lithium-ion cell is characterised by parameters such as specific capacity (mAh/g), coulombic efficiency, and C-rate behaviour. On the first charge cycle, a passivation layer known as the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) forms on the anode surface. The SEI layer consumes some lithium irreversibly, reducing coulombic efficiency in early cycles, but stabilises the electrode–electrolyte interface for subsequent cycling. Understanding and controlling SEI formation is a central topic in contemporary lithium-ion research. ### What materials are used in lithium-ion electrodes? Common anode materials include graphite, silicon, and lithium titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂). Cathode materials include layered oxides such as lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO). The choice of electrode materials directly determines the cell voltage, specific capacity, and cycle life, and is the primary variable in most academic battery research programmes. ## What are the key differences between a wet cell and a lithium-ion battery? The primary difference between a wet cell battery and a lithium-ion battery lies in the electrolyte: wet cells use an aqueous liquid electrolyte, whereas lithium-ion batteries use a non-aqueous organic electrolyte. This distinction drives differences in operating voltage, energy density, safety profile, and the underlying electrode chemistry. - **Electrolyte:** Wet cells use aqueous solutions (e.g., sulfuric acid in lead-acid); lithium-ion cells use organic solvents with dissolved lithium salts (e.g., LiPF₆ in ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate). - **Operating voltage:** Aqueous electrolytes are limited to approximately 1.23 V before water electrolysis occurs. Lithium-ion cells typically operate between 2.5 V and 4.2 V per cell, enabling significantly higher energy density. - **Energy density:** Lithium-ion batteries achieve substantially higher specific energy (Wh/kg) than lead-acid wet cells, due to both the higher cell voltage and the lower mass of active materials per unit capacity. - **Cycle life:** Lithium-ion cells generally offer a much longer cycle life than lead-acid batteries under comparable conditions, though this depends on depth of discharge, temperature, and C-rate. - **Safety considerations:** Wet cells can release hydrogen gas during charging and require ventilation. Lithium-ion cells carry risks associated with organic-solvent flammability and thermal runaway if mishandled. - **Self-discharge:** Lead-acid wet cells exhibit higher self-discharge rates than most lithium-ion chemistries. From a research perspective, these differences mean that experimental protocols, electrolyte-handling procedures, and cell-hardware requirements differ substantially between the two systems. Transferring methods developed for aqueous electrochemistry directly to lithium-ion research requires careful re-evaluation of each parameter. ## Are lithium-ion batteries a type of wet cell? Lithium-ion batteries are not wet cells. Although they contain a liquid electrolyte, the electrolyte is a non-aqueous organic solution rather than a water-based one. The term “wet cell” in battery science refers specifically to cells with an aqueous liquid electrolyte. Lithium-ion cells fall into a separate category: non-aqueous liquid-electrolyte cells. This distinction matters both terminologically and experimentally. The electrochemical stability window, ionic conductivity, and compatibility with electrode materials differ fundamentally between aqueous and non-aqueous systems. Researchers should be precise when using these terms in publications, as conflating them introduces ambiguity about the electrolyte system and the applicable electrochemical conditions. ## Which battery type is better for electrochemical research? Neither wet cell nor lithium-ion technology is inherently superior for electrochemical research—the appropriate choice depends on the specific research question. Lithium-ion systems dominate current academic battery research due to their commercial relevance, high energy density, and the breadth of the open literature. Wet cell systems, particularly lead-acid, remain relevant for research into aqueous electrochemistry, low-cost storage, and electrode degradation mechanisms in established technologies. Researchers working on next-generation battery materials—including silicon anodes, solid electrolytes, or high-voltage cathodes—will predominantly work within the lithium-ion or post-lithium-ion framework. Those investigating aqueous sodium-ion, zinc-ion, or other emerging aqueous chemistries may work with systems that share characteristics with wet cells. The research context, not the technology’s age, should guide the choice of cell chemistry and test platform. ### What cell formats are used in laboratory battery research? Laboratory-scale research on both wet cell and lithium-ion chemistries typically uses standardised cell formats that enable reproducible assembly and testing. For lithium-ion research, coin cells, pouch cells, and cylindrical cells are common. Specialised research cells—such as those designed for in situ measurements or controlled-atmosphere assembly—allow researchers to probe electrode behaviour under conditions that standard commercial formats do not permit. ## How EL-Cell GmbH Supports Battery Chemistry Research EL-Cell GmbH designs and manufactures electrochemical test cells and research instruments specifically for battery materials researchers working across a range of cell chemistries, including lithium-ion and emerging next-generation systems. Our product portfolio addresses the need for reproducible, well-defined test environments that generate publishable data. - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** and **ECC series** test cells provide standardised formats for half-cell and full-cell cycling, enabling direct comparison of electrode materials across research groups. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer quantifies electrode thickness changes with a resolution better than 5 nm, allowing researchers to study mechanical behaviour during cycling in both lithium-ion and alternative chemistries. - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a battery tester, temperature-controlled cell chamber, and docking station into one instrument, supporting up to 16 channels with potentiostat/galvanostat and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) capabilities. - Customised solutions are available for researchers with specific experimental requirements not addressed by standard cell formats. If you are establishing or expanding a battery research programme and need test hardware suited to your specific cell chemistry, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss your experimental requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [What is the difference between capacity and energy in a lithium-ion battery?](https://www.el-cell.com/what-is-the-difference-between-capacity-and-energy-in-a-lithium-ion-battery/) **Published:** May 22, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Capacity and energy aren't interchangeable — discover why voltage makes all the difference in lithium-ion battery research. **Content:** Capacity and energy are two of the most frequently used metrics in battery research, yet they are not interchangeable. Understanding the distinction is essential for interpreting electrochemical data correctly, comparing electrode materials, and designing rigorous experiments. This article addresses each concept in turn, then examines how they interact across charge–discharge curves and long-term cycling. ## What is capacity in a lithium-ion battery? Capacity is the total amount of electric charge a battery or electrode can store and deliver, expressed in ampere-hours (Ah) or milliampere-hours (mAh). It quantifies how many charge carriers—lithium ions—can be reversibly inserted into and extracted from an electrode material under defined conditions. Capacity is measured by integrating current over time during a charge or discharge process. In a research context, capacity is most commonly reported as **specific capacity** in mAh/g, normalised to the mass of active electrode material. This normalisation allows direct comparison between different materials regardless of electrode loading. Areal capacity, expressed in mAh/cm², is used when electrode geometry or coating uniformity is the focus of the study. It is important to distinguish between theoretical capacity, which is derived from the stoichiometry of the host material, and practical capacity, which reflects what is actually measured under real experimental conditions. Practical capacity is always lower than theoretical capacity due to kinetic limitations, incomplete lithiation, and irreversible side reactions. ## What is energy in a lithium-ion battery? Energy is the product of capacity and voltage, expressed in watt-hours (Wh) or milliwatt-hours (mWh). Where capacity tells you how much charge a battery can deliver, energy tells you how much work that charge can perform. A cell with a high capacity but a low average discharge voltage will store less energy than one with a moderate capacity at a higher voltage. In electrochemical testing, energy is calculated by integrating the product of instantaneous voltage and current over the full discharge duration. This makes energy inherently dependent on the shape of the voltage profile, not just the total charge passed. Two electrode materials with identical specific capacity values can exhibit significantly different energy outputs if their average lithiation potentials differ. For research purposes, energy is often normalised to mass or volume to give **energy density** in Wh/kg or Wh/L, enabling comparison across material classes and cell formats. ## What’s the difference between capacity and energy in a battery? The key distinction is that capacity measures charge storage (Ah or mAh), while energy measures the ability to do work (Wh). Capacity depends solely on the amount of lithium that can be reversibly cycled. Energy depends on both that amount and the voltage at which the cycling occurs. A battery with high capacity at low voltage may deliver less energy than one with lower capacity at higher voltage. Consider two hypothetical cathode materials: one with a specific capacity of 200 mAh/g operating at an average potential of 3.0 V versus lithium, and another with 150 mAh/g at 4.0 V. The first delivers 600 mWh/g; the second delivers 600 mWh/g as well—identical energy despite different capacities. This illustrates why reporting capacity alone is insufficient for a complete materials assessment. In practice, the distinction matters for how researchers evaluate new electrode candidates. A material that appears promising based on its gravimetric capacity may rank differently when energy density is calculated, particularly when the operating voltage window is narrow or the discharge profile is steeply sloping. ## What are specific capacity and energy density, and why do they matter? Specific capacity (mAh/g) and energy density (Wh/kg or Wh/L) are normalised metrics that allow researchers to compare electrode materials and cell designs on a common basis. Specific capacity normalises charge storage to electrode mass; energy density normalises total energy output to mass or volume. Both are indispensable for materials screening and cell optimisation. ### Why normalisation is critical in research Without normalisation, raw capacity or energy values are artefacts of electrode geometry, loading mass, and cell format. A thicker electrode will always show higher absolute capacity than a thin one made from the same material. Normalising to mass or area removes this dependence and makes results transferable between laboratories and comparable across publications. Gravimetric metrics (per gram) are standard for early-stage materials research, where the primary goal is ranking candidate materials. Volumetric metrics (per litre) become more relevant as research moves toward practical cell design, where physical space is a constraint. Researchers working on solid-state or thick-electrode configurations often report both. ### The role of C-rate in reported values Both specific capacity and energy density are C-rate dependent. The C-rate expresses the charge or discharge current relative to the nominal capacity of the cell. At high C-rates, kinetic limitations reduce the amount of lithium that can be reversibly accessed within the voltage window, lowering both reported capacity and energy. Comparing values across studies requires confirming that the same C-rate was applied. ## How does the charge–discharge curve affect capacity and energy measurements? The shape of the voltage versus capacity curve directly determines how energy is calculated. Capacity is read from the x-axis of a charge–discharge curve as the total charge passed. Energy is the area under that curve—the integral of voltage over capacity. A flat, high-voltage plateau contributes far more energy per unit of capacity than a steeply sloping profile at a lower average voltage. Materials with well-defined two-phase reaction mechanisms, such as lithium iron phosphate (LFP), produce flat voltage plateaux. This means their energy output is predictable and closely tied to their capacity. Materials with solid-solution intercalation mechanisms produce sloping profiles, where the average voltage, and therefore the energy output, depends on the state of charge at any given moment. Overpotential also affects the measured energy. During charge, the applied voltage must exceed the thermodynamic equilibrium potential to drive the reaction; during discharge, the terminal voltage falls below it. The gap between charge and discharge curves, visible as hysteresis on a voltage–capacity plot, represents energy lost to internal resistance and kinetic barriers. This hysteresis directly reduces the round-trip energy efficiency of the cell. For accurate energy measurements in a half-cell configuration, a stable and well-defined reference electrode is essential. Errors in the reference potential propagate directly into voltage readings and therefore into all derived energy calculations. ## Why do capacity and energy fade differently over battery cycles? Capacity fade and energy fade are related but distinct degradation phenomena. Capacity fade occurs when fewer lithium ions can be reversibly cycled—due to loss of active lithium, structural degradation of electrode materials, or growth of resistive surface layers. Energy fade occurs when either capacity decreases, the average discharge voltage drops, or both. Because voltage can decline independently of capacity, energy often fades faster than capacity over long-term cycling. ### Mechanisms behind capacity loss The primary sources of capacity fade include: - Irreversible lithium consumption by the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, which forms on the anode surface during the first cycles and continues to grow with cycling - Structural degradation of the cathode, including particle cracking, phase transitions, and transition metal dissolution - Lithium plating on the anode at high C-rates or low temperatures, which removes active lithium from the reversible cycle - Electrolyte decomposition that reduces ionic conductivity over time ### Why energy fades faster than capacity As cells age, increasing internal resistance raises the overpotential during discharge, pulling the terminal voltage below its initial value. Even if the same total charge is delivered, the lower average voltage means less energy is extracted. This is why coulombic efficiency—the ratio of discharge capacity to charge capacity—can remain high while energy efficiency declines. Tracking both metrics separately across cycles gives a more complete picture of cell degradation than monitoring capacity alone. Researchers studying degradation mechanisms benefit from measuring differential capacity (dQ/dV) and incremental capacity analysis alongside standard cycling data. These techniques reveal subtle shifts in reaction potentials that are invisible in raw capacity versus cycle number plots. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports capacity and energy measurements in battery research Accurate measurement of capacity and energy requires test hardware that introduces minimal artefacts, maintains stable temperature conditions, and records voltage and current with sufficient resolution. EL-Cell GmbH designs its electrochemical test cells and instrumentation specifically to meet these requirements for laboratory-scale battery research. Key tools from the EL-Cell product range that are directly relevant to capacity and energy measurements include: - **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/):** A fully integrated battery tester with up to 16 independent channels, potentiostat and galvanostat (PStat/GStat) functionality, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) capability, and a temperature-controlled cell chamber. Precise current control and voltage measurement across all channels ensure that capacity and energy data are consistent and comparable between experiments. - **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/):** A standardised research test cell designed for reproducible half-cell and full-cell measurements. Consistent electrode geometry and controlled compression reduce experimental variability, which is critical when comparing specific capacity values across different electrode formulations. - **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/):** A high-resolution electrochemical dilatometer that measures electrode thickness changes during cycling with sub-5 nm resolution. Correlating dimensional changes with capacity and energy data provides mechanistic insight into volume expansion, SEI growth, and structural degradation. If you are designing experiments to characterise new electrode materials or study degradation mechanisms, contact us to discuss which test cell configuration and measurement protocol best fits your research requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [How do you read a lithium-ion battery datasheet?](https://www.el-cell.com/how-do-you-read-a-lithium-ion-battery-datasheet/) **Published:** April 20, 2026 **Author:** Daniel Wilke **Excerpt:** Misreading one datasheet parameter can compromise your entire study. Here's what researchers need to know. **Content:** Reading a lithium-ion battery datasheet correctly is a fundamental skill for anyone working in battery materials research. Datasheets consolidate the electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal specifications of a cell into a single reference document, and misinterpreting even one parameter can compromise experimental design, invalidate comparisons between cells, or introduce systematic errors into published results. This guide walks through the key sections of a battery datasheet in the order a researcher is most likely to encounter them, from basic definitions to practical application in laboratory testing. ## What is a lithium-ion battery datasheet? A lithium-ion battery datasheet is a technical document issued by the cell manufacturer that specifies the electrochemical, electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties of a particular cell under defined test conditions. It is the primary reference for understanding how a cell is expected to behave and under what operating constraints it was characterised. Datasheets typically cover a standardised set of parameters, including nominal voltage, capacity, energy density, operating temperature range, charge and discharge limits, and cycle-life estimates. However, it is important to note that all values on a datasheet are measured under specific conditions defined by the manufacturer, which may differ substantially from conditions in a research laboratory. Understanding those conditions is as important as reading the values themselves. ## What are the key parameters listed on a battery datasheet? The key parameters on a battery datasheet include nominal voltage, rated capacity, charge and discharge cut-off voltages, maximum continuous current, internal resistance, energy density, cycle life, and operating temperature range. Each parameter is defined under specific test conditions that must be read carefully alongside the values. The most commonly referenced parameters in battery research are: - **Nominal voltage:** The average voltage during discharge under standard conditions, typically expressed in volts (V). - **Rated capacity:** The total charge a cell can deliver, expressed in milliampere-hours (mAh) or ampere-hours (Ah), measured at a defined C-rate and temperature. - **Cut-off voltages:** The upper (charge) and lower (discharge) voltage limits beyond which the cell should not be operated. - **Internal resistance:** A measure of the cell’s impedance, often reported in milliohms (mΩ), relevant to power performance and heat generation. - **Cycle life:** The number of charge/discharge cycles after which capacity retention falls below a defined threshold, typically 80% of initial capacity. - **Operating temperature range:** The thermal window within which the cell performs within specification. Researchers should pay particular attention to the C-rate at which capacity is measured. A cell rated at 3,000 mAh at 0.2C may deliver considerably less capacity at 1C or 2C, and the datasheet may or may not include this rate-dependent data explicitly. ## How do you interpret voltage and capacity specifications? Voltage and capacity specifications on a battery datasheet must be interpreted together, not in isolation. The nominal voltage is a representative average, not a fixed operating point. Capacity is always rate-dependent and temperature-dependent, so the stated value applies only under the exact conditions used during measurement. The nominal voltage of a lithium-ion cell is typically lower than the fully charged open-circuit voltage and higher than the discharge cut-off voltage. For example, a cell with a 4.2 V upper cut-off and a 2.5 V lower cut-off may have a nominal voltage of around 3.6 V to 3.7 V, reflecting the average across the discharge curve rather than any single point. Capacity values require similar care. When a datasheet reports capacity in mAh, this refers to the full-cell capacity under the stated test conditions. In materials research, specific capacity is more commonly expressed in mAh/g (per gram of active material) or mAh/cm² (per unit electrode area). These are not interchangeable, and converting between them requires knowledge of electrode loading, which is rarely provided in commercial cell datasheets. ## What’s the difference between energy density and power density? Energy density and power density measure fundamentally different performance characteristics. Energy density, expressed in Wh/kg or Wh/L, describes how much total energy a cell stores per unit mass or volume. Power density, expressed in W/kg or W/L, describes how quickly that energy can be delivered. A cell optimised for high energy density is not necessarily capable of high power output, and vice versa. This distinction is critical in research contexts because the two properties often trade off against each other. Thick electrodes with high active material loading increase energy density but introduce diffusion limitations that reduce rate capability and therefore power density. Thinner electrodes with higher porosity may deliver better power performance but store less total energy per unit mass. When reading a datasheet, researchers should identify which metric is relevant to their experimental objective. If the research goal is to evaluate fast-charging behaviour or high-rate cycling, power density and the internal resistance value are the more informative parameters. If the goal is to benchmark total energy storage, gravimetric or volumetric energy density is the primary figure of merit. ## Why do measured battery results differ from datasheet values? Measured results differ from datasheet values because datasheets report performance under tightly controlled manufacturer conditions that rarely match laboratory test environments. Differences in temperature, C-rate, measurement equipment, cell age, and electrode configuration all contribute to deviations between specified and observed values. Several specific factors account for the most common discrepancies: - **Temperature:** Capacity and voltage response are both temperature-sensitive. A cell tested at 20°C will perform differently from one tested at 25°C, which is the more common manufacturer reference temperature. - **C-rate:** Higher discharge rates increase polarisation losses and reduce delivered capacity. If a researcher tests at a different C-rate than the datasheet reference, the capacity will differ accordingly. - **State of health:** Cells lose capacity over time due to lithium inventory loss, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer growth, and structural changes in electrode materials. A cell that has undergone even a small number of cycles may no longer match its initial datasheet values. - **Equipment calibration:** Differences in potentiostat or galvanostat accuracy, current precision, and voltage measurement resolution can introduce systematic offsets, particularly at low currents or with small cell formats. For researchers working with electrode materials rather than commercial cells, datasheet values serve as a useful reference point but should not be treated as absolute targets. The relevant comparison is between experimental conditions held constant across a study, not between laboratory results and manufacturer specifications measured under different conditions. ## How do you use datasheet values to design battery tests? Datasheet values provide the boundary conditions for experimental design. The cut-off voltages define the safe operating window for cycling protocols. The rated capacity determines the C-rate calculation. The internal resistance informs the expected voltage response under load. Together, these parameters allow a researcher to configure a cycling programme that is both electrochemically meaningful and safe. A practical approach to using datasheet values in test design involves the following steps: 1. **Establish the voltage window:** Use the datasheet cut-off voltages as the upper and lower limits for your cycling protocol, unless the research objective specifically requires exploring behaviour outside this range. 2. **Calculate the C-rate:** Divide the target current by the rated capacity to determine the C-rate. For example, applying 300 mA to a 3,000 mAh cell corresponds to 0.1C. Ensure the C-rate used in experiments is reported explicitly in publications. 3. **Set rest periods:** Allow adequate open-circuit rest before and after charge/discharge steps to permit voltage relaxation, which is particularly important for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. 4. **Account for formation cycles:** Initial cycles will not match datasheet capacity due to SEI formation and irreversible capacity loss. Plan for a defined number of formation cycles before collecting comparative data. 5. **Control temperature:** Match, or clearly document, the temperature used relative to the datasheet reference temperature to enable meaningful comparison. When working with half-cells or custom electrode assemblies rather than commercial full cells, datasheet values from reference materials can still inform parameter selection, particularly for establishing reasonable voltage windows and current densities relative to electrode area or active mass. ## How EL-Cell GmbH supports battery datasheet interpretation in practice Translating datasheet values into reliable experimental data requires test equipment that introduces minimal artefacts and offers precise control over the parameters that matter most. EL-Cell GmbH designs instruments and test cells specifically for this purpose, giving researchers the tools to measure what datasheets specify and to go beyond them. Our products address the most common sources of discrepancy between specified and measured values: - The **[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)** integrates a battery tester, a temperature-controlled cell chamber, and a docking station in a single instrument, allowing researchers to match the thermal conditions under which datasheet values were obtained and to run up to 16 channels simultaneously with potentiostat/galvanostat (PStat/GStat) and EIS capabilities. - The **[PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)** and related test-cell formats provide standardised, reproducible cell geometries that minimise hardware-introduced variability, enabling direct comparison of results across experiments and between laboratories. - The **[ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)** electrochemical dilatometer goes beyond datasheet parameters entirely, quantifying electrode thickness changes during cycling with a resolution better than 5 nanometres and providing mechanistic data that no commercial datasheet includes. If you are setting up a battery testing workflow and want to ensure your experimental conditions are well defined and reproducible, contact EL-Cell GmbH to discuss which test-cell format and instrumentation best suit your research requirements. **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [test](https://www.el-cell.com/test/) **Published:** April 10, 2026 **Author:** Daniel **Categories:** Knowledge Base --- ### [Printed electrodes can now be tested in the PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/printed-electrodes/) **Published:** September 11, 2020 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Learn what printed electrodes are, key contact challenges on insulating substrates, and how to test them with the PAT-Cell setup. **Content:** [](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Printed_electrodes_header_02.jpg)[![Printed electrodes being tested in a PAT-Cell setup](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Printed_electrodes_header_02.jpg "Printed_electrodes_header_02 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Printed_electrodes_header_02.jpg) ### What is a printed electrode? A printed electrode can be fabricated using techniques such as screen printing or inkjet printing which offer the advantage to produce structured electrodes. The electrode layers are printed onto a suitable substrate. These substrates can be divided into two categories: (i) insulating substrates such as polymer foils or paper coated with a thin conductive layer (e.g. a thin carbon layer) and (ii) conductive substrates such as copper or aluminium foil. The latter case – printed electrodes deposited on conductive substrates – can directly be tested using our conventional [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) or any other in-situ test cell. In case the electrode is deposited onto an insulating substrate we have developed special equipment for printed electrode fabrication and testing. ### What is the challenge? Due to the insulating substrate, the electrode cannot be contacted from below. Instead, contact must be made from top at the edge of the electrode. ### How to do with the PAT-Cell? You start with an insulating substrate such as a sheet of paper fully coated with a 2 µm layer of carbon black. On this sheet you coat (screen print) a number of circular electrodes with say 16 mm diameter. You will need two such sheets, one with the cathode material, the other one with the anode material. Next you cut the two sheets into the special “electrodes” depicted below. We offer a special cutting tool for this purpose. [![Cut printed electrode sheets with lug tabs for testing](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/EL-CELL_EL-Cut_lug.jpg "Printed_electrodes_header_02 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/EL-CELL_EL-Cut_lug.jpg) Both electrodes are then inserted into dedicated current collectors, slit stainless steel foils. That is all. [![Slit stainless steel current collector for printed electrodes](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/EL-CELL_Current_collector_for_printed_electrode.jpg "EL-CELL_Current_collector_for_printed_electrode | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/EL-CELL_Current_collector_for_printed_electrode.jpg) The resulting specimen can be assembled and tested in the conventional [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) just as any standard electrodes. With different separators, with or without reference electrode. [![PAT-Cell setup with printed electrodes and aqueous electrolyte](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/pat-core_example__printed_electrodes_aqueous_electrolyte.jpg "pat-core_example__printed_electrodes_aqueous_electrolyte | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/pat-core_example__printed_electrodes_aqueous_electrolyte.jpg) Optionally, you can prepare and test printed electrodes which are additionally coated with a gel electrolyte. Please ask for details. [![PAT-Core test cell with printed electrodes and gel electrolyte](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/pat-core_example__printed_electrodes_gel_electrolyte.jpg "pat-core_example__printed_electrodes_gel_electrolyte | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/pat-core_example__printed_electrodes_gel_electrolyte.jpg) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/pat-core_electrodes_gel_electrolyte.jpg "pat-core_electrodes_gel_electrolyte | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/pat-core_electrodes_gel_electrolyte.jpg) **Categories:** News, PAT-Core **Tags:** el-software, pat-core, pat-tester-x-8, pre-lithiation, test case --- ### [Application Note: Graphite against Lithium – A poor Battery](https://www.el-cell.com/app-note_a-poor-battery/) **Published:** September 4, 2020 **Author:** Dr. Matthias Hahn **Excerpt:** Graphite vs lithium half-cell cycling reveals lithium metal impedance limits—use a reference electrode to track true anode behavior. **Content:** [![Graphite and lithium battery cell configuration diagram with reference electrode](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/AppNote3_Header.jpg "AppNote3_Header | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/AppNote3_Header.jpg) In our last application note we took a closer look at the cathode “half-cell” of the lithium-ion battery, which in our case was NCM against lithium metal. It turned out, that the lithium metal electrode is under some conditions the bottleneck of charge transfer, especially at the vertex points of the charge-discharge cycle, and that a reference electrode is indispensable to understand this effect. In this note, we extend our investigations to the anode “half-cell” graphite vs. lithium metal. Again, we built a [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) using a glass fiber separator and a standard LiPF6-based electrolyte. An insulation sleeve with a built-in lithium metal reference was used in order to monitor the single electrode potentials during the experiment. — [![Sketch of PAT-Cell graphite-lithium half-cell stack configuration](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/figure_1a.jpg "figure_1a | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/figure_1a.jpg)Figure 1a: Sketch showing the PAT-Core configuration (cell stack) inside the PAT-Cell. [![Battery test cell connection matrix in EL software interface](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/EL-Software_connection_matrix.png "EL-Software_connection_matrix | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/EL-Software_connection_matrix.png)Figure 1: Sketch showing the cell stack of the Graphite-Li-Li(R) cell. Graphite was used as the lower electrode (1), lithium metal for both the upper electrode (2) and the ring-shaped reference electrode (R). *Video 1: Assembling the PAT-Cell:* The test procedure is to cycle the graphite electrode at a constant current of 1 mA between V1R = 2.5 and 0.005 V. Intermittently, every 5 minutes, a small sinusoidal current is superimposed on the direct current at frequencies between 10 kHz and 1 Hz to measure the impedance. *Video 2: EL-Software – Writing the test procedure* *Video 3: EL-Software – Running the experiment* [![Graphite-lithium cell stack diagram with lithium reference electrode](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/figure_2_graph.png "figure_2_graph | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/figure_2_graph.png)Figure 2: Cell current, voltages and impedances at 1 Hz of the graphite-Li-Li(R) PAT-Cell. The cycle starts at a (rest) cell voltage of 2.8 V. Only the “more exciting” voltage range <0.4V is shown. Note that the Li metal electrode is always the “slower” (i.e., higher Z) electrode except when the graphite is fully delithiated. The diagrams in Figure 2 show, from bottom to top, the applied current i12, the voltages (V12, V1R, V2R), and the impedances (magnitudes of Z12, Z1, Z2 at 1 Hz) of the full cell and the individual electrodes. ## **What do we observe ?** Notably, the cycle of the anode half-cell must start with a negative current (discharge) to mimic what happens at the graphite electrode in the “real” Li-ion battery (NCM vs. Graphite) during the first charge. Consequently, at the beginning of the cycle, the lithium metal electrode (2) dissolves, and lithium ions are inserted into the graphite electrode (1). The dissolution of lithium metal leaves behind a smooth (i.e., low surface area) electrode covered with the SEI layer. Consequently, the impedance Z2 of the lithium electrode remains high throughout the initial half cycle. This situation changes when the current direction is reversed after 6.2 hours. Now, lithium ions are extracted from the graphite lattice and deposited as a porous layer of dendritic metal on the lithium metal electrode. This increase in surface area leads to the observed decrease in |Z2| in the second half-cycle. The Coulombic efficiency for graphite lithiation/delithiation is 93% in the first cycle and >99% in subsequent cycles (see Figure 3). In contrast, the Coulombic efficiency for the deposition/dissolution of lithium metal never exceeds 95% (as reported in our [previous application note](https://www.el-cell.com/too-much-lithium/) for plating on stainless steel). The porous and thus low-impedance lithium metal deposited during a given half cycle has therefore been entirely consumed in the next half cycle when the graphite electrode is still about 5% away from full lithiation. This last 5% must be removed from the original non-porous (and therefore high-impedance) lithium metal foil, resulting in the observed increase in impedance Z2. This behavior is observed for the first time after 18 hours, and then during each subsequent cycle. We saw and discussed the same effect in the last application note for the NCM half-cell. [![Graphite-lithium half-cell stack diagram with lithium reference electrode](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/figure_3_graph.png "figure_3_graph | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/figure_3_graph.png)Figure 3: Coulombic efficiency of the graphite | lithium metal cell during the initial 5 cycles. Again, lithium metal is lost by electrical disconnection of lithium-metal pockets during dendrite dissolution. The disconnected yet metallic pockets can be observed as a greyish residue in the separator and on the surface of the lithium metal electrode during dismantling of the [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) after the cycle experiment. *Video 4: Disassembling the PAT-Cell* ## What can we conclude? - Graphite against lithium metal is not only a poor battery, storing almost no energy, but perhaps more surprisingly, it is also a poor experimental model for investigating the graphite anode in the lithium-ion battery. - For most of the cycle experiment, the lithium metal electrode, rather than the graphite electrode, is the bottleneck for charge transport. Especially in the initial half-cycle and then always at the end of graphite lithiation, when the cell voltage is close to zero, the high overvoltage at the lithium metal electrode leads to a premature termination of the cycle and thus to an incorrect (too small) capacity. Due to the flat voltage profile, this is much more problematic with the graphite half-cell than it was with the NCM half-cell. - The high overvoltage at the lithium metal electrode can be corrected for by controlling the graphite potential V1R rather than the full cell voltage V12. We did so in our experiment taking advantage of the reference electrode. Even then, however, lithium dendrites can prematurely end the life of the cell. The porous layer of “dead” lithium absorbs electrolyte solution, causing the cell to dry out and lose capacity. And also the soluble reaction products of the intensive SEI formation on the lithium metal can unpredictably affect the performance of the cell. All those effects will not be seen in the Li-ion battery. **Our advice:** Build your test cells with the anodes and cathodes that are in the real battery. Only use a lithium metal anode if you want it to be in the final battery. And whether you work with or without a lithium metal anode, always use a reference electrode as a third electrode. Whenever possible. Did I mention that already in the previous app note? Next time, we will finally deal with the real lithium-ion battery made of NCM and graphite. Completely without lithium metal, except, of course, for the reference electrode. Stay tuned (and healthy). *— by Dr. Matthias Hahn, Dr. Annika Baumann, Margaryta Paramonova, Daniel Wilke* #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Matthias_200.webp) Dr. Matthias Hahn , Senior Scientist, Co-founder of EL-CELL Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and brings over 15 years of hands-on research experience in electrochemistry, gained at institutions such as Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) **Categories:** Allgemein, News **Tags:** test case --- ### [Comparing Seal Materials: When should I use which?](https://www.el-cell.com/seal-material-comparison/) **Published:** July 5, 2024 **Author:** Dr. Matthias Hahn **Excerpt:** PE vs aluminum lid seals for PAT battery test cells: performance, long-term stability, gas pressure tests, and installation tips. **Content:** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Seal-Comparison.jpg "EL-CELL_Longterm_testing_reliability-meets-accuracy_header | EL-CELL")](hhttps://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Seal-Comparison.jpg)## Comparing Seal Materials: When should I use aluminum or PE seals? The battery test cells in the PAT series are characterized by their high impermeability to the outside atmosphere. This increases the long-term stability of the cell chemistry and enables long-term measurements over several thousand hours. ([See example here](https://www.el-cell.com/reliability-meets-accuracy/).) When designing the PAT-Cell, the number of seals was reduced as much as possible to limit potential leaks. The lid seal is, therefore, crucial for the cell’s tightness. Lid seals are available in different materials. In addition to the standard seals made of PE, we also offer an aluminum version. ### **But when should you use which seal?** To answer this question, we tested several PAT-Cells with PE and aluminum sealing rings for approximately **400 hours** and compared their results. We paid particular attention to **capacity retention** and **coulomb efficiency**. #### **Test setup:** - 6 [PAT-Cells](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/#1569919604429-036be455-63ac) ( Three cells each are built with PE or Al seals.) - Electrodes: NCM111 vs graphite - Electrolyte: LP32 - Temperature: 25°C - Measurement procedure used: cc-cv cycles at 0.1C - Potentiostat: [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) #### Test results: The evaluation of the measurement results shows that the standard PE sealing performs very well up to approx. 100 hours. Only when the test duration is extended does the impact of improved sealing with the aluminum version become evident in the results. After 400 hours, we measured an excellent **Coulomb Efficiency of over 99.8%** with aluminum seals compared to the 99.6% of the PE seals. ![Coulomb Efficiency of PAT-Cells with PE and Al lid seals](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/pat-cell_seals-comparison_coulomb_efficiency.png) A look at the **capacity retention** also shows the advantages of the aluminum seal with a longer test duration. After 400 hours, it is still over **98%**, while the cells with PE seals range between 97-98%. ![Capacity retention of PAT-Cells using PE and Al lid seals](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/pat-cell_seals-comparison_capacity_retention.png) ### Our recommendation and final thoughts The test results show excellent performance of PAT-Cells with aluminum lid seals. Therefore, we strongly recommend using metal seals, especially for long-term and all experiments in which the gas pressure is measured. For all other applications, however, the standard lid seal made of PE is still a very good choice, performing very similarly in experiments with shorter durations. #### What must be considered with aluminum seals? 1. **Compatible cell lids**: Special insulated metal seal lids are required for aluminum seals. Many cells are equipped with these ex-works; an overview can be found below. 2. **Care during installation:** Metal seals are very sensitive. During installation, damage to the sealing rings and impurities must be avoided at all costs. Even a single human hair can severely impair the seal. 3. **Special installation tool:** A torque wrench is required to close a PAT-Cell with an installed aluminum seal. #### Which PAT-Cells are compatible? The following PAT-Cells are factory-fitted with a cell lid that is suitable for aluminum seals: - [PAT-Cell-Press (all variants)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) - [PAT-Cell-Gas (all variants)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas/) - [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) - [PAT-Cell M](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) The corresponding [metal seal lids](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/#accessories) can be retrofitted for all other PAT-Cell models or older cells. Of course, the required tools are also available [here](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/). #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Matthias_200.webp) Dr. Matthias Hahn , Senior Scientist, Co-founder of EL-CELL Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and brings over 15 years of hands-on research experience in electrochemistry, gained at institutions such as Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) **Categories:** News, PAT Series **Tags:** pat-core, test case --- ### [A Battery is a Can with two Terminals named Plus and Minus](https://www.el-cell.com/a-battery-is-a-can/) **Published:** April 16, 2021 **Author:** Dr. Matthias Hahn **Excerpt:** R&D battery testing for lithium-ion materials: 3-electrode cells, CC/CV and impedance methods, plus scalable multi-channel testers. **Content:** ![Battery can with plus and minus terminals diagram](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/a_battery_is_a_can.jpg "a_battery_is_a_can | EL-CELL") ### Testing materials for lithium-ion batteries A battery is a can with two terminals named plus and minus, or 1 and 2. Testing this battery means that you apply either a voltage (V12) profile or a current (i12) profile across the two terminals, and measure the corresponding current or voltage response. The profile can have many different shapes such as square, triangle, sine, or some arbitrary profile. This concept applies to small and large battery cells as well as to arrays of such battery cells connected in series and/or in parallel (battery modules or packs). One could therefore think that a single battery tester is good for all those configurations. This is not true. Battery testers for R+D on battery materials must fulfill very special requirements as we will discuss in the following. Our focus here is on R+D battery testers that are specialized on battery experiments carried out to understand and improve the chemical ingredients of the battery: anode, cathode and electrolyte. For simplicity, we only consider today’s most prominent battery chemistry comprised of a lithium metal oxide as the cathode material (such as NCM) and graphite as the anode material. Both are layered materials, which can accommodate lithium ions between their layers. In the battery, the two electrodes are sandwiched with a separator in between them. The porous electrodes and separator are soaked with an electrolyte solution containing lithium cations and PF6 anions in a mixture of organic solvents. Initially, the NCM lattice is filled up with lithium ions, while the graphite lattice is empty. This is the energetically favored (lowest overall energy) configuration. The lithium ions feel good in the NCM and see no reason to leave to the opposite graphite electrode. Electrically speaking, the voltage of the battery is zero. Charging the battery means to force lithium ions from 1 (NCM) to 2 (graphite) through the electrolyte layer, and at the same time move the same number of electrons through the outside part of the circuit, again from 1 to 2. We say “charging”, but this verb is misleading. In fact, we don’t end up with any excess charge on the electrodes, but instead just convert electric into chemical energy. Charge separation is only at an atomic scale inside the electrode materials. The device we use to charge or discharge (to cycle) the battery is the battery tester. By applying a current between the two electrodes, we move electrons from the NCM to the graphite backbone along the outside part of the circuit and, at the same time along the inner part of the circuit, extract the same number of lithium ions from the NCM lattice and move them through the separator into the graphite lattice. In the fully charged state, at 4.2 V cell voltage, all “easily” available Li ions from the NCM lattice have been brought over to the graphite lattice. And during discharge, those Li ions will then migrate back into the NCM lattice. Equivalent circuits are often used to model what goes on in a battery and are helpful for a basic understanding. The simplest circuit (Fig. 1a) is just a resistance-less voltage source V0 in series with a resistance (or more precisely impedance) Z12. Both V12 and Z12 depend on the SOC of the battery cell, and can be determined empirically. A better model takes into account that the battery cell is actually made up of two electrodes in series (Fig. 1b). Now each electrode (“half cell”) is represented by its respective voltage source and impedance. This model accounts for the capacitance matching of the two electrodes: At best, the graphite electrode can accommodate all the Li ions released from the NCM during charge, no more, no less. Also, this model accounts for the fact that the electrodes can have very different kinetics, i.e. impedance, for the uptake and release of Li ions, again dependent on their SOC. **How can we find out about the individual characteristics of the two half cells?** This is actually the question that lets us understand the special requirements of the R+D battery tester. [![Battery can diagram showing plus and minus terminals connections](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/A_Battery_is_a_can_connections.png "A_Battery_is_a_can_connections | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/A_Battery_is_a_can_connections.png) *From left to right: Fig. 1a: Equivalent circuit for a battery represented by an ideal voltage source V0 and impedance Z12. Both V0 and Z12 depend on the state of charge.* *Fig. 1b: Two-electrode equivalent circuit showing the two electrodes NCM (1) and graphite (2). Both electrodes are described by their chemistry specific dependence of voltage and impedance on the respective SOC. We would like to know the voltages relative to point A, V1A and V2A.* *Fig. 1c: Three-electrode equivalent circuit including the lithium metal reference electrode (R). Details see text.* The above two-electrode equivalent circuit (Fig. 1b) promises we could directly measure the two half cell voltages by connecting a voltmeter between the respective battery terminal and the node A. However, node A is located inside the electrolyte and so we can’t directly connect the LO test probe of our voltmeter to this point. Instead, we place here a third, so called reference electrode, for instance a lithium metal ring placed at the edge of the separator. With this 3-electrode set-up, the two half cell voltages can now be easily measured, albeit with an unknown voltage offset V0(R) which is defined by the nature/chemistry of the given reference electrode. The half cell voltages V1R and V2R can be easily measured; they are often named electrode potentials, and must be referred to the chemistry used as the reference. In our example, the reference electrode is lithium metal and accordingly V1R and V2R are given in units of “V vs. Li/Li+”. As long as R is only used as a measuring probe, with zero current across ZR, the voltage offset V0(R) is constant during the experiment. **What can we do better with a battery that has 3 rather than 2 electrodes?** Well, we can now measure three rather than only one voltage. And we can control one out of these three voltages in potentiostatic test mode. In galvanostatic mode, we can direct the charge flow between electrode 1 and 2 (most common), or between R and 1, or between R and 2. We come back to these “strange” modes later on. For now, we focus on the results of a basic 3-electrode experiment the results of which are depicted in the graphs below (Fig. 2). The test cell used here comprises an NCM|graphite sandwich with a lithium metal ring located at the edge of the in-between separator. We charge the cell with a constant current i12 till the cell voltage V12 reaches 4.2 V, hold the voltage for a while, then discharge back to the initial voltage of 2.5 V. With a 2-electrode battery tester, one would only see the black V12 voltage trace during the cycle. No chance to tell apart what happens at the different electrodes. It is only thanks to the reference electrode, that we can distinguish between the individual electrode potentials, red line for NCM, blue line for graphite. Same for the impedance. The modulation of the DC current by a sinusoidal excitation leads to a modulation of the cell voltage V12 and so of the two electrode potentials V1R and V2R. The ratio between the amplitudes of voltage and current, the impedance Z, is a measure of how easy charge carriers can move at a given frequency. And again, only with the reference electrode, we can distinguish between cathode (Z1) and anode (Z2). [![Battery can diagram showing plus and minus terminals](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/A_Battery_is_a_can_graph.png "A_Battery_is_a_can_graph | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/A_Battery_is_a_can_graph.png) *Fig. 2: Test results obtained with a [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) and a 3-electrode [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/). For details see text.* For the experiment shown in Fig. 2, impedance at 0.1Hz was measured intermittently every few minutes. With this special technique all important dc and ac parameters of the battery and the individual electrodes are obtained in one single experiment. What are the two “strange” galvanostatic modes of the R+D battery tester good for? Ideally, one electrode is the source of lithium ions, the other is the sink, and there is no other interaction between them. In reality, the electrodes interact with each other. For example, manganese ions can be leached out from the NCM lattice in a side reaction and poison the graphite electrode. To understand how the graphite electrode would age during cycling without this side reaction, one can build a symmetric graphite (1)|graphite (2) cell with a lithium metal ring electrode (R). Then apply a current i1R to lithiate graphite (1) from the lithium ring (R). Finally, run a conventional cycle test with an i12 control to shuttle the lithium ions back and forth between the two graphite electrodes. To name just one of many new possibilities with a 3-electrode cell. **From the above test cases, we can compile the specific requirements for an R&D battery tester as follows.** - The battery tester needs to support 3-electrode cells. That is, the tester needs at least three leads. These leads are typically labeled working, counter, and reference electrode (WE, CE, and RE) rather than plus and minus. And often two additional leads are provided, named WE-Sense and CE Sense. - The tester must be capable of recording both half-cell voltages simultaneously. It is not enough to record just the voltage under control. - 3-electrode test cells are small and tests are only on single cells. Thus, the requirements on the maximum current and voltage are modest, say 100 mA and 5V. Importantly, the voltage range must be bipolar, at least +/-5V, in order to support the different reference electrodes. Many battery testers only have a unipolar voltage range. - High accuracy and resolution for both current and voltage are needed for precise determination of Coulomb (cycle) efficiency. Latest technology works with 24 bit ADCs and 18 bit DACs and on-going calibration against built-in standards. Here the limits are defined by the test cell and not by the electronics. - To switch between potentiostatic and galvanostatic control modes, the user normally has to change the wiring between the tester channel and the test cell. Much more comfortable is a software-controlled switchover, such as the Connection Matrix in the [PAT-Tester series](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/). - Indispensable test techniques are constant current (CC), constant voltage (CC) and impedance (both PEIS and GEIS) up to at least 10 kHz. - Battery tests are time-consuming, and so high-throughput requires multi-channel test devices. The more channels, the better. For example, the [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) offers 16 fully equipped and temperature-controlled test channels per unit while taking up little space in the laboratory. - Compact cableless test solutions with integrated temperature control are available and save valuable laboratory resources compared to discrete solutions with separate temperature chamber and cable harness. - Battery tests generate large amounts of data. A modern software solution with a powerful database and LAN connectivity as well as open interfaces for seamless integration with third-party software is a must. - Finally, test data can’t be better than the 3-electrode test cell used. Different commercial cell designs like the [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) as well as customized solutions are available and need careful consideration. [![Cutaway view of PAT-Cell battery test cell components](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/A_Battery_is_a_can_pat-cell-schnitt.png "A_Battery_is_a_can_pat-cell schnitt | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/A_Battery_is_a_can_pat-cell-schnitt.png) *Fig. 3: left) Inside components of the 3-electrode PAT-Cell; right) Cut-away view of the cell* #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Matthias_200.webp) Dr. Matthias Hahn , Senior Scientist, Co-founder of EL-CELL Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and brings over 15 years of hands-on research experience in electrochemistry, gained at institutions such as Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) **Categories:** News, PAT-Core **Tags:** pat-cell, pat-core, test case --- ### [Reliability meets accuracy: Testing with PAT-Cell and PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/reliability-meets-accuracy/) **Published:** October 20, 2022 **Author:** Dr. Matthias Hahn **Excerpt:** 2000-hour PAT-Cell test shows 99.9% Coulomb efficiency and 96% capacity retention—reliable long-term battery measurements with PAT-Tester-i-16. **Content:** [![PAT-Cell battery test cells connected to PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_Longterm_testing_reliability-meets-accuracy_header.jpg "EL-CELL_Longterm_testing_reliability-meets-accuracy_header | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_Longterm_testing_reliability-meets-accuracy_header.jpg)### Reliability meets Accuracy: Testing with PAT-Cell and PAT-Tester-i-16. We want to show the results of our last long-term measurement (2000 hours) with the [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/). The PAT-Cell is our reliable and well-proven workhorse for efficient three-electrode measurements in the field of battery material research. In this measurement, five PAT-Cells were cycled in our temperature-controlled PAT-Tester-i-16 potentiostat at 25°C (3.0 to 4.2 V, CC-CV cycles at 0.1 C rate, 1 hour hold time at both voltage limits). We tested NCM 111 against graphite as electrode materials, with a reference electrode made of lithium metal and LP30 with 2% VC as the electrolyte. [Aluminum seals](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/) were employed to achieve an extremely high Coulomb efficiency of more than 99.9% and capacity retention of 96%. These results underline the reliability of the [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) for long-term measurements and the outstanding accuracy of the measuring electronics in the [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/), which was developed exactly for this kind of scenario. [![PAT-Cell long-term test results chart at 2000 hours](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_2000hrs_PAT-Cell_test_results_01.png "EL-CELL_2000hrs_PAT-Cell_test_results_01 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_2000hrs_PAT-Cell_test_results_01.png) [![PAT-Cell long-term test results chart showing 2000 hours](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_2000hrs_PAT-Cell_test_results_02.png "EL-CELL_2000hrs_PAT-Cell_test_results_02 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_2000hrs_PAT-Cell_test_results_02.png) [![2000-hour PAT-Cell battery test results chart](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_2000hrs_PAT-Cell_test_results_03.png "EL-CELL_2000hrs_PAT-Cell_test_results_03 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_2000hrs_PAT-Cell_test_results_03.png) [![PAT-Cell long-term test results chart showing 2000 hours](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_2000hrs_PAT-Cell_test_results_04.png "EL-CELL_2000hrs_PAT-Cell_test_results_04 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_2000hrs_PAT-Cell_test_results_04.png) #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Matthias_200.webp) Dr. Matthias Hahn , Senior Scientist, Co-founder of EL-CELL Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and brings over 15 years of hands-on research experience in electrochemistry, gained at institutions such as Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) **Categories:** EL-Software, News, PAT Battery Tester, PAT-Tester-i-16 **Tags:** el-software, pat-cell, pat-tester-i-16, test case --- ### [1001 reasons for using a reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/1001-reasons-for-using-a-reference-electrode/) **Published:** June 2, 2017 **Author:** Dr. Matthias Hahn **Excerpt:** Learn why reference electrodes improve lithium-ion battery testing and why Li-metal half-cells can mislead electrode potential analysis. **Content:** There are many good reasons for using a reference electrode. In this note, we report a few of them using the example of a lithium-ion battery comprising a lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cathode and a graphite anode. All measurements were performed with a [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/), docked into a [PAT-Stand-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) (both EL-Cell). The PAT-Stand-16 was connected to a Maccor series 4000 battery cycler used to control the cell current or cell voltage during the cc-cv cycles applied. Cell current, cell voltage, and both half-cell voltages were recorded in parallel by the data logger built into the PAT-Stand-16 docking station. The differential capacity data shown were derived during the experiment by the [EC-Link](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/ec-link/) data logger software. **1. Testing with two electrodes** Commercial Li-Ion batteries come with 2 electrodes, e.g. lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) as the positive, and graphite as the negative electrode. Both electrodes are connected in series, that is, the current always flows through both electrodes, while the cell voltage can be considered as the sum of the voltage drops across the two electrodes and the separator in between. Figures 1a and 1b below show the cell voltage and current profile during the two initial charge/ discharge cycles. Figure 1c shows the differential capacity against the cell voltage, as calculated from the data shown in figure 1a and 1b. [![Fig. 1a](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bild1a.png "bild1a | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bild1a.png)Fig. 1a [![Fig. 1b](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bild1b.png "bild1b | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bild1b.png)Fig. 1b [![Fig. 1c](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bild2.png "bild2 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bild2.png)Fig. 1c Phase transitions in the anode and cathode cause the “steps and slopes“ in the full cell voltage graph. The steps turn into peaks when plotting the differential capacity C12 = ΔQ/ΔV12 against the cell voltage V12. However it remains unclear, which peaks refer to which electrode process. **2. Testing with three electrodes** When testing with a reference electrode, both half cells voltages are measured as well as differential capacities of both half cells can be derived. This way it becomes clear, which step refers to which electrode process. Noteworthy, in the equivalent circuit, the two half cell capacities are connected in series, C12 = (C1R \* C2R)/(C1R + C2R). Therefore, a pronounced peak in the full cell capacity always refers to two simultaneous peaks in the two half cell capacities. Figures 2c illustrates this correlation for a given point in time during the cc-cv cycle. [![Fig. 2a](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bild2a.png "bild2a | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bild2a.png)Fig. 2a [![Fig. 2b](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bild2b.png "bild2b | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bild2b.png)Fig. 2b [![Fig. 2c](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bild4-1024x641.png "bild4 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bild4.png)Fig. 2c **3. Half-cells against Li-metal** A common approach to avoid the use of a reference electrode, while still knowing the electrode potential on the lithium scale, is to build so-called half-cells. Here the full cell LCO vs. graphite is supposed to be represented by two “half cells” using lithium metal as the counter electrode (CE): LCO vs. lithium metal, and graphite vs. lithium metal (figure 3). [![Figure: Lithium-ion battery split into two “half-cells”](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bild5.png "bild5 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bild5.png)Figure 3: Lithium-ion battery split into two “half-cells” These “half cells“ are in fact full cells: Li-metal batteries. In case of very small currents the overpotential at the lithium metal counter electrode (Li-CE) can be neglected. Then the voltage LCO vs. Li-CE of the Li-metal battery equals the voltage LCO vs Li-RE of the LCO vs. graphite full cell. Half cells are often good for measuring the initial capacity of an anode or cathode material at low currents, however they have severe limitations: The Li-CE has a large SEI impedance at the beginning of the cycle experiment, typically much larger than the impedance of the working electrode. During cycling, the Li-CE is getting porous due to the growth of dendrites and so its impedance is dropping drastically. The fresh lithium surface is chemically reactive towards the electrolyte. Therefore, electrolyte additives cannot be explored with a Li-CE. Also, the lithium dendrites tend to grow through the separator, eventually causing an internal short circuit, and so determine the end of cycle life. The large initial overvoltage of the Li-CE is illustrated in Figure 4 depicting the evolution of the full and half cell voltages of an LCO-Li “half cell” equipped with a Li metal reference electrode. Noteworthy, the large overvoltage at the Li-CE is causing a hump of the full cell voltage V12 at the beginning of the cycle. This artifact can only be identified thanks to the reference electrode. [![Figure: Half cell with LCO as cathode and Li-metal as anode and Li-metal reference electrode at 0.1 C](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bild6.png "bild6 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bild6.png)Figure 4: Half cell with LCO as cathode and Li-metal as anode and Li-metal reference electrode at 0.1 C **4. But when are half cells against Li-metal useful? - **Only with very small currents and if kinetics do not matter** Most often the Li-metal counter electrode shows a (far) higher impedance that the working electrode, e.g. LCO or graphite. This is true especially in the beginning of the cycling tests, when the lithium is not yet porous. During cycling dendrites are growing, so that the impedance of the Li-metal counter electrode drops dramatically. - **Only with few cycles and if aging does not matter** During cycling Li-dendrites are growing. They eventually kill the cell due to an internal shortcut. Thus when doing cycle tests, the growth of dendrites may limit the lifetime, rather than the aging of the working electrode. - **Only if the chemical reaction of Li-metal with the electrolyte does not matter** During cycling, the surface of the Li-metal is changing all the time due to stripping and plating. The fresh Li-metal surface is highly reactive towards the electrolyte. Remember the good reasons not to use a lithium metal anode in real batteries! - **Only if there is no chemical reaction between anode and cathode species** For instance, Mn ions dissolved from an NCM cathode are supposed to deteriorate the SEI growth on the graphite anode. This effect remains invisible, when using Li-metal instead of graphite as anode. **5. Lessons learnt** - So called “half cells” are in fact Li-metal batteries - The large overvoltage at the lithium metal CE, the chemical reactivity of the porous lithium metal, and the growth of lithium dendrites render the “half cell” a poor model for lithium-ion batteries - Whenever possible, use the “real” electrodes of the battery system under study, and employ a reference electrode in order to gain insight in what is happening at the individual electrodes. #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Matthias_200.webp) Dr. Matthias Hahn , Senior Scientist, Co-founder of EL-CELL Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and brings over 15 years of hands-on research experience in electrochemistry, gained at institutions such as Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) **Categories:** News **Tags:** pat-core --- ### [Visualizing the potential gradient in a graphite electrode during electrochemical lithiation](https://www.el-cell.com/visualizing-the-potential-gradient-in-a-graphite-electrode-during-electrochemical-lithiation/) **Published:** July 7, 2017 **Author:** Dr. Matthias Hahn **Excerpt:** Visualizing voltage gradients in graphite using an ECC-Opto-Std cell with continuous copper foil and edge-ion flow color mapping. **Content:** **Former test setup** In a [previous report](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std#test-results), we have used the [ECC-Opto-Std](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std) test cell to visualize the electrochemical lithiation of a free-standing graphite electrode sandwiched with a lithium metal counter electrode as the lithium source. Sketch 1a shows the sandwich geometry of the set-up used at that time. Notably, the graphite film was placed on a holed copper current collector. This way, the ions were allowed to move in the perpendicular direction between the two opposing electrodes, and an almost uniform color change was observed during the charge/discharge cycle. Actually, although invisible, this experiment involves an inevitable potential gradient along the depth of the graphite electrode, as was evidenced by the significant “phase shift” between cell voltage and color change. [![Sketch 1a](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Sketch-1a.png "Sketch-1a | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Sketch-1a.png)Sketch 1a: Cell stack **Present test setup** In the present report, we show how the [ECC-Opto-Std](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std) test cell can be used to visualize a potential gradient inside graphite, just by using a standard graphite electrode with a continuous copper foil as the current collector (rather than a holed current collector). Sketch 1b depicts the set-up used for this experiment. A 9 mm diameter lithium iron phosphate (LFP) electrode was used as the lower electrode and lithium ion source. Two glass fiber discs (10 mm dia, 2 x 0.26 mm thick) were used as the separator. A 2 mm wide strip of the graphite electrode was placed on top of the separator, with the supporting copper current collector in between the LFP electrode and the graphite layer. This way, the copper foil blocks the direct perpendicular ion current between the two opposing electrodes, and forces the ions to enter the graphite at the two edges of the electrode strip. As a consequence, a beautiful color gradient can be observed along the plane of the graphite electrode. [![Sketch 1b: Present test cell setup](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Sketch-1b.png "Sketch-1b | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Sketch-1b.png)Sketch 1b: Cell stack #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Matthias_200.webp) Dr. Matthias Hahn , Senior Scientist, Co-founder of EL-CELL Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and brings over 15 years of hands-on research experience in electrochemistry, gained at institutions such as Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) **Categories:** ECC-Opto-Std, News **Tags:** ecc-opto-std, test case --- ### [Lithium metal dendrites: Pictures speak louder than words](https://www.el-cell.com/lithium-metal-dendrites-pictures-speak-louder-than-words/) **Published:** October 12, 2017 **Author:** Dr. Matthias Hahn **Excerpt:** Watch lithium dendrites grow in a graphite–lithium half-cell and learn why three-electrode cells better model Li-ion batteries. **Content:** In a previous application note named “[1001 reasons for using a reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/1001-reasons-for-using-a-reference-electrode/)” we tried to convince you of the advantages of three-electrode cells with reference electrode over so-called half cells with lithium metal counter electrode. We claimed: “The large overvoltage at the lithium metal CE, the chemical reactivity of the porous lithium metal, and the growth of lithium dendrites render the “half cell” a poor model for lithium-ion batteries.” You doubt what we are saying? Watch this video clip showing the dendrite growth in a graphite-lithium metal half cell. Using our [ECC-Opto-Std](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std/) test cell, we have placed a strip of graphite next to a lithium metal electrode (semicircular in shape) on top of a glass fiber separator soaked with electrolyte. A sapphire window is placed on top of the assembly. By means of the applied mechanical pressure, the soft glass fiber separator deliberately fills up the gap between the graphite strip and the lithium metal electrode. We call this a side-by-side arrangement, because the two electrodes are placed side-by-side rather than being sandwiched as in a conventional set-up. For the electrochemical cycle, the graphite strip is connected to the working electrode of the potentiostat, the lithium metal semicircle to the counter and reference electrode. The video shows how the color gradient evolves along the width of the graphite electrode during lithiation/ delithiation, and how lithium metal dendrites grow and shrink at the edge of the lithium metal counter electrode. Notably, many dendrites grown during the plating half cycle survive the subsequent stripping half cycle. We stopped the video just before this irreversibility resulted into an internal short circuit. [![Cell Stack configuration inside the ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Test-Setup_sketch-300x300.png "Test-Setup_sketch | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Test-Setup_sketch.png) [![ECC-Opto-Std test cell before assembly showing the lithium metal and graphite electrodes.](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Zelle-300x300.jpg "Zelle | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Zelle.jpg)ECC-Opto-Std test cell before assembly showing the lithium metal and graphite electrodes. **Lessons learned:** - The ECC-Opto-Std is a flexible optical test cell allowing the visualization of electrode processes in both sandwich and side-by-side electrode arrangements. - With the side-by-side geometry, the evolution of the potential gradient along the width of a graphite electrode strip can be visualized, and the simultaneous growth and shrinkage of dendrites at the edge of the lithium metal counter electrode. - The observed lithium dendrite growth is largely irreversible. As a consequence, the life of a lithium metal “half cell” is easily ended by a short circuit caused by dendrite growth, rather than the aging of the working electrode. You still doubt what we are saying? In our upcoming video, we will show what happens when using a 3-electrode set-up with a lithium iron phosphate electrode as the counter electrode. Please stay tuned.. **Categories:** ECC-Opto-Std, News **Tags:** ecc-opto-std, test case --- ### [Li metal or Li ion - This is the question](https://www.el-cell.com/lithium-metal-or-li-ion/) **Published:** December 18, 2017 **Author:** Dr. Matthias Hahn **Excerpt:** See lithium-ion plating in real time: ECC-Opto-Std visualizes gradients in graphite/LFP cells—no dendrites with non-metal counter electrodes. **Content:**  The anode material in almost all of today’s secondary lithium-ion batteries is graphite. In order to boost the energy density, we would love to replace the graphite by lithium metal. Many people work on this goal. Unfortunately, the lithium metal anode tends to form dendrites during electrochemical plating, eventually ending the battery life by an internal short-circuit. In our previous application note “Lithium metal dendrites: Pictures speak louder than words” we have presented a time-lapse video showing the lithium dendrite growth in a lithium metal battery using a graphite strip as the working electrode, and lithium metal as the counter electrode. We still own you the proof, that there are no dendrites when using a non-metal lithium source as the counter electrode. Here you go! With our [ECC Opto-Std](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std/) test cell, we placed a graphite strip next to a piece of lithium metal foil under the sapphire window. A glass fibre separator and a disc-shaped lithium iron phosphate (LFP) electrode were pressed against this arrangement from below. The graphite strip was connected to the working electrode of the potentiostat, the LFP electrode to the counter electrode and the lithium metal to the reference electrode. In this way, the lithium metal was used as a reference electrode, and lithium ions were only moved back and forth between the LFP and graphite electrodes. The following video shows how the lithiation / delithiation progresses along the width of the graphite electrode during the electrochemical cycle. [![Schematic view of the cell stack used in the experiment setup](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ECC-Opto_Graphite-LFP_LiRef_Test-Setups-300x180.png "ECC-Opto_Graphite-LFP_LiRef_Test-Setups | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ECC-Opto_Graphite-LFP_LiRef_Test-Setups.png) **Lessons learned:** Using an additional reference electrode, the [ECC-Opto-Std](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std/) test cell allows visualization of the potential and Li-ion concentration gradient in lithium-ion anodes and cathodes. With a non-metallic counter electrode the life time of the set-up is no longer limited by dendrite growth. Li-ion is the answer! You may complain that, with a light microscope, we don’t see what is going on in the LFP cathode. Fortunately, the ECC-Opto-Std can easily be adapted to other techniques such as Raman or X-ray. #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Matthias_200.webp) Dr. Matthias Hahn , Senior Scientist, Co-founder of EL-CELL Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and brings over 15 years of hands-on research experience in electrochemistry, gained at institutions such as Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) **Categories:** ECC-Opto-Std, News **Tags:** ecc-opto-std, test case --- ### [AC or DC? We can both!](https://www.el-cell.com/ac-or-dc-we-can-both/) **Published:** March 5, 2019 **Author:** Dr. Matthias Hahn **Content:** [![PAT-Tester-i-16 with diagrams](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/02_ac_or_cd_we_can_both-300x300.jpg "02_ac_or_cd_we_can_both | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/02_ac_or_cd_we_can_both.jpg)Very often, Li-ion test cells are characterized in two separate experiments: first, constant current charge/discharge cycles are applied in order to learn about the direct current (dc) behavior of the battery, and, second, impedance tests are performed in order to learn about the alternating current (ac) behavior at different states of charge. With our new [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16), the two methods can be seamlessly combined in one single experiment. For this purpose, the constant current during charging and discharging is superimposed by a sinusoidal current of varying frequency. The short frequency sweep (10 kHz to 0.1 Hz, approx. 1 minute per sweep) is only applied every half hour. By using a Li-metal reference electrode, the test method not only detects the impedance of the full battery, but simultaneously the impedances of the individual electrodes. — ## PAT-Tester-i-16 sample test case : ### **First cycle of a Li-ion battery – Combining constant current cycling with GEIS** ##### **Test setup:** - Battery tester: [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) - Test cell: [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) with PAT-Core: WE: NCM 111 (CCI, approx. 2 mAh / cm2) CE: Graphite (CCI, approx. 2 mAh / cm2) RE: Li metal - Separator: FS-5P (PP fibre + PE membrane), Thickness 220 µm - Electrolyte: 1M LiPF6 in EC:DMC (1:1) with 2% VC (100 µl) ##### **Test procedure:** CC charge/discharge with concurrent GEIS analysis ### **Test results:** The diagrams show the initial charge-discharge cycle of a PAT-Cell tested in the PAT-Tester-i-16. During the galvanostatic cycles, the impedance was measured every half hour between 10 kHz and 100 mHz. [![Real part of the two half cell impedances at 100 mHz extracted from the complete set of impedance data](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Graph01-1024x373.png "Graph01 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Graph01.png)The first diagram shows the real part of the two half cell impedances (**no. 1** and **no.2** ) at 100 mHz extracted from the complete set of impedance data gathered during the experiment. ![Complete set of impedance data gathered during the experiment](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Graph02-1024x670.png "Graph02 | EL-CELL") ![Diagram showing Current versus Time](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Graph03-1-1024x435.png "Graph03 | EL-CELL") ![EIS data shown as Nyquist spectra](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Graph04-1-1024x567.png "Graph04 | EL-CELL")Another subset of EIS data is shown as Nyquist spectra (**no.3**) recorded at times a, b and c (**no.4**). ![EIS data is shown as Nyquist spectra](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Graph05-1024x778.png "Graph05 | EL-CELL")The last diagram shows the differential capacity of the graphite half cell, as already calculated during the test. ### **Conclusion:** **Battery testing with the PAT-Tester-i-16 offers the unique possibility of measuring the DC and AC characteristics of both half cells at the same time.** #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Matthias_200.webp) Dr. Matthias Hahn , Senior Scientist, Co-founder of EL-CELL Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and brings over 15 years of hands-on research experience in electrochemistry, gained at institutions such as Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) **Categories:** News, PAT Battery Tester, PAT-Tester-i-16 **Tags:** pat-tester-i-16, test case --- ### [Testing with a finger-shaped reference electrode and EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/testing-with-a-finger-shaped-reference-electrode/) **Published:** February 24, 2020 **Author:** Dr. Matthias Hahn **Content:** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Header_testing-with-a-finger-ref-300x300.jpg "Header_testing-with-a-finger-ref | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Header_testing-with-a-finger-ref.jpg)Update 01/2026: Everything we write here still holds. However, the finger-type reference electrode is no longer available. The good news is that we now have an even better solution: The mesh-type reference electrode. Read more about it here: https://www.el-cell.com/testing-with-mesh-type-reference/ Sometimes a finger-shaped reference electrode can be better than our standard ring-shaped reference electrode. The finger reference measures the electrical potential in the middle of the stack instead of at the outer edge of the cell stack. This can help to minimize artifacts caused by inhomogeneities of the electric field. The finger is made of stainless steel and coated with polyimide, except for the measurement area at the end of the finger. Different geometries of the finger are available.— **The finger-shaped reference electrode is considered useful for several scenarios:** - It can be employed as a stainless steel pseudo-reference electrode. - It can be coated by the user with a reference material (e.g. LTO). - It can be lithiated or delithiated by the user in-situ after cell assembly. All these scenarios are perfectly supported by our [PAT battery testers](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester), like the [PAT Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x-8) and [EL-Software](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/). This is shown here using the example of a cell consisting of NCM and graphite. After building the cell, the stainless steel finger is first electroplated with lithium utilizing the NCM electrode as the lithium source. [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Screenshot-Composer_Praelithiierung1-300x300.jpg "Screenshot-Composer_Praelithiierung1 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Screenshot-Composer_Praelithiierung1.jpg)Pre-lithiation of the finger-shaped stainless steel electrode (R) from the NCM electrode (1) In the second step, the lithiated finger is used as a stable reference electrode when cycling the NCM / graphite cell. Switching between the two modes is easy to do in the test script. No cable connections need to be changed, as would be necessary with a conventional battery tester. [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Screenshot-Composer_Praelithiierung2-300x300.jpg "Screenshot-Composer_Praelithiierung2 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Screenshot-Composer_Praelithiierung2.jpg)Once lithiated, the R electrode serves as a true reference when cycling the NCM / graphite cell. **Conclusion:** **EL-Software and the PAT-Core make pre-lithiating a simple task.** [![PAT Tester-x interface in EL-Software for battery testing](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/PAT-Tester-x-8_with_EL-Software_800x533.jpg "PAT-Tester-x-8_with_EL-Software_800x533 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/PAT-Tester-x-8_with_EL-Software_800x533.jpg) #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Matthias_200.webp) Dr. Matthias Hahn , Senior Scientist, Co-founder of EL-CELL Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and brings over 15 years of hands-on research experience in electrochemistry, gained at institutions such as Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) **Categories:** EL-Software, News, PAT Battery Tester **Tags:** el-software, pat-core, pat-tester-x-8, pre-lithiation, test case --- ### [Application Note: Nothing but Lithium](https://www.el-cell.com/nothing-but-lithium/) **Published:** May 4, 2020 **Author:** Dr. Matthias Hahn **Excerpt:** Explore PAT-Cell lithium-ion testing: reference electrodes, impedance insights, and why lithium metal behaves unpredictably in cycling. **Content:** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Teaser_large_Nothing_but_lithium-300x300.jpg "Teaser_large_Nothing_but_lithium | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Teaser_large_Nothing_but_lithium.jpg) This application note is supposed to be the first in a series dealing with the electrochemical testing of materials for lithium-ion batteries (LiB) using the PAT system from EL-CELL. More precisely, we will show you the advantages of the [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) (compared to other test cells like button, Swagelok and pouch cells) and the [PAT battery testers](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester) (compared to other high-end battery cyclers, impedance analyzers and electrochemical workstations). For that purpose, we are going to look into typical test cases from the battery lab: full cells made up of NCM and graphite as the two electrodes, or so-called half cells comprised of either NCM or graphite as one electrode, and lithium metal as the second electrode, or the like. Part of the mission is to convince you that a reference electrode is indispensable, and so we will perform all tests with a reference electrode as the third electrode. — ## Which electrodes should we start with? Lithium metal is an obvious candidate, although it is not at all contained in a real lithium-ion battery. However, lithium metal is a component of the half-cells that are often built in LiB research laboratories. Therefore, and for the sake of simplicity, we will start using lithium metal for all three electrodes of the PAT-Cell: the two main electrodes (marked 1 and 2 in the sketch below) and also the ring-shaped electrode at the separator edge (marked R). Granted, this is not a battery, but it’s a good starting point. [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/PAT-Cell_Setup_App-Note-1-Nothing-but-lithium-300x300.jpg "PAT-Cell_Setup_App-Note-1-Nothing-but-lithium | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/PAT-Cell_Setup_App-Note-1-Nothing-but-lithium.jpg)Figure 1a: Sketch showing the PAT-Core configuration (cell stack) inside the PAT-Cell. [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/EL-Software_connection_matrix-300x248.png "EL-Software_connection_matrix | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/EL-Software_connection_matrix.png)Figure 1b: Sketch showing the connection between PGStat and PAT-Cell (EL-Software Connection Matrix). Let us briefly look at the connection between PAT-Cell and the potentiostat /galvanostat (PGStat). As a special feature of the PAT-Tester, this connection can be changed during the experiment runtime by a simple command in the test script. Watch the video to learn more about the Connection Matrix: For the present experiment, we will move lithium ions with a constant current of 2 mA from electrode 1 to electrode 2 for about 3.5 hours, then reverse the direction of the current and move the lithium ions in the opposite direction for another 3.5 hours. This cycle is repeated once. Intermittently, during the whole test, a small sinusoidal current was superimposed on the dc current, at frequencies between 62 kHz and 10 Hz, in order to measure the impedance. We made a few short videos that illustrate the work with the PAT system and with [EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/). Here you go: *Video 2: Building the PAT-Cell:* *Video 3:Writing the test procedure in EL-Software:* *Video 4: Running the experiment in EL-Software:* After 2 cycles and 16 hours the experiment was stopped and the gathered data were imported into and plotted with OriginLab™. [![Nyquist impedance spectra of lithium electrodes during cycling](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/figure2_neu.png "figure2_neu | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/figure2_neu.png)Figure 2: Cell current, voltages and impedance of the Li-Li-Li(r) PAT-Cell. For details, see text. The diagrams in figure 2 show from bottom to top the applied direct current i12 (the alternating current contribution for the EIS measurement is hidden), the voltages (V12, V1R, V2R) and the impedances (magnitudes of Z12, Z1, Z2) of the full cell and the two individual electrodes. Every 5 minutes a small sinusoidal current in the frequency range from 62 kHz to 10 Hz was superimposed on the applied direct current. This intermittent GEIS technique (galvanostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) results in the up and down of the |Z| curves when plotted against the experiment time (Fig. 2 c). To facilitate interpretation, we have also plotted the impedance values at a fixed frequency of 10 Hz (Fig. 2 d). Fig. 2 shows just a subset of the many data acquired during the experiment. Especially, there is much more information available about the frequency dependence of the impedance. As only one example, Fig. 3 shows two impedance spectra for each half cell. The first spectra were measured 5 minutes after starting the experiment (label A). The second spectra (B) were measured at the end of the first half cycle. As a common feature all Nyquist spectra share a semicircle whose diameter can be interpreted as the charge transfer resistance of the SEI. [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/figure3-300x300.png "figure3 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/figure3.png)Figure 3: Single electrode impedance spectra 5 minutes after starting the cycle (A) and at the end of the first half cycle (B). Lithium is getting plated on electrode 2. For details, see text. ## What do we observe (and what do we speculate)? By applying a positive current i12, lithium metal is getting dissolved (stripped) at electrode 1 and deposited (plated) at electrode 2. This way, fresh lithium surface is continuously created on both sides, and immediately covered by the decomposition products of the spontaneous reaction with the electrolyte solution: The famous solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is being formed as the bottleneck for charge transfer. One could believe that this Li|Li cell behaves completely symmetrically. The opposite is true: The surface morphologies of the two electrodes develop in very different ways. At electrode 1 the metal dissolution leaves a rather smooth surface behind. In contrast, at electrode 2, new metal is deposited as a dendritic, porous layer with continuously increasing surface area. This difference in surface area (and therefore in “real” current density) is clearly reflected in the over-voltages of the two electrodes. During the first minutes of the experiment, both |V1R| and |V2R| decrease in a similar way. During this initial period the “as-received” passivation layer on the metal surface probably transforms into the SEI-type passivation layer determined by the chemical species in the electrolyte. However, as time goes by, the over-voltages get more and more determined by the very different evolution of the electrode porosity. Consequently, the overvoltage at electrode 1, which remains smooth, settles at a much higher value than the overvoltage at electrode 2, which becomes more and more porous. When the current direction is changed after 3.5 hours, the previously formed porous metal layer on electrode 2 begins to dissolve again, while dendritic lithium starts to deposit on the previously smooth metal surface of electrode 1. Again, the observed over-voltages mainly reflect the different porosities (“real” surface areas), while the SEI layers, which are formed on the fresh metal surface by spontaneous chemical reduction of the electrolyte solution, are supposed to be similar on a microscopic scale. The renewed rise of V2R at the end of the second half cycle fits well into the above picture: At this stage the dendritic lithium on electrode 2 is almost completely depleted, so that non-porous lithium must be dissolved again. From the perspective of the experimenter, a clear advantage of a lithium metal electrode over a Li-ion battery electrode (such as NCM or graphite) is that its equilibrium potential is always constant and known, almost exactly 0 V against Li/Li+. Thanks to this fact, the measured electrode potential is equal to the over-voltage (in magnitude) and scales, at constant current, with the charge transfer resistance of the respective electrode. This relation can be clearly observed in the evolution of the electrode impedances. ## How can we get more evidence? When dismantling the PAT-Cell after the experiment, one can clearly see a greyish residue of dendritic lithium in the separator and on the surface of the two lithium electrodes. *Video 5: Disassembling the PAT-Cell* An even more direct way is to observe dendrite growth through a window in the test cell. The ECC-Opto-Std is the perfect test cell for this purpose. Here you go! *Video 6: ECC-Opto-Std – Watch lithium dendrites grow* Unfortunately, the time lapse video stops before the first cycle is completed. But even this short period of time is enough to realize that many dendrites lose contact to their “mother” electrode and must be considered lost for the rest of the experiment. ## What can we conclude? Bad news is that during plating / stripping of lithium metal some of the precious metal is lost due to the chemical reaction with the electrolyte solution and, what is even worse, some dendrites can find their way to the counter electrode and cause a short circuit. This is the sad truth about the lithium metal electrode and even today prevents its use in rechargeable batteries. Another piece of bad news is that the lithium metal electrode behaves very differently at rest, during stripping and plating, and that its impedance depends heavily on the history of the experiment. This fact makes lithium a difficult electrode to study anode and cathode materials in two-electrode half cells. We will demonstrate this in our next application report, which will focus on the cathode half cell: NCM versus Lithium – Too much Lithium? I should also remember the good news. The good news is that there is plenty of room for new inventions around a reversible lithium metal electrode and that the PAT system is the perfect tool for such inventions. Enough material for many more application notes. Please stay tuned! — *by **Dr. Matthias Hahn**, Dr. Annika Baumann, Margaryta Paramonova, Daniel Wilke* #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Matthias_200.webp) Dr. Matthias Hahn , Senior Scientist, Co-founder of EL-CELL Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and brings over 15 years of hands-on research experience in electrochemistry, gained at institutions such as Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) **Categories:** EL-Software, News, PAT Battery Tester, PAT-Tester-i-16 **Tags:** el-software, pat-cell, pat-tester-i-16, test case --- ### [Application Note: NCM against Lithium – Too much Lithium?](https://www.el-cell.com/too-much-lithium/) **Published:** June 4, 2020 **Author:** Dr. Matthias Hahn **Excerpt:** Half-cell battery tests can mislead without a reference electrode. Learn why lithium counter electrodes distort NCM performance data. **Content:** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Teaser_large_Too_much_lithium-300x300.jpg "Teaser_large_Too_much_lithium | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Teaser_large_Too_much_lithium.jpg) New cathode and anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LiB) are often tested for their electrochemical performance using lithium metal as the counter electrode. In laboratory language, these configurations are sometimes called “half-cells”. In most cases no reference electrode is used for such half-cells because the electrode potential of the lithium metal electrode is considered to be pinned to 0 V vs. Li/Li+. The half-cell concept is impressively simple and has proven useful in many contexts. However, we will show here that half-cell experiments have their limits. In this note we will first take a closer look at the cathode half-cell. For that purpose we have built a [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) with NCM 111 against lithium metal using a glass fiber separator and a standard LiPF6-based electrolyte. An insulation sleeve with built-in lithium metal reference was used in order to monitor the single electrode potentials during the experiment. — [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/PAT-Cell_Setup_App-Note-2-Too-much-lithium-300x300.jpg "PAT-Cell_Setup_App-Note-2-Too-much-lithium | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/PAT-Cell_Setup_App-Note-2-Too-much-lithium.jpg)Figure 1a: Sketch showing the PAT-Core configuration (cell stack) inside the PAT-Cell. [![Software connection matrix for battery test system channels](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/EL-Software_connection_matrix.png "EL-Software_connection_matrix | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/EL-Software_connection_matrix.png)Figure 1b: Sketch showing the cell stack of the NCM-Li-Li(R) cell. NCM 111 was used as the lower electrode (1), lithium metal for both the upper electrode (2) and the ring-shaped reference electrode (R). *Video 1: Assembling the PAT-Cell:* The test procedure is to cycle the NCM half-cell with a constant current of 1 mA between 2.5 and 4.3 V cell voltage (V12). Intermittently, every 5 minutes, a small sinusoidal current is superimposed on the direct current at frequencies between 100 kHz and 0.1 Hz to measure the impedance. For the sake of simplicity, only the magnitude of the impedance at 0.1 Hz – the effective “DC resistance” – is shown and discussed below. *Video 2: EL-Software – Writing the test procedure* *Video 3: EL-Software – Running the experiment* [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/figure2-300x300.png "figure2 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/figure2.png)Figure 2: Cell current, voltages and impedance at 0.1 Hz of the NCM-Li-Li(R) PAT-Cell. Note that the voltage axis in diagram (b) is interrupted to emphasize the overvoltage at the lithium metal electrode. The diagrams in figure 2 show from bottom to top the applied current i12, the voltages (V12, V1R, V2R) and the impedances (magnitudes of Z12, Z1, Z2 at 0.1 Hz) of the full cell and the individual electrodes. ## **What do we observe (and what do we speculate)?** By applying a positive current i12, lithium ions are getting extracted from the NCM electrode (1) and deposited (plated) at the lithium metal electrode (2). In this way, a porous layer of dendritic lithium metal grows on the original non-porous lithium surface. The increase in surface area is reflected in a decrease of overvoltage |V2R| and impedance |Z2| of the lithium metal electrode. When the current direction is reverted after 6 hours, the previously formed porous metal layer is dissolved at low overvoltage. The slight increase of |V2R| and |Z2| at the end of this discharge half cycle, after about 11 hours, indicates that the porous lithium layer is almost consumed at this point, so that non-porous lithium must be dissolved again. This effect becomes more and more pronounced in the following cycles. ## **A curious observation** A somewhat curious thing about the NCM half-cell is that at the very beginning lithium metal is deposited on lithium metal. Wouldn’t it be sufficient (and easier) if the lithium from the NCM was deposited on an inert metal sheet in the first cycle, and this lithium then recycled? We have tested this idea by cycling NCM against a plain stainless steel plunger using the same test protocol as in the first experiment. [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Cell_Setup_App-Note-2-NCM_vs_SS-300x300.jpg "PAT-Cell_Setup_App-Note-2-NCM_vs_SS | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Cell_Setup_App-Note-2-NCM_vs_SS.jpg)Figure 3a: Sketch showing the PAT-Core configuration (cell stack) with NCM 111 against stainless steel inside the PAT-Cell. [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/figure3-300x300.png "figure3 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/figure3.png)Figure 3b: The initial minutes of experiment 2. Plating lithium metal on the stainless steel plunger (ss). As can be seen in figure 3b, it takes approximately 80 seconds to get the potential of the stainless steel plunger down to 0 V vs. Li/Li+. During the next 6 hours the plunger is plated with lithium. Then, until the end of the third cycle (labeled A in figure 4), the cell runs very similar to the first experiment. At this point, both V2R and |Z2| suddenly rise, indicating that the anode can no longer supply the required lithium to “refill” the NCM. **Where has the lithium gone?** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/figure4-300x300.png "figure4 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/figure4.png)Figure 4: The initial 32 hours of experiment 2. After 29 hours (label A) the lithium supply on the stainless steel plunger is depleted. The end point of the 3rd cycle is thus determined by the rise of V2R and no longer by the fall of V1R. The reason for this behavior can be understood when plotting the Coulomb efficiencies of the two experiments, figure 5. For both experiments, the Coulomb efficiency of the 1st cycle is 88%. That means that 12% of the lithium extracted during the first half cycle cannot be “refilled” into the NCM lattice during the second half cycle. Assuming that all the lithium extracted from the NCM would be plated on the stainless steel plunger (i.e. with 100% Coulomb efficiency), this amount of lithium would be sufficient for the subsequent cycles until the end of days, regardless of the Coulomb efficiency of the NCM electrode. Unfortunately, the Coulomb efficiency of lithium plating/stripping turns out to be only 95 %, while that of the lithium ion extraction/insertion into and out of NCM is already >99% in cycle 2. As a consequence, the stock of lithium metal built up in the first half cycle is already exhausted at the end of the third cycle. [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/figure5-300x300.png "figure5 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/figure5.png)Figure 5: The evolution of the Coulomb efficiencies of the two experiments. In the NCM vs. stainless steel (ss) cell, the initially plated lithium metal is used up at the end of cycle 3, resulting in the observed drop of the Coulomb efficiency. In the NCM-Li cell, the large excess of lithium metal ensures that the charge efficiency is solely determined by the NCM electrode. This in mind, we now understand why overvoltage and impedance of the lithium metal electrode increase at the vertex points of each cycle and why this effect is getting more pronounced after a few cycles (cf. figure 2). This is because some fresh, non-porous lithium metal must be dissolved at the end of each cycle in order to compensate for the lithium metal lost during this cycle. And so unfortunately, we cannot do without the lithium metal counter electrode in the NCM half cell. The excess of lithium metal is needed to compensate for the 5% loss during plating/stripping. Using Faraday’s law, we calculate that about 65 µg of lithium metal is lost per cycle in our experiments. (5% of 5 mAh / 96500 As mol-1 \* 7 g/mol). 1 mg of excess lithium will keep our cell running for 150 hours. The lithium metal is believed to be lost by chemical reaction with the electrolyte solution (and thus forming the SEI) and by electrical disconnection of metallic lithium (Li0) pockets during dendrite growth and dissolution. The disconnected but still metallic lithium can be observed as a greyish residue in the separator and on the surface of the lithium metal electrode when dismantling the fully discharged PAT-Cell after the experiment. Only recently it was reported that the inactive Li0 can be quantitatively determined as hydrogen gas by reaction with water \[Ref 1\]. The authors state that most lithium is lost by electrical disconnection (and so is still present in the form of disconnected lithium metal) and not by chemical reaction. *Video 4: Disassembling the PAT-Cell* ## What can we conclude? - The plating/stripping of lithium metal is not fully reversible. In our case, in each cycle, about 5% of the plated lithium metal is lost either by chemical reaction with the electrolyte solution or by electrical separation of still metallic lithium from the “mother” anode. - The lithium dendrites growing into the separator can cause a short circuit with the NCM cathode and thus limit the life of the cell. Thus, long-term cycling and aging experiments with a lithium metal anode is difficult. - The impedance of the lithium metal anode changes significantly during each cycle and from cycle to cycle. It temporarily even dominates the kinetics of the cell, especially at the beginning of the first cycle and in the further course of the experiment always at the end of the discharge. Thus, the kinetics of the NCM electrode obviously cannot be determined in a two-electrode arrangement with a lithium metal anode without reference electrode. You should always know the impedance of both anode and cathode **Our advice:** Build your test cells with the anodes and cathodes that are actually in the finished battery. Only use a lithium metal anode if you want it to be in the finished battery. And whether you work with or without a lithium metal anode, always use a reference electrode as a third electrode. Whenever possible. Did I mention that you should use our[ PAT system](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview)? In the next note of this series we will address the so-called anode half-cell, i.e. graphite against lithium. Maybe you can guess what’s going to happen. But there’s a surprise. Stay tuned (and healthy). — \[Ref 1\] [Fang, C., Li, J., Zhang, M. *et al.* Quantifying inactive lithium in lithium metal batteries.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31435056/) *Nature* **572,** 511–515 (2019). *by **Dr. Matthias Hahn**, Dr. Annika Baumann, Margaryta Paramonova, Daniel Wilke* #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Matthias_200.webp) Dr. Matthias Hahn , Senior Scientist, Co-founder of EL-CELL Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and brings over 15 years of hands-on research experience in electrochemistry, gained at institutions such as Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) **Categories:** EL-Software, News, PAT Battery Tester, PAT-Tester-i-16 **Tags:** el-software, pat-cell, pat-tester-i-16, test case --- ### [PAT-Cell & PAT-Tester: Precision and Longevity for Advanced Battery Research](https://www.el-cell.com/5000hrs-cycling/) **Published:** December 4, 2025 **Author:** Dr. Matthias Hahn **Excerpt:** 5000-hour lithium-ion battery test shows PAT-Cell reliability: only 10% capacity loss, high coulombic efficiency, and stable reference electrode precision. **Content:** ## **New 5000-hour Sample Test Results** Some time ago, we demonstrated the outstanding reliability and accuracy of the PAT-Cell, our standard 3-electrode battery test cell, in combination with our PAT-tester-i-16 potentiostat, with a [2000-hour measurement](https://www.el-cell.com/reliability-meets-accuracy/). In this new sample test, we have once again cycled a PAT-Cell in a PAT-Tester-i-16, but **increased the experiment time to a full 5000 hours**. We want to show you the impressive results here. ### **Details on the experimental setup:** - Battery test cell: [PAT-Cell with metal seal](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) - Potentiostat: [PAT-Tester-i-16 at 25°C](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) - Cell stack and chemistry: - Electrodes: NCM 111 vs. graphite (CCI, 2 mAh/cm2) - Electrolyte: LP32 - [Insulation sleeve with built-in glass fiber separator (GF/A) and Li reference ring](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m) - Test protocol: - CC-CV charge to 4.2 V, CC-CV discharge to 3.0 V - Charge and discharge at 0.1 C, 30 min CV ### Test results [![Graph of capacity retention and Coulomb efficiency vs time](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/EL-CELL_Sample-Test-Result_PAT-Cell_5000hrs_Data-vs-time.png "EL-CELL_Sample-Test-Result_PAT-Cell_5000hrs_Data-vs-time | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/EL-CELL_Sample-Test-Result_PAT-Cell_5000hrs_Data-vs-time.png) In the first diagram, we look at capacity retention and Coulomb efficiency over time. Even after 5000 hours of measurement, the observed **capacity loss is only 10%**. This high value is comparable to commercial lithium-ion batteries. Battery longevity is achieved by the high tightness of the PAT-Cell, specifically through the use of a [metallic aluminum seal](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer?_pos=5&_fid=696f50212&_ss=c). [![Capacity retention and coulomb efficiency graph versus cycle number](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/EL-CELL_Sample-Test-Result_PAT-Cell_5000hrs_Data-vs-cycles_Coulomb-Efficiency_zoomed.png "EL-CELL_Sample-Test-Result_PAT-Cell_5000hrs_Data-vs-cycles_Coulomb-Efficiency_zoomed | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/EL-CELL_Sample-Test-Result_PAT-Cell_5000hrs_Data-vs-cycles_Coulomb-Efficiency_zoomed.png)Capacity retention and Coulomb efficiency vs. cycle number Here, we look at the same values against the number of cycles. We have also enlarged the Coulomb efficiency axis to better see the exact distribution of the measurement points. Remarkable here is the resolution and precision of the PAT-Tester-i-16 used, which enables **determination of the charging efficiency to within a few hundredths of a percent**. [![Differential capacity plotted against cell voltage for PAT-Cell test](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/EL-CELL_Sample-Test-Result_PAT-Cell_5000hrs_Differential-Capacity.png "EL-CELL_Sample-Test-Result_PAT-Cell_5000hrs_Differential-Capacity | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/EL-CELL_Sample-Test-Result_PAT-Cell_5000hrs_Differential-Capacity.png)Differential Capacity vs. Cell Voltage [![Graph of single electrode potential versus cycle time in battery test](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/EL-CELL_Sample-Test-Result_PAT-Cell_5000hrs_Electrode-Potential.png "EL-CELL_Sample-Test-Result_PAT-Cell_5000hrs_Electrode-Potential | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/EL-CELL_Sample-Test-Result_PAT-Cell_5000hrs_Electrode-Potential.png)Single Electrode Potential vs. Cycle Time The last two diagrams show that the reference electrode functions without any problems throughout the entire period, allowing us to examine the performance of the anode and cathode separately. This is a significant advantage over conventional two-electrode measurements, e.g., coin-cell measurements. ### Conclusion The PAT-Cell test cell series and the perfectly matched PAT-Tester potentiostats form a uniquely powerful platform for characterizing lithium-ion battery materials using a reference electrode. This integrated solution delivers what battery researchers need most: **unmatched precision, unrivaled stability, and true long-term performance.** At the heart of the PAT-Cell lies an exceptional sealing concept that enables continuous measurements over several thousand hours. Thanks to highly reliable glass-to-metal feedthroughs for electrode connections and a robust metallic aluminum seal for the cell lid, the PAT-Cell achieves outstanding tightness. The result: long-term experiments with performance retention comparable to commercial lithium-ion batteries — as you can see in these test results, **only 10% capacity loss over more than 5000 hours.** Paired with the PAT-Tester, this system becomes a benchmark for high-precision electrochemical analysis. The PAT-Tester delivers industry-leading resolution and accuracy, capable of determining charge efficiency with a precision of just a few hundredths of a percent. No other battery tester on the market offers comparable performance, making the **PAT-Tester the ideal instrument for High Precision Coulometry (HPC)**. A further unique advantage is the long-term stability of the reference electrode. It operates reliably over the full 5000-hour duration, enabling separate and continuous monitoring of both the anode and the cathode. By measuring individual electrode potentials and impedances, researchers gain deep insight into degradation pathways and performance evolution — with unsurpassed clarity. **Together, PAT-Cell and PAT-Tester set a new standard for long-term, high-precision battery material characterization. For anyone seeking uncompromising data quality, extended test durations, and true electrode-level insight, there is no better choice.** \_ *by Dr. Matthias Hahn et al.* ### Related products: [![PAT-Cell battery test cell with metal seal components](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell_M_250_02.webp "PAT-Cell_M_250_02 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/)[**PAT-Cell**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) 3-electrode battery test cell for electrochemical testing of lithium-ion and other materials using the innovative [PAT-Core concept](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept). [Read more](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png "Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/)[**PAT-Tester-i-16**](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) Multichannel potentiostat with an integrated temperature chamber [Read more](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) #### About the author ![author avatar](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Matthias_200.webp) Dr. Matthias Hahn , Senior Scientist, Co-founder of EL-CELL Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and brings over 15 years of hands-on research experience in electrochemistry, gained at institutions such as Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. [See Full Bio](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) [ ](https://www.el-cell.com/author/matthias/) **Categories:** News, PAT Battery Tester, PAT Series, PAT-Tester-i-16 **Tags:** longterm testing, pat-cell, pat-tester-i-16, test case --- ## Pages ### [Welcome to EL-CELL - Electrochemical test equipment for battery research](https://www.el-cell.com/) **Published:** November 20, 2015 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Discover EL-CELL’s products for advanced battery material research, test cells, potentiostats, lab news, and latest software/manual updates. **Content:** State-of-the-Art Multichannel Potentiostats [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) [EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) [Sample Test Cases](https://www.el-cell.com/category/pat-battery-tester/) Our PAT Battery Testers are specially developed for the requirements of battery material research. They offer excellent measurement accuracy and many unique features. # Battery Test Cells for Your Application [Show all](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/) [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) [ECD-4-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) [ECC-Opto-10](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) With our versatile range of battery test cells, you are ideally equipped for a broad spectrum of electrochemical measurements. Modular Components for Your Cell Stack [Show all](https://www.el-cell.com/products/cell-components/) [PAT-Core Configurations](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/common-test-cases/) [The PAT-Core Concept](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) Customize your battery test cell for your specific application. Our ready-to-use PAT-Core components offer a variety of options for 2- and 3-electrode measurements. High-Precision Tools that make Your Life Easier [Show all](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/) [EL-Cut](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) [ECC-LiPunch](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) [Metal Seal Mounting Kit](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/) We offer various tools that assist you during the preparation and assembly stages of your battery test cells. ![]( "headline-flag-blue") ![]( "mood_tools") ![]( "tools_tools_all") ![]( "tools_el-cut") ![]( "tools_lipunch") ![]( "tools_mounting-kit") ![]( "bg-gradient-grey") ![]( "mood_tester") ![PAT-Tester-i-16]( "tester_pat-tester-i-16") ![]( "tester_pat-tester-x-8") ![]( "tester-el-software") ![]( "tester_test-cases") ![]( "cells_all_04") ![]( "components_all_02") ![]( "components_configurations") ![]( "components_pat-core") ![]( "mood_cells_2025") ![]( "Test-cells_2025") ![]( "cells_pat-cell") ![ECD-4-nano product image]( "ECD-4-nano_badge_new_250") ![]( "cells_ecc-opto-10") **Experience our products live! Visit us at the [ Faraday Institution Conference 2026 (September 8 – 10, 2026) ](https://www.el-cell.com/about-us/events/)** ## New The PAT-Cell-Solid! Battery Test Cell for Testing Solid-State Chemistries at 300 MPa! [![PAT-Cell-Solid test cell for solid-state electrolytes](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Solid_440_badge_new.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) [More about the PAT-Cell-Solid](http://) New PAT-Cell-Solid! Solid-state testing at 300 MPa! Read more Read more ![PAT-Cell-Solid]( "Productslider_PAT-Cell-Solid_new") ![PAT-Cell-Solid]( "Productslider_PAT-Cell-Solid") The PAT Workflow for Electrochemical Testing Learn more [![We are hiring!](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Newsslider_Stellenanzeige-Sales.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/about-us/careers/sales-engineer/) [![ECD-4-nano dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Newsslider_Produkte-ECD-4-nano_facelift.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Newsslider_Services_mobile.webp)](https://el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory) ## News From the Lab: - [PAT-Cell-Solid: Standardised Cell Design for Reproducible and Comparable ASSB Performance (06/2026)](https://www.el-cell.com/standardized-cell-design-for-reproducible-and-comparable-assb-performance/) - [A Comfortable Approach to Determining the Single Electrode Impedance at Varying SOC (05/2026)](https://www.el-cell.com/determine-single-electrode-impedance-at-varying-soc/) - [Long-term Stable and Ready-to-use: Examining Partly Delithiated LFP as Reference Material (02/2026)](https://www.el-cell.com/lfp-reference-electrode/) - [5000 hrs Test with PAT-Cell and PAT-Tester-i-16: Precision and Longevity for Advanced Battery Research (12/2025)](https://www.el-cell.com/5000hrs-cycling/) A Comfortable Approach to Determining the Single Electrode Impedance at Varying SOC! Read more Read more ![Sequence showing impedance spectrum transformation: two panels with blue Nyquist plots and colored blocks, arrows indicating progression from left to right.]( "Determine SOC_notext") ![Two impedance plots (Nyquist plots) showing a transition from a small semicircular arc on the left to a steeper high‑frequency rise on the right, with blue data and colored overlays and arrows indicating progression.]( "Determine SOC_notext") PAT-Cell-Solid: PAT-Cell-Solid: Standardised Cell Design for Reproducible and Comparable ASSB Performance Read more Read more ![Industrial valve on the left with graphs showing time-based pressure and flow waveforms on the right.]( "PAT-Cell-Solid Standardised Test Cell for ASSB_BG_02") ![App Note: PAT-Cell-Solid: Standardised Cell Design for Reproducible and Comparable ASSB Performance]( "PAT-Cell-Solid Standardised Test Cell for ASSB_BG") ## Software & Manual Updates: - Manual update: [ ECC-Opto-10 Release 1.31 available for download (08/2026)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8987) - Manual update: [ PAT-Cell-Gas Release 1.6 available for download (06/2026)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/6610) - Manual update: [ PAT-Cell-Press II Release 1.1 available for download (06/2026)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/12771) - Manual update: [ PAT-Cell Release 2.8 available for download (06/2026)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1659) PAT-Cell and PAT-Tester-i-16 Precision and Longevity for Advanced Battery Research Read more Read more ![]( "5000hrs_bg") ECD-4-nano: Setup and Assembly Procedures Watch it now Watch it now Watch our Latest Video ![]( "play_icon_02") ![Close-up of gloved hands assembling a precision lab valve on a metal block in a lab setting.]( "ECD-4-nano_Setup and Assembly_2webp") ### Selected Reference Customers Over 800 customers from industrial and academic research and development institutions already trust in our innovative solutions for battery materials research. ![Selected customers of EL-CELL products](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/selected-customers_02_06.png) --- ### [ECC-Opto-10](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) **Published:** April 14, 2021 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # **ECC-Opto-10** ##### Test cell for optical characterization in the reflective mode. [Request a quote](#quote)[Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/9075/)[Videos](#videos) ![ECC-Opto-10 optical battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ECC-Opto-10_02_440.webp) # **ECC-Opto-10** ##### Test cell for optical characterization in the reflective mode. ![ECC-Opto-10 optical battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ECC-Opto-10_02_440.webp) [Product overview](#overview)[Videos](#videos) [Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/9075/) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Product overview - [Product description](#1749110769818-c3092732-5a91) - [Features](#1489590439848-263ccde9-d862) - [Manual](#1499948288300-621c3029-265a) - [Specifications](#1623930852629-8f097517-388d) - [Delivery scope](#1489590517228-fb0d380c-9941) - [Consumables](#1718898275455-47ab747a-5f0c) - [Spare parts](#1489590870146-80461bed-122c) #### [Product description](#1749110769818-c3092732-5a91) ### Product description The ECC-Opto-10 test cell is an advanced next generation battery test cell. It is designed for operando characterization of electrodes using light microscopy, Raman spectroscopy or XRD in reflection mode. A newly developed sealing concept utilizing laser-welded glass-to-metal electrode feedthroughs and foil seals substantially increases cycle stability compared to the previous generation. The much more compact and low profile design allows use under a wide range of microscopes. We further optimized the cell design for easy assembly. Dedicated sample holders for side-by-side and face-to-face arrangements of electrodes vastly improve the handling. The ECC-Opto-10 is connected to the battery tester via 2 mm cell cable with banana plugs. It can be used with the PAT-Tester-x-8 as well as potentiostats and battery testers from third-party manufacturers. ![ecc-opto-10_explo_01](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/ecc-opto-10_explo_01.png "ecc-opto-10_explo_01") #### [Features](#1489590439848-263ccde9-d862) ### Features High cycling stability due to improved sealing concept Dedicated sample holders for different electrode arrangements available Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Low cell height of 21.5 mm for trouble-free use under many light microscopes Fits well on standard microscope sample stages (76 × 26 mm (DIN ISO 8037-1)) #### [Manual](#1499948288300-621c3029-265a) ### Manual [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Download_Manual_ECC-Opto-10_Thumb_140x100png.webp)](https://el-cell.com/download/8987/)ECC-Opto-10 User Manual Release 1.31 Date August 2026 Type PDF Size 2.0 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8987/) #### [Specifications](#1623930852629-8f097517-388d) ### Specifications [![ECC-Opto-10 measurements diagram](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/EL-Cell_ECC-Opto-10_measurements.png "EL-Cell_ECC-Opto-10_measurements | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/EL-Cell_ECC-Opto-10_measurements.png) Height 21.5 mm Width 51 mm (base), 55 mm (in total) Depth 75 mm (base), 77.5 mm (in total) Weight 0.3 kg Electrode dimensions up to 10 mm Max thickness of cell stack 0.9 mm Operational temperature range -20° to +70°C Dead volume 1.8 cm³ [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Delivery scope](#1489590517228-fb0d380c-9941) ### Delivery scope Item nameOrder no. ECC-Opto-10 test cell Window seal (10 pcs.)ECC1-05-0016-B/X PE Sealing foil (10 pcs.)ECC1-05-0032-A/X Separator 10.0 mm x 0.26 mm, GF/A (10 pcs.) ECC1-01-0012-R/X Torque screwdriver, 0.2 Nm, cross handleWZG9021 Inbus bit 1.5 mm x 1/4 inchWZG9046 Hexagon screwdriver 2.5 mm, cross handleWZG9047 Loading tweezerECC1-09-2010-B Contact ring (face to face)ECC1-05-0039-C Contact disc 1.4404 (100x)ECC1-05-0042-A Contact disc 1.4404 (200x)ECC1-05-0042-B Contact disc 1.4404 (50x)ECC1-05-0042-C Sample holder side-by-sideECC1-05-0040-B #### [Consumables](#1718898275455-47ab747a-5f0c) ### Consumables Item nameOrder no.Cell designOrder ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-01-0012-R.webp)Separator 10.0 mm x 0.26 mm, GF/A, 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-R/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-10-0-mm-x-0-26-mm-gf-a?_pos=1&_fid=3713d84ed&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-05-0032-A.webp)PE Sealing foil, 10 pcsECC1-05-0032-A/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-sealing-foil?_pos=2&_fid=3713d84ed&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-05-0016-B-1.webp)Window seal, 10 pcsECC1-05-0016-B/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/window-seal?_pos=3&_fid=3713d84ed&_ss=c) #### [Spare parts](#1489590870146-80461bed-122c) ### Spare parts **Test cell** [![EL-CELL ECC-Opto test cell spare parts components](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/EL-CELL_ECC-Opto-10_Spare-Parts_Cell_09-2022-1.png "EL-CELL_ECC-Opto-10_Spare-Parts_Cell_09-2022 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/EL-CELL_ECC-Opto-10_Spare-Parts_Cell_09-2022-1.png) **Lid assembly** **[![Opto-10 lid spare parts](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/opto-10-lid_explo-300x198.png "opto-10-lid_explo | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/opto-10-lid_explo.png)** The ECC-Opto-10 test cell is an advanced next generation battery test cell. It is designed for operando characterization of electrodes using light microscopy, Raman spectroscopy or XRD in reflection mode. A newly developed sealing concept utilizing laser-welded glass-to-metal electrode feedthroughs and foil seals substantially increases cycle stability compared to the previous generation. The much more compact and low profile design allows use under a wide range of microscopes. We further optimized the cell design for easy assembly. Dedicated sample holders for side-by-side and face-to-face arrangements of electrodes vastly improve the handling. The ECC-Opto-10 is connected to the battery tester via 2 mm cell cable with banana plugs. It can be used with the [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) as well as potentiostats and battery testers from third-party manufacturers. ## ECC-Opto-10 overview Features High cycling stability due to improved sealing concept Dedicated sample holders for side-by-side and face-to-face electrode arrangements available Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Low cell height of 21.5 mm for trouble-free use under many light microscopes Fits well on standard microscope sample stages (76 × 26 mm (DIN ISO 8037-1)) Specifications Height 21.5 mm Width 51 mm (base), 55 mm (in total) Depth 75 mm (base), 77.5 mm (in total) Weight 0.3 kg Electrode dimensions up to 10 mm Max thickness of cell stack 0.9 mm Operational temperature range -20° to +70°C Dead volume 1.8 cm³ [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Download_Manual_ECC-Opto-10_Thumb_140x100png.webp)](https://el-cell.com/download/8987/)ECC-Opto-10 User Manual Release 1.31 Date August 2026 Type PDF Size 2.0 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8987/) Delivery scope Item nameOrder no. ECC-Opto-10 test cell Window seal (10 pcs.)ECC1-05-0016-B/X PE Sealing foil (10 pcs.)ECC1-05-0032-A/X Separator 10.0 mm x 0.26 mm, GF/A (10 pcs.) ECC1-01-0012-R/X Torque screwdriver, 0.2 Nm, cross handleWZG9021 Inbus bit 1.5 mm x 1/4 inchWZG9046 Hexagon screwdriver 2.5 mm, cross handleWZG9047 Loading tweezerECC1-09-2010-B Contact ring (face to face)ECC1-05-0039-C Contact disc 1.4404 (100x)ECC1-05-0042-A Contact disc 1.4404 (200x)ECC1-05-0042-B Contact disc 1.4404 (50x)ECC1-05-0042-C Sample holder side-by-sideECC1-05-0040-B Consumables Item nameOrder no.Cell designOrder ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-01-0012-R.webp)Separator 10.0 mm x 0.26 mm, GF/A, 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-R/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-10-0-mm-x-0-26-mm-gf-a?_pos=1&_fid=3713d84ed&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-05-0032-A.webp)PE Sealing foil, 10 pcsECC1-05-0032-A/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-sealing-foil?_pos=2&_fid=3713d84ed&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-05-0016-B-1.webp)Window seal, 10 pcsECC1-05-0016-B/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/window-seal?_pos=3&_fid=3713d84ed&_ss=c) Spare parts ### Spare parts **Test cell** [![EL-CELL ECC-Opto spare parts test cell components](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/EL-CELL_ECC-Opto-10_Spare-Parts_Cell-1.png "EL-CELL_ECC-Opto-10_Spare-Parts_Cell | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/EL-CELL_ECC-Opto-10_Spare-Parts_Cell-1.png) **Lid assembly** **[![Opto-10 lid spare parts](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/opto-10-lid_explo.png "opto-10-lid_explo | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/opto-10-lid_explo.png)** # Dedicated sample holders Improve your workflow and save time with our sample holders for side-by-side and face-to face arrangements of electrodes. **Sample holder (side-by-side)** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sample-holder-side-by-side) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/sample_holder_side-by-side.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/sample_holder_side-by-side.png) ![Cycling of graphite vs Li in a side-by-side arrangement](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/sample_side-by-side.gif)Cycling of graphite vs Li in a side-by-side arrangement **Sample holder (face-to-face)** Contact discs with 1, 2, and 4 mm opening are available and included with each test cell. [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/contact-ring-face-to-face?pr_prod_strat=e5_desc&pr_rec_id=0e80c1f6e&pr_rec_pid=8205005193480&pr_ref_pid=10073604358408&pr_seq=uniform) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/sample_holder_face-to-face.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/sample_holder_face-to-face.png) ![Cycling of graphite vs Li in face-to-face arrangement](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/sample_face-to-face.gif)Cycling of graphite vs Li in face-to-face arrangement **Sample holder (face to face with mesh)** [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/contact-ring-face-to-face-with-mesh) [![Sample holder (face to face with mesh)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/sample_holder_face-to-face_with_mesh_02.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/sample_holder_face-to-face_with_mesh_02.webp) This sample holder features a contact ring with an integrated mesh. It is suitable for light microscopy and X-ray applications. # Tools & Accessories - [Lid Units](#1749110788520-533a2a12-2f4e) - [Connection cable](#1786973862743-96497d00-24be) - [Electrode cutting pliers](#1749110788576-77e1790d-852f) #### [Lid Units](#1749110788520-533a2a12-2f4e) ### Lid units for different window materials and applications ### Lid unit (OPTO-10) 18 mm Sapphire (22×0.3 mm) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-18-mm-Sapphire-22x0.3-mm_250.png "Lid-unit-(OPTO-10)-18-mm-Sapphire-(22x0.3-mm)_250 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-18-mm-Sapphire-22x0.3-mm_440.png) Item nameData Lid opening18 mm Supported window size22 x 0.3 +/- 0.1 mm Contentpreassembled lid unit with sapphire window Order no.ECC1-05-0010-B PurposeSuitable for stable window materials such as sapphire glass ### Lid unit (OPTO-10) 10 mm Borosilicate (22×0.3 mm) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-10-mm-Borosilicate-22x0.3-mm_250.png "Lid-unit-(OPTO-10)-10-mm-Borosilicate-(22x0.3-mm)_250 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-10-mm-Borosilicate-22x0.3-mm_440.png) Item nameData Lid opening10 mm Supported window size22 x 0.3 +/- 0.1 mm Contentpreassembled lid unit with borosilicate window Order no.ECC1-05-0010-C PurposeSuitable for less stable window materials like borosilicate ### Lid unit (OPTO-10) 10×12 mm Beryllium (22×0.2 mm), theta > 5° [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-10x12-mm-Beryllium-22x0.2-mm_250.png "Lid-unit-(OPTO-10)-10x12-mm-Beryllium-(22x0.2-mm)_250 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-10x12-mm-Beryllium-22x0.2-mm_440.png) Item nameData Lid opening10 x 12 mm (theta > 5°, Inspection area (theta > 5°) = 1 mm) Supported window size22 x 0.3 +/- 0.1 mm Contentpreassembled lid unit with beryllium window Order no.ECC1-05-0010-H Note on usageWe strongly recommend to place a thin polyimide foil between window and electrode to avoid chemical reactions of the beryllium. ### Lid unit (OPTO-10) 18 mm (22×0.25 mm with slit mask) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-18-mm-22x0.25-mm-with-slit-mask_250.png "Lid-unit-(OPTO-10)-18-mm-(22x0.25-mm-with-slit-mask)_250 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-18-mm-22x0.25-mm-with-slit-mask_440.png) Item nameData Lid opening18 mm Supported window size22 x 0.25 +/- 0.1 mm Contentlid unit **without window** Order no.ECC1-05-0010-G NoteSuitable for unstable window materials such as PET. The opening size and shape of the slit mask can be changed upon customer request. #### [Connection cable](#1786973862743-96497d00-24be) ### Cell connection cable ### PAT-Channel-1 to Cell cable (Order no.: ECE1-00-0324-A ) [![PAT-Channel-1 to Cell cable, ECE1-00-0324-A](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ECE1-00-0324-A_cable_pat-channel_to_cell.png "ECE1-00-0324-A_cable_pat-channel_to_cell | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ECE1-00-0324-A_cable_pat-channel_to_cell.png)Cable for connecting a ECC-Opto-10 test cell to the PAT-Channel-1 of a PAT-Tester-x-8 potentiostat. - 2 mm banana plugs (cell side) - with integrated PAT-Button - length: 2m #### [Electrode cutting pliers](#1749110788576-77e1790d-852f) ### EL-Cut cutting pliers Different variants of precise and reliable [EL-Cut](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) cutting pliers are available for punching electrodes for various electrode setups. ### EL-Cut for side-by-side electrode setups The **EL-Cut 10.5×1.7** punches out electrode strips measuring 10.5mm x 1.7mm, which are perfectly suited for the side-by-side electrode setup. [![EL-Cut eletrodes cutting pliers for ECC-Opto-10](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/EL-CELL-EL-Cut-105x17-for-ECC-Opto-10-300x200.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/EL-CELL-EL-Cut-105x17-for-ECC-Opto-10.webp) ### EL-Cut for face-to-face electrode setups The **EL-Cut 10** is recommended for punching electrode discs with 10mm diameter for the face-to-face electrode setup. [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png) # Accessories ### Lid units Lid unit (OPTO-10) 18 mm Sapphire (22×0.3 mm) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-18-mm-Sapphire-22x0.3-mm_440-1.png "Lid-unit-(OPTO-10)-18-mm-Sapphire-(22x0.3-mm)_440 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-18-mm-Sapphire-22x0.3-mm_440-1.png) Item nameData Lid opening18 mm Supported window size22 x 0.3 +/- 0.1 mm Contentpreassembled lid unit with sapphire window Order no.ECC1-05-0010-B PurposeSuitable for stable window materials such as sapphire glass Lid unit (OPTO-10) 10 mm Borosilicate (22x0.3 mm) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-10-mm-Borosilicate-22x0.3-mm_440.png "Lid-unit-(OPTO-10)-10-mm-Borosilicate-(22x0.3-mm)_440 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-10-mm-Borosilicate-22x0.3-mm_440.png) Item nameData Lid opening10 mm Supported window size22 x 0.3 +/- 0.1 mm Contentpreassembled lid unit with borosilicate window Order no.ECC1-05-0010-C PurposeSuitable for less stable window materials like borosilicate Lid unit (OPTO-10) 10x12 mm Beryllium (22x0.2 mm), theta > 5° [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-10x12-mm-Beryllium-22x0.2-mm_440-1.png "Lid-unit-(OPTO-10)-10x12-mm-Beryllium-(22x0.2-mm)_440 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-10x12-mm-Beryllium-22x0.2-mm_440-1.png) Item nameData Lid opening10 x 12 mm (theta > 5°, Inspection area (theta > 5°) = 1 mm) Supported window size22 x 0.3 +/- 0.1 mm Contentpreassembled lid unit with beryllium window Order no.ECC1-05-0010-H Note on usageWe strongly recommend to place a thin polyimide foil between window and electrode to avoid chemical reactions of the beryllium. Lid unit (OPTO-10) 18 mm (22x0.25 mm with slit mask) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-18-mm-22x0.25-mm-with-slit-mask_440.png "Lid-unit-(OPTO-10)-18-mm-(22x0.25-mm-with-slit-mask)_440 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-18-mm-22x0.25-mm-with-slit-mask_440.png) Item nameData Lid opening18 mm Supported window size22 x 0.25 +/- 0.1 mm Contentlid unit **without window** Order no.ECC1-05-0010-G NoteSuitable for unstable window materials such as PET. The opening size and shape of the slit mask can be changed upon customer request. ### Cell cable Cell connection cable to PAT-Tester-x-8 potetionstat ### PAT-Channel-1 to Cell cable (Order no.: ECE1-00-0324-A ) [![PAT-Channel-1 to Cell cable, ECE1-00-0324-A](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ECE1-00-0324-A_cable_pat-channel_to_cell.png "ECE1-00-0324-A_cable_pat-channel_to_cell | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ECE1-00-0324-A_cable_pat-channel_to_cell.png) Cable for connecting a ECC-Opto-10 test cell to the PAT-Channel-1 of a PAT-Tester-x-8 potentiostat. - 2 mm banana plugs (cell side) - with integrated PAT-Button - length: 2m # Videos #### Assembly procedures for side-by-side electrode setup (07/2022) In this updated video, Dr. Matthias Hahn shows the required steps for assembling the test cell in the side-by-side electrode setup inside the glove box. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **EL-CELL ECC-Opto-10 Assembly with Side-by-Side Sample Holder (07/2022)**1920x1080px07/2022mov231 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8993/) #### Assembly procedures for face-to-face electrode setup (10/2021) Learn how to assemble the ECC-Opto-10 optical battery test cell in face-to-face electrode setup. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECC-Opto-10: Assembly procedures for face-to-face electrode setup (10/2021)**1920x1080px10/2021mov270 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9145/) # Sample test results [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/EL-Cell_Opto-10_test-result_gallery_05.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/EL-Cell_Opto-10_test-result_gallery_05.jpg) The picture shows two lithium metal electrodes – 20 µm lithium foil laminated on copper foil – beneath the sapphire window of the test cell. The electrodes are embedded into a glass fiber separator soaked with electrolyte. Applying a current of 20 µA for 5 hours makes the lithium to dissolve from the supporting copper foil (right electrode) and to plate as dendrites on the opposite side (left electrode). [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/EL-Cell_Opto-10_test-result_gallery_04.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/EL-Cell_Opto-10_test-result_gallery_04.jpg) The picture shows two graphite electrodes embedded in a glass fiber separator soaked with electrolyte. The graphite electrode on the left is being lithiated from the lithium metal electrode below the separator. From the color change, one can infer the lithiation gradient within the graphite electrode. The right graphite electrode can be used in a follow-up experiment to send lithium ions back and forth between the two graphite strips. # Gallery [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/EL-Cell_ECC-Opto-10_cell-assembly-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/EL-Cell_ECC-Opto-10_cell-assembly.jpg) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/EL-Cell_Opto-10_test-result_gallery_06-1-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/EL-Cell_Opto-10_test-result_gallery_06-1.jpg) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/EL-Cell_ECC-Opto-10_on_stage-300x300.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/EL-Cell_ECC-Opto-10_on_stage.webp) ## Recommended tools [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High Precision Electrodes Cutting Tool that eliminates torn and chipped electrode edges. Suitable variants: - The **EL-Cut 10** is recommended for use in **a face-to-face** **setup**. - The **EL-Cut 10.5×1.7** is designed explicitly for punching electrode strips used in **side-by-side setups**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil. The recommended size for use with the ECC-Opto-10 is **10 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## Related products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10) ## [PAT-Cell-Opto-10](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10) Advanced PAT series test cell for optical characterization in the reflective mode. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) Fully featured potentiostat / galvanostat / impedance analyzer with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Products_ECC-Opto-Gas_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) ## [ECC-Opto-Gas](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) Test cell for optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in metal-air batteries. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Cell-Opto-10](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10/) **Published:** May 4, 2021 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Cell-Opto- test cell for reflective-mode optical characterization, with versatile sample holders and accessories. Request a quote or download PDF. **Content:** # **PAT-Cell-Opto-10** ##### PAT series test cell for optical characterization in the reflective mode [Request a quote](#quote)[Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/8912/)[Videos](#videos) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_440x349.png) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_02_440x349.png) # **PAT-Cell-Opto-10** ##### PAT series test cell for optical characterization in the reflective mode - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_440x349.png) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_02_440x349.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Videos](#videos) [Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/8912/) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Product overview - [Product description](#1489590351680-30ae9365-4211) - [Features](#1489590439848-263ccde9-d862) - [Specifications](#1499948288300-621c3029-265a) - [Manual](#1624347487599-802e361c-0be6) - [Delivery scope](#1489590517228-fb0d380c-9941) - [Consumables](#1718898469086-a71684fa-f1dc) - [Spare parts](#1489590870146-80461bed-122c) #### [Product description](#1489590351680-30ae9365-4211) ### Product Description The PAT-Cell-Opto-10 is an advanced next-generation battery test cell designed for in-situ electrode characterization using methods such as light microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, or XRD in reflection mode. A newly developed sealing concept utilizing laser-welded glass-to-metal electrode feed-throughs and foil seals substantially increases cycle stability compared to the previous generation. We further optimized the cell design for easy assembly. Dedicated sample holders for side-by-side and face-to-face arrangements of electrodes vastly improve the handling. The PAT-Cell-Opto-10 utilizes the cableless PAT socket for cell connection. This way, it can be directly plugged into a PAT battery tester like the [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) or a PAT docking station to connect it to a third-party battery tester. ![ecc-opto-10_explo_01](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/ecc-opto-10_explo_01.png "ecc-opto-10_explo_01") #### [Features](#1489590439848-263ccde9-d862) ### Features High cycling stability due to improved sealing concept Dedicated sample holders for different electrode arrangements available Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Cableless cell connection via PAT socket #### [Specifications](#1499948288300-621c3029-265a) ### Specifications [![PAT-Cell-Opto test cell setup for reflective optical measurements](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Opto-10_measurements.png "EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Opto-10_measurements | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Opto-10_measurements.png) Height 32 mm Width 55 mm Depth 55 mm Electrode dimensions up to 10 mm Thickness of cell stack max. 0.9 mm Weight 0.3 kg Operational temperature range -20° to +70°C Dead volume 1.8 cm³ [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### Compatible PAT docking stations and potentiostats Features of the PAT-Cell-Opto-10 Docking / Test station Charge Discharge Impedance [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1/)[PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1)[PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u)[PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4)[PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16)[PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16)[PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/)[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16)[PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manual](#1624347487599-802e361c-0be6) ### Manuals [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Cell-Opto-10_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/9000/)PAT-Cell-Opto-10 User Manual Release 1.31 Date December 2024 Type PDF Size 1.8 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9000/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Delivery scope](#1489590517228-fb0d380c-9941) ### Delivery scope Item nameOrder no. PAT-Cell-Opto-10 test cell Window seal (10 pcs.)ECC1-05-0016-B/X PE Sealing foil (10 pcs.)ECC1-05-0032-A/X Separator 10.0 mm x 0.26 mm, GF/A (10 pcs.) ECC1-01-0012-R/X Loading tweezerECC1-09-2010-B Torque screwdriver, 0.2 Nm, cross handleWZG9021 Inbus bit 1.5 mm x 1/4 inchWZG9046 Hexagon screwdriver 2.5 mm, cross handleWZG9047 Contact ring (face to face)ECC1-05-0039-C Contact disc 1.4404 (100x)ECC1-05-0042-A Contact disc 1.4404 (200x)ECC1-05-0042-B Contact disc 1.4404 (50x)ECC1-05-0042-C Sample holder side-by-sideECC1-05-0040-B #### [Consumables](#1718898469086-a71684fa-f1dc) ### Consumables Item nameOrder no.Cell designOrder ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-01-0012-R.webp)Separator 10.0 mm x 0.26 mm, GF/A, 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-R/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-10-0-mm-x-0-26-mm-gf-a?_pos=1&_fid=3713d84ed&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-05-0032-A.webp)PE Sealing foil, 10 pcsECC1-05-0032-A/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-sealing-foil?_pos=2&_fid=3713d84ed&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-05-0016-B-1.webp)Window seal, 10 pcsECC1-05-0016-B/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/window-seal?_pos=3&_fid=3713d84ed&_ss=c) #### [Spare parts](#1489590870146-80461bed-122c) ### Spare parts **Test cell** [![PAT-Cell-Opto test cell base for reflective optical characterization](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_cell-base_explo_09-2022-1.png "PAT-Cell-Opto-10_cell-base_explo_09-2022 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_cell-base_explo_09-2022-1.png) **Lid assembly** **[![Opto-10 lid spare parts](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/opto-10-lid_explo.png "opto-10-lid_explo | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/opto-10-lid_explo.png)** The PAT-Cell-Opto-10 is an advanced next-generation battery test cell designed for in-situ electrode characterization using methods such as light microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, or XRD in reflection mode. A newly developed sealing concept utilizing laser-welded glass-to-metal electrode feed-throughs and foil seals substantially increases cycle stability compared to the previous generation. We further optimized the cell design for easy assembly. Dedicated sample holders for side-by-side and face-to-face arrangements of electrodes vastly improve the handling. The PAT-Cell-Opto-10 utilizes the cableless PAT socket for cell connection. This way, it can be directly plugged into a PAT battery tester like the [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) or a PAT docking station to connect it to a third-party battery tester. ## PAT-Cell-Opto-10 overview Features High cycling stability due to improved sealing concept Dedicated sample holders for different electrode arrangements available Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Cableless cell connection via PAT socket Specifications Height 32 mm Width 55 mm Depth 55 mm Electrode dimensions up to 10 mm Thickness of cell stack max. 0.9 mm Weight 0.3 kg Operational temperature range -20° to +70°C Dead volume 1.8 cm³ [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Cell-Opto-10_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/9000/)PAT-Cell-Opto-10 User Manual Release 1.31 Date December 2024 Type PDF Size 1.8 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9000/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Delivery scope Item nameOrder no. PAT-Cell-Opto-10 test cell Window seal (10 pcs.)ECC1-05-0016-B/X PE Sealing foil (10 pcs.)ECC1-05-0032-A/X Separator 10.0 mm x 0.26 mm, GF/A (10 pcs.) ECC1-01-0012-R/X Loading tweezerECC1-09-2010-B Torque screwdriver, 0.2 Nm, cross handleWZG9021 Inbus bit 1.5 mm x 1/4 inchWZG9046 Hexagon screwdriver 2.5 mm, cross handleWZG9047 Contact ring (face to face)ECC1-05-0039-C Contact disc 1.4404 (100x)ECC1-05-0042-A Contact disc 1.4404 (200x)ECC1-05-0042-B Contact disc 1.4404 (50x)ECC1-05-0042-C Sample holder side-by-sideECC1-05-0040-B Consumables Item nameOrder no.Cell designOrder ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-01-0012-R.webp)Separator 10.0 mm x 0.26 mm, GF/A, 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-R/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-10-0-mm-x-0-26-mm-gf-a?_pos=1&_fid=3713d84ed&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-05-0032-A.webp)PE Sealing foil, 10 pcsECC1-05-0032-A/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-sealing-foil?_pos=2&_fid=3713d84ed&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-05-0016-B-1.webp)Window seal, 10 pcsECC1-05-0016-B/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/window-seal?_pos=3&_fid=3713d84ed&_ss=c) Spare parts **Test cell** [![PAT-Cell-Opto test cell base for optical measurements](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_cell-base_explo_09-2022-1.png "PAT-Cell-Opto-10_cell-base_explo_09-2022 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_cell-base_explo_09-2022-1.png) **Lid assembly** **[![Opto-10 lid spare parts](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/opto-10-lid_explo.png "opto-10-lid_explo | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/opto-10-lid_explo.png)** # Accessories ### Lid unit (OPTO-10) 18 mm Sapphire (22×0.3 mm) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-18-mm-Sapphire-22x0.3-mm_250.png "Lid-unit-(OPTO-10)-18-mm-Sapphire-(22x0.3-mm)_250 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-18-mm-Sapphire-22x0.3-mm_440.png) Item nameData Lid opening18 mm Supported window size22 x 0.3 +/- 0.1 mm Contentpreassembled lid unit with sapphire window Order no.ECC1-05-0010-B PurposeSuitable for stable window materials such as sapphire glass ### Lid unit (OPTO-10) 10 mm Borosilicate (22×0.3 mm) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-10-mm-Borosilicate-22x0.3-mm_250.png "Lid-unit-(OPTO-10)-10-mm-Borosilicate-(22x0.3-mm)_250 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-10-mm-Borosilicate-22x0.3-mm_440.png) Item nameData Lid opening10 mm Supported window size22 x 0.3 +/- 0.1 mm Contentpreassembled lid unit with borosilicate window Order no.ECC1-05-0010-C PurposeSuitable for less stable window materials like borosilicate ### Lid unit (OPTO-10) 10×12 mm Beryllium (22×0.2 mm), theta > 5° [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-10x12-mm-Beryllium-22x0.2-mm_250.png "Lid-unit-(OPTO-10)-10x12-mm-Beryllium-(22x0.2-mm)_250 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-10x12-mm-Beryllium-22x0.2-mm_440.png) Item nameData Lid opening10 x 12 mm (theta > 5°, Inspection area (theta > 5°) = 1 mm) Supported window size22 x 0.3 +/- 0.1 mm Contentpreassembled lid unit with beryllium window Order no.ECC1-05-0010-H Note on usageWe strongly recommend to place a thin polyimide foil between window and electrode to avoid chemical reactions of the beryllium. ### Lid unit (OPTO-10) 18 mm (22×0.25 mm with slit mask) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-18-mm-22x0.25-mm-with-slit-mask_250.png "Lid-unit-(OPTO-10)-18-mm-(22x0.25-mm-with-slit-mask)_250 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lid-unit-OPTO-10-18-mm-22x0.25-mm-with-slit-mask_440.png) Item nameData Lid opening18 mm Supported window size22 x 0.25 +/- 0.1 mm Contentlid unit **without window** Order no.ECC1-05-0010-G NoteSuitable for unstable window materials such as PET. The opening size and shape of the slit mask can be changed upon customer request. # Dedicated sample holders Improve your workflow and save time with our sample holders for side-by-side and face-to face arrangements of electrodes. Both variants are included with each PAT-Cell-Opto-10 or ECC-Opto-10! **Sample holder (side-by-side)** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/sample_holder_side-by-side.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/sample_holder_side-by-side.png) ![Cycling of graphite vs Li in a side-by-side arrangement](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/sample_side-by-side.gif)Cycling of graphite vs Li in a side-by-side arrangement **Sample holder (face-to-face)** Contact discs with 1, 2, and 4 mm opening are available and included with each test cell. [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/sample_holder_face-to-face.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/sample_holder_face-to-face.png) ![Cycling of graphite vs Li in face-to-face arrangement](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/sample_face-to-face.gif)Cycling of graphite vs Li in face-to-face arrangement **Sample holder (face to face with mesh)** [![Sample holder (face to face with mesh)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/sample_holder_face-to-face_with_mesh_02.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/sample_holder_face-to-face_with_mesh_02.webp) This sample holder features a contact ring with integrated mesh. It is suitable for light mircoscopy and X-ray applications. # Videos #### PAT-Cell-Opto-10: Long term cycling of graphite vs Li in face-to-face mode (09/2021) In this video, Dr Matthias Hahn demonstrates the outstanding cycling stability and tightness of our new optical battery test cells. For this purpose, we cycled graphite against lithium for approx. 400 hours (25 cycles) in a PAT-Cell-Opto-10. A PAT-Tester-x-8 was used as potentiostat while the data was evaluated in EL-Software. As you can see from the curves shown, the die capacity retention of the test cell at the end of the experiment was still around 80% with a Coulomb efficiency of almost 100%. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **PAT-Cell-Opto-10: Long term cycling of graphite vs Li in face to face mode (09/2021)**1920x1080px09/2021mov235 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9105/) #### PAT-Cell-Opto-10: Assembly procedures for side-by-side electrode setup (10/2022) In this video, Dr. Matthias Hahn shows the required steps for assembling the test cell in the side-by-side electrode setup inside the glove box. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **PAT-Cell-Opto-10: Assembly procedures for face-to-face electrode setup (10/2021)**1920x1080px10/2022mov180 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9869/) #### PAT-Cell-Opto-10: Assembly procedures for face-to-face electrode setup (10/2021) Learn how to assemble the PAT-Cell-Opto-10 optical battery test cell in face-to-face electrode setup. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **PAT-Cell-Opto-10: Assembly procedures for face-to-face electrode setup (10/2021)**1920x1080px10/2021mov264 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9139/) # Sample test results [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/EL-Cell_Opto-10_test-result_gallery_05.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/EL-Cell_Opto-10_test-result_gallery_05.jpg) The picture shows two lithium metal electrodes – 20 µm lithium foil laminated on copper foil – beneath the sapphire window of the test cell. The electrodes are embedded into a glass fiber separator soaked with electrolyte. Applying a current of 20 µA for 5 hours makes the lithium to dissolve from the supporting copper foil (right electrode) and to plate as dendrites on the opposite side (left electrode). [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/EL-Cell_Opto-10_test-result_gallery_04.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/EL-Cell_Opto-10_test-result_gallery_04.jpg) The picture shows two graphite electrodes embedded in a glass fiber separator soaked with electrolyte. The graphite electrode on the left is being lithiated from the lithium metal electrode below the separator. From the color change, one can infer the lithiation gradient within the graphite electrode. The right graphite electrode can be used in a follow-up experiment to send lithium ions back and forth between the two graphite strips. # Gallery [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_gallery_03-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_gallery_03.jpg) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_gallery_02-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_gallery_02.jpg) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/EL-Cell_Opto-10_test-result_gallery_06-1-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/EL-Cell_Opto-10_test-result_gallery_06-1.jpg) ## Recommended tools [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High Precision Cutting Tool eliminates torn and chipped electrode edges. The recommended size for use with the PAT-Cell-Opto-10 is **10 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil. The recommended size for use with the PAT-Cell-Opto-10 is **10 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## Related products [![ECC-Opto-10 optical battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ECC-Opto-10_250-1.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10) ## [ECC-Opto-10](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10) Advanced test cell for optical characterization in the reflective mode. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) Fully featured potentiostat / galvanostat / impedance analyzer with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Products_ECC-Opto-Gas_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) ## [ECC-Opto-Gas](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) Test cell for optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in metal-air batteries. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Cell-Gas: Battery Test Cell for In-Situ Gas Analysis](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas/) **Published:** October 6, 2025 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Cell-Gas battery test cell for in-situ gas analysis in flow-through setups. Use Cases, Specs, documentation and FAQs. **Content:** [Data Sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/9084/)# PAT-Cell-Gas II ## Battery Test Cell for Gas Analysis in a Flow-Through Setup Request a quote Specifications DocumentationGas In- and Outlet [Data Sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/9084/)-20 °C +80 °C PAT-Cell-Gas Battery Test Cell for Gas Analysis in a Flow-Through Setup Request a quote Specifications Documentation᛫ Gas Sample Port Optional Features: ᛫ Pressure Sensor 0 3 bar ᛫ Temperature Sensor ![]( "Stoerer_New-compressor") ![]( "PAT-Cell-Press_II_SP_Gasanschluss_500x387 Kopie") ![]( "pageheader_product_2025_grau_03") ![PAT-Cell-Gas II SP]( "PAT-Cell-Press_II_SP_500x387") ![PAT-Cell-Gas II SP]( "PAT-Cell-Press_II_SP_500x387_02") ![]( "Heat-Skala_500x387") ![]( "Sampleport_500x387") ![PAT-Cell-Gas II P]( "PAT-Cell-Press_II_P_500x387_02") ![]( "skala_drucksensor") ## **PAT-Cell-Gas II** ##### Battery test cell for in-situ gas analysis in a flow-through set-up ![PAT-Cell-Gas II SP battery test cell for gas analysis](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Gas_II_badge_new_440.webp) [Product overview](#overview) [Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/9084/) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Typical Use Cases - In-situ gas analysis in a flow-through setup - Time-resolved gas analysis - Quantifying gas evolution /consumption ## Key Features Cableless test cell with all advantages of the [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) Gas inlet and outlet with 1/16 inch Swagelok Tube Fitting Optional digital gas pressure sensor, pressure range of 0 to 3 bar abs. Optional digital temperature sensor, temperature range -20° C to 80° C Optional gas sample port ## Product Description The PAT-Cell-Gas II is a test cell dedicated for in-situ gas analysis of battery materials in a flowthrough set-up. For this purpose, the test cell features a gas inlet and outlet with self-locking couplings that are compatible with 1/16″ Swagelok tube fittings. In addition, options that include built-in pressure and temperature sensors or a septum port for gas sampling with a syringe are available. The cell stack is placed on top of a perforated or grooved current collector (flow field), which is to be purged with a gentle stream of gas. The lower electrode must be gas permeable, so as to allow for gas exchange with the feed gas. Typically, the cell is used with gas diffusion electrodes (such as for Li-air) or with Li-ion battery electrodes with a meshed current collector. The special design minimizes backmixing of the gas from the flowfield back into the headspace, and is thus very suitable for time-resolved gas analysis with a mass spectrometer, for example. The PAT-Cell-Gas II variants with pressure sensor are designed for use with EL-CELL potentiostats to take full advantage of all sensor functions. ## Product Variants ### PAT-Cell-Gas II SP [![PAT-Cell-Gas II battery test cell for gas analysis](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_SP.webp "PAT-Cell-Gas II_SP | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_SP.webp) - **Gas sample port** - **Gas Pressure sensor, 0 to 3 bar abs (digital)** - **Temperature sensor -20°C to +80°C (digital)** - Gas inlet and outlet - Optimized lid for use with metal seal ### PAT-Cell-Gas II P [![PAT-Cell-Gas II battery test cell for gas analysis](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_P.webp "PAT-Cell-Gas II_P | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_P.webp) - **Gas Pressure sensor, 0 to 3 bar abs (digital)** - **Temperature sensor -20°C to +80°C (digital)** - Gas inlet and outlet - Optimized lid for use with metal seal ### PAT-Cell-Gas S [![PAT-Cell-Gas II battery test cell for gas analysis](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_SP.webp "PAT-Cell-Gas II_SP | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_SP.webp) - **Gas sample port** - Gas inlet and outlet - Optimized lid for use with metal seal ### PAT-Cell-Gas [![PAT-Cell-Gas II battery test cell for gas analysis](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_P.webp "PAT-Cell-Gas II_P | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_P.webp) - Gas inlet and outlet - Optimized lid for use with metal seal ## Working Modes ### Mode 1: Air mode The lower plunger, equipped with a perforated plate, enables the electrochemical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes used, for instance, in Li-air batteries. The lower electrode is contacted by and “breathes” through the perforated stainless steel current collector supporting it. During operation, the pressure gradient building up between the cell headroom and the gas volume below the perforated plate effectively prevents back-mixing. The relatively large volume below the perforated is at the expense of time resolution, but makes this solution robust against clogging of the gas path. [![PAT-Cell-Gas Air mode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Gas_Air-mode-1024x683.webp "EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Gas_Air mode | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Gas_Air_mode.png) ### Mode 2: OEMS mode The PAT-Core setup, utilizing a lower plunger with a flow field, provides nearly perfect plug-flow of the purge gas, which is essential for quantitative, time-resolved analysis. Gases evolved or consumed at the working electrode can be analyzed through the composition change of the gas stream that is passed along the spiral-type flow field below the working electrode. The composition of the outgoing gas can be analyzed, for example, by mass spectrometry. The pressure gradient between the cell headroom and the spiral-type flow field effectively prevents back mixing. This, combined with the tiny gas volume of the flow field, ensures the best possible time resolution. [![PAT-Cell-Gas: PAT-Core for OEMS configuration](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Gas_OEMS-mode-1024x683.webp "EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Gas_OEMS mode | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Gas_OEMS_mode.png) ## Specifications - [Specifications](#1759744558857-fdf3aaef-b4e6) - [Compatible Potentiostats & Docking Stations](#1759744558879-a1f22513-4477) ### [Specifications](#1759744558857-fdf3aaef-b4e6) ### Specifications [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Measurements_PAT-Cell-Gas-300x200.png "Measurements_PAT-Cell-Gas | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Measurements_PAT-Cell-Gas.png) Length 100 mm Width 70 mm Height 116 mm Weight 0.6 kg Gas connection 1/16 inch Swagelok Tube Fitting Electrode diameter 18 mm Temperature resistance -20 to 80° C Gas pressure sensor (digital): Range 0 to 3 bar abs. Accuracy Resolution Temperature Sensor (digital): Range -20 °C to +80 °C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### [Compatible Potentiostats & Docking Stations](#1759744558879-a1f22513-4477) ### Compatible Potentiostats/Battery Tester Charge/Discharge/Impedance Read Pressure Sensor Read Temperature Sensor Temperature Control [PAT-Tester-x-8\*](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x)\* [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16)Third-party Potentiostat \* with external temperature chamber [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Compatible PAT Docking Stations Charge/Discharge/Impedance Read Pressure Sensor Read Temperature Sensor [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1)\* \* [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1)\* \* [PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u)[PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4)[PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16)\* \* [PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16)[PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4)\* if connected to a PAT-Tester potentiostat [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Documentation Type Release Date File Format Size [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Cell-Gas_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6610/)User Manual 1.61 August 2026 PDF 2.1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6610/)[![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Data-sheet_teaser.webp)](https://el-cell.com/download/9084/)Data Sheet March 2026 PDF 0.5 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9084/) ## Frequently Asked Questions Which cell is right? PAT-Cell-Press or PAT-Cell-Gas? PAT-Cell-PressPAT-Cell-Gas (P, S, SP) **Cell is dedicated to:**The quantitative (cumulative) measurement of the gas evolved / consumed during the electrochemical cycle by measurement of the gas pressureTime resolved analysis of the gas evolved / consumed during the electrochemical cycle in combination with a mass spectrometer and controlled gas supply **Preferred operation mode:**Pressurized cell without gas flowFlow-through with gas analysis at outlet and mass flow controller at the inlet **Plug flow:** not availableAlmost perfect when using the lower plunger with flow field; significant back-mixing when using the lower plunger with perforated plate **Applicable to:**• Aprotic chemistries such as Li-ion, Li-air, super cap • Some aqueous chemistries may work, but compatibility must be checked by the user • Aprotic chemistries such as Li-ion, Li-air, super cap • Some aqueous chemistries may work, but compatibility must be checked by the user **Upper electrode:**Any compatible electrode, either self-standing or with metal foil current collector; standard upper plunger or perforated upper plunger Any compatible electrode; often Li metal or LFP are used here as a Li ion source; preferably there is no gas evolution or consumption at this electrode **Lower electrode:**Any compatible electrode, either self-standing or with metal foil current collector; standard lower plunger or perforated lower plungerThe lower electrode is seated on a plunger with flow field and must therefore be gas permeable, either self-standing or on current collector mesh. The gas evolution / consumption at the lower electrode is subject of the measurement. How can I identify whether my PAT-Cell is suitable for use with metal seals? Many test cells in the PAT series are already supplied with a metal seal lid (Item name: Screw cap insulated (PAT)) as standard. If you still have an older cell, you can use the following features to determine whether the existing cover is suitable for metal seals. The compatible cell lid for use with metal seals has two holes on the top and a white or black inset made of PPS in the lid, which serves as insulation. As the two holes can also be found on older cell lids without insulation, you should always check whether the inset is present. Non-compatible cell lids have no inset at all. [![How to recognize the insulated screw cap for the PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D_800x533.png "EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D_800x533.png) Do you need a PAT-Press-Box to operate the PAT-Cell-Gas II? The PAT-Cell-Gas II transmits its signal data via the digital I²C bus and therefore does not require any additional devices. Please note that an EL-Cell potentiostat is required to read out the pressure and temperature sensor signals. ## Battery Test Cell for Measuring Gas Evolution / Consumption The PAT-Cell-Gas II is a test cell dedicated for in-situ gas analysis of battery materials in a flowthrough set-up. For this purpose, the test cell features a gas inlet and outlet with self-locking couplings that are compatible with 1/16″ Swagelok tube fittings. In addition, options that include built-in pressure and temperature sensors or a septum port for gas sampling with a syringe are available. The cell stack is placed on top of a perforated or grooved current collector (flow field), which is to be purged with a gentle stream of gas. The lower electrode must be gas permeable, so as to allow for gas exchange with the feed gas. Typically, the cell is used with gas diffusion electrodes (such as for Li-air) or with Li-ion battery electrodes with a meshed current collector. The special design minimizes backmixing of the gas from the flowfield back into the headspace, and is thus very suitable for time-resolved gas analysis with a mass spectrometer, for example. The PAT-Cell-Gas II variants with pressure sensor are designed for use with EL-CELL potentiostats to take full advantage of all sensor functions. ## PAT-Cell-Gas Overview Typical Use Cases - In-situ gas analysis in a flow-through setup - Time-resolved gas analysis - Quantifying gas evolution /consumption Features Cableless test cell with all advantages of the [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) Gas inlet and outlet with 1/16 inch Swagelok Tube Fitting Optional digital gas pressure sensor, pressure range of 0 to 3 bar abs. Optional digital temperature sensor, temperature range -20° C to 80° C Optional gas sample port Variants ### PAT-Cell-Gas II SP [![PAT-Cell-Gas II SP battery test cell for gas analysis](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_SP.webp "PAT-Cell-Gas II_SP | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_SP.webp) - **Gas sample port** - **Gas Pressure sensor, 0 to 3 bar abs (digital)** - **Temperature sensor -20°C to +80°C (digital)** - Gas inlet and outlet - Optimized lid for use with metal seal ### PAT-Cell-Gas II P [![PAT-Cell-Gas II battery test cell for gas analysis](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_P.webp "PAT-Cell-Gas II_P | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_P.webp) - **Gas Pressure sensor, 0 to 3 bar abs (digital)** - **Temperature sensor -20°C to +80°C (digital)** - Gas inlet and outlet - Optimized lid for use with metal seal ### PAT-Cell-Gas S [![PAT-Cell-Gas II SP battery test cell for gas analysis](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_SP.webp "PAT-Cell-Gas II_SP | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_SP.webp) - **Gas sample port** - Gas inlet and outlet - Optimized lid for use with metal seal ### PAT-Cell-Gas [![PAT-Cell-Gas II battery test cell for gas analysis](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_P.webp "PAT-Cell-Gas II_P | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_P.webp) - Gas inlet and outlet - Optimized lid for use with metal seal Specifications Length 100 mm Width 70 mm Height 116 mm Weight 0.6 kg Gas connection 1/16 inch Swagelok Tube Fitting Electrode diameter 18 mm Temperature resistance -20 to 80° C Gas pressure sensor (digital): Range 0 to 3 bar abs. Accuracy Resolution Temperature Sensor (digital): Range -20 °C to +80 °C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### Compatible Potentiostats / Battery Testers Charge/Discharge/Impedance Read Pressure Sensor Read Temperature Sensor Temperature Control [PAT-Tester-x-8\*](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x)\* [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16)Third-party Potentiostat \* with external temperature chamber [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### Compatible PAT docking stations Charge/Discharge/Impedance Read Pressure Sensor Read Temperature Sensor [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1)\* \* [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1)\* \* [PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u)[PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4)[PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16)\* \* [PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16)[PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4)\* if connected to a PAT-Tester potentiostat [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Documentation [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Cell-Gas_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6610/)PAT-Cell-Gas User Manual Release 1.5 Date September 2025 Type PDF Size 2 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6610/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Data-sheet_teaser.webp)](https://el-cell.com/download/9084/)PAT-Cell-Gas Data Sheet Date September 2025 Type PDF Size 2 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9084/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Frequently asked questions ### How can I identify whether my PAT-Cell is suitable for use with metal seals? The compatible cell lid for metal seals (Item name: Screw cap insulated (PAT)) can be recognized by two features. It has two holes on the top and a white or black inset made of PPS in the lid, which serves as insulation. As the two holes can also be found on older cell lids without insulation, you should always check whether the inset is present. Non-compatible cell lids have no inset at all. [![How to recognize the insulated screw cap for the PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D_800x533.png "EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D_800x533.png) ### ### Do you always need a PAT-Press-Box to operate the PAT-Cell-Press? The PAT-Press-Box is required to read and record the analog pressure signal of a PAT series test cell. It is required in the following docking stations: - [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1/) - [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) The following devices provide the necessary functions themselves, therefore no PAT-Press-Box is required: - [PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) - [PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16/) - [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) - [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) Consumables Item nameReference materialSeparator materialTemperature rangeComponent typeUsageMaterialOrder numberCell designOrder ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0026-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0026-APAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-cu?_pos=1&_sid=ad1914166&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0026-B_80px.png)Upper plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0026-B PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-al?_pos=1&_sid=9b3fe34c3&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0026-CPAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ss?_pos=1&_sid=524638c73&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0065-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (PEEK) with upper feed wire (Au) and disc spring (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire and disc spring)* ECC1-01-0065-APAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-peek-au-assy?_pos=1&_sid=f9b3107f6&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Air_SS_ECC1-01-0037-Cx_80px.png)Lower Plunger (perf. Plate), stainless steel70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0081-C\_x (x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-Gas[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Air_SS_ECC1-01-0037-Cx_80px.png)Lower plunger (perf. plate), Ni70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel, Ni >99%ECC1-01-0081-D\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-Gas[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0081-d_x/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_flow_SS_ECC1-01-0038-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (flow field), SS70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0038-C\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-Gas[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0038-c_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_flow_SS_ECC1-01-0038-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (flow field), Ni70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel, Ni >99%ECC1-01-0038-D\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-Gas[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0038-d_x/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)AluminumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)SodiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-U/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=42826d9ac&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)MagnesiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-H/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-mg-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=d6ba9465d&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)AluminumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-J/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-al-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=77c5383d8&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)MagnesiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)* Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (AC-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)Activated carbonProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)SodiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS)-Reference ring, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)Activated carbon on stainless steelBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steel *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-M/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A, 260 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-acss-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=30624130d&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS)-Reference ring, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)Activated carbon on stainless steelPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steel *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-N/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B, 220 µm)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-acss-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=a5506658d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ECC1-00-0420-M_Insulation-sleeve-PP-Cross-Reference.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel cross, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless Steel Cross Reference70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless Steel Cross Reference*(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-M/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-cross-no-separator) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ECC1-00-0450-O_Insulation-sleeve-PP-Sodium-Reference.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Sodium Reference ring, Separator 2325) (10 pcs)SodiumCelgard 232570°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium*(Reference)*Celgard 2325 *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-O/XSeparator type: Celgard 2325, 25 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-2325-separator-pp-pe-pp-25-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=c64d1808f&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)SodiumPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-X/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=2abf6ac78&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)LithiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)LithiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-O/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=24b290f0d&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS 3005-25) (10 pcs)LithiumPET fiber, Al2O370°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*PET fiber, Al2O3 *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-A/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 3005-25[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-fs3005-separator-pet-fiber-al2o3-25-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=80fa5e8ef&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)LithiumPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-V/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=c7a10f160&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/ECC1-00-0210-N_Insulation-sleeve-PP-stainless-steel-mesh-no-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel mesh, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless steel mesh70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel mesh *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-N/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-mesh-no-separator?_pos=1&_sid=5e5912651&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator Customized, if appl. Clamping ring) (10 pcs)noneProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)noneBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-P/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=1b9810aa8&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS 3005-25) (10 pcs)nonePET fiber, Al2O370°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference PET fiber, Al2O3 *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-B/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 3005-25[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-fs3005-separator-pet-fiber-al2o3-25-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=b76128558&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)nonePP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)* Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-W/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=9512c3bb0&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PP-Sleeves_plain_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PP (disassembled) (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-D/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=a693be367&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PP-Sleeves_plain_li-referenz_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve (PP), Reed contact (Ni on SS), disassembled (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useWithout reference Withput separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-T/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-reed-contact-ni-on-ss-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1a2894352&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PEEK-Sleeves_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassemblednonenone70°C 200°CInsulation sleeveReusablePEEK *(Sleeve)*Custom reference and separatorECC1-00-0510-TPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-peek-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1dff8bb02&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (GF/A) 21.6 x 0.26 mm, 50 pcsBorosilicate glass fiber70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-useBorosilicate glass fiberECC1-01-0011-A/LPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-26-mm-gf-a?_pos=1&_sid=3c4cc1f48&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (FS-5P) 21.6 x 0.22 mm, 50 pcsPP fiber/PE membrane70°CSeparatorSingle-usePP fiber/PE membraneECC1-01-0051-A/LPAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-22-mm-fs-5p?_pos=1&_sid=968fb8208&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_Technical_80px.png)Separator (FS 3005-25), 21.6 x 0.025 mm, 50 pcsPET fiber, Al2O370°CSeparatorSingle-usePET fiber, Al2O3ECC1-01-0036-A/LPAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 3005-25[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-025-mm-fs-3005-25?_pos=1&_sid=57e2a966d&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Reed-contact_Ni_ECC1-00-0186-AX_80px.png)Reed contact (Ni on SS) (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useNickel (Ni>99%) on stainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-A/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-nickel-plated?_pos=1&_sid=7e052ba43&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Reed-contact_Au_ECC1-00-0186-DX_80px.png)Reed contact (Au on SS) (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactReusableGold (Au>99%) on stainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-D/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-gold-plated?_pos=1&_sid=bf0bf96e6&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Ringref_01_80px.png)Reference ring (Mg) (10 pcs)Magnesium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useMagnesium (Mg)ECC1-00-0182-F/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-mg?_pos=1&_sid=414711dd4&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Ringref_01_80px.png)Reference ring (Li) (10 pcs)Lithium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium (Li)ECC1-00-0182-O/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lithium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=a7a331218&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Ringref_02_80px.png)Reference ring (AC on SS) (10 pcs)Activated carbon70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steelECC1-00-0182-W/XPAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-ac-coated?_pos=1&_sid=0ab00b99e&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-AU_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Au (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableGold (Au>99%)ECC1-00-0069-A/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-au?_pos=1&_sid=4858aa965&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ti_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ti (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableTitanium (Ti >99%, grade 2)ECC1-00-0069-C/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ti?_pos=1&_sid=8f8d71837&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Pt_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Pt (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusablePlatinum (Pt>99%)ECC1-00-0069-D/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-pt?_pos=1&_sid=d4969cf23&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ni_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ni (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-00-0069-F/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ni?_pos=1&_sid=cc35bc707&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Seal_PE_80px.png)Sealing ring PE (100 pcs)70°CSealing ringSingle-usePolyethylene (PE)ECC1-00-0232-A/CPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-pe?_pos=1&_sid=2ea96ef8a&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-B_80px.png)Sealing ring PTFE (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-usePTFEECC1-00-0232-B/XPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-ptfe?_pos=1&_sid=e2a0a4c84&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Core_AL-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-G_80px-comp.png)Sealing ring, Al (washer)(annealed), 10 pcs70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-G/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer?_pos=1&_sid=126291964&_ss=r) \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator) to determine the proper lower plunger. Spare parts **Screw cap insulated (PAT), complete,** ECC1-00-0236-D [![Spare parts screw cap for PAT-Cell-Gas test cell](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Spare-Parts_Screw-Cap_ECC1-00-0236-D.png "Spare-Parts_Screw-Cap_ECC1-00-0236-D | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Spare-Parts_Screw-Cap_ECC1-00-0236-D.png) **Cell base divided (GAS), ECC1-00-0530-E** [![PAT-Cell-Gas spare parts cell base component](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Gas_Spare-Parts_Cell_Base_ECC1-00-0530-E.png "PAT-Cell-Gas_Spare-Parts_Cell_Base_ECC1-00-0530-E | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Gas_Spare-Parts_Cell_Base_ECC1-00-0530-E.png) **Valve block I (PAT-Gas), ECC1-00-0555-A** [![Valve block I (PAT-Gas), ECC1-00-0555-A](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Valve-block-I-PAT-Gas_ECC1-00-0555-A.png "Valve-block-I-PAT-Gas_ECC1-00-0555-A | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Valve-block-I-PAT-Gas_ECC1-00-0555-A.png) **Gas sample port (PAT),** **ECC1-00-0155-**C [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Sample-Port_ECC1-00-0155-C-300x154.png "Spare-parts_Sample-Port_ECC1-00-0155-C | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Sample-Port_ECC1-00-0155-C.png) ## Accessories, Consumables & Spare Parts - [Accessories](#1757593553126-326761f1-1c42) - [Consumables](#1758029339102-44d101ce-45a1) - [Spare Parts](#1757593553146-e7e25b2f-6d67) ## [Accessories](#1757593553126-326761f1-1c42) ### Accessories **Valve body plug ( Order no.: ECC1-00-0391-E)** ![Valve Plug for PAT-Cell-Gas](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/EL-CELL_Valve-body-plug_ECC1-00-0391-E_800x533-1.webp "EL-CELL_Valve body plug_ECC1-00-0391-E_800x533 | EL-CELL") The Valve body plug is an optional accessory for the PAT-Cell-Gas. It enables the PAT-Cell-Gas to be operated without a valve block and connected gas circuit. The plug is made of stainless steel (1.4404) and effectively seals the valve openings against the ambient atmosphere. **[Metal seal mounting kit, (Order no.: ECC1-02-0040-A)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/)** This tool kit is designed to ensure the correct installation when using metal lid seals.[![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/EL-CELL_Metal-seal-mounting-kit-300x200.webp "EL-CELL_Metal-seal-mounting-kit | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/EL-CELL_Metal-seal-mounting-kit.webp) [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/) **Compression spring , FED 9079** The spring force applied to the cell stack is:[![Compression spring FED9079](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/FED9079-300x217.webp "FED9079 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/FED9079.webp) - 105 N ±10% if used with [aluminum lid seal](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer?_pos=5&_fid=0fa9d8f4d&_ss=c) \* - 115 N ±10% if used with [PE lid seal](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-pe?_pos=1&_fid=0fa9d8f4d&_ss=c) \*. [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/compression-spring-1-6x11-6x8-l-11-33-au-5-pcs?_pos=1&_fid=21b46b4b1&_ss=c) **Compression spring , FED 9052** The spring force applied to the cell stack is 7 N ± 30% \*.[![Compression Spring FED9052](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/FED9052-300x217.webp "FED9052 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/FED9052.webp) [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/compression-spring-0-85x9-25x12-5x2-31-au-5pcs) **Compression spring , FED 9028** The spring force applied to the cell stack is 40 N ± 30% \*. (Included in every PAT-Cell as standard)[![FED9028](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/FED9028.webp "FED9028 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/FED9028.webp) [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/compression-spring-1-3x11x11x2-25-au-5-pcs) \*Spring force values apply to an upper electrode thickness ranging from 0 to 0.8 mm. Within this range, the electrode thickness has no significant influence on the force. ## [Consumables](#1758029339102-44d101ce-45a1) ### Consumables Item nameReference materialSeparator materialTemperature rangeComponent typeUsageMaterialOrder numberCell designOrder ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0026-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0026-APAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-cu?_pos=1&_sid=ad1914166&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0026-B_80px.png)Upper plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0026-B PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-al?_pos=1&_sid=9b3fe34c3&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0026-CPAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ss?_pos=1&_sid=524638c73&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0065-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (PEEK) with upper feed wire (Au) and disc spring (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire and disc spring)* ECC1-01-0065-APAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-peek-au-assy?_pos=1&_sid=f9b3107f6&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Air_SS_ECC1-01-0037-Cx_80px.png)Lower Plunger (perf. Plate), stainless steel70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0081-C\_x (x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-Gas[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Air_SS_ECC1-01-0037-Cx_80px.png)Lower plunger (perf. plate), Ni70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel, Ni >99%ECC1-01-0081-D\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-Gas[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0081-d_x/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_flow_SS_ECC1-01-0038-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (flow field), SS70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0038-C\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-Gas[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0038-c_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_flow_SS_ECC1-01-0038-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (flow field), Ni70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel, Ni >99%ECC1-01-0038-D\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-Gas[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0038-d_x/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)AluminumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)SodiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-U/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=42826d9ac&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)MagnesiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-H/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-mg-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=d6ba9465d&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)AluminumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-J/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-al-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=77c5383d8&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)MagnesiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)* Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (AC-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)Activated carbonProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)SodiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS)-Reference ring, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)Activated carbon on stainless steelBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steel *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-M/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A, 260 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-acss-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=30624130d&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS)-Reference ring, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)Activated carbon on stainless steelPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steel *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-N/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B, 220 µm)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-acss-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=a5506658d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ECC1-00-0420-M_Insulation-sleeve-PP-Cross-Reference.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel cross, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless Steel Cross Reference70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless Steel Cross Reference*(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-M/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-cross-no-separator) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ECC1-00-0450-O_Insulation-sleeve-PP-Sodium-Reference.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Sodium Reference ring, Separator 2325) (10 pcs)SodiumCelgard 232570°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium*(Reference)*Celgard 2325 *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-O/XSeparator type: Celgard 2325, 25 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-2325-separator-pp-pe-pp-25-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=c64d1808f&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)SodiumPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane 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*(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-O/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=24b290f0d&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS 3005-25) (10 pcs)LithiumPET fiber, Al2O370°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*PET fiber, Al2O3 *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-A/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 3005-25[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-fs3005-separator-pet-fiber-al2o3-25-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=80fa5e8ef&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)LithiumPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-V/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=c7a10f160&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/ECC1-00-0210-N_Insulation-sleeve-PP-stainless-steel-mesh-no-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel mesh, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless steel mesh70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel mesh *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-N/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-mesh-no-separator?_pos=1&_sid=5e5912651&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator Customized, if appl. Clamping ring) (10 pcs)noneProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)noneBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-P/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=1b9810aa8&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS 3005-25) (10 pcs)nonePET fiber, Al2O370°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference PET fiber, Al2O3 *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-B/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 3005-25[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-fs3005-separator-pet-fiber-al2o3-25-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=b76128558&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)nonePP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)* Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-W/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=9512c3bb0&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PP-Sleeves_plain_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PP (disassembled) (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-D/X[Buy 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![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (GF/A) 21.6 x 0.26 mm, 50 pcsBorosilicate glass fiber70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-useBorosilicate glass fiberECC1-01-0011-A/LPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-26-mm-gf-a?_pos=1&_sid=3c4cc1f48&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (FS-5P) 21.6 x 0.22 mm, 50 pcsPP fiber/PE membrane70°CSeparatorSingle-usePP fiber/PE membraneECC1-01-0051-A/LPAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-22-mm-fs-5p?_pos=1&_sid=968fb8208&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_Technical_80px.png)Separator (FS 3005-25), 21.6 x 0.025 mm, 50 pcsPET fiber, Al2O370°CSeparatorSingle-usePET fiber, Al2O3ECC1-01-0036-A/LPAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 3005-25[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-025-mm-fs-3005-25?_pos=1&_sid=57e2a966d&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Reed-contact_Ni_ECC1-00-0186-AX_80px.png)Reed contact (Ni on SS) (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useNickel (Ni>99%) on stainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-A/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-nickel-plated?_pos=1&_sid=7e052ba43&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Reed-contact_Au_ECC1-00-0186-DX_80px.png)Reed contact (Au on SS) (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactReusableGold (Au>99%) on stainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-D/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-gold-plated?_pos=1&_sid=bf0bf96e6&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Ringref_01_80px.png)Reference ring (Mg) (10 pcs)Magnesium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useMagnesium (Mg)ECC1-00-0182-F/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-mg?_pos=1&_sid=414711dd4&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Ringref_01_80px.png)Reference ring (Li) (10 pcs)Lithium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium (Li)ECC1-00-0182-O/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lithium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=a7a331218&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Ringref_02_80px.png)Reference ring (AC on SS) (10 pcs)Activated carbon70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steelECC1-00-0182-W/XPAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-ac-coated?_pos=1&_sid=0ab00b99e&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-AU_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Au (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableGold (Au>99%)ECC1-00-0069-A/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-au?_pos=1&_sid=4858aa965&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ti_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ti (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableTitanium (Ti >99%, grade 2)ECC1-00-0069-C/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ti?_pos=1&_sid=8f8d71837&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Pt_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Pt (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusablePlatinum (Pt>99%)ECC1-00-0069-D/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-pt?_pos=1&_sid=d4969cf23&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ni_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ni (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-00-0069-F/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ni?_pos=1&_sid=cc35bc707&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Seal_PE_80px.png)Sealing ring PE (100 pcs)70°CSealing ringSingle-usePolyethylene (PE)ECC1-00-0232-A/CPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-pe?_pos=1&_sid=2ea96ef8a&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-B_80px.png)Sealing ring PTFE (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-usePTFEECC1-00-0232-B/XPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-ptfe?_pos=1&_sid=e2a0a4c84&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Core_AL-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-G_80px-comp.png)Sealing ring, Al (washer)(annealed), 10 pcs70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-G/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer?_pos=1&_sid=126291964&_ss=r) ## [Spare Parts](#1757593553146-e7e25b2f-6d67) ### Spare parts **Screw cap** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Spare-Parts_Screw-Cap_ECC1-00-0236-D.png "Spare-Parts_Screw-Cap_ECC1-00-0236-D | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Spare-Parts_Screw-Cap_ECC1-00-0236-D.png) **Cell base divided (GAS), ECC1-00-0530-E** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Gas_Spare-Parts_Cell_Base_ECC1-00-0530-E.png "PAT-Cell-Gas_Spare-Parts_Cell_Base_ECC1-00-0530-E | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Gas_Spare-Parts_Cell_Base_ECC1-00-0530-E.png) **Valve block I (PAT-Gas), ECC1-00-0555-A** [![Valve block I (PAT-Gas), ECC1-00-0555-A](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Valve-block-I-PAT-Gas_ECC1-00-0555-A.png "Valve-block-I-PAT-Gas_ECC1-00-0555-A | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Valve-block-I-PAT-Gas_ECC1-00-0555-A.png) **Gas sample port** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Sample-Port_ECC1-00-0155-C-300x154.png "Spare-parts_Sample-Port_ECC1-00-0155-C | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Sample-Port_ECC1-00-0155-C.png) ## Recommended PAT-Core configurations This information can be used as a guide for building the PAT-Cell-Gas II. More PAT-Core setups can be found [here](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/common-test-cases). **3-electrode testing with aprotic LiPF6 based electrolytes** - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1757580609705-2ef7751e-936f) - [Graphite vs Li metal](#1757580609742-195b26b9-c334) - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1757580609776-b394744c-eb1e) #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1757580609705-2ef7751e-936f) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed Contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** #### [Graphite vs Li metal](#1757580609742-195b26b9-c334) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** Graphite **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-B\_x\* (Cu) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1757580609776-b394744c-eb1e) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** ![PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers and reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PAT-Core_250.webp)PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers and reference electrode - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078484782-17498341-715c) - [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078484922-e029f64a-56df) - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078485063-e81277dd-9fae) #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078484782-17498341-715c) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed Contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** #### [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078484922-e029f64a-56df) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** Graphite **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-B\_x\* (Cu) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078485063-e81277dd-9fae) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** **2-electrode testing with aprotic LiPF6 based electrolytes** - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078577650-684d01d4-5739) - [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078577807-4ca22ab8-c0cb) - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078577948-587045a3-4c56) #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078577650-684d01d4-5739) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** #### [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078577807-4ca22ab8-c0cb) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** Graphite **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-B\_x\* (Cu) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078577948-587045a3-4c56) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** ![PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers without reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/PAT-Core_Cu-Al_ohne-Ref.png)PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers without reference electrode - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078637181-3ba4fa7e-3644) - [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078637329-29892980-bef5) - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078637477-a2507bc6-2fbe) #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078637181-3ba4fa7e-3644) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** #### [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078637329-29892980-bef5) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** Graphite **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-B\_x\* (Cu) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078637477-a2507bc6-2fbe) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** **3-electrode testing with aprotic supercap electrolytes** ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** AC\*\* **Upper electrode (-)**AC **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-B (Al) **Reference**Activated carbon on stainless steelcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve (PP), AC(SS) ring, FS/5P separator (PP fiber/PE membrane, 220 µm)ECC1-00-0450-N **T/°C** \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/discover-the-pat-series#height-number) to determine the proper lower plunger. \*\*AC = Activated carbon ![PAT-Core with aluminum plungers and reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Al-Al_LiRef_2025.png)PAT-Core with aluminum plungers and reference electrode ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** AC\*\* **Upper electrode (-)**AC **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-B (Al) **Reference**Activated carbon on stainless steelcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve (PP), AC(SS) ring, FS/5P separator (PP fiber/PE membrane, 220 µm)ECC1-00-0450-N **T/°C** \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/discover-the-pat-series#height-number) to determine the proper lower plunger. \*\*AC = Activated carbon ## Recommended potentiostats The PAT-Cell-Gas II test cell is fully supported by the following potentiostats: [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) The PAT-Tester-i-16 integrates a temperature controlled cell chamber and docking station with a battery tester into one single instrument. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) The PAT-Tester-x-8 offers maximum flexibility with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## Recommended tools [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High precision cutting pliers to eliminate torn and chipped electrode edges. Recommended diameter size for use with the PAT-Cell-Gas II is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil. The recommended size for use with the PAT-Cell-Gas II is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## Related products [![PAT-Cell-Press II S Battery Test Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Press_II_S.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) ## [PAT-Cell-Press II](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) Leakproof test cell for measuring gas evolution. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) Modular multi-channel potentiostat for special and small-scale testing [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Discover the PAT series](https://www.el-cell.com/products/discover-the-pat-series/) **Published:** January 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Explore the PAT series for next-level battery testing: sample results, products like PAT-Cell, and downloads for Li-ion material research. **Content:** # **Discover the PAT series** ##### The science of battery testing has reached the next level with the introduction of the PAT series. [Components ](#pat-components) [Features](#pat-features) [Products](#pat-products) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Pageheader_PAT-Core.png) # **Discover the PAT series** ##### The science of battery testing has reached the next level. [Components ](#pat-components) [Features](#pat-features) [Products](#pat-products) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Pageheader_PAT-Core.png) # **Discover the PAT series** ##### The science of battery testing has reached the next level with the introduction of the PAT series. - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Pageheader_PAT-Core_mobile-1.png) [Components](#pat-components)[Features](#pat-features)[Products](#pat-products) ## What is the PAT series? The PAT series is a new generation of battery test cells that feature a unique single-use concept, which raises the standard of lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery research. All test cells are built around the PAT-Core, which is a highly customizable single-use compartment for the test specimen. This series enables two- and three-electrode tests of Li-ion batteries. All PAT series test cells are designed without sockets for direct cable connections. They must, therefore, be used with docking stations such as the PAT-Stand-1, PAT-Stand-16, or the temperature-controlled PAT-Chamber-16. Because the cable connections do not need to be renewed for each testing, the parallel battery tests enable the generation of more reliable test results with less effort and in a shorter period of time. ## The PAT-Core ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Contentbilder_PAT-Core_Schnitt_02.jpg) ### The PAT-Core is the heart of the PAT series The PAT-Core is the essential part of the PAT-cell holding in place and precisely aligning the electrodes under test. The well-defined geometry of the PAT-Core enables high-quality two- and three electrode tests of Li-ion and other battery materials as well as supercapacitors. The first part of the PAT-Core is an insulation sleeve, which is made of polypropylene and is equipped with a built-in ring-shaped Li-reference electrode and a 260μm glass fiber separator. The insulation sleeve is pre-assembled under protective atmosphere at the EL-CELL® factory to ensure consistent quality for reproducible battery tests. PAT-Core versions without a reference electrode or with a customized separator are available on request. As the current collectors, the upper and lower plungers are made of copper, aluminum, or stainless steel. This enables battery researchers to work exclusively with battery grade materials. Aluminum and copper plungers are single-use components, while the stainless steel plungers are reusable. ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Contentbilder_PAT-Core_test-cases.jpg) ### Different materials for your test case The PAT-Core can be used with many different battery and capacitor types. In general, when lithium metal is used as the negative electrode and when measuring half-cell impedances, we recommend sleeves with a built-in glass fiber separator rather than the thin technical separators such as Viledon and Celgard. Glass fiber is also the best choice when wettability is a potential issue (e.g. when using ionic liquids). The table below summarizes some of the most common test cases. Battery Type Lower electrode (+) Upper electrode (-) Lower plunger single-use/re-use Upper plunger single-use/re-use Separator Li-metal LCO, NCA, NCM or LFP Li Al/SS Cu/SS thick Li-metal Graphite or silicon Li Cu/SS Cu/SS thick Li-metal LTO Li Al or Cu/SS Cu/SS thick Li-ion LCO, NCA, NCM or LFP Graphite Al/SS Cu/SS thick or thin Li-ion LFP LTO Al/SS Al or Cu/SS thick or thin EDLC AC AC Al/SS Al/SS thick or thin Li-ion cap AC Lithiated graphite Al/SS Cu/SS thick or thin [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") AC = Activated carbon SS = Stainless steel 316L (1.4404) thick separator(≥150μm) = FS-5P or GF/A thin separator (≤30μm) = polyolefine or FS3005-25 ## Good to know: The PAT-Core components ### Upper plunger ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C--300x186.png) By default, the upper plunger serves as the negative current collector. Only one plunger height is available, but it will fit any thickness of the upper electrode up to 800µm. Following upper plungers are available: Upper plunger Item name Type Order no. ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Stainless steel) Reusable ECC1-01-0026-C [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ss?_pos=1&_sid=bc1e0a1a4&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Nickel) Reusable ECC1-01-0026-M [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ni?_pos=1&_sid=888dfe47c&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0065-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (PEEK) with upper feed wire (Au) and disk spring (Au) Reusable ECC1-01-0065-A [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-peek-au-assy?_pos=1&_sid=545ff53e2&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0026-B_80px.png)Upper plunger (Al) Single-use ECC1-01-0026-B [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-al?_pos=1&_sid=4809b9d68&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0026-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (Cu) Single-use ECC1-01-0026-A [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-cu?_pos=1&_sid=775076f54&_ss=r) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Insulation sleeves ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Insulation_sleeve_PP_reed-contact_GF.jpg) The insulation sleeve is available with and without a ring-shaped lithium metal reference ring and with three different types of separators: a double-layered separator comprised of a 180 µm thick nonvowen PP cloth (Freudenberg FS 2226 E) and a 38 µm thick microporous UHMW-PE membrane (Gore Heerlen Solupor 5P09B), a 260µm borosilicate glass fiber separator (Whatman GF/A), and a 25µm nonwoven polyester separator pasted with Al2O3 (Freudenberg Viledon FS 3005-25). #### Separator comparison: Separator FS-5P (Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Gore Heerlen Solupor 5P09B) Whatman GF/A Celgard QT17P2HX Thickness 220µm 260µm 16.5µm Material PP fiber/PE membrane Borosilicate glass fiber PVDF/PP/PE/PP/PVDF Porosity FS: 67%/ 5P: 86% 91% 54% Wettability Good Excellent Good Resistance to dendrites Good Modest Good Ability for full cell cycle tests Good Good Good Ability for half cell cycle tests (vs. Li) Good Good Modest Ability for full cell EIS Excellent Excellent Excellent Ability for individual electrode EIS Modest Good Modest Order no (Insulation sleeve (PP) with Li reference) ECC1-00-0210-V/X ECC1-00-0210-O/X ECC1-00-0420-O/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ![Contentbilder_Insulation_sleeve](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Contentbilder_Insulation_sleeve.jpg "Contentbilder_Insulation_sleeve | EL-CELL") Other separators and customized solutions are available on request. Furthermore, the sleeve is available in a disassembled state, either with or without the lithium reference ring. The standard versions are shown in the table below: Insulation sleeve Article no. Type of testing with lithium ring reference, with double-layered FS-5P separator (220 µm) ECC1-00-0210-V/x 3 electrodes with lithium ring reference, with Viledon separator (25 µm) ECC1-00-0210-A/x 3 electrodes with lithium ring reference, with glass fiber separator (260 µm) ECC1-00-0210-O/x 3 electrodes without ring reference, with double-layered FS-5P separator (220 µm) ECC1-00-0210-W/x 2 electrodes without ring reference, with Viledon separator (25 µm) ECC1-00-0210-B/x 2 electrodes without ring reference, with glass fiber separator (260 µm) ECC1-00-0210-P/x 2 electrodes [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Lower plunger ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C-300x219.png) By default, the lower plunger serves as the positive current collector. It is available in different materials and in different “height numbers”. The proper plunger height must be chosen to ensure that the pre-assembled separator is not excessively bent during assembly of the PAT-Core. The proper plunger height number depends on both the thickness of the lower electrode and the thickness of the built-in separator. Our configurator can help you to determine the proper lower plunger for your battery test: ``` ``` ## PAT-Core features - [Long-term tests](#1488284594329-504ed52c-1b13) - [Less cross contamination and corrosion](#1488284594550-3e0cbbd1-c13f) - [Half-cell impedance spectra](#1488285469268-30e95472-613f) - [Easy electrolyte filling](#1488286773485-5bd91461-315e) - [Tight test cells](#1488286841054-f20babe2-7217) - [Increased productivity](#1488287134886-f79674e9-1122) #### [Long-term tests](#1488284594329-504ed52c-1b13) ### Long-term tests The PAT-Core enables battery tests with a three-electrode setup and a duration of 1000 hours or more. This advantage is due to the new ring-shaped Li-reference electrode, which is far more time stable than point-type reference electrodes. The PAT-Core is, therefore, the perfect test system for aging studies. [![Long-term cycling test of NCM vs. Graphite](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_02.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_02.png)Long-term cycling test of NCM vs. Graphite #### [Less cross contamination and corrosion](#1488284594550-3e0cbbd1-c13f) ### Less cross contamination and corrosion The single-use concept of the PAT series helps to reduce cross contamination between subsequent tests. Corrosion issues are also reduced. The PAT-Core consists of three single-use parts: insulation sleeve (PP), upper plunger (Cu as standard), and lower plunger (Al as standard). All these parts are assembled, packed, and sealed under controlled atmosphere at the EL-CELL® factory. Moreover, single-use parts do not need to be cleaned and dried, which circumvents the risk of contamination with water and reduces the effort in the lab. Please note that upper and lower plungers are also available as reusable versions in stainless steel. [![Insulation sleeves ready for use, packaged under argon](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Less-cross-contamination.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Less-cross-contamination.jpg)Insulation sleeves ready for use, packaged under argon #### [Half-cell impedance spectra](#1488285469268-30e95472-613f) ### Half-cell impedance spectra With the ring reference built into the PAT sleeve, the half-cell impedance can be measured as easily as the full-cell impedance. [![Full and half cell impedance spectra of NCA vs. Graphite (3.8 V full cell voltage)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Half-cell-impedance.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Half-cell-impedance.jpg) #### [Easy electrolyte filling](#1488286773485-5bd91461-315e) ### Easy electrolyte filling The PAT-Cell can be easily filled with electrolyte during the assembly procedure. The user needs only a micro-pipette to drip a defined amount of electrolyte onto the separator, which is factory preinstalled in the insulation sleeve of the PAT-Core. The amount of electrolyte used is typically between 50 and 200μL, depending on the specific components used. ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Easy-electrolyte-filling.jpg) #### [Tight test cells](#1488286841054-f20babe2-7217) ### Tight test cells The PAT-Cell is completely airtight. This is ensured by the special PE seal that is clamped between the double cutting rings of the cell lid and the cell body. This sealing concept guarantees ultra-low leakage and enables operation of the PAT-Cell outside of the glovebox. [![PE-Seals](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Tight-test-cells.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Tight-test-cells.jpg)PE-Seals #### [Increased productivity](#1488287134886-f79674e9-1122) ### Increased productivity The new PAT series improves productivity of battery testing. The single-use concept avoids effort that is related to cleaning and disassembling of the PAT-Cores. When used with a PAT-Stand-16, time for connecting the test cells with the potentiostat for every new battery test is saved. Moreover, the PAT-Stand-16 saves space in the lab; its compact design holds up to 16 PAT-Cells. All these features increase the productivity of battery testing and facilitates high-throughput testing. [![PAT-Stand-16 with PAT-Cells in a climate chamber](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_increased_productivity.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_increased_productivity.jpg)PAT-Stand-16 with PAT-Cells in a climate chamber # Sample test results [![Monitoring of half cell voltages during the initial cycles of NCA vs. Graphite](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_01.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_01.png) [![Full and half cell impedance spectra of NCA vs. Graphite at a full cell voltage of 3.8V](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_03.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_03.png)Full and half cell impedance spectra of NCA vs. Graphite at a full cell voltage of 3.8V [![Long-term cycling test of NCM vs. Graphite](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_02.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_02.png)Long-term cycling test of NCM vs. Graphite ## Products of the PAT series ## Test cells - [PAT-Cell](#1488291684013-c4f4c760-3dae) - [ECC-PAT-Core](#1488291685358-422a4ed5-19ac) - [PAT-Cell-Aqu](#1488291686208-df083486-8cf6) - [PAT-Cell-Press](#1488291687087-cbf4654c-aed3) - [PAT-Cell-Press-Aqu](#1488291688018-3bd59d0b-69dc) - [PAT-Cell-HT](#1488291688930-c8864e8f-2983) - [PAT-Cell-Aqu-HT](#1527069416420-b5c9de68-8926) - [PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref](#1524060176119-98121453-cd4f) #### [PAT-Cell](#1488291684013-c4f4c760-3dae) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) Leadless test cell for high throughput testing of Li-ion battery materials using the innovative PAT-Core concept. - Ability to conduct long-term half cell measurements with three electrodes - No need to clean or dry cell components due to single-use concept - Reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Cells.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) Purpose/testing 2-electrode, 3-electrode Electrolytes Aprotic ( e.g. LiPF6, R4NBF4) Available current collectors Cu, Al, SS [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) #### [ECC-PAT-Core](#1488291685358-422a4ed5-19ac) ## [ECC-PAT-Core](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/ecc-pat-core/) Electrochemical test cell with reference electrode using the PAT-Core concept. - Fewer mistakes from corrosion and cross contamination - No need to clean or dry cell components - Easy and reliable electrolyte filling during assembly - Reliable sealing with PE seal and double cutting rings [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-PAT-Core.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/ecc-pat-core) Purpose/testing 2-electrode, 3-electrode Electrolytes Aprotic ( e.g. LiPF6, R4NBF4) Available current collectors Cu, Al, SS [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/ecc-pat-core) #### [PAT-Cell-Aqu](#1488291686208-df083486-8cf6) ## [PAT-Cell-Aqu](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-aqu) Test cell for aqueous electrolytes and non-lithium battery systems. - Superior corrosion resistance against aqueous electrolytes - Also applicable to aprotic battery chemistries with special demands on corrosion resistance - Specialized PAT-Core with reusable plunger made of PEEK polymer and gold current collectors [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Cell-Aqu.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-aqu) Purpose/testing 2-electrode, 3-electrode Electrolytes Aqueous ( e.g. H2SO4, KOH); Aprotic Available current collectors Au, Pt, Ni [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-aqu) #### [PAT-Cell-Press](#1488291687087-cbf4654c-aed3) ## [PAT-Cell-Press](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) Leakproof test cell for measuring gas evolution. - PAT-Core design with or without reference electrode - Laser welded pressure sensor, 0 to 3 bar abs - Electrode feedthroughs with glass-to-metal seals [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PAT-Cell-Press_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) Purpose/testing 2-electrode, 3-electrode, gas analysis Electrolytes Aprotic ( e.g. LiPF6, R4NBF4) Available current collectors Cu, Al, SS [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) #### [PAT-Cell-Press-Aqu](#1488291688018-3bd59d0b-69dc) ## [PAT-Cell-Press-Aqu](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press-aqu) Pressure test cell for aqueous electrolytes and non-lithium battery systems - Superior corrosion resistance against aqueous electrolytes - Laser welded pressure sensor, 0 to 3 bar abs - Specialized PAT-Core with reusable plunger made of PEEK polymer and gold current collectors [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell-Press-Aqu_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press-aqu) Purpose/testing 2-electrode, 3-electrode, gas analysis Electrolytes Aqueous ( e.g. H2SO4, KOH); Aprotic Available current collectors Au, Pt, Ni [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press-aqu) #### [PAT-Cell-HT](#1488291688930-c8864e8f-2983) ## [PAT-Cell-HT](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht) Heat resistant PAT series test cell for up to 200°C - PAT-series test cell for 2-or 3-electrode testing at elevated temperatures - Continuous operating temperature: up to 200°C - Demountable HT-sleeve for self-installation [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Cell-HT.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/pat-cell-ht) Purpose/testing 2-electrode, 3-electrode Electrolytes Aprotic; compatible with solid state membranes Available current collectors Cu, Al, SS [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht) #### [PAT-Cell-Aqu-HT](#1527069416420-b5c9de68-8926) ## [PAT-Cell-Aqu-HT](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-aqu-ht) Test cell for 2- and 3-electrode testing with aqueous and other highly corrosive electrolytes at elevated temperatures. - Specialized PAT-Core with reusable plungers made of PEEK polymer and gold current collectors - Compatible with solid state (ceramic) electrolyte membranes - Reusable HT insulation sleeve for self-installation of separator or electrolyte membrane and ring-shaped reference [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Products_PAT-Cell-HT-Aqu_01.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-aqu-ht) Purpose/testing 2-electrode, 3-electrode Electrolytes Aqueous ( e.g. H2SO4, KOH), Aprotic, compatible with solid state membranes Available current collectors Au, Pt, Ni [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-aqu-ht) #### [PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref](#1524060176119-98121453-cd4f) ## [PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-twin-ref) Specialized PAT-Cell for testing simultaneously with two reference electrodes. - Ability for conducting long-term half cell measurements with two reference electrodes - No need to clean or dry cell components due to single-use concept - Compatible with any potentiostat or battery tester [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Products_PAT-Cell-TwinRef.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-twin-ref) Purpose/testing 2 reference electrodes Electrolytes Aprotic (e.g. LiPF6, R4NBF4) Available current collectors Cu, Al, SS [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-twin-ref) ## Docking / Test stations - [PAT-Tester-i-16](#1488292998673-6f9dfffa-60ab) - [PAT-Chamber-16](#1488292999785-3d38e8de-b126) - [PAT-Stand-16](#1488293000797-0a26718a-aaa7) - [PAT-Stand-4](#1488293001818-117e923d-be04) - [PAT-Stand-1](#1488293002825-4400ab26-6afd) - [PAT-Stand-1 U](#1524059805878-d691447a-a148) - [PAT-Heater-4](#1488294760132-258580ef-5560) #### [PAT-Tester-i-16](#1488292998673-6f9dfffa-60ab) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16) The PAT-Tester-i-16 integrates a temperature controlled cell chamber and docking station with a battery tester into one single instrument. - 16 independent channels for PAT-series test cells - Each channel with fully featured potentiostat / galvanostat / impedance analyzer - Integrated Peltier-temperature-control with a temperature range of +5 to +80°C [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-tester/pat-tester-i-16) Testing Capacity up to 16 test cells Datalogger Simultaneous recording of both half-cell voltages and sensor signals (e.g. temperature, pressure Additional features Multi channel galvanostat / potentionstat / impedance analyzer; Temperature controlled cell chamber (Peltier) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-tester/pat-tester-i-16) #### [PAT-Chamber-16](#1488292999785-3d38e8de-b126) ## [PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16) Temperature-controlled docking station for PAT series test cells - Ready for up to 16 PAT-Cells or PAT-Cell-Press for pressure monitoring - With data acquisition of cell current, cell voltage, half-cell voltages, global temperature, individual cell pressure - Compatible with all of today’s potentiostats and battery testers [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Chamber-16.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16) Testing Capacity up to 16 test cells Datalogger Cell Current, Cell voltage, Half cell voltage, Global temperature, Individual cell pressure Additional features Temperature controlled cell chamber (Peltier) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16) #### [PAT-Stand-16](#1488293000797-0a26718a-aaa7) ## [PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) High throughput docking station for up to 16 PAT-Cells - 4×4 docking station for up to 16 PAT-Cells - Integrated data logger for recording half-cell voltages and temperature - Can be placed on the bench or inside a temperature chamber [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-16.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16) Testing Capacity up to 16 test cells Datalogger Cell Current, Cell voltage, Half cell voltage, Tray temperature [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16) #### [PAT-Stand-4](#1488293001818-117e923d-be04) ## [PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4/) Docking station for up to four PAT-Cells - Compatible with all of today’s multi-channel potentiostats and battery testers - Saves wiring effort in the lab - Can be placed on the bench top, inside a temperature chamber or inside a glove box [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-4-1.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4) Testing Capacity up to 4 test cells Datalogger - [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4) #### [PAT-Stand-1](#1488293002825-4400ab26-6afd) ## [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1) The ideal docking station for individual battery testing - Can be placed on the bench-top, inside a temperature chamber, or inside a glove box - Docking station for a single PAT-Cell or PAT-Cell-Press - Saves wiring effort [![EL-CELL PAT-Stand-1 docking station for battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-1.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1) Testing Capacity Single test cell Datalogger - [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1) #### [PAT-Stand-1 U](#1524059805878-d691447a-a148) ## [PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u) Single-channel docking station for the most flexible operation of customized PAT-Cell designs. - Docking station for use with a single PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref. - May be used to connect with any other PAT series test cell. All signals of the respective test cell are available through banana sockets at the front panel. - Compatible with any potentiostat or battery tester. [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Products_PAT-Stand-1-U.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u) Testing Capacity Single test cell Datalogger - [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u) #### [PAT-Heater-4](#1488294760132-258580ef-5560) ## [PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) Heated chamber for four PAT-Cell-HT - Heated chamber from 10°C > ambient temperature up to 200°C - 4 x 1 docking station for up to four PAT-Cell-HT - Flexible wiring due to easy-to-access banana sockets [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Heater-4.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) Testing Capacity up to 4 PAT-Cell-HT Datalogger - Additional features Heated chamber from 10°C > ambient temperature up to 200°C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) **PAT compatibility table** What is the right test / docking station for your PAT-Cell? Docking / Test station PAT-Cell PAT-Cell-Press PAT-Cell-HT PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref PAT-Cell-Gas [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1)/[PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1)C C C C [PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u)C [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1) + PAT-Press Box + T-Chamber C C T P C C T [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1) + PAT-Press Box + T-Chamber C C T P C C T P [PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4)C C C C [PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16)C C C C [PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16)C C T P C C T P [PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4)C T [PAT-Tester-x](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x)C C T P C C T P [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4)C C T P C C T P Supported features: Colors: C: charge/discharge/impedance all test cell features supported T: temperature control some test cell features not fully supported P: gas pressure test cell incompatible [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Videos You can download all of our videos directly from our [video page](https://el-cell.com/support/videos/). ## Downloads [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Core_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/2799/)PAT-Core User Manual Release 1.33 Date July 2024 Type PDF Size 1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2799/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Overview_PAT-Core_Components_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/5328/)PAT-Core Components Overview Sheet Release March 2026 Type PDF Size 1.6 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5328/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Any comments about this page? Please leave us a note Your comment Your email-address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Loading... --- ### [The PAT-Core concept](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) **Published:** May 8, 2019 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** The PAT-Core offers components for building modular cell stacks for battery test cells. Fast-assembly, 3-electrode design and perfect concentric alignment **Content:** # **The PAT-Core Concept** ##### [Components List](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/) [Configurations](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/common-test-cases/) [Downloads](#downloads) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Pageheader_PAT-Core.png) # **The PAT-Core Concept** - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Pageheader_PAT-Core_mobile-1.png) [Components in Detail](#pat-components)[Features](#pat-features) [Components List](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/) [Downloads](#downloads) ## The PAT-Core: Enabling Battery Studies of Unmatched Quality [![PAT-Core Components](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_components-744x495.webp "PAT-Core_components")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_components.webp) The PAT-Core is the world-wide patented\*, essential part of the PAT-Cell. It holds the electrodes undergoing testing in place and allows for precise, concentric alignment of the cell stack. The well-defined geometry of the PAT-Core enables high-quality two- and three-electrode tests of Li-ion and other battery materials as well as supercapacitors. It is even suitable for special applications, such as [printed electrodes.](https://el-cell.com/printed-electrodes/) The easy assembly of the PAT-Core minimizes the human factor in experiment preparation and even qualifies for robotic assembly. The standard PAT-Core comprises three components. The first part is a highly customizable insulation sleeve with a built-in separator and ring-shaped reference electrode. Different reference materials, like sodium or magnesium, and various separator materials, such as glass fibre or microporous polyolefin, are available. The single-use concept reduces lab lead times and minimizes the risk of cross-contamination. The insulation sleeve is preassembled under a protective argon atmosphere at the EL-CELL factory to ensure consistent quality for reproducible battery tests. PEEK is available as an alternative material for the insulation sleeve, allowing us also to offer a reusable version for self-assembly. The upper and lower plungers complete the PAT-Core and serve as current collectors. Battery researchers can choose from a broad range of different materials: battery-grade aluminum and copper, reusable stainless steel or precious metals, such as gold or platinum for special demands. This way the PAT-Core is ready for both aprotic and aqueous electrolytes as well as special purposes such as high temperature environments. *\*Patents: EP3108224, US10,408,781B2, ZL201480075905.3: REFERENCE ELECTRODE INSERT FOR AN ELECTROCHEMICAL TEST CELL – PAT-Core* **The PAT-Core: A modular concept to fit almost all testing purposes** ![Different PAT-Core configurations](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PAT-Core_examples_horizontal_02.png) [PAT-Core configurations for common test cases](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/common-test-cases) ## PAT-Core features - [Long-term tests](#1488284594329-504ed52c-1b13) - [Less cross contamination and corrosion](#1488284594550-3e0cbbd1-c13f) - [Half-cell impedance spectra](#1488285469268-30e95472-613f) - [Easy electrolyte filling](#1488286773485-5bd91461-315e) - [Tight test cells](#1488286841054-f20babe2-7217) - [Increased productivity](#1488287134886-f79674e9-1122) #### [Long-term tests](#1488284594329-504ed52c-1b13) ### Long-term tests The PAT-Core enables battery tests with a three-electrode setup and a duration of 1000 hours or more. This advantage is due to the new ring-shaped Li-reference electrode, which is far more time stable than point-type reference electrodes. The PAT-Core is, therefore, the perfect test system for aging studies. [![Long-term cycling test of NCM vs. Graphite](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_02-1024x680.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_02.png)Long-term cycling test of NCM vs. Graphite #### [Less cross contamination and corrosion](#1488284594550-3e0cbbd1-c13f) ### Less cross contamination and corrosion The single-use concept of the PAT series helps to reduce cross contamination between subsequent tests. Corrosion issues are also reduced. The PAT-Core consists of three single-use parts: insulation sleeve (PP), upper plunger (Cu as standard), and lower plunger (Al as standard). All these parts are assembled, packed, and sealed under controlled atmosphere at the EL-CELL® factory. Moreover, single-use parts do not need to be cleaned and dried, which circumvents the risk of contamination with water and reduces the effort in the lab. Please note that upper and lower plungers are also available as reusable versions in stainless steel. [![Insulation sleeves ready for use, packaged under argon](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Less-cross-contamination.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Less-cross-contamination.jpg)Insulation sleeves ready for use, packaged under argon #### [Half-cell impedance spectra](#1488285469268-30e95472-613f) ### Half-cell impedance spectra With the ring reference built into the PAT sleeve, the half-cell impedance can be measured as easily as the full-cell impedance. [![Full and half cell impedance spectra of NCA vs. Graphite (3.8 V full cell voltage)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Half-cell-impedance.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Half-cell-impedance.jpg) #### [Easy electrolyte filling](#1488286773485-5bd91461-315e) ### Easy electrolyte filling The PAT-Cell can be easily filled with electrolyte during the assembly procedure. The user needs only a micro-pipette to drip a defined amount of electrolyte onto the separator, which is factory preinstalled in the insulation sleeve of the PAT-Core. The amount of electrolyte used is typically between 50 and 200μL, depending on the specific components used. ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Easy-electrolyte-filling.jpg) #### [Tight test cells](#1488286841054-f20babe2-7217) ### Tight test cells The PAT-Cell is completely airtight and designed to operate outside of the glove box. This is ensured by special seals available in different materials like PE, PTFE or Al. Furthermore, all PAT-Cell variants are helium leak tested at the EL-CELL factory to guarantee ultra-low leakage. [![PE-Seals](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Tight-test-cells.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Tight-test-cells.jpg)PE-Seals #### [Increased productivity](#1488287134886-f79674e9-1122) ### Increased productivity The PAT series improves battery testing productivity. The single-use concept avoids the effort related to cleaning and disassembling the PAT-Cores. When used with a[ PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) potentiostat, cell wiring is not required – simply insert the cell and start the test. Moreover, the PAT-Tester-i-16 comes with an integrated, software-controlled temperature chamber (+10 to +80 °C), so there is no need for additional devices. These features increase the productivity of battery testing and facilitate high-throughput testing. [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/PAT-Tester-i-16_440.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/PAT-Tester-i-16_440.webp) ## The PAT-Core components in detail ### Upper plunger ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C--300x186.png) By default, the upper plunger serves as the negative current collector. The given size fits for any thickness of the upper electrode up to 800 μm . The plungers are available in Stainless Steel (ss), Al and Cu, and as a special version made of PEEK polymer. The PEEK plungers are used in combination with a disc-shaped metal foil as the current collector. Many different metals are available including Au, Pt and Ni. For use with printed electrodes, a special slotted current collector foil made of stainless steel is available as well. It can be used in combination with all available plungers. Upper plunger types Upper plunger Item name Type Order no. ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Stainless steel) Reusable ECC1-01-0026-C [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ss?_pos=1&_sid=bc1e0a1a4&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Nickel) Reusable ECC1-01-0026-M [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ni?_pos=1&_sid=888dfe47c&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0065-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (PEEK) with upper feed wire (Au) and disk spring (Au) Reusable ECC1-01-0065-A [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-peek-au-assy?_pos=1&_sid=545ff53e2&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0026-B_80px.png)Upper plunger (Al) Single-use ECC1-01-0026-B [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-al?_pos=1&_sid=4809b9d68&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0026-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (Cu) Single-use ECC1-01-0026-A [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-cu?_pos=1&_sid=775076f54&_ss=r) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Insulation sleeves ![PAT-Core PP-Sleeves with Reference and Separator](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_PP-Sleeves_with_Reference_and_separator-160x110.webp "PAT-Core_PP-Sleeves_with_Reference_and_separator") Insulation sleeves are available in the materials polyproplyen (PP) and PEEK. The inner and outer ring are clipsed (PP) or sticked (PEEK) together with a separator or separator -like material (such as a solid state electrolyte) in between. For three -electrode tests, a reference ring can be additionally mounted into the insulation sleeve. An additional reed contact serves as the electrical contact for the reference ring. Different reference ring materials are available including lithium metal and LTO. **1. Insulation sleeve (PP) for single-use** The variant made of polypropylene is a single-use item with built-in separator, ring reference and reed contact. The single-use concept lowers lead times in the lab and is the perfect choice for high-throughput testing. ![Components of an Insulation Sleeve](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/insulation_sleeve_pp_explo.webp) **2. Insulation sleeve (PEEK), reusable** The PEEK variant of the insulation sleeve is reusable and optimal for higher temperatures (up to 200 °C). It is assembled before each testing, so you can modify its components easily. It is the right choice for small-scale testing and the more unusual ideas. ![Reusable PEEK Insulation Sleeve for the PAT-Core system](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/insulation_sleeve_peek_explo.png) Insulation sleeves may be ordered readily assembled (PP) or for self -assembly (PP or PEEK). When assembling the insulation sleeve yourself, please use separator circles of 21.6 mm diameter. All parts except the PEEK rings are for single -use. As a standard, we offer three different types of separators: a double-layered separator comprised of a 180 µm thick nonvowen PP cloth (Freudenberg FS 2226 E) and a 38 µm thick microporous UHMW-PE membrane (Gore Heerlen Solupor 5P09B), a 260µm borosilicate glass fiber separator (Whatman GF/A), and a 25µm nonwoven polyester separator pasted with Al2O3 (Freudenberg Viledon FS 3005-25). Other separators and customized solutions are available on request. #### Separator comparison: Separator FS-5P (Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Gore Heerlen Solupor 5P09B) Whatman GF/A Celgard QT17P2HX Thickness 220µm 260µm 16.5µm Material PP fiber/PE membrane Borosilicate glass fiber PVDF/PP/PE/PP/PVDF Porosity FS: 67%/ 5P: 86% 91% 54% Wettability Good Excellent Good Resistance to dendrites Good Modest Good Ability for full cell cycle tests Good Good Good Ability for half cell cycle tests (vs. Li) Good Good Modest Ability for full cell EIS Excellent Excellent Excellent Ability for individual electrode EIS Modest Good Modest Order no (Insulation sleeve (PP) with Li reference) ECC1-00-0210-V/X ECC1-00-0210-O/X ECC1-00-0420-O/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Lower plunger ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C-300x219.png) By default, the lower plunger serves as the positive current collector . The choice of materials is the same as for the upper plunger, however, the lower plunger comes in different sizes (height numbers) to account for different thicknesses of the lower electrode and the separator. Available height numbers range between 50 and 800 in steps of 50. The proper plunger height must be chosen to ensure that the pre -assembled separator is not excessively bent during assembly of the PAT -Core. The proper height number depends on both the thickness of the lower electrode and the thickness of the built -in separator. **Please note that the height number starts with a zero point offset of 50. The height number does not refer directly to the height of the lower electrode in μm.** Our configurator can help you to determine the proper lower plunger for your battery test: Lower plunger configurator ``` ``` # Sample test results [![Monitoring of half cell voltages during the initial cycles of NCA vs. Graphite](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_01.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_01.png) [![Full and half cell impedance spectra of NCA vs. Graphite at a full cell voltage of 3.8V](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_03.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_03.png)Full and half cell impedance spectra of NCA vs. Graphite at a full cell voltage of 3.8V [![Long-term cycling test of NCM vs. Graphite](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_02.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_02.png)Long-term cycling test of NCM vs. Graphite ## Downloads [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Core_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/2799/)PAT-Core User Manual Release 1.33 Date July 2024 Type PDF Size 1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2799/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Overview_PAT-Core_Components_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/5328/)PAT-Core Components Overview Sheet Release March 2026 Type PDF Size 1.6 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5328/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Any comments about this page? Please leave us a note Your comment Your email-address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Loading... --- ### [Careers](https://www.el-cell.com/about-us/careers/) **Published:** February 10, 2017 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Explore EL-Cell job opportunities in Hamburg-Harburg: join our growing team advancing lithium-ion battery research tools worldwide. **Content:** # Our job opportunities Die EL-Cell GmbH rüstet Batterieforschungslabore weltweit mit Testzellen, Werkzeugen und Messgeräten aus. Mit unserem Team von über 40 Mitarbeitern entwickeln und produzieren wir am Standort Hamburg-Harburg Geräte zur Erforschung neuer Batteriematerialien, insbesondere für Lithium-Ionen Akkus. Wissenschaftler und Forscher nutzen unsere Geräte weltweit zur Entwicklung neuer Materialien für die Energiespeicher der Zukunft. Um im Wachstumsmarkt Batterieforschung erfolgreich zu sein, setzen wir auf innovative und engagierte Mitarbeiter mit einer Affinität zu wissenschaftlichen und technischen Themen. ## Wir wachsen weiter und suchen derzeit Mitarbeiter für folgende Positionen: ## [Sales Engineer / Technical Sales Manager (m/w/d)](https://www.el-cell.com/about-us/careers/sales-engineer/) In Vollzeit ab sofort oder nach Absprache [Zur Stellenausschreibung](https://www.el-cell.com/about-us/careers/sales-engineer/) --- ### [Contact](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/) **Published:** January 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Contact us for worldwide delivery and service. Find sales distributors in Korea, China, and more—get support or request a quote today. **Content:** # **Contact us** ##### We provide worldwide delivery and service for our products – directly or through our distributors. [Contact form](#contact) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Karte_EL-CELL_blau-1.png) # **Contact us** ##### We provide worldwide delivery and service for our products – directly or through our distributors. - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Karte_EL-CELL.png) [Our distributors](#distributor)[Contact form](#contact) # EL-Cell GmbH Headquarters and Distributors *Direct sales worldwide* #### EL-Cell GmbH Tempowerkring 8 21079 Hamburg Germany +49 40 79012-734 *Sales Distributor* #### Alvatek Ltd. Unit 11 Westwood Court Brunel Road Southampton Hampshire SO40 3WX United Kingdom +44 800 566 8228 +44 870 751 5064 *Sales Distributor* #### Sanyo Trading Co.,Ltd. 2-11 Kanda Nishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0054 Japan +81-3-3518-1200 +81-3-3518-1237 *Sales Distributor* #### WonATech Co., Ltd. 7 Neunganmal 1-gil, Seochu-gu, 137 -180 Seoul Korea +82 2 578-6516 *Sales Distributor* #### NeoScience Co., Ltd. Hongshin PARK 1-411, IT Castle, 98, Gasan digital 2-ro, Geumcheon-gu 08506 Seoul Korea +82 2 2026 8260 *Sales Distributor* #### Twinson International Ltd. No. 145 Jiapeng Road, Jiuting Town, Songjiang District, 201615 Shanghai China +86 21 67679161 +86 21 67639195 13917265546 WeChat QR Code: [![WeChat contact QR code for Twinson International distributor](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/WeChat_Twinson_International_Solina.jpg "WeChat_Twinson_International_Solina | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/WeChat_Twinson_International_Solina.jpg) *Sales Distributor* #### Guangzhou Perfect Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd. ROOM 2025,Building 1,NO 202,Wanbo 2 Road, Nancun Town, Panyu District, 511442 Guangzhou China +86 20-82526647 +86 20-85829129 +86 18816795952 *Sales Distributor* #### Lih Yuan Enterprise Co., Ltd. 2F, No. 46, 20 Chang Road Xindian District, New Taipei City 231 Taiwan +886 2 22198008 +886 2 22198266 *Sales Distributor* #### Aurora Borealis Technology Co., Ltd. 4F-1., No.106, Huaining St., Zhongzheng Dist., 100004 Taipei City Taiwan +886.2.2375.7239 ext. 11 +886.975.006.932 ## Contact us Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Subject Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Cell Battery Test Cell for 3-Electrode Testing](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) **Published:** June 16, 2026 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** [Data Sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/8923/)# PAT-Cell ## Battery Test Cell for 2- and 3-Electrode Measurements Request a quote Specifications Documentation## PAT-Cell [Data Sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/8923/) PAT-Cell Battery Test Cell for 2- and 3-Electrode Measurements Request a quote Specifications Documentation## PAT-Cell M ## PAT-Core ## Metal Lid Seal ## PAT-Button ![]( "Stoerer_product_update") ![]( "pageheader_product_2025_grau_03") ![]( "PAT-Cell_500x387") ![]( "PAT-Cell_M_Schnitt_500x387") ![]( "PAT-Cell_M_500x387 Kopie") ## **PAT-Cell** ##### Battery Test Cell for 2- and 3-Electrode Measurements ![PAT-Cell 3-electrode battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PAT-Cell_440.webp) [Product overview](#overview)[Test results](#test-results) [Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/8923/) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Typical Use Cases - Electrochemical Cycling with 2- or 3 Electrodes - High-Throughput and Long-term Testing - Aprotic and Aqueous Electrolytes ## Key Features [PAT-Core ](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) for modular cell stack configuration For long-term testing ( > 5000 hrs) with two or three electrodes Cableless cell design for easy handling and fast assembly Compatible with aprotic as well as aqueous electrochemistry Interchangeable lid springs for easy force adjustment Optimzied lid for use with metal seals (PAT-Cell M) PAT-Button for automatic cell identification in [EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) ## Sample Test Results - ![Coulomb efficiency and capacity rentention of a PAT-Cell during a 5000 hrs cycling test](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_5000hrs_01-1_2025.png) - ![Coulomb efficiency and capacity rentention of a PAT-Cell during a 5000 hrs cycling test](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_5000hrs_02-2_2025.png) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_5000hrs_03_2025.png) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_02-1.png) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_02-2.png) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_02-3-1.png) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_02-4.png) - ![Full and half cell impedance spectra of NCA vs. Graphite (3.8 V full cell voltage)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Half-cell-impedance.jpg) [![Coulomb efficiency and capacity rentention of a PAT-Cell during a 5000 hrs cycling test](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_5000hrs_01-1_2025-300x300.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_5000hrs_01-1_2025.png) [![Coulomb efficiency and capacity rentention of a PAT-Cell during a 5000 hrs cycling test](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_5000hrs_02-2_2025-300x300.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_5000hrs_02-2_2025.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_5000hrs_03_2025-300x300.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_5000hrs_03_2025.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_02-1-300x300.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_02-1.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_2000hrs_PAT-Cell_test_results_02-300x300.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_2000hrs_PAT-Cell_test_results_02.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_02-3-1-300x300.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_02-3-1.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_02-4-300x300.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_02-4.png) [![Monitoring of half cell voltages during the initial cycles of NCA vs. Graphite](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_01-300x300.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_01.png) [![Full and half cell impedance spectra of NCA vs. Graphite (3.8 V full cell voltage)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Half-cell-impedance-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Features_Half-cell-impedance.jpg) ## Product Description The PAT-Cell is designed for 2- and [3-electrode measurements](https://www.el-cell.com/1001-reasons-for-using-a-reference-electrode/) on battery materials. Utilizing the modular PAT-Core components for building the cell stack, it is adaptable for various testing purposes. Depending on the specific application, different sealing materials such as polypropylene (PP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or aluminum can be used in the PAT-Cell, ensuring stable measurements over long durations, even thousands of hours. The PAT-Cell M variant is prepared for use with metal seals as standard, while the regular PAT-Cell can be easily retrofitted.. There is no wiring involved; the cell can be directly inserted into a [PAT battery tester](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/) or connected to any commercially available battery tester or potentiostat via a PAT docking station. This speeds up the experiment setup and reduces signal noise. Ease of use is enhanced by several features, including the integrated PAT-Button. This electronic memory, located at the bottom of the cell, allows for automatic cell recognition when the cell is inserted into a PAT battery tester. The PAT-Cell is perfectly suited for both automated high-throughput scenarios and small-scale testing series. [![Schematic view of a PAT-Cell showing the most important parts.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAT-Cell_features_800x534-1.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAT-Cell_features_800x534-1.jpg) ## Product Variants ### PAT-Cell [![PAT-Cell battery test cell for electrode measurements](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PAT-Cell_250_2023.webp "PAT-Cell_250_2023 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PAT-Cell_250_2023.webp) The PAT-Cell is our proven 3-electrode test cell for high-throughput measurements and small series of measurements. ### PAT-Cell M [![PAT-Cell M battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell_M_250_02.webp "PAT-Cell_M_250_02 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell_M_250_02.webp) The PAT-Cell M is equipped with an optimized cell lid, suitable for both metal and proven polymer seals. Our aluminum lid seals meet the highest demands on cell tightness and are particularly suitable for long-term measurements. ## Specifications - [Specifications](#1759743951168-7a459eb4-47a9) - [Compatible Potentiostats and Docking Stations](#1759743951189-0ec559f8-a2d2) ### [Specifications](#1759743951168-7a459eb4-47a9) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Measurements_PAT-Cell-177x300.png "Measurements_PAT-Cell | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Measurements_PAT-Cell.png) Diameter 49.5 mm Height 61 mm Weight 0.4 kg Electrode diameter 18 mm Separator diameter 21.6 mm Operational temperature -20 to 80° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### [Compatible Potentiostats and Docking Stations](#1759743951189-0ec559f8-a2d2) Features of the PAT-Cell Docking / Test station Charge/Discharge/Impedance [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1/)[PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1)[PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u)[PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4)[PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16)[PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16)[PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/)[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16)[PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Documentation Type Release Date File Format Size [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Cell_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1659/)User Manual 2.8 June 2026 PDF 1.6 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1659/)[![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell_Teaser_Data-sheet.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/8923/)Data Sheet November 2025 PDF 0.5 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8923/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Video Tutorial [![Intro PAT-Series Part 4](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Thumb_IntroPAT_Part4.webp)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OciHO9ejyBg) #### PAT-Cell assembly in the glove box See the assembly procedures of the PAT-Core and PAT-Cell in a glovebox environment. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **Introduction PAT-Series Part 4: PAT-Cell assembly in the glove box**1920x1080px10/2015mp4475 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3193/) **Introduction PAT-Series Part 4: PAT-Cell assembly in the glove box**1280x720px10/2015mp4456 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3195/) ## Frequently Asked Questions How can I identify whether my PAT-Cell is suitable for use with metal seals? The compatible cell lid for metal seals (Item name: Screw cap insulated (PAT)) can be recognized by two features. It has two holes on the top and a white or black inset made of PPS in the lid, which serves as insulation. As the two holes can also be found on older cell lids without insulation, you should always check whether the inset is present. Non-compatible cell lids have no inset at all. [![How to recognize the insulated screw cap for the PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D_800x533.png "EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D_800x533.png) Can I connect PAT-Cells respectively the PAT docking stations to any battery tester or potentiostat? Yes, our PAT series test cells can be operated on any common battery tester or potentiostat using a PAT docking station. Most docking stations are connected via conventional 4 mm banana plugs. The PAT-Stand-16 and PAT-Chamber-16 are offered with fixed open-ended cables. Cell cables with custom connectors to connect these units to a specific battery tester are available on request at extra cost. Can I use the PAT-Cells for experiments with aqueous electrolyte? Yes, this is possible. The cell bases of all current cells of the PAT series, except the PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref, are made of corrosion-resistant steel (1.4404) and are therefore generally suitable for use with aqueous electrolytes. Please note that this applies to the PAT-Cell only for models manufactured from September 2019 (revision no.4) and PAT-Cell-Press manufactured from June 2019 (revision no. 3). ## Battery Test Cell for 2- and 3-Electrode Measurements The PAT-Cell is designed for 2- and [3-electrode measurements](https://www.el-cell.com/1001-reasons-for-using-a-reference-electrode/) on battery materials. Utilizing the modular[ PAT-Core components](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) for building the cell stack, it is adaptable for various testing purposes. Depending on the specific application, different sealing materials such as polypropylene (PP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or aluminum can be used in the PAT-Cell, ensuring stable measurements over long durations, even thousands of hours. The PAT-Cell M variant is prepared for use with metal seals as standard, while the regular PAT-Cell can be easily retrofitted.. There is no wiring involved; the cell can be directly inserted into a [PAT battery tester](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/) or connected to any commercially available battery tester or potentiostat via a PAT docking station. This speeds up the experiment setup and reduces signal noise. Ease of use is enhanced by several features, including the integrated PAT-Button. This electronic memory, located at the bottom of the cell, allows for automatic cell recognition when the cell is inserted into a PAT battery tester. The PAT-Cell is perfectly suited for both automated high-throughput scenarios and small-scale testing series. ## PAT-Cell Overview Typical Use Cases - Electrochemical Cycling with 2- or 3 Electrodes - High-Throughput and Long-term Testing - Aprotic and Aqueous Electrolytes Features [PAT-Core ](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) for modular cell stack configuration For long-term testing ( > 2000 hrs) with two or three electrodes Cableless cell design for easy handling and fast assembly Interchangeable lid springs for easy force adjustment Optimized lid for use with metal seals (PAT-Cell M) PAT-Button for automatic cell identification in [EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) Variants ### PAT-Cell [![PAT-Cell battery test cell for electrode measurements](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PAT-Cell_250_2023.webp "PAT-Cell_250_2023 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PAT-Cell_250_2023.webp) The PAT-Cell is our proven 3-electrode test cell for high-throughput measurements and small series of measurements. [](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Press_II.webp) ### PAT-Cell M [![PAT-Cell M battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell_M_250_02.webp "PAT-Cell_M_250_02 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell_M_250_02.webp) The PAT-Cell M is equipped with an optimized cell lid, suitable for both metal and proven polymer seals. Our aluminum lid seals meet the highest demands on cell tightness and are particularly suitable for long-term measurements. [](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Press_II_S.webp) Specifications Diameter 49.5 mm Height 61 mm Weight 0.4 kg Electrode diameter 18 mm Separator diameter 21.6 mm Operational temperature -20 to 80° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Compatible Potentiostats/PAT docking stations Features of the PAT-Cell Docking / Test station Charge/Discharge/Impedance [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1/)[PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1)[PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u)[PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4)[PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16)[PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16)[PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/)[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16)[PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Documentation [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Cell_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1659/)PAT-Cell User Manual Release 2.7 Date September 2025 Type PDF Size 1.6 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1659/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/PAT-Cell_Teaser_Data-sheet.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/8923/)PAT-Cell Data Sheet Date November 2023 Type PDF Size 0.5 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8923/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Frequently asked questions ### How can I identify whether my PAT-Cell is suitable for use with metal seals? The compatible cell lid for metal seals (Item name: Screw cap insulated (PAT)) can be recognized by two features. It has two holes on the top and a white or black inset made of PPS in the lid, which serves as insulation. As the two holes can also be found on older cell lids without insulation, you should always check whether the inset is present. Non-compatible cell lids have no inset at all. [![How to recognize the insulated screw cap for the PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D_800x533.png "EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D_800x533.png) ### ### Can I connect PAT-Cells respectively the PAT docking stations to any battery tester or potentiostat? Yes, our PAT series test cells can be operated on any common battery tester or potentiostat using a PAT docking station. Most docking stations are connected via conventional 4 mm banana plugs. The PAT-Stand-16 and PAT-Chamber-16 are offered with fixed open-ended cables. Cell cables with custom connectors to connect these units to a specific battery tester are available on request at extra cost. ### ### Can I use the PAT-Cells for experiments with aqueous electrolyte? Yes, this is possible. The cell bases of all current cells of the PAT series, except the PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref, are made of corrosion-resistant steel (1.4404) and are therefore generally suitable for use with aqueous electrolytes. Please note that this applies to the PAT-Cell only for models manufactured from September 2019 (revision no.4) and PAT-Cell-Press manufactured from June 2019 (revision no. 3). Consumables Please note that not all combinations may be well suited for your testing setup. As a guide you can use our [sample setups](#PAT-Core_configurations) that cover the most common applications. Spare parts **Screw cap PAT-Cell** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/PAT-Cell_Spare-parts_cell-cap-Kopie-300x230.webp "PAT-Cell_Spare-parts_cell-cap Kopie | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/PAT-Cell_Spare-parts_cell-cap-Kopie.webp) **Screw cap** **PAT-Cell M** [![PAT-Cell spare parts cell cap component for test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/PAT-Cell_Spare-parts_cell-cap-PAT-Cell-M.webp "PAT-Cell_Spare-parts_cell-cap PAT-Cell M | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/PAT-Cell_Spare-parts_cell-cap-PAT-Cell-M.webp) **Cell base** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAT-Cell_Spare-parts_cell-base_Rev4-300x300.jpg "PAT-Cell_Spare-parts_cell-base_Rev4 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAT-Cell_Spare-parts_cell-base_Rev4.jpg) ## Sample Test Results [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_03_2025.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_03_2025.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_5000hrs_02-1_2025.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_5000hrs_02-1_2025.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_5000hrs_03_2025.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_5000hrs_03_2025.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_02-1.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell_Sample-test-result_2000h-cycling.jpg) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_02-2.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_02-2.png) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_02-3-1.png) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_02-4.png) [![Monitoring of half cell voltages during the initial cycles of NCA vs. Graphite](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_01.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PAT-Cell_Test-results_01.png) ## Accessories, Consumables & Spare Parts - [Accessories](#1757593553126-326761f1-1c42) - [Consumables](#1758029339102-44d101ce-45a1) - [Spare Parts](#1757593553146-e7e25b2f-6d67) ### [Accessories](#1757593553126-326761f1-1c42) **Screw cap insulated (PAT) (Order no.: ECC1-00-0236-D )** This optio[![Metal seal lid component for PAT-Cell battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/EL-CELL_Metal-Seal-Lid_ECC1-00-0236-D.webp "EL-CELL_Metal-Seal-Lid_ECC1-00-0236-D | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/EL-CELL_Metal-Seal-Lid_ECC1-00-0236-D.webp)nal screw cap makes it possible to use metal sealing rings made of aluminum in the PAT-Cell. Metal seals offer the highest tightness against the ambient atmosphere and are best suited for stable long-term measurements. The cap is fully compatible with all other sealing materials for the PAT series. Please note: A torque wrench is needed to ensure the correct installation when using metal seals. We strongly recommend using our Metal seal mounting kit for this purpose. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/) **PAT-Button Upgrade Kit for PAT-Cell (Button Kit II, Order no.: ECC1-00-0249-C )** [![PAT-Button upgrade kit for PAT-Cell battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/PAT-Button_Upgrade-kit.jpg "PAT-Button_Upgrade-kit | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/PAT-Button_Upgrade-kit.jpg)Benefit from the automatic cell recognition in our PAT battery testers. If you have older PAT-Cells without a built-in PAT button, you can upgrade them with this kit. It contains an electronic memory chip on which the cell ID and cell type is stored. When inserted into a [PAT battery tester](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester), the PAT-Cell is automatically detected by its electronic signature and displayed in EL-Software. In this way, you always have an overview of your test cells. Notes on paper or directly on the cell are therefore superfluous. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/) **[Metal seal mounting kit, (Order no.: ECC1-02-0040-A)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/)** This tool kit is designed to ensure the correct installation when using metal lid seals.[![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/EL-CELL_Metal-seal-mounting-kit-300x200.webp "EL-CELL_Metal-seal-mounting-kit | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/EL-CELL_Metal-seal-mounting-kit.webp) [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/) **Compression spring , FED 9079** The spring force applied to the cell stack is:[![Compression spring FED9079](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/FED9079-300x217.webp "FED9079 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/FED9079.webp) - 105 N ±10% if used with [aluminum lid seal](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer?_pos=5&_fid=0fa9d8f4d&_ss=c) \* - 115 N ±10% if used with [PE lid seal](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-pe?_pos=1&_fid=0fa9d8f4d&_ss=c) \*. [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/compression-spring-1-6x11-6x8-l-11-33-au-5-pcs?_pos=1&_fid=21b46b4b1&_ss=c) **Compression spring , FED 9052** The spring force applied to the cell stack is 7 N ± 30% \*.[![Compression Spring FED9052](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/FED9052-300x217.webp "FED9052 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/FED9052.webp) [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/compression-spring-0-85x9-25x12-5x2-31-au-5pcs) **Compression spring , FED 9028** The spring force applied to the cell stack is 40 N ± 30% \*. (Included in every PAT-Cell as standard)[![FED9028](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/FED9028.webp "FED9028 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/FED9028.webp) [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/compression-spring-1-3x11x11x2-25-au-5-pcs) \*Spring force values apply to an upper electrode thickness ranging from 0 to 0.8 mm. Within this range, the electrode thickness has no significant influence on the force. ### [Consumables](#1758029339102-44d101ce-45a1) Item nameReference materialSeparator materialTemperature rangeComponent typeUsageMaterialOrder numberCell designOrder ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0026-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0026-APAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-cu?_pos=1&_sid=ad1914166&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0026-B_80px.png)Upper plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0026-B PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-al?_pos=1&_sid=9b3fe34c3&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0026-CPAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ss?_pos=1&_sid=524638c73&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Nickel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-01-0026-MPAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ni?_pos=2&_sid=baf6095a6&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0065-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (PEEK) with upper feed wire (Au) and disc spring (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire and disc spring)* ECC1-01-0065-APAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-peek-au-assy?_pos=1&_sid=f9b3107f6&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0027-B_80px.png)Lower plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 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= height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-C_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0055-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (PEEK) with lower feed wire (Au) and disk spring (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire and disc spring)*ECC1-01-0055-A\_xPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0055-a_x/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)AluminumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form/) 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delithiated *(Reference)*Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-S/XSeparator type: Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-separator-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_sid=d748731a2&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (modified LFP-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiatedPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-R/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=3b5f145b2&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0210-N_80px.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel mesh, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless steel mesh70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel mesh *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-N/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-mesh-no-separator?_pos=1&_sid=5e5912651&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0420-M_80px.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel cross, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless steel cross70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel cross *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-M/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-cross-no-separator) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator Customized, if appl. Clamping ring) (10 pcs)noneProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (no R, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)noneCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useNo reference Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-P/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-celgard-qt17p2hx) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)noneBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-P/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-m?_pos=1&_sid=1b9810aa8&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)nonePP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)* Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-W/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=9512c3bb0&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0210-D.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PP (disassembled) (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-D/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=a693be367&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0210-T_X.webp)Plain Insulation sleeve (PP), Reed contact (SS), disassembled (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useWithout reference ring Without separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-T/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-reed-contact-ni-on-ss-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1a2894352&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PEEK-Sleeves_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassemblednonenone70°C 200°CInsulation sleeveReusablePEEK *(Sleeve)*Custom reference and separatorECC1-00-0510-TPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-peek-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1dff8bb02&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (GF/A) 21.6 x 0.26 mm, 50 pcsBorosilicate glass fiber70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-useBorosilicate glass fiberECC1-01-0011-A/LPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-26-mm-gf-a?_pos=1&_sid=3c4cc1f48&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (FS-5P) 21.6 x 0.22 mm, 50 pcsPP fiber/PE membrane70°CSeparatorSingle-usePP fiber/PE membraneECC1-01-0051-A/LPAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-22-mm-fs-5p?_pos=1&_sid=968fb8208&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_Technical_80px.png)Separator 21.6 mm x 0.016 mm, Celgard QT17P2HX, 50 pcsCelgard QT17P2HX70°CSeparatorSingle-useCelgard QT17P2HX, Trilayer Membrane (PP/PE/PP) ECC1-01-0101-A/LPAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-016-mm-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_fid=1c0ebe051&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0186-M_80px.webp)Reed contact 2nd Gen. (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-M/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation?_pos=1&_fid=89da4263b&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/ECC1-00-0186-P.webp)Reed contact (Au on SS) (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactReusableGold (Au>99%) on stainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-P/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation-gold-plated?_pos=2&_fid=79f33f2ee&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-F_80px.png)Reference ring (Mg) (10 pcs)Magnesium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useMagnesium (Mg)ECC1-00-0182-F/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-mg?_pos=1&_sid=414711dd4&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-O_80px.png)Reference ring (Li) (10 pcs)Lithium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium (Li)ECC1-00-0182-O/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lithium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=a7a331218&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Core_Ringref_LFP_-ECC1-00-0482-C_80px.png)Reference ring (LFP) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP)ECC1-00-0482-C/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lfp-modified?_pos=1&_sid=5270a2e44&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-O_80px.png)Reference ring (Na) (10 pcs)Sodium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useSodium coated (Na)ECC1-00-0182-L/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-sodium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=589def2c1&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_AC_-ECC1-00-0182-W_80px.png)Reference ring II (AC on SS) (10 pcs)Activated carbon70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steelECC1-00-0182-W/XPAT-Cell-HTAC 95%, aqueous binder: CMC 3% / SBR 2%[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-ac-coated?_pos=1&_sid=0ab00b99e&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-AU_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Au (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableGold (Au>99%)ECC1-00-0069-A/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-au?_pos=1&_sid=4858aa965&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ti_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ti (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableTitanium (Ti >99%, grade 2)ECC1-00-0069-C/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ti?_pos=1&_sid=8f8d71837&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Pt_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Pt (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusablePlatinum (Pt>99%)ECC1-00-0069-D/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-pt?_pos=1&_sid=d4969cf23&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ni_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ni (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-00-0069-F/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ni?_pos=1&_sid=cc35bc707&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Seal_PE_80px.png)Sealing ring PE (100 pcs)70°CSealing ringSingle-usePolyethylene (PE)ECC1-00-0232-A/CPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-pe?_pos=1&_sid=2ea96ef8a&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-N.webp)Sealing ring, Al (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-N/XPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer-1?_pos=5&_fid=85c379462&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-M.webp)Sealing ring, Cu (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useCopper (Cu)ECC1-00-0232-M/XPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-cu-washer?_pos=6&_fid=85c379462&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Core_AL-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-G_80px-comp.png)Sealing ring, Al (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAlECC1-00-0232-G/XPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer?_pos=1&_sid=126291964&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-B_80px.png)Sealing ring PTFE (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-usePTFEECC1-00-0232-B/XPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-ptfe?_pos=1&_sid=e2a0a4c84&_ss=r) ### [Spare Parts](#1757593553146-e7e25b2f-6d67) **Screw cap** [![Spare parts screw cap ECC D for PAT-Cell test cell](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Spare-Parts_Screw-Cap_ECC1-00-0236-D.png "Spare-Parts_Screw-Cap_ECC1-00-0236-D | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Spare-Parts_Screw-Cap_ECC1-00-0236-D.png) **Cell base** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Cell-Base_ECC1-00-0255-A-297x300.png "Spare-parts_Cell-Base_ECC1-00-0255-A | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Cell-Base_ECC1-00-0255-A.png) **Spring contact holder** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Contact-pin_ECC1-00-0410-A-300x226.png "Spare-parts_Contact-pin_ECC1-00-0410-A | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Contact-pin_ECC1-00-0410-A.png) **Gas sample port** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Sample-Port_ECC1-00-0155-C-300x154.png "Spare-parts_Sample-Port_ECC1-00-0155-C | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Sample-Port_ECC1-00-0155-C.png) ## Aqueous electrolytes The PAT-Cell withstands all common aqueous electrolytes such as sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide solution. Due to its excellent corrosion resistance, the PAT-Cell can also be used for aprotic systems beyond Li-ion. We recommend using PEEK plungers with current collector discs in gold or platinum for these applications as shown below: [![Specialized PAT-Core with reusable plunger made of PEEK polymer and gold current collectors (optionally other metals such as Pt, Ni)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Gallery_PAT-Core_Aqu_01-1.jpg "Gallery_PAT-Core_Aqu_01-1 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Gallery_PAT-Core_Aqu_01-1.jpg)Specialized PAT-Core with reusable plunger made of PEEK polymer and gold current collectors (optionally other metals such as Pt, Ni) ## Recommended PAT-Core configurations This information can be used as a guide for building the PAT-Cell. More PAT-Core setups can be found [here](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/common-test-cases). **3-electrode testing with aprotic LiPF6 based electrolytes** - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1757580609705-2ef7751e-936f) - [Graphite vs Li metal](#1757580609742-195b26b9-c334) - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1757580609776-b394744c-eb1e) #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1757580609705-2ef7751e-936f) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed Contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** #### [Graphite vs Li metal](#1757580609742-195b26b9-c334) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** Graphite **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-B\_x\* (Cu) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1757580609776-b394744c-eb1e) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** ![PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers and reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PAT-Core_250.webp)PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers and reference electrode - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078484782-17498341-715c) - [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078484922-e029f64a-56df) - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078485063-e81277dd-9fae) #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078484782-17498341-715c) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed Contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** #### [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078484922-e029f64a-56df) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** Graphite **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-B\_x\* (Cu) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078485063-e81277dd-9fae) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** **2-electrode testing with aprotic LiPF6 based electrolytes** - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078577650-684d01d4-5739) - [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078577807-4ca22ab8-c0cb) - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078577948-587045a3-4c56) #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078577650-684d01d4-5739) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** #### [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078577807-4ca22ab8-c0cb) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** Graphite **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-B\_x\* (Cu) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078577948-587045a3-4c56) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** ![PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers without reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/PAT-Core_Cu-Al_ohne-Ref.png)PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers without reference electrode - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078637181-3ba4fa7e-3644) - [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078637329-29892980-bef5) - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078637477-a2507bc6-2fbe) #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078637181-3ba4fa7e-3644) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** #### [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078637329-29892980-bef5) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** Graphite **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-B\_x\* (Cu) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078637477-a2507bc6-2fbe) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** **3-electrode testing with aprotic supercap electrolytes** ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** AC\*\* **Upper electrode (-)**AC **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-B (Al) **Reference**Activated carbon on stainless steelcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve (PP), AC(SS) ring, FS/5P separator (PP fiber/PE membrane, 220 µm)ECC1-00-0450-N **T/°C** \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/discover-the-pat-series#height-number) to determine the proper lower plunger. \*\*AC = Activated carbon ![PAT-Core with aluminum plungers and reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Al-Al_LiRef_2025.png)PAT-Core with aluminum plungers and reference electrode ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** AC\*\* **Upper electrode (-)**AC **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-B (Al) **Reference**Activated carbon on stainless steelcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve (PP), AC(SS) ring, FS/5P separator (PP fiber/PE membrane, 220 µm)ECC1-00-0450-N **T/°C** \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/discover-the-pat-series#height-number) to determine the proper lower plunger. \*\*AC = Activated carbon ## Recommended potentiostats The PAT-Cell test cell is fully supported by the following potentiostats: [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) The PAT-Tester-i-16 integrates a temperature controlled cell chamber and docking station with a battery tester into one single instrument. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) The PAT-Tester-x-8 offers maximum flexibility with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## Recommended tools [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High precision cutting pliers to eliminate torn and chipped electrode edges. Recommended diameter size for use with the PAT-Cell is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil. The recommended size for use with the PAT-Cell is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## Related products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) The PAT-Tester-i-16 integrates a temperature controlled cell chamber and docking station with a potentiostat/galvanostat into one single instrument. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) Modular multi-channel potentiostat for special and small-scale testing [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-16.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) ## [PAT Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) High-througput docking station for up to 16 PAT-Cells [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [EL-Software for PAT Battery Tester](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) **Published:** January 20, 2020 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** EL-Software is a modern and reliable monitoring, analysis and management solution for EL-CELL battery testers **Content:** # **EL-Software** ##### Monitoring, analysis and management solution for EL-CELL battery testers [EL-Software Download](#downloads)[Video Tutorials](#manuals)[Release Notes](#changelog) ![EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/EL-Software_Stoerer_440.webp) # **EL-Software** ##### Monitoring, analysis and management solution for EL-CELL battery testers ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Pageheader_Produktdetail_EL-Software.png) [EL-Software Download](#downloads)[Tutorial videos](#manuals)[Release Notes](#changelog) ## EL-Software Combines all Benefits of the PAT-System with Powerful Testing and Monitoring Capabilities EL-Software is the software platform to control all EL-CELL battery testers, be it single-channel or multi-channel systems. EL-Software is covering all test cases from strain measurements with the ECD dilatometer through simple cycle tests on a single button cell to high throughput material testing with the PAT system. All relevant data, like cell components, test procedures or the resulting test data, are written into a central, conveniently searchable database. This growing data treasure is accessible for all users in the same network and helps to speed up the process of experiment planning and interchanging of test data significantly. With the powerful yet easy-to-use test composer you can set up virtually any test procedure, whether it‘s for a simple voltammetric experiment or a complex test that combines constant current cycles at different C-rates with intermittent impedance measurements. In batch mode, any number of test procedures can be performed sequentially, either for a single test cell or for a group of test cells – all this without writing a single line of code. Available control modes are constant current, constant voltage, open circuit, linear voltage sweep, galvanostatic and potentiostatic impedance. Finally, EL-Software provides you with state-of-the-art graphics capabilities for visualizing your test results, while the open export interfaces allow seamless integration into existing software pipelines. ## New Features and Changes - [Version 3.1](#1736261019652-a5a01076-7208) - [Version 3.0](#1776427544752-a212177c-a642) - [Version 2.6](#1764079009914-8245573c-4e4f) - [Version 2.5](#1753174814992-674356a5-498d) - [Version 2.4](#1742569466975-33b76297-ca6d) - [Version 2.3](#1736259853194-75900ef4-16e0) #### [Version 3.1](#1736261019652-a5a01076-7208) ## Feature Highlights: Dashboard and Variable Passing The new release, version 3.1, introduces a more streamlined and flexible workflow with a new central dashboard, easier experiment continuation, basic Lua debugging, and script restart support. It also improves scripting with finalised variable passing. [See full changelog](#changelog) [![EL-Software version 3.1 video](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/EL-Software_31.webp)](https://youtu.be/J_3NzKlAefA) #### [Version 3.0](#1776427544752-a212177c-a642) ## Feature Highlight: Web User Interface With version 3.0, we have fully migrated the EL-Software to a modern Web UI, replacing the remaining WPF components and unifying the user experience across the platform. This consolidation provides a cleaner interface and improved usability across all areas of the software. Further improvements include an integrated documentation view, a refined Composer, an improved Lua editor, and enhanced composition management. [See full changelog](#changelog) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Teaser_new-ui.png)](https://youtu.be/sW8cBhpi3yQ) #### [Version 2.6](#1764079009914-8245573c-4e4f) ## Feature Highlight: Data View Improvements With version 2.6, we have introduced a sidebar within the Data View that enables users to manage charts more efficiently by hiding, sorting, adding, or removing them as needed. Users can now edit multiple chart series simultaneously, streamlining the workflow. Additionally, we’ve enhanced loading performance for charts that share a common data source, resulting in faster operations. [See full changelog](#changelog) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Thumb_EL-Software_Data-View-Updates.webp)](https://youtu.be/loYTL7l5nSU) #### [Version 2.5](#1753174814992-674356a5-498d) ## Feature Highlight: Temperature Control The update improves the temperature control for the PAT-Tester-i16 and adds support for external controllers and chambers with custom or built-in scripts. Temperature setpoint can be defined in the client or controlled by Lua scripts. [See full changelog](#changelog) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/EL-Software_Temp_Control_2-5_Thumb.png)](https://youtu.be/rTzOe-fu1cU) #### [Version 2.4](#1742569466975-33b76297-ca6d) ## Feature Highlight: Lua Functions in Charts This powerful feature allows you to apply mathematical functions directly to the plotted data, even while the measurement runs. It is a very flexible tool that can be used, for example, to display offsets or to combine different measurement categories. [See full changelog](#changelog) [![EL-Software_Lua Functions](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/EL-Software_Lua-Functions.webp)](https://youtu.be/PSzglEU2RdU) #### [Version 2.3](#1736259853194-75900ef4-16e0) ## Feature Highlight: Multi-Cell Views The new Multi-cell view lets you quickly compare data from test cells or cell groups within your experiments. This enables you to evaluate your measurement data quickly and easily at any time without processing it with external tools. A new Multi-Cell view is automatically generated when several test cells or cell groups use the same test protocol in your experiment. Of course, you can also use this powerful function to create custom comparisons using the data from all stored experiments. [See full changelog](#changelog) [![Multi-Cell Views Video Thumbnail](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/EL-Software_Multi-Cell-View_Video_Thumb.webp)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMnFSAW8Rj0) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/EL-Software-Multi-Cell-View.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/EL-Software-Multi-Cell-View.png)Compare test results of multiple test cells with the new Mult-Cell view. ## Version 3.0 Feature Highlight: New User Interface With version 3.0, we have fully migrated the EL-Software to a modern Web UI, replacing the remaining WPF components and unifying the user experience across the platform. This consolidation provides a cleaner interface and improved usability across all areas of the software. Further improvements include an integrated documentation view, a refined Composer, an improved Lua editor, and enhanced composition management. [See full changelog](#changelog) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Teaser_new-ui.png)](https://youtu.be/sW8cBhpi3yQ) ## Modern and Reliable System Architecture EL-Software software consists of two core components: **EL-Software Server** The EL-Software server receives and the measurement data from the PAT-Tester and makes it available to the connected clients on the end devices. It hosts the databases that contain the measurement data and is accessible to all network users. Depending on your setup, the server can be operated directly on the PAT-Tester, a single client PC, or a dedicated hardware server. **EL-Software Client** The client component contains the graphical user interface and provides convenient access to the measurement data stored in the server’s database**.** In addition, all potentiostats connected to the server can be controlled remotely via the EL-Software client, for example to change the temperature of the cell chamber of a PAT-Tester-i-16. ## Highly Scalable Test Setups [![EL-Software view with a running experiment](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/EL-Software_01_Experimeent_view.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/EL-Software_01_Experimeent_view.webp)Create and manage experiments with a variable numbers of test channels and devices involved. EL-Software focuses on the cell groups to be compared instead of individual test channels. This novel approach makes it easy to set up and perform experiments with a freely scalable number of test channels and devices. With EL-Software, you always have an overview of your experiment. The system is very flexible and allows both efficient tests with high throughput and small test setups with few test cells. ## Convenient Experiment Design **Convenient experiment design and cell management** With EL-Software you can easily plan complex experiments, from test procedures to the required components of each test cell. The software’s own database already contains all available cell components of the PAT series and can easily be extended by further components such as own separator materials or electrolytes, but also other cell types. Configure your test cells according to your application in our convenient modular system. Test cells are accompanied by the software throughout their entire life cycle. This provides permanent access to a wide range of information, such as the history of the experiments performed, the cell components used, and data for post-mortem analysis. As soon as a test cell with an integrated PAT-Button is inserted into a PAT-Tester, EL-Software recognizes this cell via the stored ID and can immediately provide information about all linked information such as the content of the cell. In this way, the researcher always keeps an overview and can more easily combine cells from different test groups in new experiments. Manual labeling with pens or QR codes has thus become superfluous. [![EL-Software view of a components list](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/EL-Software_02_Inventory_Lower-Plungers.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/EL-Software_02_Inventory_Lower-Plungers.webp)The database of EL-Software contains all cell components of the PAT series and can be easily extended with own components, such as electrolytes. [![EL-Software Composition view](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/EL-Software_03_Composition_view.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/EL-Software_03_Composition_view.webp)Track electrode weights and the composition of your cell stacks conveniently in EL-Software **Compose test scripts** **Visual script editor:** Create your test scripts comfortably and efficiently in the Composer, a powerful visual editor integrated into EL-Software. The Composer uses an easy-to-learn modular principle to create even complex test procedures in a very short time. **Connection Matrix**: A unique feature allows the connection between the test cell and PGStat to be changed directly within the test script. This allows the user to seamlessly switch between different control modes for half and full cells with just a few mouse clicks, without interrupting the measurement or reconnecting any cables. Test procedures can consist of several individual test scripts per experiment, with any number of process steps. You can integrate predefined standard templates from the script library or create your own templates to simplify your work. Switch between the different operating modes, such as PEIS, GEIS, or Voltage Scan, and link the individual process steps using conditions and limits. **Custom scripts:** It is also possible to program your scripts in Lua and import them directly into EL-Software. This allows you to implement even the most specialized test procedures with ease. EL-software sets no limits to your creativity. **On-the-fly editing:** Test sequences can be changed during the experiment’s runtime. To do this, you edit the Lua script in question and upload it again. In that way, set-points and step limits can be changed in a way never possible before. **Temperature Control:** Define an initial temperature for the connected temperature chamber at which each measurement script of your experiment should run. You can even define dynamic temperature changes within a script. [![EL-Software Visual Script Composer](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/EL-Software_04_Composer_steps.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/EL-Software_04_Composer_steps.webp)Create test procedures using the Composer, a powerful visual script editor inside EL-Software. [![EL-Software Lua Script Editor](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/EL-Software_05_Lua_script.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/EL-Software_05_Lua_script.webp)Import and write custom Lua scripts directly in EL-Software to cover even the most special test requirements. [![Temperature behaviour of a connected temperature chamber defined and visualized in EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Temperature-EL-Software_version-25_Control.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Temperature-EL-Software_version-25_Control.png)Temperature behaviour of a connected temperature chamber defined and visualized in EL-Software (Version 2.5) **The PAT-Button, the link between hard- and software** When assigned in the software, all PAT-Cells can be easily identified by their embossed number. This number is also digitally stored on the EEProm of the new PAT-Button, which is located at the cell bottom and now available for PAT series test cells. As soon as the cell is inserted into a PAT battery tester, EL-Software recognizes it with its ID and all values already entered during assembly. The usual manual labeling is therefore no longer necessary. This saves time and avoids errors! Older PAT cells can easily be retrofitted with a [PAT-Button](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell#pat-button). [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_Cell_Recognition_01.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_Cell_Recognition_01.png)An inserted PAT-Cell is automatically recognized by EL-Software using its electronic ID stored on the PAT-Button ## Experiment Monitoring: Always Keep the Overview **Configurable Cell Viewer for real-time feedback** The well-structured cell viewer gives you feedback on your ongoing measurements. Forget about the time when measurement results had to be processed before you could draw conclusions from them. Instead, plot your measurement data in real-time, compare and calculate the various parameters directly in the running measurement using freely configurable graphs. [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_Cell_Viewer.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_Cell_Viewer.png)Use the Cell Viewer to always keep an overview of your test channels and plot the relevant measurement data directly in EL-Software [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_Cell_Viewer_03.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_Cell_Viewer_03.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_Cell_Viewer_04.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_Cell_Viewer_04.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_Cell_Viewer_02.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_Cell_Viewer_02.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_Cell_Viewer_05.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_Cell_Viewer_05.png) ## Multi-user and Export Functionalities for Seamless Integration EL-Software stores all data into a central, conveniently searchable database. Due to its multi-user functionality, all users in the same network can access this data treasure. This helps to speed up the process of experiment planning and interchanging of test data significantly. Of course all measured data can also be used outside EL-Software. Its open export interfaces allow seamless integration into existing software pipelines. This allows you to continue to use your preferred diagram software as usual and at the same time enjoy all the advantages of EL-Software. ## Requirements EL-Software consists of a client and a server component, with different hardware and software requirements. ### Minimum Hardware Requirements EL-Software Server\* CPU: Intel i5-12400 or comparable Intel Xeon or AMD64 processor RAM: 16 GB File Storage: 1 GB SATA-SSD Network: 1 Gbit EL-Software Client CPU: Intel i5 or comparable AMD64 processor RAM: 8 GB File Storage: 500 MB HDD Network: 1 Gbit Display Resolution: 1366 x 768 pixel and higher [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") \*The hardware requirements for the EL-Software Server depend on the number of test channels and the type of measurement protocols. The stated values should only be regarded as a guideline for operating a system with up to 16 test channels. ### Software requirements EL-Software Server Operating system: Windows Server 2022 Windows 10 (x64) version 21H2 or later Windows 11 Linux Ubuntu 18.04\* Other Microsoft Visual C++ 2015-2022 Redistributable (x64) EL-Software Client Operating system: Windows 10 (x64) version 21H2 or later Windows 11 Other: WebView2 (must be [installed manually](https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/webview2/?form=MA13LH#download) on older Windows 10 versions) \* Only on PAT-Testers and Appliance PCs [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## EL-Software Download Download EL-Software (latest version) **EL-Software Server and Client (Microsoft Windows)** Please use this MSI file to install or update the EL-Software Server and/or Client for Microsoft Windows: EL-Software Installation or Update for Microsoft Windows Release 3.1.1 Build 15013 Date April 2026 Type msi Installer (234 MB) [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10860/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") **EL-Software Server (Linux, for Appliance Installations only)** The EL-Software Server for Linux can be updated directly via the EL-Software Server Administration website and accessed by the client. Without network access, you can download the required file here: EL-Software Server Update Package for Linux Release 3.1.1 Build 15013 Date April 2026 Type deb (388 MB) [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9626/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Upgrading from EL-Software version 2 to version 3 Upgrading from EL-Software V2 to V3 is straightforward. There are no special requirements or additional migration steps needed. Any existing V2 installation can be updated to V3 using the regular update process. For Windows installations this is done using the new MSI installer, while appliance systems can be updated through the administration page. **Good to know:** - Existing measurement data is preserved - Databases will be migrated during the update - Exported data remains unaffected - Clients and connected controllers will update automatically after the server upgrade Upgrade EL-Software from Version 1 to 2 If you want to upgrade from EL-Software version 1, you first need to upgrade to version 2. After that, you can upgrade to version 3. ### Important notes on upgrading from EL-Software version 1 to version 2 Depending on the EL-Software version you want to upgrade from, you may need to follow different steps. We strongly recommend that you read these instructions first: [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_EL-Software_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/10858/)EL-Software Version 2 Upgrade Instructions Release version 1.1 Date February 2023 Type PDF Size 1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10858/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Linux: **Upgrading EL-Software Server from version 1.1.53 to version 2** If your installed EL-Software Server version is 1.1.53, please use this file for upgrading to version 2. EL-Software Server Upgrade Package for Linux (Version 1.1.53 to Version 2) Release 2.6.1. Build 14071 Date September 2025 Type tgz (475 MB) [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10854/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") **Updating the EL-Software Server from older versions to version 1.1.53** If your existing EL-Software Server is older than version 1.1.53, you need to update it first to 1.1.53 before upgrading to version 2. EL-Software Server Update Package to Version 1.1.53 for Linux Release 1.1.53 Build 10716 Date December 2023 Type deb (152 MB) [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/13050/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Microsoft Windows **Updating EL-Software Server/Client from older versions to version 1.1.53** If your existing EL-Software Server is older than version 1.1.53, you need to update it first to 1.1.53 before upgrading to version 2. EL-Software Update Installer to Version 1.1.53 for Microsoft Windows Release 1.1.53 Build 10716 Date December 2023 Type msi Installer (308 MB) [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9234/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Release Notes Changelog for Version 3.1 (Released 04/2026) **Key Features:** - New: Dashboard The dashboard is now the main homepage. It shows real-time channel states, error indicators, multimeter data, running experiment info, and channel images in a responsive grid layout. - New: Fluent Experiment Continuation Experiments are no longer closed and can be continued as long as the Test Cells are not used in a different experiment. - New: Lua Debugging Tools New debugging features were added for debugging Lua during execution. - New: Restart of Scripts An executed script can be restarted from the Data View. - New: Integration API (Alpha) New HTTP API for external automation plus AI-optimized documentation. - Improved: Script Variable Passing Finalized Scripts can pass named variables to the following ones. Documentation updated with full examples. - Improved: PAT-Tester Update Install update without reconnecting back to Server (caused issues with firewall rules). **Server:** - Added: Dashboard as new homepage with channel state, multimeter, play icons, and experiment info. - Added: Controller page with per-channel error/warning display, connect/disconnect dialogs, multi-select and bulk operations (reset, clear errors). - Added: New release and disassemble dialog for test cells; free cell without dialog when no conflict. - Added: Cycle tracking in script execution statistics. - Added: Stream data preview for measurement data. - Added: Chart screenshot functionality. - Added: Context menu for copying experiment details as rich text. - Added: Temperature slope control in the user manual. - Added: Passing variables between scripts with output variables viewer in the user manual. - Added: Lua stream postprocessor in the user manual. - Added: Integration API (Alpha) - Added: Channel error states can be cleared. - Added: Dialogs can be confirmed with Enter/NumpadEnter. - Improved: Chart dialog unit and format handling for X and Y axes. - Improved: Lua command input with enhanced command history management. - Improved: Test cell list shows running state; edit button availability with tooltip. - Improved: Duplicate experiment dialog includes option to copy test cell assignments. - Improved: Validation warnings from built-in scripts are now shown in the UI. - Improved: Controller assignment validation for test cells. - Improved: Background jobs in the API and visualization. - Improved: User Manual embedded in the Software. - Improved: Controller connection with decoupled exception handling and connection denied event. - Improved: Install PAT-Tester update without reconnecting back to the Server (caused issues with firewall rules). - Improved: Display missing channel boards as “Not found” instead of an error. - Improved: Information page did not show network info properly. - Improved: Script import dialog: up to 50 scripts can be imported at once, bugs fixed. - Fixed: NLua pcall bug in temperature controller scripts causing crashes. - Fixed: Append “MB” suffix for mainboard channels.. - Removed: Composer no longer generates ‘cd’ parameter defaults. **Firmware (PAT-Tester) Version 162** - Added: Lua ec.SetOutputVariable() and ec.GetInputVariable() commands - Improved: Shorter output header definition in Lua script - Improved: New semantics for cell connection (“con”) in Lua script - Improved: Fixed “ADC not ready in EXTI” warning - Improved: Cell I2C sensor readout robustness - Improved: Fixed PAT-Terminal display bugs - Improved: Minor changes and bugfixes Changelog for Version 3.0 (Released 11/2025) **Key Features:** - New: Web UI - Improved: Integrated Documentation: Added built-in documentation pages with improved structure, navigation, and TOC styling. - Improved: Usability and performance through unified UI components, consistent navigation, and cleaner layouts. - Improved: Composition Handling: Composition can be changed during or after experiment execution. Implemented the creation of new components directly during composition adjustments. - Improved: The Lua editor includes snippets like “CC” to speed up script development. - Removed: Legacy WPF client parts. Migrated all remaining functionality to the new Web UI. **Web User Interface / Server:** - Added: Database version field with display on the info page; updated inventory metadata to the new version date. - Added: Database downgrade check on startup. - Added: Clone Cell Group functionality. - Changed: Composer with explicit GOTO behaviour. - Improved: Add-Test-Cell dialog when conflicting compositions exist. - Improved: Data Views, including chart templates, multi-cell view handling, axis titles, tooltips, and styling. - Improved: Start/Stop controls in the UI for experiments, cell groups and test cells. **PAT-Tester** - Improved: FTDI handling (multithreaded access and more robust exception handling when instances cannot be created). Improved: Export behaviour (t\_unix placed at the beginning of log.txt). - Fixed: Scripts on a channel now abort when a temperature request is made without an assigned temperature controller. - Fixed: Continue-stream and export-related issues. - Fixed: “Mark as transferred” handling. **Firmware:** - Updated: Firmware version 155 integrated. Changelog for Version 2.6 (Released 07/2025) **Key Features:** - Improved: Data View The Data View component has been updated to utilize SciChart JS as its foundation.We’ve introduced a sidebar within the Data View that enables users to manage charts more efficiently by hiding, sorting, adding or removing them as needed.Users can now edit multiple chart series at the same time, streamlining the workflow.Additionally, we’ve enhanced loading performance for charts that share a common data source, resulting in faster operations. **User Interface / Server:** - Added: Navigation in Data Views - Changed: Charting Library - Changed: Data View - Changed: Charting Library - Improved: Edit multiple chart series simultaneously - Improved: More tooltips - Improved: Data View loading performance for charts with the same data source - Improved: Experiment List - Improved: Test Cell List - Improved: Test Cell Loading Performance - Improved: Duplicate experiments used previous chart configurations - Fixed: Electrode weights with 7 decimal Digits - Fixed: SearchBox NotFound Template was not rendered - Fixed: Hanging of scripts stuck in ‘Queued’ state **PAT-Tester** - Added: Temperature gradient support - Improved: More robust channel detection via udev - Improved: Lua script functionality for temperature Control - Fixed: Firmware flash interruption when another EL-CELL device was plugged in - Fixed: Temperature threshold comparison **Firmware:** - Improved: Current autorange behaviour Changelog for Version 2.5 (Released 03/2025) **Key Features:** - Added: Temperature Control The update improves the temperature control for the PAT-Tester-i16 and adds support for external controllers and chambers with custom or built-in scripts. Temperature setpoint can be defined in the client or controlled by Lua scripts. - Added: Pass Variables New `ec.PassVariable(“i”,3)` function to pass data to next queued script **User Interface / Client:** - Added: Experiment close date display - Fixed: Incorrect live update notification **Server:** - Added: A chart template named “Default,” replacing the built-in default chart template - Improved: New ElGrid component for better data visualization - Improved: More tooltips - Improved: Enhanced validation and message styling - Changed: The server now sends only one script per channel at a time to the PAT-Tester **PAT-Tester:** - Improved: Updated FTDI driver to version 1.4.27 - Improved: Additional multimeter data for monitoring - Improved: Absolute time with t\_unix **Firmware:** - Added: `ec.PassVariable()` function with 7-decimal-digit precision - Added: Temperature control support - Improved: Support for receiving large Lua scripts Changelog for Version 2.4 (Released 01/2025) **Key Features:** - Added: Lua Lambda Functions in Charts - Added: Support for more than 100,000 Data Points in Chart Series - Improved: Performance Enhancements - Improved: Secure HTTPS Connections **User Interface / Client:** - Added: Connection Matrix Visualization in the Data View for Side-by-Side Comparison - Added: Multimeter Voltage Readings in the Experiment View - Added: Secure HTTPS Connections - Added: Support for more than 100,000 Data Points in Chart Series - Improved: Navigation Tree Performance - Improved: Script Execution State Visualization - Changed: Chart Series Colors and Color Selection Logic - Fixed: Chart Screenshots **Server:** - Added: Secure HTTPS Connections using Port 5711 - Improved: Start Script Performance - Improved: Load Experiments Performance - Improved: Delete Experiments Performance - Improved: Web Administration Page Styling - Improved: Script Data Collection Logic **PAT-Tester:** - Added: Secure HTTPS Connections using Port 5712 - Added: Early Deletion of Transferred Data **Firmware:** - Improved: ec.SelfCal() and ec.Selftest() accuracy - Improved: Better info and debug messages - Improved: Unprintable characters in messages are replaced with hex representation - Improved: Memory management (heap and stack) of Lua interpreter - Improved: Other minor improvements - Fixed: Analog supply voltage check during board initialization - Fixed: Random EIS errors when EIS step was aborted early - Changed: Increased fan default speed from 2000 rpm to 2500 rpm Changelog for Version 2.3 (Released: 08/2024) **User Interface / Client:** - **Added Key Feature: “Data Views” for multi-cell and single-cell charts.** - Added: Script name to single-cell data view title. - Added: Check installation of WebView2. - Added: Log if experiments/scripts will be stopped. - Added: Display warning when connecting to a PAT-Tester. - Added: New button to delete all charts. - Added: Toggle legend button. - Added: User is prompted for controller user on update. - Fixed: Zoom issues, including 1:1 zoom and placement. - Fixed: Validation issues. - Fixed: Switchable units in charts. - Fixed: Version check during server connection and reduced warnings. - Improved: Visual separation for global filter. - Improved: Depth-wise navigation tree with open/collapse functionality. - Improved: Import script warnings display. - Improved: Client connection dialog with tooltip. - Changed: No more darkening of the client during certain operations - Changed: Composer recording criteria are unlocked. - Changed: Last 10 experiments are visible in the tree. **Server:** - Added: Prepared for future multiple IPs/hostnames support for tester connection/update. - Added: Stateful icons for background tasks on the administration webpage. - Added: Custom 404 page. - Added: Reporting user and non-local access to the database via migration. - Added: Tablesizes to the info page. - **Added: Syntax/runtime check on script save.** - **Added: Syntax/runtime check on script import.** - Added: New validation for set temperature. - Fixed: Initial migration for template creation in data views. - Fixed: Firefox reloads the whole page on download. - Fixed: Validation issues in web forms. - Fixed: Wrong computed disk usage. - Fixed: Language set to English. - Fixed: Unit correction and wrong disk usage issue. - Fixed: Experiment number increment issue. - Fixed: Package dependency vulnerabilities. - Changed: APT log download on the administration webpage. - Changed: Reduced minimum Δt in the composer and added warnings. - Improved: Error logging. - Improved: SSH adjustments and handling of multiple users in SSH. - Improved: WebUI exports and error handling for exports. - Improved: Docker log path mounting into the host system. - Removed: Unused settings and custom folder from postgres-latest. **PAT-Tester:** - Added: Simple Lua console for script debugging. - Added: EepromWrittenMessage for better tracking of device configurations. - Added: Information page with detailed device, model, gateway, DNS, type, and speed information. - Added: Log message to notify if experiments will be stopped. - Added: SASS/SCSS support for improved styling. - Added: eladmin user creation, if not existent - Fixed: “WARNING” log level filter issue. - Fixed: Package downgrade error. - Fixed: Device detection, including channel not found detection. - Fixed: ControllerActor blocking issue due to SSDP. - Improved: Log download feature to include the last 10 logs of each type. - Improved: Package upgrades to address vulnerability warnings. - Removed: Deprecated connectionId and old, unused components. **Firmware:** - Added: Detection of reference electrode existence and automatic setting of V1R/V2R recording criteria - Fixed: Reduction algorithm not accepting change of dt during runtime - Improved: SelfCalibration, SelfCheck Changelog for Version 2.2 (Released: 05/2024) **User Interface / Client:** - **Added: Filters for charts** - Added: Indicate if database migrations are running - Added: Series loading indicator - Added: Experiment pagination - Added: Links in status bar - Added: Screenshot button in Script Execution Viewer - Changed: USB stick for setting PAT-Tester IP can be set on connection dialog - Several bug fixes - Several performance improvements **Server** - **Added: Export download on administration webpage** - Added: Status-related icons to background tasks on administration webpage - Added: APT log download on administration webpage - Fixed: Do not update server debian package if controller is updated - Fixed: Experiment number was incremented by 2 - Improved error logging **PAT-Tester** - **Added: New layout of administration webpage** - Added: Multiple IPs are supported for SSDP - Added: Experiments are stopped if PAT-Tester is decoupled - Added: Memory logging on administration webpage - Fixed: FTDI\_ERRORS on script transfer Changelog for Version 2.1 (Released: 04/2024) **Lua Scripts/Composer:** - Updated: Supplied Lua scripts/composer **User Interface / Client:** - Updated: .net 8.0 - Added: Experiment status in Experiments list - Added: Different charts for each script in a cell group - Added: Show channel board serial number - Fixed: Hide live point - Fixed: Script log count - Fixed: Order of items in Treeview - Fixed: Script Execution Viewer navigation - Fixed: Chart zoom lost on 1:1 - Fixed: Chart zoom with NaN values - Fixed: Chart units on settings change - Fixed: Script progress in Script execution Viewer - Fixed: Connection Matrix in Script Execution Viewer showing rest step - Fixed: Rename cell group in Treeview - Fixed: Delete single experiment - Changed: PAT-Tester IP dialog moved to Connect PAT-Tester dialog - Lots of minor bug fixes **Server** - Updated: .net 8.0 - Added: “Background Tasks” - Added: Build in scripts are dependencies - Added: Table for measurements is split into partitions (migration can take a long time) - Changed: Script name may not be changed after execution - Changed: Linux installer changed dependencies - Fixed: Duplicate experiment with released cell - Removed: sqltimeout for database migrations - Several minor bug fixes **PAT-Tester** - Updated: .net 8.0 - Added: Download of latest logs - Added: Script state “Aborted” - Added: Multiple IP handling - Added: Type of PAT-Tester send with discovery - Added: Ftdi error recognition and logging - Added: logging to script log - Improved: Script logging - Fixed: Show IP instead of “booting…” - Changed: New data separator - Changed: New JSON converter - Fixed: Reset channel on missing heartbeat - Fixed: Write EEPROM **Firmware** - Minor bug fixes - Fixed: LED signals - Fixed: GStat messages - Changed: new data separator ## Manuals ## EL-Software Video Tutorials & Feature Spotlights [![EL-CELL banner advertising EL Software 3.1 with the slogan 'New Dashboard and Variable Passing' on a blue gradient background and a tilted software dashboard image.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/EL-Software_31.webp)](https://youtu.be/J_3NzKlAefA) **EL-Software Tutorial: New Dashboard and Variable Passing in Version 3.1 (Version 3.1, 05/2026)** In this Feature Spotlight video, we will show the newest updates and changes in EL-Software version 3.1. EL-Software is the software platform for controlling all EL-CELL battery testers, whether single- or multi-channel systems. The new version 3.1 introduces a more streamlined, flexible workflow with a central dashboard, easier continuation of experiments, and support for script restarts. It also improves scripting with finalised variable passing and other minor enhancements. [![Promotional slide: EL-CELL logo on a blue gradient background, text 'EL Software 3.0' and 'New User Interface', with a tilted software screenshot on the right.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/el-software_3-0_new_user_interface.jpg)](https://youtu.be/sW8cBhpi3yQ) **EL-Software Tutorial: New User Interface (Version 3.0, 11/2025)** In this Feature Spotlight video, we will show the new web-based client and the user interface changes in EL-Software version 3.0. In this release, the client application has been replaced by a modern, web-based solution. This enables access to the EL software server via a web browser. At the same time, the user interface has been further optimized, offering improved clarity and numerous workflow enhancements. [![EL-CELL logo on a blue gradient banner reading 'EL Software 2.6 Data View Updates' with a tilted software window displaying a chart on the right](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/thumb_el-software_2-6_data_view_updates.jpg)](https://youtu.be/loYTL7l5nSU) **EL-Software Tutorial: Data View Improvements (Version 2.6, 07/2025)** With version 2.6, we have introduced a sidebar within the Data View that enables users to manage charts more efficiently by hiding, sorting, adding, or removing them as needed. Users can now edit multiple chart series simultaneously, streamlining the workflow. Additionally, we’ve enhanced loading performance for charts that share a common data source, resulting in faster operations. [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/EL-Software_Temp_Control_2-5_Thumb.png)](https://youtu.be/rTzOe-fu1cU) **EL-Software Tutorial: Temperature Control (Version 2.5, 06/2025)** In this feature spotlight, you will learn how to define an initial temperature for each script of your experiment. You will also learn how to define dynamic temperatures in Lua scripts and get a basic idea of how to control the temperature of third-party temperature chambers within EL-Software. [![How to run basic experiments in EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/EL-Software_How-to-Setup-and-Run-Basic-Experiments.webp)](https://youtu.be/pteev88Xleo) **EL-Software Tutorial: How To Setup And Run Basic Experiments (Version 2.4, 01/2025)** This tutorial will show how to set up and run experiments in EL-Software. Using two examples, we will also discuss the software’s basic operating concepts and show all the required steps. This video is particularly suitable for beginners who want to familiarize themselves with the software’s operation. **EL-Software Tutorial: How To Setup And Run Basic Experiments (Version 2.4, 01/2025)** [![How to run basic experiments in EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/EL-Software_How-to-Setup-and-Run-Basic-Experiments.webp)](https://youtu.be/pteev88Xleo) This tutorial will show how to set up and run experiments in EL-Software. Using two examples, we will also discuss the software’s basic operating concepts and show all the required steps. This video is particularly suitable for beginners who want to familiarize themselves with the software’s operation. [![EL-Software_Lua Functions](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/EL-Software_Lua-Functions.webp)](https://youtu.be/PSzglEU2RdU) **EL-Software Tutorial: Lua Functions in Charts (Version 2.4, 01/2025)** This video will show you how to use Lua Functions in Charts. This feature allows you to apply mathematical functions directly to the plotted data, even while the measurement runs. **EL-Software Tutorial: Lua Functions in Charts (Version 2.4, 01/2025)** [![EL-Software_Lua Functions](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/EL-Software_Lua-Functions.webp)](https://youtu.be/PSzglEU2RdU) This video will show you how to use Lua Functions in Charts. This feature allows you to apply mathematical functions directly to the plotted data, even while the measurement runs. [![EL-Software Tutorial: Installing the server](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumb_EL-Software_Installing-the-server.webp)](https://youtu.be/ctZlJNjv3ig) **EL-Software Tutorial: Installing the server (Version 2.3, 11/2024)** In this video, we will show you how to install the EL-Software server on your PC. **EL-Software Tutorial: Installing the server (Version 2.3, 11/2024)** [![EL-Software Tutorial: Installing the server](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumb_EL-Software_Installing-the-server.webp)](https://youtu.be/ctZlJNjv3ig) In this video, we will show you how to install the EL-Software server on your PC. [![EL-Software Tutorial: Connecting a PAT-Tester to the EL-Software Server](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumb_EL-Software_Connecting-a-PAT-Tester-to-the-EL-Software-Server.webp)](https://youtu.be/MLfteIlM8vo) **EL-Software Tutorial: Connecting a PAT-Tester to the EL-Software Server (Version 2.3, 11/2024)** In this video, we show you how to connect a PAT-Tester to the EL-Software server so that you can use it for your experiments. **EL-Software Tutorial: Connecting a PAT-Tester to the EL-Software Server (Version 2.3, 11/2024)** [![EL-Software Tutorial: Connecting a PAT-Tester to the EL-Software Server](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumb_EL-Software_Connecting-a-PAT-Tester-to-the-EL-Software-Server.webp)](https://youtu.be/MLfteIlM8vo) In this video, we show you how to connect a PAT-Tester to the EL-Software server so that you can use it for your experiments. [![How to use a test cell without PAT-Button](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumb_EL-Software_Using-a-Test-Cell-without-PAT-Button.webp)](https://youtu.be/Qr_CxuGlatI) **EL-Software Tutorial: How to use a Test Cell without PAT-Button (Version 2.3, 11/2024)** This video shows you the steps to use a test cell without a PAT-Button in EL-Software for your measurements. **EL-Software Tutorial: How to use a Test Cell without PAT-Button (Version 2.3, 11/2024)** [![How to use a test cell without PAT-Button](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumb_EL-Software_Using-a-Test-Cell-without-PAT-Button.webp)](https://youtu.be/Qr_CxuGlatI) This video shows you the steps to use a test cell without a PAT-Button in EL-Software for your measurements. [![EL-Software Tutorial_ Troubleshooting Coennection Issues](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumb_EL-Software_Troubleshooting-Connection-Issues.webp)](https://youtu.be/cbn07jqmj4E) **EL-Software Tutorial: Connection Troubleshooting (Version 2.3, 11/2024)** In this video, we show how to solve the most common problems that can arise when connecting a PAT-tester to the EL-Software server. **EL-Software Tutorial: Connection Troubleshooting (Version 2.3, 11/2024)** [![EL-Software Tutorial_ Troubleshooting Coennection Issues](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumb_EL-Software_Troubleshooting-Connection-Issues.webp)](https://youtu.be/cbn07jqmj4E) In this video, we show how to solve the most common problems that can arise when connecting a PAT-tester to the EL-Software server. ## Application Videos **Working example 1: Application note [Nothing but Lithium](https://el-cell.com/nothing-but-lithium)** In this application note, we use EL-Software to set up and run an experiment with [PAT-Cells](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) and the [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16). Here you can watch the videos that focus on the software part. The full application note with more videos can be viewed [here](https://el-cell.com/nothing-but-lithium). [![EL-Software_Writing the test procedure](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumb_EL-Software_Writing-the-test-procedure.webp)](https://youtu.be/kqj6JWRK-Ks) [![Running the experiment](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumb_EL-Software_Running-the-experiment.webp)](https://youtu.be/_fJIN37SrpQ) ## Read more about: [![PAT-Core-Concept Illustration](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/PAT-Core_Concept_250.webp)](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept) ## [The PAT-Core Concept](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept) The PAT-Core is a modular system for building perfectly aligned cell stacks. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PAT-Test-Cells_250x250-comp.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells) ## The PAT Battery Test Cells Learn more about the available PAT-Cell designs [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) The PAT-Tester-i-16 is a multichannel potentiostat with integrated temperature chamber. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) The PAT-Tester-x offers maximum flexibility with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) --- ### [ECC-Opto-Gas](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas/) **Published:** March 8, 2018 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** ECC-Opto-Gas test cell for in-situ optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in metal-air batteries, compatible with Raman microscopes. **Content:** # **ECC-Opto-Gas** ##### Test cell for optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in metal-air batteries. [Request a quote](#quote)[Videos](#videos)[Gallery](#gallery) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ECC_Opto-Gas_Produktdetail-compressor.png) # **ECC-Opto-Gas** ##### Test cell for optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in metal-air batteries. ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ECC_Opto-Gas_Produktdetail-compressor.png) [Product overview](#overview) [Gallery](#gallery) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Product overview - [Product description](#1520519066747-360845cc-1971) - [Features](#1499070009466-7d5a8051-8a3e) - [Specifications](#1499070248228-07910049-38d3) - [Manual](#1499069882524-26714e56-4764) - [Delivery scope](#1518188125063-7a00c516-300e) - [Spare parts](#1520505337853-c3e032c6-7e3e) #### [Product description](#1520519066747-360845cc-1971) ### Product Description The ECC-Opto-Gas is an in-situ test cell for the optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) in metal-air batteries. The cell features a sapphire window with a meander-shaped flow field that can be purged with gas during charge/discharge. The ECC-Opto-Gas can be mounted on the stage of almost any light or Raman microscope to “look” through the transparent window onto the backside of the GDE. The cell is equipped for use with aprotic organic electrolytes. #### [Features](#1499070009466-7d5a8051-8a3e) ### Features In-situ test cell for the optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) in aprotic organic electrolytes. Minimized dimensions suitable for light and Raman microscopes working in the reflective mode The cell stack, with the GDE on top, is placed below a sapphire window with a meander-shaped flow field. This way, the microscope is “looking” through the window onto the backside of the GDE. During charge/ discharge, a gentle stream of gas may be purged along the flow field. This way the electrochemical conversion taking place at the backside of the gas diffusion electrode can be observed. Materials in electrolyte contact are stainless steel 1.4404, PPS and PE. The disc-shaped GDE can have a diameter of up to 11 mm. The inspection area diameter is 10 mm. Cell assembly and electrolyte filling may be carried out inside a glove box. Once sealed, the cell may be operated outside the box at ambient atmosphere. Small and defined electrolyte volume down to 0.04 cm3. Connection to potentiostat/battery tester via 2 mm banana sockets Temperature operation range -20 to +70°C #### [Specifications](#1499070248228-07910049-38d3) ### Specifications [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ECC-Opto-Gas-Abmessungen-300x200.png "ECC-Opto-Gas-Abmessungen | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ECC-Opto-Gas-Abmessungen.png) Height 21.3 mm Width 75 mm Depth 66.5 mm Electrode diameter 12 mm Electrolyte volume min. 0.04 ml Separator diameter 12.5 mm Weight 340 g [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manual](#1499069882524-26714e56-4764) ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Download_Manual_ECC-Opto-Gas_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/5052/)ECC-Opto-Gas User Manual Release 1.02 Type PDF Size 2 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5052/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Delivery scope](#1518188125063-7a00c516-300e) ### Delivery scope [![ECC-Opto-Gas Accessories kit](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Ecc-Opto-Gas_Acc-kit-300x300.jpg "Ecc-Opto-Gas_Acc-kit | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Ecc-Opto-Gas_Acc-kit.jpg)ECC-Opto-Gas Accessories kit Component Order no. ECC-Opto-Gas test cell PTFE Plug, assy, (2 pcs) ECC1-00-0130-B Electrode feed wire OPTO, assy (Ni), (2 pcs) ECC1-00-0010-S Sealing foil ECC1-00-0292-A Transfer line syringe (5 ml) for vacuum filling ECC1-01-0001-A Glass fiber separator 12.5 mm x 0.26 mm ECC1-01-0012-O/X Nut (2 pcs) ECC1-00-0125-A Ferrule 1.6 (2 pcs) ECC1-00-0029-E O-Ring 1.5 mm x 2 mm (2 pcs) DIC9007 O-Ring 34 mm x 2 mm DIC9054 O-Ring 15 mm x 2 mm DIC9052 O-Ring 22 mm x 1 mm DIC9053 Torque screw driver, 0.38 Nm WZG9023 Bit, ¼”, TX8 WZG9022 Tweezer antiacid / stainless (pointed) WZG9020 Assembly aid (ECC-Opto-Gas) ECC1-00-0341-A [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Spare parts](#1520505337853-c3e032c6-7e3e) ### Spare parts **ECC-Opto-Gas test cell** [![ECC-Opto-Gas test cell spare parts components laid out](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ECC-Opto-Gas_Spare-Parts-1_Cell-1.jpg "PAT-Cell_Spare-parts_cell-cap | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ECC-Opto-Gas_Spare-Parts-1_Cell-1.jpg) **Piston assy with cell stack** [![ECC-Opto-Gas spare parts piston for test cell](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ECC-Opto-Gas_Spare-Parts-2_Piston.jpg "PAT-Cell_Spare-parts_cell-base | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ECC-Opto-Gas_Spare-Parts-2_Piston.jpg) **Electrode feed wire OPTO, assy (Ni)** [![ECC-Opto-Gas test cell feed wire spare part](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ECC-Opto-Gas_Spare-Parts-3_FeedWire.jpg "PAT-Cell_Spare-parts_cell-base | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ECC-Opto-Gas_Spare-Parts-3_FeedWire.jpg) The ECC-Opto-Gas is an in-situ test cell for the optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) in metal-air batteries. The cell features a sapphire window with a meander-shaped flow field, that can be purged with gas during charge/discharge. The ECC-Opto-Gas can be mounted on the stage of almost any light or Raman microscope in order to “look” through the transparent window onto the backside of the GDE. The cell is equipped for use with aprotic organic electrolytes. ## ECC-Opto-Gas overview Features In-situ test cell for the optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) in aprotic organic electrolytes. Minimized dimensions suitable for light and Raman microscopes working in the refl ective mode The cell stack, with the GDE on top, is placed below a sapphire window with a meander-shaped flow field. This way, the microscope is “looking” through the window onto the backside of the GDE. During charge/ discharge, a gentle stream of gas may be purged along the flow field. This way the electrochemical conversion taking place at the backside of the gas diffusion electrode can be observed. Materials in electrolyte contact are stainless steel 1.4404, PPS and PE. The disc-shaped GDE can have a diameter of up to 11 mm. The inspection area diameter is 10 mm. Cell assembly and electrolyte filling may be carried out inside a glove box. Once sealed, the cell may be operated outside the box at ambient atmosphere. Small and defined electrolyte volume down to 0.04 cm3. Connection to potentiostat/battery tester via 2 mm banana sockets Temperature operation range -20 to +70°C Specifications Height 21.3 mm Width 75 mm Depth 66.5 mm Electrode diameter 12 mm Electrolyte volume min. 0.04 ml Separator diameter 12.5 mm Weight 340 g [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Download_Manual_ECC-Opto-Gas_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/5052/)ECC-Opto-Gas User Manual Release 1.02 Type PDF Size 2 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5052/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Delivery scope Component Order no. ECC-Opto-Gas test cell PTFE Plug, assy, (2 pcs) ECC1-00-0130-B Electrode feed wire OPTO, assy (Ni), (2 pcs) ECC1-00-0010-S Sealing foil ECC1-00-0292-A Transfer line syringe (5 ml) for vacuum filling ECC1-01-0001-A Glass fiber separator 12.5 mm x 0.26 mm ECC1-01-0012-O/X Nut (2 pcs) ECC1-00-0125-A Ferrule 1.6 (2 pcs) ECC1-00-0029-E O-Ring 1.5 mm x 2 mm (2 pcs) DIC9007 O-Ring 34 mm x 2 mm DIC9054 O-Ring 15 mm x 2 mm DIC9052 O-Ring 22 mm x 1 mm DIC9053 Torque screw driver, 0.38 Nm WZG9023 Bit, ¼”, TX8 WZG9022 Tweezer antiacid / stainless (pointed) WZG9020 Assembly aid (ECC-Opto-Gas) ECC1-00-0341-A [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Gallery [![ECC-Opto-Gas - Working principle](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ECC-Opto-Gas_Gallery_01-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ECC-Opto-Gas_Gallery_01.jpg) ECC-Opto-Gas – Working principle [![ECC-Opto-Gas inside the glove box](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ECC-Opto-Gas_Gallery_02-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ECC-Opto-Gas_Gallery_02.jpg) ECC-Opto-Gas inside the glove box ## Video #### Assembly of the ECC-Opto-Gas optical test cell Watch this video to learn how to assemble the ECC-Opto-Gas. This test cell specializes in the optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in metal-air batteries. Dr. Matthias Hahn will guide you through all necessary steps, including pre-assembly and leak testing, cell filling and final assembly in the glove box environment. Watch and download more of our videos on our [video page](https://el-cell.com/support/videos/). ## Related products [![ECC-Opto-10 optical battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ECC-Opto-10_250-1.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) ## [ECC-Opto-10](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) Advanced test cell for optical characterization in the reflective mode. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10/) ## [PAT-Cell-Opto-10](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10/) Advanced test cell for optical characterization in the reflective mode utilizing the PAT socket. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ECC-Opto-Std_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std) ## [ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std) Test cell for optical and X-ray characterization in the reflective mode with face-to-face arrangement of electrodes [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) **Published:** February 11, 2026 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # PAT-Cell-Solid ## Advanced Battery test cell for solid-state cell chemistries. Measure with an applied pressure of up to 300 MPa at 6 mm diameter! Request a quote Specifications Data Sheet (PDF) # PAT-Cell-Solid ## Advanced Battery test cell for solid-state cell chemistries. Measure with an applied pressure of up to 300 MPa at 6 mm diameter! PAT-Solid-Core: Request a quote Specifications Data Sheet (PDF)PAT-Core: For Cell Stacks Using Liquid Electrolytes! 10 mm For Cell Stacks Using Solid-State Electrolytes! 6 mm Built-in Sensors: Temperature Sensor # PAT-Cell-Solid ## Advanced Battery test cell for solid-state cell chemistries. Measure with an applied pressure of up to 300 MPa at 6 mm diameter! Request a quote Specifications Data Sheet (PDF)-20 °C Force Sensor +80 °C Gas Pressure Sensor 0 3 bar 9000 N 0 ![]( "pageheader_product_2025_grau_03") ![PAT-Cell-Solid battery test cell]( "PAT-Cell-Solid_1000_01") ![]( "Stoerer_New-compressor") ![PAT-Cell-Solid with PAT-Core]( "PAT-Cell-Solid_schnitt_pat-core_1000_02") ![PAT-Solid-Core for testing with solid-state leectrolytes in the PAT-Cell-Force test cell]( "PAT-Solid-Core_02_500x387 Kopie") ![PAT-Core with use in PAT-Cell-Force battery test cell]( "PAT-Core_02_500x387") ![PAT-Cell-Solid with PAT-Core-Solid]( "PAT-Cell-Solid_schnitt_solid-core_1000_03") ![]( "PAT-Solid-Core d10") ![]( "Heat-Skala_500x387") ![]( "skala_drucksensor") ![]( "force sensor skala") ![]( "Forcesensor_pfeil") # **PAT-Cell-Solid** ##### Advanced Battery test cell for solid-state cell chemistries. Measure with an applied pressure of up to 300 MPa! ![PAT-Cell-Solid test cell for solid-state electrolytes](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Solid_440_badge_new.webp) [Product overview](#overview)[Test results](#test-results) [Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/13729/) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Typical Use Cases - Force Adjustment with up to **9000 N** - Force Measurement During the Electrochemical Cycle - For Testing of Solid-State Batteries - For Aprotic Chemistries with Liquid Electrolytes ## Key Features Applied pressure of up to **300 MPa** at 6 mm / **115 MPa** at 10 mm Force adjustment and measurement, up to 9000 N Temperature sensor, temperature range -20° C to 80° C Optional gas pressure sensor and gas in- and outlet for flow-through setups Modular cell stack configuration with [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) and PAT-Solid-Core Cableless cell connection, with PAT-Button (electronic cell tag) ## Sample Test Results - ![PAT-Cell-Solid sample test result showing the coulomb efficiency](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Solid_Sample_test_01_coulomb_eff_01.webp) - ![Sample test result showing the force measured with a PAT-Cell-Solid battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Solid_Sample_test_01_force_01.webp) [![PAT-Cell-Solid sample test result showing the coulomb efficiency](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Solid_Sample_test_01_coulomb_eff_01-300x300.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Solid_Sample_test_01_coulomb_eff_01.webp) [![Sample test result showing the force measured with a PAT-Cell-Solid battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Solid_Sample_test_01_force_01-300x300.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Solid_Sample_test_01_force_01.webp) ## Product Description The PAT-Cell-Solid is an innovative, electrochemical battery test cell for characterizing solid-state batteries. It enables electrochemical measurements with a force of up to 9000 N on the cell stack, which can be adjusted outside the glovebox and monitored throughout the experiment. The pressure applied to the cell stack is thus up to 300 MPa with an electrode diameter of 6 mm. Alongside the force sensor, the PAT-Cell-Solid features a temperature sensor and, as options, a built-in gas pressure sensor and a gas connection block with integrated in- and outlet and sample port. It features a bypass system to inject reaction gases into the carrier gas in flow-through setups. This prevents electrolytic drag or the drying out of the cell. The PAT-Cell-Solid requires only a single sealing ring, which is fitted to the lid. It is compatible with aluminium and copper as sealing materials, which provide exceptional protection against the external atmosphere, enabling stable, long-term measurements with excellent Coulomb efficiency, as shown in[ this application note](https://www.el-cell.com/standardized-cell-design-for-reproducible-and-comparable-assb-performance/). The cell stack is pressed in an external press in several steps using the [Solid-State Pressing Device](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/solid-state-pressing-device/) and the new **PAT-Solid-Core**. It is a variant of the modular PAT-Core and available for electrode diameters of 6 and 10 mm. After pressing the cell stack, the PAT-Solid-Core is inserted into the test cell for cycling. Additionally, the PAT-Cell-Solid enables cycling with aprotic liquid electrolytes using the proven [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) components. Like all PAT-Cells, the PAT-Cell-Solid connects without cell cables, reducing setup time and signal interference. It pairs seamlessly with the [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/ "Learn more about the PAT-Tester-x-8 on el-cell.com") high-precision potentiostat for demanding research. [![Main Cmnponents of the PAT-Cell-Solid test cell from EL-CELL](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/EL-CELL-PAT-Cell-Solid_overview-160x200.webp "EL-CELL-PAT-Cell-Solid_overview")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/EL-CELL-PAT-Cell-Solid_overview.webp) [![PAT-Cell-Solid test cell with installed gas connection block for use in flow-through setups](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Solid_with_gas_conections-160x200.png "EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Solid_with_gas_conections")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Solid_with_gas_conections.png) ### The PAT-Solid-Core for Testing Solid-State Batteries The PAT-Solid-Core is a new variant of the PAT-Core. It has been developed to enable the easy assembly and characterization of cell stacks with powdered solid-state electrolytes. The cell stack is pressed directly in the PAT-Solid-Core using the Solid-state Pressing Device in a multi-stage process outside the glovebox. It is then inserted into the test cell, for example, the PAT-Cell-Solid, for measurement. The PAT-Solid-Core consists of a PPS insulation sleeve and carbide plungers to withstand high pressing loads. It is available in two variants that support electrode diameters of 6 and 10 mm, thus enabling different load levels during cycling. [![PAT-Solid-Core for Testing Solid-State Cell Stacks](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/EL-CELL-Overview-PAT-Solid-Core-for-testing-SSB_01-400x267.png "EL-CELL-Overview-PAT-Solid-Core-for-testing-SSB_01")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/EL-CELL-Overview-PAT-Solid-Core-for-testing-SSB.png) ## Specifications - [Specifications](#1759743951168-7a459eb4-47a9) - [Compatible Potentiostats and Docking Stations](#1759743951189-0ec559f8-a2d2) ### [Specifications](#1759743951168-7a459eb4-47a9) ### Specifications [![Dimensions of the PAT-Cell-Solid battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/PAT-Cell-Solid_Measurements.webp "PAT-Cell-Solid_Measurements | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/PAT-Cell-Solid_Measurements.webp) Height 218 mm Width 105 mm Length 80 mm Weight 3.5 kg Electrode diameter (PAT-Solid-Core) 6 or 10 mm Electrode diameter (PAT-Core) 18 mm Separator diameter (PAT-Core) 21.6 mm Max. applied load on cell stack with PAT-Solid-Core 300 MPa @ 6 mm diameter / 115 MPa @ 10 mm diameter Max. applied load on cell stack with PAT-Core 35 MPa @ 18 mm diameter Operational temperature -20 °C to 80 °C Force sensor range Up to 9000 Newton Temperature sensor range -20 °C to 80 °C Gas pressure sensor (optional) 0 to 3 bar abs. [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### [Compatible Potentiostats and Docking Stations](#1759743951189-0ec559f8-a2d2) ### Compatible Potentiostats/Battery Tester Charge/Discharge/Impedance Read Force Sensor Read Pressure Sensor Read Temperature Sensor [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x)Third-party Potentiostat [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Compatible PAT Docking Stations Charge/Discharge/Impedance Read Force Sensor Read Pressure Sensor Read Temperature Sensor [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1)[PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1)[PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u)[PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4)[PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16)[PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16)[PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Documentation Type Release Date File Format Size [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/pat-cell-solid_teaser_data_sheet_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/13729/)Data Sheet February 2026 PDF 1.0 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/13729/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Advanced Battery test cell for solid-state cell chemistries. Measure with an applied force of up to 9000 N! The PAT-Cell-Solid is an innovative, electrochemical battery test cell for characterizing solid-state batteries. It enables electrochemical measurements with a force of up to 9000 N on the cell stack, which can be adjusted outside the glovebox and monitored throughout the experiment. The pressure applied to the cell stack is thus up to 300 MPa with an electrode diameter of 6 mm. Alongside the force sensor, the PAT-Cell-Solid features a temperature sensor and, as options, a built-in gas pressure sensor and a gas connection block with integrated in- and outlet and sample port. It features a bypass system to inject reaction gases into the carrier gas in flow-through setups. This prevents electrolytic drag or the drying out of the cell. The PAT-Cell-Solid requires only a single sealing ring, which is fitted to the lid. It is compatible with aluminium and copper as sealing materials, which provide exceptional protection against the external atmosphere, enabling stable, long-term measurements with excellent Coulomb efficiency, as shown in[ this application note](https://www.el-cell.com/standardized-cell-design-for-reproducible-and-comparable-assb-performance/). The cell stack is pressed in an external press in several steps using the [Solid-State Pressing Device](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/solid-state-pressing-device/) and the new **PAT-Solid-Core**. It is a variant of the modular PAT-Core and available for electrode diameters of 6 and 10 mm. After pressing the cell stack, the PAT-Solid-Core is inserted into the test cell for cycling. Additionally, the PAT-Cell-Solid enables cycling with aprotic liquid electrolytes using the proven [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) components. Like all PAT-Cells, the PAT-Cell-Solid connects without cell cables, reducing setup time and signal interference. It pairs seamlessly with the [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/ "Learn more about the PAT-Tester-x-8 on el-cell.com") high-precision potentiostat for demanding research. ## PAT-Cell-Solid Typical Use Cases - Force Adjustment with up to **9000 N** During Cell Assembly - Force Measurement During the Electrochemical Cycle - For Testing of Sulphidic Solid-State Batteries - For Aprotic Chemistries with Liquid Electrolytes Features Force adjustment and measurement, up to 9000 N Temperature sensor, temperature range -20° C to 80° C Optional gas pressure sensor and gas in- and outlet for flow-through setups Modular cell stack configuration with [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) and PAT-Solid-Core Optimzied lid for use with metal seals Cableless cell connection, with PAT-Button (electronic cell tag) Specifications Height 218 mm Width 105 mm Length 80 mm Weight 3.5 kg Electrode diameter (PAT-Solid-Core) 6 or 10 mm Electrode diameter (PAT-Core) 18 mm Separator diameter (PAT-Core) 21.6 mm Max. applied load on cell stack with PAT-Solid-Core 300 MPa @ 6 mm diameter / 115 MPa @ 10 mm diameter Max. applied load on cell stack with PAT-Core 35 MPa @ 18 mm diameter Operational temperature -20 °C to 80 °C Force sensor range Up to 9000 Newton Temperature sensor range -20 °C to 80 °C Gas pressure sensor (optional) 0 to 3 bar abs. [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### Compatible Potentiostats / Battery Testers Charge/Discharge/Impedance Read Force Sensor Read Pressure Sensor Read Temperature Sensor [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x)Third-party Potentiostat [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### Compatible PAT docking stations Charge/Discharge/Impedance Read Force Sensor Read Pressure Sensor Read Temperature Sensor [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1)[PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1)[PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u)[PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4)[PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16)[PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16)[PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Documentation Type Release Date File Format Size [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/pat-cell-solid_teaser_data_sheet_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/13729/)Data Sheet February 2026 PDF 1.0 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/13729/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Test Results [![PAT-Cell-Solid sample test result showing the coulomb efficiency](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/PAT-Cell-Solid_Sample_test_01_coulomb_eff.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/PAT-Cell-Solid_Sample_test_01_coulomb_eff.webp) [![Sample test result showing the force measured with a PAT-Cell-Solid battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Solid_Sample_test_01_force_01.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Solid_Sample_test_01_force_01.webp) ## Accessories ### Accessories **Solid-State Pressing-Device, (Order no.: ECC1-02-0050-B)** [![EL-CELL Solid-state Pressing Device](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/EL-Cell_Solid-state_pressing-device_250.webp "EL-Cell_Solid-state_pressing-device_250 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/EL-Cell_Solid-state_pressing-device_250.webp) The solid-state pressing device enables direct pressing of powdered solid-state cell stacks in the PAT-Solid-Core. The housing is airtight, enabling use outside the glove box. [Product details](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/solid-state-pressing-device/) **[Metal seal mounting kit, (Order no.: ECC1-02-0040-A)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/)** This tool kit is designed to ensure the correct installation when using metal lid seals.[![Metal Seal Mounting Kit](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/MSL-Kit_250-1.webp "MSL-Kit_250 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/MSL-Kit_250-1.webp) [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/) ## Related products [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) Modular multi-channel potentiostat for special and small-scale testing [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) [![PAT-Terminal-1 single channel station for performing functional tests and sensor adjustments](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/PAT-Terminal-1_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) ## [PAT-Terminal-1](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) Single channel station for performing functional tests and sensor adjustments [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Force Test Cells](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells-2/) **Published:** February 23, 2026 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** Force Test Cells Characterize solid-state and other cell chemistries under applied pressure ![PAT series force test cells for solid-state battery testing]( "PAT Force Cells_250") ![]( "PageHeader_PAT-Cell-HT") ![]( "Vorlage_PageHeader_HT") ![]() # Force Test Cells ## Test cells for testing under a defined force. Suited for solid-state and other cell chemistries. ## Our products [![PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PAT-Cell-Force_250_02.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force) ## [PAT-Cell-Force](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force) ### Battery test cell for solid-state and liquid cell chemistries. Up to 60 MPa applied pressure!- Force adjustment and measurement, up to 1700 Newton - Built-in temperature, force and gas pressure sensors - Supports PAT-Solid-Core and PAT-Core for testing of solid-state and liquid cell chemistries [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force) [![PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Solid_badge_New_250.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) ## [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) ### Advanced battery test cell for solid-state cell chemistries. Measure with an applied pressure of up to 300 MPa at 6 mm diameter!- Force adjustment and measurement, up to 9000 Newton - For testing of solid-state batteries - Supports PAT-Solid-Core with 6 and 10 mm electrode diameter - Optional gas pressure sensor and gas in- and outlet for flow-through setups [Product details](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) --- ### [Introduction and overview of the PAT series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/) **Published:** November 4, 2019 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # PAT Series Overview ## Learn more about our perfectly matched test cell system for the research of battery materials! ![PAT Series Overview](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Overview_2023_Pageheader.webp) # **PAT Series Overview** ##### Learn more about our perfectly matched test cell system for the research of battery materials! ![PAT Series Overview](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Overview_2023_Pageheader.webp) ## Our Comprehensive, Modular System for Testing new Battery Materials **With the PAT series, we are the first supplier worldwide to offer you a complete system consisting of test cells, potentiostats and control software that are perfectly matched to each other. This makes testing battery materials more efficient, more reproducible and easier to use than ever before.** ## The PAT Workflow Our devices accompany you throughout the entire workflow of your electrochemical experiments, from punching your electrodes to evaluating your measurement results. On this page, you can learn more about the members of the PAT series and how they can be tailored to your specific application. ## PAT Series Test Cells [![PAT series test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/PAT-Overview_PAT-Cells-Komposition_2026.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/EL-CELL_PAT-series_battery_test_cells.png) Our test cell system consists of different cell housings which contain the cell stack and enable electrical contact with the potentiostat. Different variants with additional features such as pressure sensors or gas connections are available for the respective test purpose. Unlike other products, PAT test cells are cableless. They are simply inserted into a docking station which is permanently connected to the battery tester used. This way the wiring does not have to be renewed before every test, which saves time and prevents mistakes. It becomes even easier when the cells are used in a PAT battery tester like the PAT-Tester-i-16, which makes the usual cabling completely obsolete. [ >Click here to see the different PAT-Cell variants](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-test-cells) The **PAT-Core** is the core component of each PAT-Cell, which contains the actual cell stack with electrodes, current collectors, separator and electrolyte. The individual components of the PAT-Core are available in different variants that can be freely combined with each other. This means that the test cell can be quickly and easily adapted to a wide variety of test purposes. For high-throughput applications, pre-assembled single-use components are available. Our reusable current collectors and insulating sleeves, on the other hand, are ideal for smaller test series, extraordinary test scenarios or tighter budgets. [>](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-test-cells)[More about the PAT-Core concept](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept) We strongly believe that reliable and simple 3-electrode measurements are the most efficient way to develop new battery materials. As a consequence, all PAT test cells are designed for long-term measurements with three electrodes. You can record the electrical properties of the full cell and both half cells simultaneously with just one test run. These features significantly reduce the time and effort involved in testing compared to 2-electrode cells, such as commercially available coin cells. [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/PAT-Core_components_02.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/PAT-Core_components_02.jpg) **The power of testing with a reference electrode** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Three-electrode-testing_03-300x300.png "Three-electrode-testing_03 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/PAT-series-overview-Three-electrode-testing_03-1-1.jpg)By monitoring the cell voltage and cell current of the battery, you can learn a lot about the performance and ageing of the battery as a whole. However, a battery comprises two electrodes connected in series: cathode and anode. Which of the two is the bottleneck for charge transfer? Which electrode is dying off first? Testing with a reference electrode answers these questions because the voltage and impedance of both half cells can be measured simultaneously. This makes it easy to see how the two electrodes behave individually. When used with a powerful battery tester such as the PAT-Tester-i-16, the reference electrode enables you to measure the electrochemical properties of both electrodes at the same time. [> Learn more about the advantages of three electrode testing](https://el-cell.com/1001-reasons-for-using-a-reference-electrode) ## The PAT docking stations [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Overview_PAT-dockings-Komposition_01.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Overview_PAT-dockings-Komposition_01.webp) In order to connect and operate a PAT-Cell with a potentiostat, the cell is simply inserted into the socket of a PAT docking station. Only the docking station itself is permanently wired to the potentiostat, the PAT-Cells themselves are cableless. In this way, the connection to the potentiostat no longer has to be renewed and checked before each test. In principle, all PAT-Cells can be used in any docking station to test basic electrical properties such as capacity and impedance. The only exception is the high temperature docking station, the [PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4), which can only be used with specially designed PAT-Cell-HT test cells. Many docking stations also support additional functions of the more specialized members of the PAT series, such as the measurement of the gas pressure with the PAT-Cell-Press. [>See our compatibility table for supported features of all PAT docking stations](https://el-cell.com/support/tables) The main difference between PAT docking stations is the number of connection sockets for the test cells. The smallest docking station, the [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1), has a single socket, the largest ones offer space for up to 16 PAT-Cells. The [PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16) also offers an integrated temperature chamber to test PAT-Cells at temperatures between +10 and +80° Celsius. PAT docking stations can be connected and operated with all currently available potentiostats or battery cyclers. [> Discover all PAT docking stations](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations) ## The PAT battery testers We have incorporated our long-standing practical experience with electrochemical testing into the development of a new generation of battery testers, the EL-CELL PAT-Tester series. Our focus is on convenient handling and minimizing laboratory space as much as possible through high integration of core components and a modern system architecture. Each test channel of a PAT battery tester contains a **fully equipped potentiostat / galvanostat and impedance analyser** as well as new, unique features. A **connection matrix** facilitates alternating between full-cell and half-cell control at runtime without having to change even a single cable. In an unprecedented way, impedance measurements may be combined with cyclic voltammetry and constant current cycles. Two different product lines, based on the same system architecture, offer a variety of application options: The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16), a highly integrated device, combines a temperature controlled chamber, a docking station for PAT series test cells and the battery tester with up to 16 fully equipped test channels. Minimal space requirement makes the PAT-Tester-i-16 the perfect solution for high-throughput test scenarios with PAT-Cells but also other small battery formats like coin, Swagelok or pouch cells. The [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x-8) is the perfect solution whenever maximum flexibility is required. Up to 8 test cells can be tested simultaneously in very different environments with this device: on the laboratory bench, in the glovebox, in a climatic chamber, or wherever else you want. The electronics of the single channel are identical to the one in the PAT-Tester-i-16. This guarantees the highest performance, not only for PAT-Cells, but also for all other EL-CELL test cells, as well as for coin cells and a variety of other cell formats. [>Learn more about our PAT battery testers](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester) We have incorporated our long-standing practical experience with electrochemical testing into the development of a new generation of battery testers, the EL-CELL PAT tester series. Our focus is on convenient handling and minimising laboratory space as much as possible through high integration of core components and a modern system architecture. Each test channel of a PAT battery tester contains a **fully equipped potentiostat / galvanostat and impedance analyser** as well as new, unique features. A **switch matrix** facilitates alternating between full-cell and half-cell control at runtime without having to change even a single cable. In an unprecedented way, impedance measurements may be combined with cyclic voltammetry and constant current cycles. Two different product lines, based on the same system architecture, offer a variety of application options: The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16), a highly integrated device, combines a temperature controlled chamber, a docking station for PAT series test cells and the battery tester with up to 16 fully equipped test channels. Minimal space requirement makes the PAT-Tester-i-16 the perfect solution for high-throughput test scenarios with PAT-Cells but also other small battery formats like coin, Swagelok or pouch cells. The [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x-8) is the perfect solution whenever maximum flexibility is required. Up to 8 test cells can be tested simultaneously in very different environments with this device: on the laboratory bench, in the glovebox, in a climatic chamber, or wherever else you want. The electronics of the single channel are identical to the one in the PAT-Tester-i-16. This guarantees the highest performance, not only for PAT-Cells, but also for all other EL-CELL test cells as well as for coin cells and a variety of other cell formats. [>Learn more about our PAT battery testers](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/VideoThumb_PAT-Tester_400px.png)](https://youtu.be/QNuIwNo2efc) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Overview_PAT-battery-testers_01.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Overview_PAT-battery-testers_01.webp) We have incorporated our long-standing practical experience with electrochemical testing into the development of a new generation of battery testers, the EL-CELL PAT tester series. Our focus is on convenient handling and minimising laboratory space as much as possible through high integration of core components and a modern system architecture. Each test channel of a PAT battery tester contains a **fully equipped potentiostat / galvanostat and impedance analyser** as well as new, unique features. A **switch matrix** facilitates alternating between full-cell and half-cell control at runtime without having to change even a single cable. In an unprecedented way, impedance measurements may be combined with cyclic voltammetry and constant current cycles. Two different product lines, based on the same system architecture, offer a variety of application options: The [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16), a highly integrated device, combines a temperature controlled chamber, a docking station for PAT series test cells and the battery tester with up to 16 fully equipped test channels. Minimal space requirement makes the PAT-Tester-i-16 the perfect solution for high-throughput test scenarios with PAT-Cells but also other small battery formats like coin, Swagelok or pouch cells. The [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x-8) is the perfect solution whenever maximum flexibility is required. Up to 8 test cells can be tested simultaneously in very different environments with this device: on the laboratory bench, in the glovebox, in a climatic chamber, or wherever else you want. The electronics of the single channel are identical to the one in the PAT-Tester-i-16. This guarantees the highest performance, not only for PAT-Cells, but also for all other EL-CELL test cells as well as for coin cells and a variety of other cell formats. [>Learn more about our PAT battery testers](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/PAT-Overview_PAT-battery-testers_01.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/PAT-Overview_PAT-battery-testers_01.jpg) ## EL-Software ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Home_start_slider_EL-Software-compressor.png) EL-Software is the newly developed software solution from EL-CELL to plan, perform and evaluate experiments with the PAT battery testers. The software enables networked, location-independent operation with a scalable number of test channels and devices. All relevant data, like cell components, script procedures or the resulting measurements, are written into a central, conveniently searchable database. This growing data treasure is accessible for all users in the same network and helps to speed up the process of experiment planning and interchanging of test data significantly. With the powerful yet easy-to-use test composer you can set up virtually any battery procedure, from simple voltammetric experiment to a complex test that combines constant current cycles at different C-rates with intermittent impedance measurements. In batch mode, any number of test procedures can be performed sequentially, either for a single test cell or for a group of test cells – all this without writing a single line of code. Available control modes are constant current, constant voltage, open circuit, linear voltage sweep, galvanostatic and potentiostatic impedance. Finally, EL-Software provides you with state-of-the-art graphics capabilities for visualizing your test results, while the open export interfaces allow seamless integration into existing software pipelines. [>Learn more about EL-Software](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) ## Videos You can download all of our videos directly from our [video page](https://el-cell.com/support/videos/). ## Read more about: [![PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers and reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PAT-Core_250.webp)](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept)PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers and reference electrode ## [The PAT-Core concept](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept) The PAT-Core enables battery studies of unmatched quality [Product details](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/PAT-Test-Cells_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells) ## The PAT test cells Learn more about the different PAT-Cells [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PAT-docking-stations_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations) ## [PAT Docking Stations](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations) Learn more about the docking stations for the PAT series [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester) ## [Potentiostats / Galvanostats / EIS](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester) Learn more about our fully equipped battery testers [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester) --- ### [Events & Exhibitions](https://www.el-cell.com/about-us/events/) **Published:** July 13, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Explore our Events & Exhibitions page for upcoming and past shows, featuring key battery and electrochemistry conferences and industry highlights. **Content:** # Events and Exhibitions ### Upcoming Shows 2026 DateEventLocationBooth September 8 - 10, 2026**[Faraday Institution Conference 2026](https://www.faraday.ac.uk/event/faraday-institution-conference-2026/)**Nottingham, UK September 8 - 9, 2026**[Battery & ES Tech](https://batterytechexpoeurope.com/)**Barcelona, Spain September 14 - 16, 2026**[SBS-7 Sodium Battery Symposium](https://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/events/international-sodium-battery-symposium1/index_en.html)**Berlin, Germany October 7 - 9, 2026**[Solid-state Batteries VII - From Fundamentals to Application](https://www.uni-giessen.de/de/fbz/zentren/lama/events/ssb)**Frankfurt, Germany October 12 - 15, 2026**[The Battery Show North America](https://www.thebatteryshow.com/)**Detroit, USA October 25 - 29, 2026**[250th ECS Meeting Calgary](https://www.electrochem.org/250)**Calgary, Canada November 04 - 05, 2026**[International Battery Production Conference (IBPC)](https://battery-production-conference.de/)**Braunschweig, Germany November 29 -December 4, 2026**[MRS Fall Meeting](https://www.mrs.org/meetings-events/annual-meetings/2026-mrs-fall-meeting)**Boston, MA, USA ### Past Shows --- ### [PAT-Terminal-1](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) **Published:** July 22, 2022 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # **PAT-Terminal-1** ##### Powerful assistance in the glovebox [Request a quote](#quote)[Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/10209/) ![PAT-Terminal-1 with inserted PAT-Cell-Force test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/PAT-Terminal-1_1700_440.webp) # **PAT-Terminal-1** ##### Powerful assistance in the glovebox ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/PAT-Terminal-1_440_new_stoerer.webp) [Product overview](#overview)[Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/10209/)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product overview - [Product description](#1593164296657-93c6b3c8-fbac) - [Specifications](#1593164296748-ac884746-eaa6) - [Features](#1593164296835-b9d33f65-19e5) - [Manual](#1685089550506-fe8a414d-744c) #### [Product description](#1593164296657-93c6b3c8-fbac) ### Product description The PAT Terminal-1 greatly simplifies your workflow when assembling PAT series test cells in the glove box. It is an advanced [PAT-Channel-1](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-channel-1/) that can perform impedance measurements and other quick functional tests of your test cells as a stand-alone device. Insert the newly built cell into the PAT-Terminal-1 and directly read the electrical values and sensor signals like force, pressure, or dilation on the large display. This allows you to make precise sensor adjustments for in-situ cells, such as the [PAT-Cell-Force](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) or [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/), directly in the glove box or to check the electrical values immediately after assembly. Of course, the PAT-Terminal-1 is also a fully equipped test channel with all PStat / GStat / EIS abilities and can be connected as usual to the controller unit of a [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/). [![PAT-Terminal-1 with inserted PAT-Cell-Force battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/EL-CELL_PAT-Terminal-1_with_PAT-CELL-Force_2026.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/EL-CELL_PAT-Terminal-1_with_PAT-CELL-Force_2026.webp)PAT-Terminal-1 with inserted PAT-Cell-Force battery test cell #### [Specifications](#1593164296748-ac884746-eaa6) ### Specifications (November 2023) Length 164 mm Height 97 mm Width 141 mm Weight 1.5 kg Temperature operation range -20 to + 40 °C Humidity Non-condensing [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Accuracy Contour Plot [![PAT-Tester-i-16 Accuracy Contour Plot](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot-300x300.png "accuracy_contour_plot | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot.png) ### ### General \# Channels per device 1 Control Voltage -7 V to +7 V Compliance Voltage -8 V to 8 V (no load) Current ±100 mA Cell connection / Electrode connection 3 electrodes plus sense wires, Connection matrix ADC 2 x 24 Bit DAC 1 x 18 Bit Bandwidth ranges 500 kHz 50 kHz 5 kHz Slew rate 2.5 V / µs Sampling interval (rate) 1 ms Input Impedance >100 MΩ || 20 pF Computer Interface 1 GBit Ethernet, Runs standalone, Multiuser [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Voltage Acquisition voltages Full cell voltage Both half-cell voltages Auxiliary voltage Measurement accuracy ±0.02% of FSR (Full scale range) Measurement noise floor 30 μV peak-peak typical Control resolution 57 μV (18 Bit) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Current Current ranges ±100 mA ±10 mA ±1 mA ±100 μA Autorange Measurement accuracy ±0.05% of FSR Measurement noise floor Control resolution 1 nA min. (18 Bit) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Impedance (each channel) Frequency range 100 μHz to 100 kHz Impedance modes PEIS and GEIS (each with simultaneous measurement of full- and half-cell impedances) Impedance range 1 mΩ to 100 MΩ EIS quality indicator SFDR (Spurious Free Dynamic Range) EIS drift correction yes EIS adaptive amplitude yes [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Other Additional Measurement (each channel) Digital (I²C) sensor signal, e.g. for cell temperature Analog sensor signal, e.g. for gas pressure Calibration Fully automatic self-calibration with internal voltage reference and three internal calibration cells Software EL-Software with : Experiment designer Cell and material management with database Script editor Live data monitoring Analysing and reporting capabilities Cell Identification PAT-Button with unique serial number stored in EEPROM [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Features](#1593164296835-b9d33f65-19e5) ### Features Fully equipped test channel with PStat / GStat / EIS, +-7V control voltage, 100 mA current Can be operated as a stand-alone device directly in the glovebox. Can perform cell functionality checks (e.g. impedance) Integrated display showing live data of inserted test cell Can be used as test channel in a PAT-Tester-x-8 setup #### [Manual](#1685089550506-fe8a414d-744c) ### Manuals [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Terminal-1_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/10312/)PAT-Terminal-1 User Manual Release 1.2 Date October 2024 Type PDF Size 1.2 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10312/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The PAT Terminal-1 greatly simplifies your workflow when assembling PAT series test cells in the glove box. It is an advanced [PAT-Channel-1](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-channel-1/) that can perform impedance measurements and other quick functional tests of your test cells as a stand-alone device. Insert the newly built cell into the PAT-Terminal-1 and directly read the electrical values and sensor signals like force, pressure, or dilation on the large display. This allows you to make precise sensor adjustments for in-situ cells such as the [PAT-Cell-Force](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) directly in the glove box or to check the electrical values immediately after assembly. Of course, the PAT-Terminal-1 is also a fully equipped test channel with all PStat / GStat / EIS abilities and can be connected as usual to the controller unit of a [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/). ## Product overview Features Features Fully equipped test channel with PStat / GStat / EIS, +-7V control voltage, 100 mA current Can be operated as a stand-alone device directly in the glovebox. Can perform cell functionality checks (e.g. impedance) Integrated display showing live data of inserted test cell Can be used as test channel in a PAT-Tester-x-8 setup Specifications (Last update: November 2023) Length 164 mm Height 97 mm Width 141 mm Weight 1.5 kg Temperature operation range -20 to + 40 °C Humidity Non-condensing [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Accuracy Contour Plot [![PAT-Tester-i-16 Accuracy Contour Plot](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot-300x300.png "accuracy_contour_plot | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot.png) ### ### General \# Channels per device 1 Control Voltage -7 V to +7 V Compliance Voltage -8 V to 8 V (no load) Current ±100 mA Cell connection / Electrode connection 3 electrodes plus sense wires, Connection matrix ADC 2 x 24 Bit DAC 1 x 18 Bit Bandwidth ranges 500 kHz 50 kHz 5 kHz Slew rate 2.5 V / µs Sampling interval (rate) 1 ms Input Impedance >100 MΩ || 20 pF Computer Interface 1 GBit Ethernet, Runs standalone, Multiuser [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Voltage Acquisition voltages Full cell voltage Both half-cell voltages Auxiliary voltage Measurement accuracy ±0.02% of FSR (Full scale range) Measurement noise floor 30 μV peak-peak typical Control resolution 57 μV (18 Bit) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Current Current ranges ±100 mA ±10 mA ±1 mA ±100 μA Autorange Measurement accuracy ±0.05% of FSR Measurement noise floor Control resolution 1 nA min. (18 Bit) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Impedance (each channel) Frequency range 100 μHz to 100 kHz Impedance modes PEIS and GEIS (each with simultaneous measurement of full- and half-cell impedances) Impedance range 1 mΩ to 100 MΩ EIS quality indicator SFDR (Spurious Free Dynamic Range) EIS drift correction yes EIS adaptive amplitude yes [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Other Additional Measurement (each channel) Digital (I²C) sensor signal, e.g. for cell temperature Analog sensor signal, e.g. for gas pressure Calibration Fully automatic self-calibration with internal voltage reference and three internal calibration cells Software EL-Software with : Experiment designer Cell and material management with database Script editor Live data monitoring Analysing and reporting capabilities Cell Identification PAT-Button with unique serial number stored in EEPROM [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Terminal-1_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/10312/)PAT-Terminal-1 User Manual Release 1.2 Date October 2024 Type PDF Size 1.2 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10312/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Related products [![PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PAT-Cell-Force_250_02.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force) ## [PAT-Cell-Force](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force) Operando test cell for investigating battery materials under defined force, temperature and gas pressure [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force) [![PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Solid_badge_New_250.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) ## [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) Battery test cell for solid-state cell chemistries. Measure with an applied pressure of up to 300 MPa at 6 mm diameter! [Product details](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) [![ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/ECD-4-nano_2025_250x250.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) ## [ECD-4-nano](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) Advanced test cell for the measurement of the electrode expansion in the nanometer range. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Controller-8_250x250-comp.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-controller-8/) ## [PAT-Controller-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-controller-8/) Control box for the PAT-Tester-x with internal data storage and USB ports for up to 8 PAT-Channel-1. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-controller-8/) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/) **Published:** February 11, 2026 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** [Data Sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/13579/)# PAT-Cell-Force ## Battery test cell for solid-state and liquid cell chemistries. Up to 60 MPa applied pressure! Request a quote Specifications Documentation [Data Sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/13579/)# PAT-Cell-Force ## Battery test cell for solid-state and liquid cell chemistries. Up to 60 MPa applied pressure! PAT-Solid-Core: Request a quote Specifications DocumentationFor Cell Stacks Using Liquid Electrolytes! PAT-Core: For Cell Stacks Using Solid-State Electrolytes! [Data Sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/13579/)Additional Sensors: Temperature Sensor # PAT-Cell-Force ## Battery test cell for solid-state and liquid cell chemistries. Up to 60 MPa applied pressure! Request a quote Specifications Documentation-20 °C +80 °C Gas Pressure Sensor 0 3 bar ![]( "Stoerer_New-compressor") ![]( "pageheader_product_2025_grau_03") ![PAT-Cell-Force for testing solid-state and liquid electrolytes]( "PAT-Cell-Force_500x387_2_2026") ![PAT-Cell-Force with PAT-Solid-Core for electrochemical testing with solid-state electrolytes]( "PAT-Cell-Force_schnitt_PAT_Core-Solid_500x387") ![PAT-Solid-Core for testing with solid-state leectrolytes in the PAT-Cell-Force test cell]( "PAT-Solid-Core_02_500x387 Kopie") ![PAT-Cell-Force with PAT-Core for electrochemical testing with liquid electrolytes]( "PAT-Cell-Force_schnitt_PAT_Core_500x387") ![PAT-Core with use in PAT-Cell-Force battery test cell]( "PAT-Core_02_500x387") ![]( "Heat-Skala_500x387") ![]( "skala_drucksensor") # **PAT-Cell-Force** ##### Battery test cell for solid-state and liquid cell chemistries. Up to 60 MPa of applied pressure! ![EL-CELL PAT-Cell Force](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/PAT-Cell-Force_Produktdetail_440_02.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Test results](#test-results) [Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/13579/) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Typical Use Cases - Testing of **Solid-State Batteries** with up to **60 MPa** applied pressure - Testing of aprotic battery chemistries with liquid electrolytes - Force Adjustment During Assembly and Measurement During the Electrochemical Cycle - Electrochemical Cycling with 2- or 3 Electrodes ## Key Features Force adjustment and measurement, max. 1700 Newton Modular cell stack configuration with [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) and PAT-Solid-Core (**New!**) Up to 60 MPa pressure on cell stacks using PAT-Solid-Core (6 mm diameter) Up to 5.9 MPa pressure on cell stacks using with PAT-Core (18 mm dianeter) Gas pressure sensor (0 to 3 bar abs.) and Temperature sensor (-20° C to 80° C) Compatible with metal seals for maximum cell tightness Cableless cell connection, with PAT-Button (electronic cell tag) ## Sample Test Results - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Force_Sample_Test_result_01.png) - ![Sample test result showing the Coulomb efficiency measured with a PAT-Cell-Force battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Force_PAT-Solid-Core_Sample-test_03_01.webp) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Force_Sample_Test_result_01-300x300.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Force_Sample_Test_result_01.png) [![Sample test result showing the Coulomb efficiency measured with a PAT-Cell-Force battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Force_PAT-Solid-Core_Sample-test_03_01-300x300.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Force_PAT-Solid-Core_Sample-test_03_01.webp) ## Application Notes - [**Quantifying Sodium Dendrite Formation in Na5SmSi4O12 Solid Electrolytes (A. LOWACK ET AL., 2025)**](http://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202500279) - [**Feasibility study on high-energy-density almost-solid-state sodium batteries with thin ceramic Na3.4Zr2Si2.4P0.6O12 separators (A. LOWACK ET AL., 2025)**](https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2025.2560836) - [**Sputtered Zero-Excess Electrodes with Metallic Seed Layers for Solid-State Sodium Batteries (A. LOWACK ET AL., 2024)**](http://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202400364) ## Product Description The PAT-Cell-Force is a specialized operando test cell that enables adjustment and measurement of the mechanical force applied to the cell stack. With a wide force range of up to 1700 N, a pressure of up to 60 MPa can be applied on the cell stack, depending on the electrode diameter. This makes the PAT-Cell-Force ideal for characterizing solid-state batteries, but it can also be used for other aprotic lithium-ion battery chemistries with liquid electrolytes. The PAT-Cell-Force uses the patented [PAT-Core system](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) to build perfectly aligned cell stacks. For liquid electrolytes, PAT-Core components with 18 mm electrode diameter are available for performing 2- and 3-electrode measurements. Please note that the PAT-Cell-Force uses a special variant of the upper plunger. For solid-state electrolytes, a new variant of the PAT-Core, the PAT-Solid-Core, is available. This variant is specifically designed for measurements on solid-state batteries and features carbide plungers and PPS insulation sleeves. In conjunction with the new [Solid-State Pressing Device](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/solid-state-pressing-device/), the solid-state test specimen can be pressed directly in the PAT-Solid-Core. The PAT-Solid-Core is available in various electrode diameters (6 and 10 mm). If used inside the PAT-Cell-Force, this allows a load of up to 60 MPa to be applied to the cell stack during assembly and monitored throughout the entire electrochemical cycle. In addition, built-in sensors enable simultaneous monitoring of gas pressure and temperature. An EL-CELL potentiostat, such as the [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) or [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/), is required to cycle the PAT-Cell-Force. The use of the [PAT-Terminal-1](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) is recommended for precise force adjustment before each experiment. All sensor signals are recorded and transmitted digitally in real-time for plotting in [EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/). The PAT-Cell-Force is directly connected to the EL-CELL potentiostat or docking station via a cable-free connection. This accelerates experiment setup and reduces signal noise. Thanks to its advanced sealing design, the PAT-Cell-Force is ideal for stable long-term measurements. In addition, the device is equipped with an electronic cell tag (PAT-Button) for automatic recognition in the EL-Software. [![Sectional View of the PAT-Cell-Force with PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/PAT-Cell-Force_Sectional_View_800x1000.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/PAT-Cell-Force_Sectional_View_800x1000.webp) [![PAT-Core with specialized upper plunger (ECC1-01-0107-A) for use in the PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/PAT-Core_for-PAT-Cell-Force_800x533_Web.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/PAT-Core_for-PAT-Cell-Force_800x533.webp)PAT-Core with specialized upper plunger [![PAT-Solid-Core for Testing Solid-State Cell Stacks](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/EL-CELL_PAT-Solid-Core_Overview_800x533_01.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/EL-CELL-Overview-PAT-Solid-Core-for-testing-SSB_01.png)Overview of the PAT-Solid-Core ### PAT-Cell-Force Update 2026: What’s new? **New features:** - Compatible with PAT-Solid-Core for cycling solid-state cell stacks with up to 60 MPa applied pressure **Improvements:** - Improved applied force range of up to 1700 N **Changes:** - Changed upper plunger geometry for PAT-Core setups when using the new Clamping Yoke (ECC1-00-0375-C) for solid state. The new plunger has a flat top. (stainless steel version, Order no.: ECC1-01-0107-A) ## Configuration Options The PAT-Cell-Force is available in various configurations, offering different capabilities depending on your requirements. Please specify your desired configuration when [inquiring](#quote) about a product. We will be happy to advise you if you have any questions. Cell Base + Clamping Yoke + Cell Lid = Complete Cell [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0530-I_Cell_base.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0530-I_Cell_base.webp)[![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0375-C_Clamping_Yoke.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0375-C_Clamping_Yoke.webp)[![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0236-H_Cell_lid.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0236-H_Cell_lid.webp)[![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Force.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Force.webp) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Cell Bases Order No. Name Features [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0530-I_Cell_base_100.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0530-I_Cell_base_100.webp)ECC1-00-0530-ICell base unit divided 1700 - Force Sensor (up to 1700N) - Gas Pressure Sensor (0 to 3 bar abs.) - Temperature Sensor (-20 to +80 °C) - PAT-Button [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Clamping Yokes Order No. Name Features Notes [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0375-C_Clamping_Yoke_100.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0375-C_Clamping_Yoke_100.webp)ECC1-00-0375-AClamping yoke unit 1500 - Force application with up to 1500 N - For use with PAT-Core [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-01-0026-R_Upper-plunger-B_100x100.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-01-0026-R_Upper-plunger-B_100x100.webp)**Upper plunger B** is required for PAT-Core setup! [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0375-C_Clamping_Yoke_100_01.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0375-C_Clamping_Yoke_100_01.webp)ECC1-00-0375-CClamping yoke unit 1700 - Force application with up to 1700 N - For use with PAT-Core - For use with PAT-Solid-Core [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ecc1-01-0107-a_100.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ecc1-01-0107-a_100.webp)**Upper plunger C** is required for PAT-Core setup! [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Cell Lids Order No. Name Features [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0236-H_Cell_lid_100.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0236-H_Cell_lid_100.webp)ECC1-00-0236-HScrew cap unit insulated, high volume - Compatible with Metal Seals [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Specifications - [Specifications](#1759743951168-7a459eb4-47a9) - [Compatible Potentiostats and Docking Stations](#1759743951189-0ec559f8-a2d2) ### [Specifications](#1759743951168-7a459eb4-47a9) ### Specifications [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/PAT-Cell-Force_dimensions.png "PAT-Cell-Force_dimensions | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/PAT-Cell-Force_dimensions.png) Height 104 mm Diameter 49.5 mm Weight 0.8 kg Separator diameter 21.6 mm Electrode diameter PAT-Core: 18 mm PAT-Solid-Core: 6 mm Operational temperature -20 to 80 °C Applied pressure PAT-Core: Up to 5.9 MPa PAT-Solid-Core (6 mm): Up to 60 MPa Force sensor (digital): Range Up to 1700 Newton Gas pressure sensor (digital): Range 0 to 3 bar abs. Accuracy Resolution 0.1 mbar Temperature sensor (digital): Range -20 °C to 80 °C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### [Compatible Potentiostats and Docking Stations](#1759743951189-0ec559f8-a2d2) ### Compatible Potentiostats/Battery Tester Charge/Discharge/Impedance Read Force Sensor Read Pressure Sensor Read Temperature Sensor Temperature Control [PAT-Tester-x-8\*](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x)\*[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16)Third-party Potentiostat \*with external temperature chamber [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Compatible PAT Docking Stations Charge/Discharge/Impedance Read Force Sensor Read Pressure Sensor Read Temperature Sensor [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1)[PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1)[PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u)[PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4)[PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16)[PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16)[PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Documentation Type Release Date File Format Size [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Cell-Force_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/10407/)User Manual 1.1 September 2025 PDF 1.1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10407/)[![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Teaser_datasheet_pat-cell-force.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/13579/)Data Sheet January 2026 PDF 1.0 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/13579/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Advanced Battery Test Cell for measuring with a defined force The PAT-Cell-Force is a specialized operando test cell that enables adjustment and measurement of the mechanical force applied to the cell stack. With a wide force range of up to 1700 N, a pressure of up to 60 MPa can be applied on the cell stack, depending on the electrode diameter. This makes the PAT-Cell-Force ideal for characterizing solid-state batteries, but it can also be used for other aprotic lithium-ion battery chemistries with liquid electrolytes. The PAT-Cell-Force uses the patented [PAT-Core system](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) to build perfectly aligned cell stacks. For liquid electrolytes, PAT-Core components with 18 mm electrode diameter are available for performing 2- and 3-electrode measurements. Please note that the PAT-Cell-Force uses a special variant of the upper plunger. For solid-state electrolytes, a new variant of the PAT-Core, the PAT-Solid-Core, is available. This variant is specifically designed for measurements on solid-state batteries and features carbide plungers and PPS insulation sleeves. In conjunction with the new [Solid-State Pressing Device](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/solid-state-pressing-device/), the solid-state test specimen can be pressed directly in the PAT-Solid-Core. The PAT-Solid-Core is available in various electrode diameters (6 and 10 mm). If used inside the PAT-Cell-Force, this allows a load of up to 60 MPa to be applied to the cell stack during assembly and monitored throughout the entire electrochemical cycle. In addition, built-in sensors enable simultaneous monitoring of gas pressure and temperature. An EL-CELL potentiostat, such as the [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) or [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/), is required to cycle the PAT-Cell-Force. The use of the [PAT-Terminal-1](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) is recommended for precise force adjustment before each experiment. All sensor signals are recorded and transmitted digitally in real-time for plotting in [EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/). The PAT-Cell-Force is directly connected to the socket of an EL-CELL potentiostat or docking station without cabling. This accelerates experiment setup and reduces signal noise. Thanks to its advanced sealing design, the PAT-Cell-Force is ideal for stable long-term measurements. In addition, the device is equipped with an electronic cell tag (PAT-Button) for automatic recognition in the EL-Software. ## PAT-Cell-Force Overview Typical Use Cases - Testing of **Solid-State Batteries** with up to **60 MPa** applied pressure - Testing of aprotic battery chemistries with liquid electrolytes - Force Adjustment During Assembly and Measurement During the Electrochemical Cycle - Electrochemical Cycling with 2- or 3 Electrodes Features Force adjustment and measurement, max. 1700 Newton Modular cell stack configuration with [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) and PAT-Solid-Core (**New!**) Up to 60 MPa pressure on cell stacks using PAT-Solid-Core (6 mm diameter) Up to 5.9 MPa pressure on cell stacks using with PAT-Core (18 mm dianeter) Gas pressure sensor (0 to 3 bar abs.) and Temperature sensor (-20° C to 80° C) Compatible with metal seals for maximum cell tightness Cableless cell connection, with PAT-Button (electronic cell tag) Specifications Height 104 mm Diameter 49.5 mm Weight 0.8 kg Separator diameter 21.6 mm Electrode diameter PAT-Core: 18 mm PAT-Solid-Core: 6 mm Operational temperature -20 to 80 °C Applied pressure PAT-Core: Up to 5.9 MPa PAT-Solid-Core (6 mm): Up to 60 MPa Force sensor (digital): Range Up to 1700 Newton Gas pressure sensor (digital): Range 0 to 3 bar abs. Accuracy Resolution 0.1 mbar Temperature sensor (digital): Range -20 °C to 80 °C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### Compatible Potentiostats / Battery Testers Charge/Discharge/Impedance Read Force Sensor Read Pressure Sensor Read Temperature Sensor Temperature Control [PAT-Tester-x-8\*](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x)\*[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16)Third-party Potentiostat \*with external temperature chamber [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### Compatible PAT docking stations Charge/Discharge/Impedance Read Force Sensor Read Pressure Sensor Read Temperature Sensor [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1)[PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1)[PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u)[PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4)[PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16)[PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16)[PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Documentation [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Cell-Force_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/10407/)PAT-Cell-Force Manual Release 1.1 Date September 2025 Type PDF Size 1.1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10407/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Application Notes [**Quantifying Sodium Dendrite Formation in Na5SmSi4O12 Solid Electrolytes (A. LOWACK ET AL., 2025)**](http://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202500279) This study addresses the critical challenge in solid-state batteries (SSBs) by analyzing sodium dendrite formation in Na5SmSi4O12 (NaSmSiO) solid electrolytes qualitatively and quantitatively. [Read the article](http://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202500279) [**Feasibility study on high-energy-density almost-solid-state sodium batteries with thin ceramic Na3.4Zr2Si2.4P0.6O12 separators (A. LOWACK ET AL., 2025)**](https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2025.2560836) This study investigates the feasibility and limitations of almost-solid-state sodium batteries(Na-aSSBs) as novel energy storage solutions. [Read the article](https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2025.2560836) [**Sputtered Zero-Excess Electrodes with Metallic Seed Layers for Solid-State Sodium Batteries (A. LOWACK ET AL., 2024)**](http://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202400364) Zero-excess sodium metal solid-state batteries offer improved safety, lower cost, higher energy density, and reduced resource dependency compared to today’s lithium-ion technology. This study demonstrates the fabrication of zero-excess electrodes with unprecedented stability during plating/stripping cycles. [Read the article](http://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202400364) Consumables Item nameReference materialSeparator materialTemperature rangeComponent typeUsageMaterialOrder numberCell designOrder ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ecc1-01-0107-a_100.webp)Upper plunger C, SS (Force)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-01-0107-APAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ss-force) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PAT-Core_Upper_plunger_ECC1-01-0026-W.webp)Upper plunger (Cu) for PAT-Cell-Force70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0026-WPAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-b-cu) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PAT-Core_Upper_plunger_ECC1-01-0026-V.webp)Upper plunger B (Al) for PAT-Cell-Force70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0026-V PAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-b-al) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PAT-Core_Upper_plunger_ECC1-01-0026-R.webp)Upper plunger B (Stainless steel) for PAT-Cell-Force70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0026-RPAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-b-ss) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0027-B_80px.png)Lower plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0027-B\_x (x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-B_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0027-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0027-A\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-A_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (Nickel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-01-0027-M\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-M_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0027-C\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-C_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0055-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (PEEK) with lower feed wire (Pt), disk spring (Au) and current collector disc (Pt)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Platinum (Pt) *(Feed wire and current collector disc)*Gold (Au) *(Disc spring)*ECC1-01-0055-B\_xPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0055-b_x/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0055-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (PEEK) with lower feed wire (Au), disk spring (Au) and current collector disc (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire, disc spring and current collector disc)*ECC1-01-0055-A\_xPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0055-a_x/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)AluminumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)SodiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-U/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=42826d9ac&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)MagnesiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-H/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-mg-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=d6ba9465d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)AluminumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-J/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-al-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=77c5383d8&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)MagnesiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)* Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (AC-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)Activated carbonProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)SodiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS)-Reference ring, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)Activated carbon on stainless steelBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steel *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-M/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A, 260 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-acss-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=30624130d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Sodium Reference ring, Separator 2325) (10 pcs)SodiumCelgard 232570°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium*(Reference)*Celgard 2325 *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-O/XSeparator type: Celgard 2325, 25 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-2325-separator-pp-pe-pp-25-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=c64d1808f&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS) Reference ring, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)Activated carbon on stainless steelPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steel *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-N/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B, 220 µm)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-acss-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=a5506658d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)SodiumPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-X/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=2abf6ac78&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)SodiumCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP (16.5 µm)70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP(Separator) Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-Q/XSeparator type: Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_fid=22fa329f4&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)LithiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)LithiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-O/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=24b290f0d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)LithiumPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-V/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=c7a10f160&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)LithiumCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-O/XSeparator type: Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP 16.5 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=13&_fid=f2de6e24e&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (LFP-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs) Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP),partially chemically delithiatedBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-Q/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=db96b3a4f&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (LFP-Reference, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP),partially chemically delithiatedCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), modified, partially chemically delithiated *(Reference)*Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-S/XSeparator type: Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-separator-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_sid=d748731a2&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (LFP-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP),partially chemically delithiatedPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), modified, partially chemically delithiated *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-R/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=3b5f145b2&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0210-N_80px.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel mesh, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless steel mesh70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel mesh *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-N/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-mesh-no-separator?_pos=1&_sid=5e5912651&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0420-M_80px.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel cross, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless Steel Cross Reference70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel cross *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-M/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-cross-no-separator) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator Customized, if appl. Clamping ring) (10 pcs)noneProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)noneBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-P/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=1b9810aa8&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (no R, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)noneCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useNo reference Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-P/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-celgard-qt17p2hx) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)nonePP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)* Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-W/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=9512c3bb0&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0210-D.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PP (disassembled) (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-D/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=a693be367&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0210-T_X.webp)Plain Insulation sleeve (PP), Reed contact (SS), disassembled (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-T/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-reed-contact-ni-on-ss-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1a2894352&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PEEK-Sleeves_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassemblednonenone70°C 200°CInsulation sleeveReusablePEEK *(Sleeve)*Custom reference and separatorECC1-00-0510-TPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-peek-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1dff8bb02&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (GF/A) 21.6 x 0.26 mm, 50 pcsBorosilicate glass fiber70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-useBorosilicate glass fiberECC1-01-0011-A/LPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-26-mm-gf-a?_pos=1&_sid=3c4cc1f48&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator 21.6 mm x 0.016 mm, Celgard QT17P2HX, 50 pcsCelgard QT17P2HX70°CSeparatorSingle-useCelgard QT17P2HX, Trilayer Membrane (PP/PE/PP) ECC1-01-0101-A/LPAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-016-mm-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_fid=1c0ebe051&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (FS-5P) 21.6 x 0.22 mm, 50 pcsPP fiber/PE membrane70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-usePP fiber/PE membraneECC1-01-0051-A/LPAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-22-mm-fs-5p?_pos=1&_sid=968fb8208&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0186-M_80px.webp)Reed contact 2nd Gen. (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-M/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation?_pos=1&_fid=89da4263b&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/ECC1-00-0186-P.webp)Reed contact (Au on SS) (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useGold (Au>99%) on stainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-P/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation-gold-plated?_pos=2&_fid=79f33f2ee&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-F_80px.png)Reference ring (Mg) (10 pcs)Magnesium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useMagnesium (Mg)ECC1-00-0182-F/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-mg?_pos=1&_sid=414711dd4&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ECC1-00-0321-F.webp)Ref mesh IV (PAT) Stainless steel70°C 200°CReference ringReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0321-FPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=Ref+mesh+IV+%28PAT%29&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ECC1-00-0321-E.webp)Ref mesh III (PAT) Stainless steel70°C 200°CReference ringReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0321-EPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=Ref+mesh+III+%28PAT%29&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-O_80px.png)Reference ring (Li) (10 pcs)Lithium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium (Li)ECC1-00-0182-O/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lithium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=a7a331218&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Core_Ringref_LFP_-ECC1-00-0482-C_80px.png)Reference ring (LFP) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP)ECC1-00-0482-C/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lfp-modified?_pos=1&_sid=5270a2e44&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-O_80px.png)Reference ring (Na) (10 pcs)Sodium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useSodium coated (Na)ECC1-00-0182-L/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-sodium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=589def2c1&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_AC_-ECC1-00-0182-W_80px.png)Reference ring II (AC on SS) (10 pcs)Activated carbon70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steelECC1-00-0182-W/XPAT-Cell-HTAC 95%, aqueous binder: CMC 3%, SBR 2%[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-ac-coated?_pos=1&_sid=0ab00b99e&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-AU_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Au (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableGold (Au>99%)ECC1-00-0069-A/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-au?_pos=1&_sid=4858aa965&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ti_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ti (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableTitanium (Ti >99%, grade 2)ECC1-00-0069-C/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ti?_pos=1&_sid=8f8d71837&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Pt_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Pt (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusablePlatinum (Pt>99%)ECC1-00-0069-D/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-pt?_pos=1&_sid=d4969cf23&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ni_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ni (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-00-0069-F/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ni?_pos=1&_sid=cc35bc707&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Slotted-current-collector-SS_80px.png)Slotted current collector 18.0 mm x 0.05 mm, SS (10 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0418-A/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/slotted-current-collector-18-0-mm-x-0-05-mm-ss?_pos=1&_sid=59ba40eec&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Slotted-current-collector-SS_80px.png)Slotted current collector 21.4 mm x 0.05 mm, SS (10 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0418-B/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/slotted-current-collector-21-4-mm-x-0-05-mm-ss?_pos=1&_sid=16fcc9e70&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Seal_PE_80px.png)Sealing ring PE (100 pcs)70°CSealing ringSingle-usePolyethylene (PE)ECC1-00-0232-A/CPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-pe?_pos=1&_sid=2ea96ef8a&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ECC1-00-0232-G_Metal_Seal.webp)Sealing ring, Al (washer)(annealed), 10 pcs70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-G/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer?_pos=1&_sid=126291964&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-N.webp)Sealing ring, Al (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-N/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer-1?_pos=5&_fid=85c379462&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-M.webp)Sealing ring, Cu (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useCopper (Cu)ECC1-00-0232-M/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-cu-washer?_pos=6&_fid=85c379462&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-B_80px.png)Sealing ring PTFE (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-usePTFEECC1-00-0232-B/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-ptfe?_pos=1&_sid=e2a0a4c84&_ss=r) ## Configuration Options The PAT-Cell-Force is available in various configurations, offering different capabilities depending on your requirements. Please specify your desired configuration when [inquiring](#quote) about a product. We will be happy to advise you if you have any questions. Cell Base + Clamping Yoke + Cell Lid = Complete Cell [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0530-I_Cell_base.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0530-I_Cell_base.webp)[![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0375-C_Clamping_Yoke.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0375-C_Clamping_Yoke.webp)[![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0236-H_Cell_lid.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0236-H_Cell_lid.webp)[![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Force.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Force.webp) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Cell Bases Cell base divided (Force),assy (Order no. ECC1-00-0530-I) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0530-I_Cell_base_100.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0530-I_Cell_base_100.webp)Features: - Force Sensor (up to 1700N) - Gas Pressure Sensor (0 to 3 bar abs.) - Temperature Sensor (-20 to +80 °C) - PAT-Button [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Clamping Yokes Clamping yoke (F) (Order no. ECC1-00-0375-A) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0375-C_Clamping_Yoke_100.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0375-C_Clamping_Yoke_100.webp)**Features:** - Force application with up to 1500 N - For use with PAT-Core **Please note:**- **Upper plunger B** is required for PAT-Core setup! [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-01-0026-R_Upper-plunger-B_100x100.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-01-0026-R_Upper-plunger-B_100x100.webp) Clamping yoke solid state (Order no. ECC1-00-0375-C) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0375-C_Clamping_Yoke_100_01.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0375-C_Clamping_Yoke_100_01.webp)**Features:** - Force application with up to 1700 N - For use with PAT-Core - For use with PAT-Solid-Core **Please note:** - **Upper plunger C** is required for PAT-Core setup! [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ecc1-01-0107-a_100.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ecc1-01-0107-a_100.webp) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Cell Lids Screw cap insulated (PAT) high volume (Order no. ECC1-00-0236-H) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0236-H_Cell_lid_100.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ECC1-00-0236-H_Cell_lid_100.webp)**Features:**- Compatible with Metal Seals [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Sample Test Results [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Force_Sample_Test_result_01.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Force_Sample_Test_result_01.png) ![Sample test result showing the force measured with a PAT-Cell-Force battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Force_PAT-Solid-Core_Sample-test_02.webp) ![Sample test result showing the Capacity measured with a PAT-Cell-Force battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Cell-Force_PAT-Solid-Core_Sample-test_01.webp) ## Accessories, Consumables & Spare Parts - [Accessories](#1757593553126-326761f1-1c42) - [Consumables](#1758029339102-44d101ce-45a1) ### [Accessories](#1757593553126-326761f1-1c42) ### Accessories **Solid-State Pressing-Device, (Order no.: ECC1-02-0050-B)** [![EL-CELL Solid-state Pressing Device](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/EL-Cell_Solid-state_pressing-device_250.webp "EL-Cell_Solid-state_pressing-device_250 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/EL-Cell_Solid-state_pressing-device_250.webp) The solid-state pressing device enables direct pressing of solid-state cell stacks in the PAT-Solid-Core. The housing is airtight, enabling use outside the glove box. **[Metal seal mounting kit, (Order no.: ECC1-02-0040-A)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/)** This tool kit is designed to ensure the correct installation when using metal lid seals.[![Metal Seal Mounting Kit](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/MSL-Kit_250-1.webp "MSL-Kit_250 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/MSL-Kit_250-1.webp) [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/) ### [Consumables](#1758029339102-44d101ce-45a1) ### Consumables Item nameReference materialSeparator materialTemperature rangeComponent typeUsageMaterialOrder numberCell designOrder ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ecc1-01-0107-a_100.webp)Upper plunger C, SS (Force)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-01-0107-APAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force and PAT-Cell-Solid[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ss-force) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PAT-Core_Upper_plunger_ECC1-01-0026-W.webp)Upper plunger (Cu) for PAT-Cell-Force70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0026-WPAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-b-cu) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PAT-Core_Upper_plunger_ECC1-01-0026-V.webp)Upper plunger B (Al) for PAT-Cell-Force70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0026-V PAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-b-al) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PAT-Core_Upper_plunger_ECC1-01-0026-R.webp)Upper plunger B (Stainless steel) for PAT-Cell-Force70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0026-RPAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-b-ss) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0027-B_80px.png)Lower plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0027-B\_x (x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-B_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0027-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0027-A\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-A_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (Nickel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-01-0027-M\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-M_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0027-C\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-C_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0055-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (PEEK) with lower feed wire (Pt), disk spring (Au) and current collector disc (Pt)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Platinum (Pt) *(Feed wire and current collector disc)*Gold (Au) *(Disc spring)*ECC1-01-0055-B\_xPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0055-b_x/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0055-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (PEEK) with lower feed wire (Au), disk spring (Au) and current collector disc (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire, disc spring and current collector disc)*ECC1-01-0055-A\_xPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0055-a_x/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)AluminumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)SodiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-U/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=42826d9ac&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)MagnesiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-H/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-mg-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=d6ba9465d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)AluminumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-J/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-al-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=77c5383d8&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)MagnesiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)* Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (AC-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)Activated carbonProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) 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pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP),partially chemically delithiatedPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), modified, partially chemically delithiated *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-R/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=3b5f145b2&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0210-N_80px.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel mesh, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless steel mesh70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel mesh *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-N/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-mesh-no-separator?_pos=1&_sid=5e5912651&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0420-M_80px.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel cross, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless Steel Cross Reference70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel cross *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-M/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-cross-no-separator) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator Customized, if appl. Clamping ring) (10 pcs)noneProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)noneBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-P/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=1b9810aa8&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (no R, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)noneCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useNo reference Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-P/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-celgard-qt17p2hx) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)nonePP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)* Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-W/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=9512c3bb0&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0210-D.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PP (disassembled) (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-D/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=a693be367&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0210-T_X.webp)Plain Insulation sleeve (PP), Reed contact (SS), disassembled (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-T/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-reed-contact-ni-on-ss-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1a2894352&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PEEK-Sleeves_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassemblednonenone70°C 200°CInsulation sleeveReusablePEEK *(Sleeve)*Custom reference and separatorECC1-00-0510-TPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-peek-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1dff8bb02&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (GF/A) 21.6 x 0.26 mm, 50 pcsBorosilicate glass fiber70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-useBorosilicate glass fiberECC1-01-0011-A/LPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-26-mm-gf-a?_pos=1&_sid=3c4cc1f48&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator 21.6 mm x 0.016 mm, Celgard QT17P2HX, 50 pcsCelgard QT17P2HX70°CSeparatorSingle-useCelgard QT17P2HX, Trilayer Membrane (PP/PE/PP) ECC1-01-0101-A/LPAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-016-mm-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_fid=1c0ebe051&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (FS-5P) 21.6 x 0.22 mm, 50 pcsPP fiber/PE membrane70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-usePP fiber/PE membraneECC1-01-0051-A/LPAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-22-mm-fs-5p?_pos=1&_sid=968fb8208&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0186-M_80px.webp)Reed contact 2nd Gen. (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-M/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation?_pos=1&_fid=89da4263b&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/ECC1-00-0186-P.webp)Reed contact (Au on SS) (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useGold (Au>99%) on stainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-P/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation-gold-plated?_pos=2&_fid=79f33f2ee&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-F_80px.png)Reference ring (Mg) (10 pcs)Magnesium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useMagnesium (Mg)ECC1-00-0182-F/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-mg?_pos=1&_sid=414711dd4&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ECC1-00-0321-F.webp)Ref mesh IV (PAT) Stainless steel70°C 200°CReference ringReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0321-FPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=Ref+mesh+IV+%28PAT%29&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ECC1-00-0321-E.webp)Ref mesh III (PAT) Stainless steel70°C 200°CReference ringReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0321-EPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=Ref+mesh+III+%28PAT%29&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-O_80px.png)Reference ring (Li) (10 pcs)Lithium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium (Li)ECC1-00-0182-O/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lithium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=a7a331218&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Core_Ringref_LFP_-ECC1-00-0482-C_80px.png)Reference ring (LFP) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP)ECC1-00-0482-C/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lfp-modified?_pos=1&_sid=5270a2e44&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-O_80px.png)Reference ring (Na) (10 pcs)Sodium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useSodium coated (Na)ECC1-00-0182-L/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-sodium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=589def2c1&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_AC_-ECC1-00-0182-W_80px.png)Reference ring II (AC on SS) (10 pcs)Activated carbon70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steelECC1-00-0182-W/XPAT-Cell-HTAC 95%, aqueous binder: CMC 3%, SBR 2%[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-ac-coated?_pos=1&_sid=0ab00b99e&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-AU_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Au (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableGold (Au>99%)ECC1-00-0069-A/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-au?_pos=1&_sid=4858aa965&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ti_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ti (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableTitanium (Ti >99%, grade 2)ECC1-00-0069-C/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ti?_pos=1&_sid=8f8d71837&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Pt_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Pt (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusablePlatinum (Pt>99%)ECC1-00-0069-D/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-pt?_pos=1&_sid=d4969cf23&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ni_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ni (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-00-0069-F/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ni?_pos=1&_sid=cc35bc707&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Slotted-current-collector-SS_80px.png)Slotted current collector 18.0 mm x 0.05 mm, SS (10 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0418-A/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/slotted-current-collector-18-0-mm-x-0-05-mm-ss?_pos=1&_sid=59ba40eec&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Slotted-current-collector-SS_80px.png)Slotted current collector 21.4 mm x 0.05 mm, SS (10 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0418-B/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/slotted-current-collector-21-4-mm-x-0-05-mm-ss?_pos=1&_sid=16fcc9e70&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Seal_PE_80px.png)Sealing ring PE (100 pcs)70°CSealing ringSingle-usePolyethylene (PE)ECC1-00-0232-A/CPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-pe?_pos=1&_sid=2ea96ef8a&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ECC1-00-0232-G_Metal_Seal.webp)Sealing ring, Al (washer)(annealed), 10 pcs70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-G/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer?_pos=1&_sid=126291964&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-N.webp)Sealing ring, Al (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-N/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer-1?_pos=5&_fid=85c379462&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-M.webp)Sealing ring, Cu (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useCopper (Cu)ECC1-00-0232-M/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-cu-washer?_pos=6&_fid=85c379462&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-B_80px.png)Sealing ring PTFE (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-usePTFEECC1-00-0232-B/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-ptfe?_pos=1&_sid=e2a0a4c84&_ss=r) ## Frequently Asked Questions ### Which Upper Plunger (PAT-Core) do i need for my PAT-Cell-Force? The PAT-Cell-Force is fully compatible with the PAT-Core system, but requires a customized upper plunger. This can vary depending on which clamping yoke is installed in the PAT-Cell-Force. - ECC1-00-0375-A clamping yoke. It can be recognized on older cells by the hole on the top. [![PAT-Cell-Force Clamping Yoke ECC1-00-0375-A](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/clamping_yoke_ECC1-00-0375-A.webp "clamping_yoke_ECC1-00-0375-A | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/clamping_yoke_ECC1-00-0375-A.webp)The following upper plungers are compatible with it: Upper plunger B, SS, Order no. ECC1-01-0026-R Upper plunger B, Cu, Order no. ECC1-01-0026-W Upper plunger B, Al, Order no. ECC1-01-0026-V - ECC1-00-0375-C clamping yoke [![PAT-Cell-Force Clamping Yoke ECC1-00-0375-C](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/clamping_yoke_ECC1-00-0375-C.webp "clamping_yoke_ECC1-00-0375-C | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/clamping_yoke_ECC1-00-0375-C.webp)Upper plungers with a flat top are required here: Upper plunger C, SS (Force), Order no. ECC1-01-0107-A ## Recommended tools [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High precision cutting pliers to eliminate torn and chipped electrode edges. Recommended diameter size for use with the PAT-Cell-Force is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil. The recommended size for use with the PAT-Cell-Porce is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## Related products [![PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Solid_badge_New_250.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) ## [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) Advanced battery test cell for solid-state cell chemistries. Apply up to 9000N to the cell stack! [Product details](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) [![PAT-Terminal-1 single channel station for performing functional tests and sensor adjustments](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/PAT-Terminal-1_250x250.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) ## [PAT-Terminal-1](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) Single channel station for performing functional tests and sensor adjustments [Product details](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) Modular multi-channel potentiostat for special and small-scale testing [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Electrochemical Test Cells](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/) **Published:** January 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Explore electrochemical battery test cells: PAT and ECC series plus specialized cells for dilatometry, optical/X-ray, and high-temperature testing. **Content:** Electrochemical Test Cells Our electrochemical test cell range covers our latest devices of the PAT series as well as special purpose test cells, such as dilatometer cells or in-situ optical test cells. ![]( "Test-cells_2025") ![]() # Electrochemical Battery Test Cells Our range of electrochemical test cells covers the latest PAT series, the established ECC series, as well as numerous test cells for special purposes, such as the in-situ monitoring of electrode strain (thickness change) or optical properties. # Learn more about our PAT series [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Pageheader_PAT-300x300.png "Pageheader_PAT | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/products/discover-the-pat-series) Learn more about the PAT system. It features a complete testing ecosystem with test cells, docking stations with temperature control and fully equipped battery testers. [Read more](https://el-cell.com/products/discover-the-pat-series) # Download our newest product brochure! [![EL-Cell Product Brochure](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Download_product_brochure_Thumb_140x100.png "Download_product_brochure_Thumb_140x100 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/download/1374/) Download our latest product brochure. [Direct Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1374/) ## Our Product Range [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PAT-Cell_250_2023.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells) ## [Standard Test Cells](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/) Cableless test cells for high-throughput testing of Li-ion battery materials. - Ability to conduct long-term half-cell measurements with three electrodes - No need for cleaning or drying cell components due to the single-use PAT-Core concept - Reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes [See our products](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/) [![ECD-4-nano product image](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/ECD-4-nano_badge_new_250.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/) ## [Electrochemical Dilatometer](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/) Electrochemical Dilatometer for measuring electrode expansion in the nanometer range. - 250 micrometer full range with ≤ 5 nanometers resolution - Measure the expansion of the individual electrode or the full cell stack - Compatible with aprotic aqueous electrochemistry [See our products](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/) [![PAT series force test cells for solid-state battery testing](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/PAT-Force-Cells_250.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/) ## [Force Test Cells](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/) Test cells for 2- or 3-electrode testing under defined force - Force adjustment and measurement, up to 9000 N - Investigate battery materials under applied pressure of up to 300 MPa [See our products](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/) [![PAT-Cell-Gas battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Products_PAT-Cell-Gas_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/) ## [Gas Analysis Test Cells](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/) Analyse the gas evolution of aprotic battery and capacitor systems. - Electrochemical characterization of Li-ion battery and gas diffusion electrodes in aprotic electrolytes - Time-resolved gas analysis for Li-air and conventional Li-ion chemistries - Reliable measurement and recording of gas evolution [See our products](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/) [![ECC-Opto-10 optical battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ECC-Opto-10_250-1.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/) ## [Optical Test Cells](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/) For optical and in-situ observation of electrodes in the reflective mode. - Optical and X-ray characterization in the reflective mode - Face-to-face or side-by-side arrangement of electrodes - Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes [See our products](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Cell-HT.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht/) ## [High Temperature Test Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht/) Heat resistant PAT-Cell for up to 200°C - Continuous operating temperature: -20 to +200°C - Compatible with solid state electrolyte membranes - Demountable HT-sleeve for self-installations [See our products](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht/) --- ### [Videos](https://www.el-cell.com/support/videos/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Watch and download product & tutorial videos, including assembly guides and electrochemical experiments **Content:** # EL-CELL Videos Watch and download our product and tutorial videos: [PAT-Series](#pat-series)[EL-Software](#el-software)[ECC-Opto-10](#opto-10)[ECC-Opto-Std](#ecc-opto-std)[EL-Cut](#el-cut) ## Our Latest Video: #### EL-Software: New Dashboard and Variable Passing in Version 3.1 (05/2026) In this video, we will show the newest updates and changes in EL-Software version 3.1. It introduces a more streamlined, flexible workflow with a central dashboard, easier experiment continuation, and support for script restarts. It also improves scripting with finalised variable passing and other minor enhancements. ## Electrochemical Dilatometer [![El-Cell banner with ECD-4-nano dilatometer and the caption 'Setup and Assembly Procedures' on a blue gradient background](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Thumb_ECD-4-nano_setup-and-assembly.png)](https://youtu.be/v_pzcYxSvSo) #### ECD-4-nano Setup and Assembly Procedures (04/2026) In this video, we walk you through all the steps to set up and commission the latest version of the ECD-4-nano dilatometer (as of 2026). Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECD-4-nano: Setup and Assembly Procedures (04/2026)**1920x1080px04/2026mov430 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/15035/) **Legacy content:** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ECD-4-nano-assembly_web-thumb.webp)](https://youtu.be/dr4akoSorm0) #### Assembly procedures of the ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer (01/2023) In this video, Dr. Matthias Hahn guides you through all the necessary steps to assemble the ECD-4-nano inside the glove box. [![Assembly and disassembly of the ECD-3 and ECD-3-nano electrochemical dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Assembly-and-disassembly-of-the-ECD-3-and-ECD-3-nano-electrochemical-dilatometer.webp)](https://youtu.be/IbNoo66L7QA) #### Assembly and disassembly of the ECD-3 and ECD-3-nano electrochemical dilatometer (04/2022) In this step-by-step video tutorial, Dr. Matthias Hahn guides you through the assembly and disassembly of the ECD-3 and ECD-3-nano electrochemical dilatometer. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **Assembly of the ECD-3 and ECD-3-nano electrochemical dilatometer**1920x1080px04/0222mov380 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9383/) [![Assembly of the Full Cell kit for ECD-3 and ECD-3-nano electrochemical dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Assembly-of-the-Full-Cell-kit-for-ECD-3-and-ECD-3-nano-electrochemical-dilatometer.webp)](https://youtu.be/eLb-zt3MFKU) #### Assembly of the Full Cell kit for ECD-3 and ECD-3-nano electrochemical dilatometer (03/2022) In this video, Dr. Matthias Hahn shows you how to assemble the parts of the Full Cell Kit for the ECD-3 dilatometer. ## PAT Battery Testers [![Introducing the PAT Battery Testers](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Introducing-the-PAT-Battery-Testers.webp)](https://youtu.be/QNuIwNo2efc) #### Introducing the PAT Battery Testers (10/2020) In this video Dr. Matthias Hahn presents the new battery testers from EL-CELL and talks about the special capabilities and applications of the PAT-Tester-i-16 and the PAT-Tester-x-8. Both devices offer fully equipped test channels with PStat/GStat and EIS capabilities and are specifically designed for battery material research with 3-electrode PAT-Cells and other small battery formats such as coin or pouch cells. Unique features such as the Connection Matrix, which allows software-controlled switching of voltages or current flow between electrodes during operation, enable completely new and easier working methods in contrast to conventional devices from other manufacturers. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **Introducing the PAT Battery Testers (10/2020)**1920x1080px10/2020mov830 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8144/) ## EL-Software [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Thumb_EL-Software_Data-View-Updates.webp)](https://youtu.be/sW8cBhpi3yQ) **EL-Software: New User Interface (Version 3.0, 11/2025)** In this Feature Spotlight video, we will show the new web-based client and the user interface changes in EL-Software version 3.0. In this release, the client application has been replaced by a modern, web-based solution. This enables access to the EL software server via a web browser. At the same time, the user interface has been further optimized, offering improved clarity and numerous workflow enhancements. Item nameDateTypeSize **EL-Software: New User Interface (Version 3.0, 12/2025)**12/2025mp467 MB[Download](https://www.el-cell.com/download/13217) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Thumb_EL-Software_Data-View-Updates.webp)](https://youtu.be/loYTL7l5nSU) **EL-Software: Data View Updates (Version 2.6, 10/2025)** In this Feature Spotlight video, we will discuss the new features of the updated Data View in EL-Software version 2.6. [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/EL-Software_Temp_Control_2-5_Thumb.png)](https://youtu.be/rTzOe-fu1cU) **EL-Software Tutorial: Temperature Control (Version 2.5, 06/2025)** In this feature spotlight, you will learn how to define an initial temperature for each script of your experiment. You will also learn how to define dynamic temperatures in Lua scripts and get a basic idea of how to control the temperature of third-party temperature chambers within EL-Software. [![EL-Software_Lua Functions](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/EL-Software_Lua-Functions.webp)](https://youtu.be/PSzglEU2RdU) **EL-Software: Lua Functions in Charts (Version 2.4, 01/2025)** In this video, we will show you one of the new features of EL-Software Version 2.4: Lua Functions in Charts. This powerful feature allows you to apply mathematical functions directly to the plotted data, even while the measurement runs. It is a very flexible tool that can be used, for example, to display offsets or to combine different measurement categories. [![Multi-Cell Views Video Thumbnail](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/EL-Software_Multi-Cell-View_Video_Thumb.webp)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMnFSAW8Rj0) **EL-Software: Multi-Cell Views (Version 2.3, 10/2024)** In this video, we would like to introduce you to the new Multi-Cell view in EL-Software. This new feature lets you quickly compare data from test cells or cell groups within your experiments. Evaluate your measurement data quickly and easily at any time without processing it with external tools. A new Multi-Cell view is automatically generated when several test cells or cell groups use the same test protocol in your experiment. Of course, you can also use this powerful function to create custom comparisons using the data from all stored experiments. ## PAT Series #### **PAT-Core Tutorial: Self-Assembly of the Reed Contact 2nd Gen. (07/2025)** In this video tutorial, we show how to insert the second-generation reed contact into the insulation sleeve of the PAT-Core. This video is specifically made for situations where self-assembly is required. In most cases, prebuilt sleeves are used with the reed contact already fitted. The steps shown are also valid for insulation sleeves made of Peek. [![PAT-Core Basics The lower plunger height](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/PAT-Core-Basics-The-lower-plunger-height.webp)](https://youtu.be/esRKEI1USHA) #### PAT-Core Basics: The lower plunger height (01/2021) In this video, Dr. Matthias Hahn explains the importance of choosing the correct lower plunger height when measuring half-cell impedances with PAT-Cells. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **PAT-Core Basics: The lower plunger height (01/2021)**1920x1080px01/2021mov51 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8339/) [![IntroPAT_Part1](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Thumb_IntroPAT_Part1-Kopie.webp)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MlC6-hFzv8) #### Introduction PAT-Series Part 1: Overview This video introduces the EL-CELL PAT series and shows the core features and benefits. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **Introduction PAT-Series Part 1: Overview**1920x1080px10/2015mp490 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3181/) **Introduction PAT-Series Part 1: Overview**1280x720px10/2015mp445 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3183/) [![IntroPAT_Part2](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Thumb_IntroPAT_Part2.webp)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-XZPGK13Ws) #### Introduction PAT-Series Part 2: The PAT-Core Learn more about the funcionality and benefits of the PAT-Core, the essential part of every PAT-Cell, as well as assembly procedures. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **Introduction PAT-Series Part 2: The PAT-Core**1920x1080px10/2015mp4362 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3185/) **Introduction PAT-Series Part 2: The PAT-Core**1280x720px10/2015mp4325 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3187/) [![IntroPAT_Part3](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Thumb_IntroPAT_Part3.webp)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vm-3PQ_Rvxs) #### Introduction PAT-Series Part 3: The PAT-Cell Here we explain the different parts of the PAT-Cell and show how to replace them easily Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **Introduction PAT-Series Part 3: The PAT-Cell**1920x1080px10/2015mp4229 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3191/) **Introduction PAT-Series Part 3: The PAT-Cell**1280x720px10/2015mp4219 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3189/) [![Intro PAT-Series Part 4](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Thumb_IntroPAT_Part4.webp)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OciHO9ejyBg) #### Introduction PAT-Series Part 4: PAT-Cell assembly in the glove box See the assembly procedures of the PAT-Core and PAT-Cell in a glovebox environment. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **Introduction PAT-Series Part 4: PAT-Cell assembly in the glove box**1920x1080px10/2015mp4475 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3193/) **Introduction PAT-Series Part 4: PAT-Cell assembly in the glove box**1280x720px10/2015mp4456 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3195/) [![How to assemble the PAT-Core HT insulation sleeves](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/How-to-assemble-the-PAT-Core-HT-insulation-sleeves.webp)](https://youtu.be/_cENopwuR3k) #### How to assemble the PEEK insulation sleeves In this video we will show you how to assemble the PEEK insulation sleeves in a few steps. In contrary to the preassembled single-use PAT-Core variants made of PP, the PEEK components need to be assembled before each use but have the advantage of reusability. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **How to assemble the PEEK insulation sleeves**1920x1080px02/2018wmv90 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5026/) ## ECC-PAT-Core [![Assembly ECC-PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Assembly-ECC-PAT-Core.webp)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PBaPs8uVgo) #### Assembly of the ECC-PAT-Core This video shows the components of the ECC-PAT-Core and assembly procedures. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **Assembly of the ECC-PAT-Core**1280x720px10/2014mp453 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3201/) ## ECC-Opto-Gas [![Assembly of the ECC-Opto-Gas optical test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Assembly-of-the-ECC-Opto-Gas-optical-test-cell.webp)](https://youtu.be/-eaweD90hUU) #### Assembly of the ECC-Opto-Gas optical test cell Watch this video to learn how to assemble the ECC-Opto-Gas. This test cell specializes in the optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in metal-air batteries. Dr. Matthias Hahn will guide you through all necessary steps, including pre-assembly and leak testing, cell filling and final assembly in the glove box environment. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **Assembly of the ECC-Opto-Gas optical test cell**1920x1080px03/2018wmv836 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5064/) ## ECC-Opto-10 [![ECC-Opto-10 Assembly procedures for side-by-side electrode setup](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/ECC-Opto-10-Assembly-procedures-for-side-by-side-electrode-setup.webp)](https://youtu.be/rjMDRdp6kLI) #### ECC-Opto-10: Assembly procedures for side-by-side electrode setup (07/2022) In this updated video, Dr. Matthias Hahn shows the required steps for assembling the test cell in the side-by-side electrode setup inside the glove box. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **EL-CELL ECC-Opto-10 Assembly with Side-by-Side Sample Holder (07/2022)**1920x1080px07/2022mov231 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8993/) [![ECC-Opto-10: Assembly procedures for face to face electrode setup](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/ECC-Opto-10-Assembly-procedures-for-face-to-face-electrode-setup.webp)](https://youtu.be/YFfpq1I_WGo) #### ECC-Opto-10: Assembly procedures for face to face electrode setup (10/2021) Learn how to assemble the ECC-Opto-10 optical battery test cell in face-to-face electrode setup. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECC-Opto-10: Assembly procedures for face-to-face electrode setup (10/2021)**1920x1080px10/2021mov270 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9145/) ## PAT-Cell-Opto-10 [![PAT-Cell-Opto-10: Long term cycling of graphite vs Li in face to face mode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/PAT-Cell-Opto-10-Long-term-cycling-of-graphite-vs-Li-in-face-to-face-mode.webp)](https://youtu.be/dOTp1hMbM0I) #### PAT-Cell-Opto-10: Long term cycling of graphite vs Li in face to face mode (09/2021) In this video, Dr Matthias Hahn demonstrates the outstanding cycling stability and tightness of our new optical battery test cells. For this purpose, we cycled graphite against lithium for approx. 400 hours (25 cycles) in a PAT-Cell-Opto-10. A PAT-Tester-x-8 was used as potentiostat while the data was evaluated in EL-Software. As you can see from the curves shown, the die capacity retention of the test cell at the end of the experiment was still around 80% with a Coulomb efficiency of almost 100%. The PAT-Cell-Opto-10 as well as the ECC-Opto-10 both have a new sealing concept with laser-welded glass metal feedthroughs and foil seals, which achieves far better results than conventional designs. This allows realistic visualisation of the processes within the battery, even during long-term operation. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **PAT-Cell-Opto-10: Long term cycling of graphite vs Li in face to face mode (09/2021)**1920x1080px09/2021mov235 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9105/) [![PAT-Cell-Opto-10: Assembly procedures for side-by-side electrode setup](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/PAT-Cell-Opto-10-Assembly-procedures-for-side-by-side-electrode-setup.webp)](https://youtu.be/gFQkFYQZrsI) #### PAT-Cell-Opto-10: Assembly procedures for side-by-side electrode setup (10/2022) In this video, Dr. Matthias Hahn shows the required steps for assembling the test cell in the side-by-side electrode setup inside the glove box. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **PAT-Cell-Opto-10: Assembly procedures for face-to-face electrode setup (10/2021)**1920x1080px10/2022mov180 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9869/) [![PAT-Cell-Opto-10: Assembly procedures for face-to-face electrode setup](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/PAT-Cell-Opto-10-Assembly-procedures-for-face-to-face-electrode-setup.webp)](https://youtu.be/SxUQMVd2o2s) #### PAT-Cell-Opto-10: Assembly procedures for face-to-face electrode setup (10/2021) Learn how to assemble the PAT-Cell-Opto-10 optical battery test cell in face-to-face electrode setup. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **PAT-Cell-Opto-10: Assembly procedures for face-to-face electrode setup (10/2021)**1920x1080px10/2021mov264 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9139/) ## ECC-Opto-Std [![ECC-Opto-Std Mode 3: Graphite electrode sandwiched with an LFP counter electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/ECC-Opto-Std-Graphite-electrode-sandwiched-with-an-LFP-counter-electrode.webp)](https://youtu.be/NGzmXxDykwY) #### ECC-Opto-Std Mode 3: Graphite electrode sandwiched with an LFP counter electrode Using our ECC-Opto-Std test cell, we have placed a strip of a graphite electrode beside a piece of lithium foil having the shape of a semicircle. A glass fiber separator is pressed against this side-by-side assembly from below, so as to fill up the gap between the two electrodes. From below, a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) electrode is pressed against the separator serving as the counter electrode. The microscope “looks” through the sapphire window onto the graphite electrode with the active layer facing up, and the current-less lithium metal foil beside. For the electrochemical experiment, the graphite strip is connected to the working electrode of the potentiostat, the LFP semicircle to the counter electrode, and the lithium metal foil to the reference electrode. The video shows how the color gradient evolves along the width of the graphite electrode during lithiation/ delithiation. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECC-Opto-Std Mode 3: Graphite electrode sandwiched with an LFP counter electrode**1600x1200px11/2017wmv71 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5159/) [![ECC-Opto-Std Mode 2: Visualizing lithium dendrite growth in a graphite vs lithium metal cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/ECC-Opto-Std-Mode-Visualizing-lithium-dendrite-growth-in-a-graphite-vs-lithium-metal-cell.webp)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=922FeDvw2Rk) #### ECC-Opto-Std Mode 2: Visualizing lithium dendrite growth in a graphite vs lithium metal cell Using our ECC-Opto-Std test cell, we have placed a strip of graphite next to a lithium metal electrode (having the shape of a semicircle) on top of a glass fiber separator soaked with electrolyte. A sapphire window is placed on top of the assembly. By means of the applied mechanical pressure, the soft glass fiber separator deliberately fills up the gap between the graphite strip and the lithium metal electrode. We call this a side-by-side arrangement, because the two electrodes are placed side-by-side rather than being sandwiched as in a conventional set-up. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECC-Opto-Std Mode 2: Visualizing lithium dendrite growth in a graphite vs lithium metal cell**1600x1200px10/2017wmv80 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4615/) **ECC-Opto-Std Mode 2: Visualizing lithium dendrite growth in a graphite vs lithium metal cell**1600x1200px10/2017mp4116 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4617/) [![ECC-Opto-Std Mode 1: Graphite electrode strip sandwiched with LFP Counter electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/ECC-Opto-Std-Mode-1-Graphite-electrode-strip-sandwiched-with-LFP-Counter-electrode.webp)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRS_GVkgVIo) #### ECC-Opto-Std Mode 1: Graphite electrode strip sandwiched with LFP Counter electrode In this video, we show how the ECC-Opto-Std test cell can be used to visualize a potential gradient inside graphite, just by using a standard graphite electrode with a continuous copper foil as the current collector (rather than a holed current collector). Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECC-Opto-Std Mode 1: Graphite electrode strip sandwiched with LFP Counter electrode**1600x1200px07/2017wmv61 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4477/) [![ECC-Opto-Std Standard sandwich mode: Free-standing graphite electrode on holed current collector](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/ECC-Opto-Std-Standard-sandwich-mode-Free-standing-graphite-electrode-on-holed-current-collector.webp)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0Fz1SJbjy8) #### ECC-Opto-Std Standard sandwich mode: Free-standing graphite electrode on holed current collector In this experiment, the ECC-Opto-Std test cell has been used to visualize the color change of a graphite electrode during electrochemical lithiation. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECC-Opto-Std Standard sandwich mode: Free-standing graphite electrode on holed current collector**1600x1200px05/2016wmv52 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3203/) [![ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 3](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/ECC-Opto-Std-Assembly-Mode-3.webp)](https://youtu.be/x54RgOqdio4) #### ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 3 (3-electrode side-by-side setup) In this video, we show how to build the ECC-Opto-Std test cell in the alternative assembly mode #3. Again, a 1 mm wide electrode strip, cut from a conventional graphite electrode with copper foil current collector, is being used as the working electrode,and again this electrode strip is placed beside a piece of lithium metal foil. However, this time the lithium metal is connected only to the reference electrode of the potentiostat, while a lithium iron phosphate electrode, placed below the graphite strip, is serving as the counter electrode. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 3 (3-electrode side-by-side setup)**1920x1080px04/2018wmv246 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5156/) [![ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 2](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/ECC-Opto-Std-Assembly-Mode-2.webp)](https://youtu.be/7W9SbpQCa5o) #### ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 2 (2-electrode side-by-side setup) In this video, we show how to build the ECC-Opto-Std test cell in the alternative assembly mode #2. Again, a 1 mm wide electrode strip, cut from a conventional graphite electrode with copper foil current collector, is being used as the working electrode. This time, the electrode strip is placed beside a lithium metal foil connected to both the counter and the reference electrode of the potentiostat. With a microscope “looking” through the window, we can observe the color change of the graphite during charge and discharge and, at the same time, the growth of dendrites at the lithium metal counter electrode. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 2 (2-electrode side-by-side setup)**1920x1080px04/2018wmv272 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5154/) [![ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 1](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/ECC-Opto-Std-Assembly-Mode-1.webp)](https://youtu.be/7gU4HEog_Ew) #### ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 1 (2-electrode sandwich setup) In this video, we show how to build the ECC-Opto-Std test cell in the alternative assembly mode #1. A 1 mm wide electrode strip, cut from a conventional graphite electrode with copper foil current collector, is being used as the working electrode. This electrode strip is sandwiched with a lithium iron phosphate electrode connected to both the counter and the reference electrode of the potentiostat. Importantly, the graphite layer is pointing towards the window on top, so that the current can only enter from the two edges of the graphite strip. This face-up geometry results in a gradient of the local electrode potential along the width of the electrode strip, rather than into the depth of the graphite layer. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 1 (2-electrode sandwich setup)**1920x1080px04/2018wmv236 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5152/) [![Assembly of the ECC-Opto-Std](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Assembly-of-the-ECC-Opto-Std.webp)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40p_G53O0RQ) #### Assembly of the ECC-Opto-Std (Standard sandwich setup) This video shows the general assembly of the test cell ECC-Opto-Std; a test cell for optical and X-ray characterization in the reflective mode. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **Assembly of the ECC-Opto-Std (Standard sandwich setup)**1280x720px07/2015mp430 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3205/) ## EL-Cut [![How to use the EL-Cut](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/How-to-use-the-EL-Cut.webp)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1n4nlUaPeI) #### How to use the EL-Cut Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **How to use the EL-Cut**1280x720px02/2012mp416 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3207/) ## ECC-StopRail [![How to use the ECC-StopRail](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/How-to-use-the-ECC-StopRail.webp)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6kxluU_FFHA) #### How to use the ECC-StopRail Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **How to use the ECC-StopRail**640x360px06/2011wmv18 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3209/) ## ECC-CellLoad [![How to use the CellLoad](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/How-to-use-the-CellLoad.webp)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7SlQZ8SlWk) #### How to use the ECC-CellLoad Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **How to use the ECC-CellLoad**1920x1088px06/2011mov220 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3211/) ## Any Comments about this Page? Please leave us a note Your comment Your email-address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Loading... --- ### [ECD-4-nano dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) **Published:** November 27, 2025 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** ECD-nano electrochemical dilatometer measures electrode thickness changes at nanometer resolution, with gas pressure and temperature sensing for batteries. **Content:** [Data Sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/9423/)# ECD-4-nano ## Battery Test Cell for Measuring the Electrode Expansion Dilation Sensor Range: Request a quote Specifications Documentation0 μm \+ 125 μm \- 125 μm ## PAT-Cell [Data Sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/9423/)Measure the Half-Cell Expansion ECD-4-nano Battery Test Cell for Measuring the Electrode Expansion Request a quote Specifications DocumentationUpper Electrode Lower Electrode Or Measure the Full Stack [Data Sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/9423/)Additional Sensors: -20 °C ECD-4-nano Battery Test Cell for Measuring the Electrode Expansion Request a quote Specifications Documentation+80 °C Temperature Sensor Gas Pressure Sensor 3 bar 0 ![]( "Stoerer_New-compressor") ![]( "pageheader_product_2025_grau_03") ![]( "dilation skala_01") ![]( "ECD-4-nano_01_500x387") ![]( "Heat-Skala_500x387") ![]( "skala_drucksensor") ## **Electrochemical Dilatometer ECD-4-nano** ##### Advanced test cell for measuring the expansion and contraction of the electrodes in the nanometer range. ![ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/ECD-4-nano_badge_new_440.webp) [Product overview](#overview)[Test results](#test-results) [Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/8923/) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Typical Use Cases - Measuring the Expansion of a Single Electrode (3‑electrode Setup) - Measuring the Expansion of the Full Cell Stack (2‑electrode Setup) - Electrochemical testing with aprotic electrolytes ## Key Features Capacitive displacement sensor (range 250 μm, resolution ≤ 5 nm) Additional gas pressure (0 to 3 bar) and temperature sensor (-20 to 80° C) Cableless cell connection for easy handling and low setup time Adjustable force on electrode/cell stack (up to 20 N/cm²) PAT-Button for automatic cell identification in [EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) ## Sample Test Results [![Measuring the thickness change of the graphite electrode (ECD-4-nano in single electrode operation mode)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/EL-CELL_ECD-4-nano_Sample-test-result_2025_01.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/EL-CELL_ECD-4-nano_Sample-test-result_2025_01.png) ## Product Description The ECD‑4‑nano is a high‑resolution electrochemical dilatometer for quantifying thickness changes with a resolution of better than 5 nanometers. It can measure either the thickness change of the individual electrode or that of the cell stack consisting of anode and cathode. Its capacitive parallel plate sensor offers exceptional stability and sensitivity while the force applied to the electrode can be continuously adjusted between 1 and 15 N (up to 20 N/cm²). This means that even single-sided coated and heavily calendered electrodes, which can bend significantly during charging, can be measured. Additional sensors for gas pressure and temperature are installed as standard, supplementing the options for sample characterization. The test cell features a corrosion‑resistant base and offers superior tightness against ambient athmosphere, enabling stable long‑term operation and compatibility with a wide range of electrolytes. The ECD‑4‑nano is connected cablelessly to the PAT socket of a [PAT-tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) or [PAT‑Stand‑1](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) to minimize cable‑induced artifacts and simplify handling and installation. The integrated PAT-Button enables automatic cell detection in EL-Software. [![ECD-4-nano setup with PAT-Tester-x-8 potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/EL-CELL_ECD-4-nano_Setup-300x300.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/EL-CELL_ECD-4-nano_Setup.webp) [![ECD-4-nano sensor calibration using the ECD-4 Centering Device](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/EL-CELL_ECD-4-nano-Sensor-Calibration-300x300.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/EL-CELL_ECD-4-nano-Sensor-Calibration.webp) ### Product Update 2025: What’s new? **New features:** - Adjustable Force 1-15 N **Improvements:** - Adjustment of the sensor head. New optional [ECD-4 Centering Device](#accessories) for direct visual feedback (when using a PAT-Tester-x-8 as potentiostat) - Rotation Lock for Allen wrench - Frit Flange (improved protection against electrolyte spillage, improved height adjustment, reinforcement against deformation) - Adjusted spacer disc diameter ## Working Modes [![ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer half-cell mode diagram](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ECD-4_working_principle_800x533.jpg "ECD-4-nano Half-Cell Mode | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ECD-4_working_principle_800x533.jpg) ### Half-Cell Mode with reference electrode A stiff glass frit, soaked in electrolyte, separates the working electrode (WE) from the counter electrode (CE). The upper WE is sealed using a flexible metal membrane, through which any charge-induced thickness change is transmitted toward the sensor/load unit attached on top. The glass frit’s fixation ensures that only the thickness change of the working electrode is detected without interference from the CE. [![ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer diagram in full-cell mode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/EL-CELL_ECD-4-nano_working_principle_full-cell_800x533.webp "ECD-4-nano Full-Cell Mode | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/EL-CELL_ECD-4-nano_working_principle_full-cell_800x533.webp) ### Full-Cell Mode (2-electrode measurement) Both electrodes are separated by a thin (a few 10 microns) separator. The cell stack is sealed at the top by a flexible metal membrane through which any charge-induced change in thickness is transmitted toward the sensor/load unit mounted above. The lower electrode rests on a stainless steel current collector. In this setup, the thickness change of the entire cell stack is recorded. The optional ECD-4 Full Cell Kit is required for this setup. See the [accessories](#accessories) section for morge details. ## Specifications - [Specifications](#1759743951168-7a459eb4-47a9) - [Recommended Potentiostats and Docking Stations](#1759743951189-0ec559f8-a2d2) ### [Specifications](#1759743951168-7a459eb4-47a9) [![Dimensions of the ECD-4-nano dilatometer in mm](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_measurements_2025_01-300x289.png "ECD-4-nano_measurements_2025_01 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_measurements_2025_01.png) Length 77 mm Width 68 mm Height with/without attached sensor cable 272 / 173 mm Weight 2 kg Electrode diameter max. 10 mm Electrode thickness Half cell mode: max. 1 mm Full cell mode: max. 1 mm (combined value for electrodes and separator) Glass T-Frit (Separator) Diameter 12.5 mm / 10 mm Thickness 3.5 mm Separator diameter (full cell mode) max. 10 mm Cell electrolyte volume approx. 240 μl with T-frit (half cell mode) approx. 40 μl in full cell mode Dead volume 6,2562 ml Gas pressure sensor: 0 to 3 bar abs. Temperature sensor -20 to 80° C Chemical compatibility Aprotic organic electrolytes Operational temperature range (cell and sensor) -20 to 80° C Operational temperature range (conditioning electronics and data logger) 0 to 40 °C Load on test specimen approx. 1 to 15 Newton Displacement sensor type: Capacitive Displacement range: 250 μm Displacement resolution: ≤ 5 nm [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### [Recommended Potentiostats and Docking Stations](#1759743951189-0ec559f8-a2d2) Features of the ECD-4-nano Docking / Test station Charge Discharge Impedance Expansion Gas pressure Temperature [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1)\* [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/)\* \*ECD Sensor box required [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Documentation Type Release Date File Format Size [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Download_Manual_ECD-4-nano_2025_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10608)User Manual 1.52 April 2026 PDF 4 MB [Download](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10608)[![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Download_Manual_ECD-4-nano_Data-Sheet_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9423/)Data Sheet February 2026 PDF 0.5 MB [Download](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9423/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Video Tutorials [![El-Cell banner with ECD-4-nano dilatometer and the caption 'Setup and Assembly Procedures' on a blue gradient background](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Thumb_ECD-4-nano_setup-and-assembly.png)](https://youtu.be/v_pzcYxSvSo) #### ECD-4-nano Setup and Assembly Procedures (04/2026) In this video, we walk you through all the steps to set up and commission the latest version of the ECD-4-nano dilatometer. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECD-4-nano: Setup and Assembly Procedures (04/2026)**1920x1080px04/2026mov430 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/15035/) ## Battery Test Cell for Measuring Gas Evolution / Consumption The ECD‑4‑nano is a high‑resolution electrochemical dilatometer for quantifying thickness changes with a resolution of better than 5 nanometers. It can measure either the thickness change of the individual electrode or that of the cell stack consisting of anode and cathode. Its capacitive parallel plate sensor offers exceptional stability and sensitivity while the force applied to the electrode can be continuously adjusted between 1 and 15 N (up to 20 N/cm²). This means that even single-sided coated and heavily calendered electrodes, which can bend significantly during charging, can be measured. Additional sensors for gas pressure and temperature are installed as standard, supplementing the options for sample characterization. The test cell features a corrosion‑resistant base and offers superior tightness against ambient athmosphere, enabling stable long‑term operation and compatibility with a wide range of electrolytes. The ECD‑4‑nano is connected cablelessly to the PAT socket of a [PAT-tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) or [PAT‑Stand‑1](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) to minimize cable‑induced artifacts and simplify handling and installation. The integrated PAT-Button enables automatic cell detection in EL-Software. ## ECD-4-nano Overview Typical Use Cases - Measuring the Expansion of a Single Electrode (3‑electrode Setup) - Measuring the Expansion of the Full Cell Stack (2‑electrode Setup) - Electrochemical testing with aprotic electrolytes Features Capacitive displacement sensor (range 250 μm, resolution ≤ 5 nm) Additional gas pressure (0 to 3 bar) and temperature sensor (-20 to 80° C) Cableless cell connection for easy handling and low setup time Adjustable force on electrode/cell stack (1 to 15 N) PAT-Button for automatic cell identification in [EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) [](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) Specifications Length 77 mm Width 68 mm Height with/without attached sensor cable 272 / 173 mm Weight 2 kg Electrode diameter max. 10 mm Electrode thickness Half cell mode: max. 1 mm Full cell mode: max. 1 mm (combined value for electrodes and separator) Glass T-Frit (Separator) Diameter 12.5 mm / 10 mm Thickness 3.5 mm Separator diameter (full cell mode) max. 10 mm Cell electrolyte volume approx. 240 μl with T-frit (half cell mode) approx. 40 μl in full cell mode Dead volume 6,2562 ml Gas pressure sensor: 0 to 3 bar abs. Temperature sensor -20 to 80° C Chemical compatibility Aprotic organic electrolytes Operational temperature range (cell and sensor) -20 to 80° C Operational temperature range (conditioning electronics and data logger) 0 to 40 °C Load on test specimen approx. 1 to 15 Newton Displacement sensor type: Capacitive Displacement range: 250 μm Displacement resolution: ≤ 5 nm [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Recommended Potentiostats/PAT docking stations Features of the ECD-4-nano Docking / Test station Charge Discharge Impedance Expansion Gas pressure Temperature [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1)\* [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/)\* \*ECD Sensor box required [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Documentation [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECD-4-nano_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/10608/)ECD-4-nano User Manual Release 1.42 Date February 2025 Type PDF Size 3 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10608/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Download_Manual_ECD-4-nano_Data-Sheet_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9423/)PAT-Cell Data Sheet Date November 2025 Type PDF Size 0.5 MB [Download](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9423/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") **Video tutorial:** [![El-Cell banner with ECD-4-nano dilatometer and the caption 'Setup and Assembly Procedures' on a blue gradient background](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Thumb_ECD-4-nano_setup-and-assembly.png)](https://youtu.be/v_pzcYxSvSo) Consumables Name Order No. Order ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-06-0043-A.webp)PE Sealing, 10 pcs. ECC1-06-0043-A/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-sealing?_pos=1&_fid=c05e9ca1f&_ss=c)![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-06-0041-A.webp)T-Frit 10 mm/12.5 mm/3.5 mm, 10 pcs. ECC1-06-0041-A/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/t-frit-10-mm-12-5-mm-3-5-mm?_pos=1&_sid=6fc43a189&_ss=r)![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-01-0078-B.webp)Reference Ring II, Li coated, ECD-4-nano, 10 pcs. ECC1-01-0078-B/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-li-coated-ecd-4-nano?_pos=2&_fid=805a2fbb7&_ss=c)![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-01-0078-B.webp)Reference Ring II, Na coated, ECD-4-nano, 10 pcs. ECC1-01-0078-D/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-na-coated-ecd-4-nano?_pos=2&_sid=9d01319fa&_ss=r) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Accessories **ECD-4 full cell kit (Order no.: ECC1-00-0379-A )** This optional set contains all parts needed for measuring the expansion of full cell stack in the ECD-4-nano. **Cell assembly block III (Order no.: ECC1-02-0045-A )** [](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/PAT-Button_Upgrade-kit.jpg)[![Cell assembly block accessory for ECD-4-nano dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Accessory_Cell_Assembly_Block_II.jpg "Accessory_Cell_Assembly_Block_II | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Accessory_Cell_Assembly_Block_II.jpg)The Cell Assembly Block enables safe working with torque wrenches without the test cell slipping away. It fits all battery test cells in the PAT series. **ECD-4 Centering Device (Order no.: ECE1-00-0400-A)** [![ECD-4 nano dilatometer centering device component on lab bench](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-Centering-Device.png "ECD-4-Centering-Device | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-Centering-Device.png)The ECD-4 Centering Device is an optional accessory that can be mounted on the [PAT-Stand-1](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) docking station. It provides direct visual feedback on the set sensor position. To use this device, you must connect the PAT-Stand-1 to a [PAT-tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) potentiostat. The Centering device can remain permanently connected to the PAT-Stand-1. Spare parts **ECD-4-nano** [![ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer spare parts kit components](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0001-E.webp "ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0001-E | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0001-E.webp) **Cell base** [![ECD-4-nano dilatometer cell pre-assembly spare part](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0050-A_Cell-pre-assy.webp "ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0050-A_Cell pre-assy | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0050-A_Cell-pre-assy.webp) **Screw Cap Unit** [![ECD-4-nano screw cap unit spare part for dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0025-A_Screw-Cap-Unit.webp "ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0025-A_Screw-Cap-Unit | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0025-A_Screw-Cap-Unit.webp) **Frit Flange Unit** [![ECD-4-nano spare part frit flange unit component](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0040-B_Frit-Flange-Unit.webp "ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0040-B_Frit-Flange-Unit | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0040-B_Frit-Flange-Unit.webp) **Sensor Cable** [![Sensor cable for ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Sensor-Cable.png "Sensor-Cable | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Sensor-Cable.png) ## Sample Test Results [![Measuring the thickness change of the graphite electrode (ECD-4-nano in single electrode operation mode)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/EL-CELL_ECD-4-nano_Sample-test-result_2025_01.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/EL-CELL_ECD-4-nano_Sample-test-result_2025_01.png) ## Accessories, Consumables & Spare Parts - [Accessories](#1757593553126-326761f1-1c42) - [Consumables](#1758029339102-44d101ce-45a1) - [Spare Parts](#1757593553146-e7e25b2f-6d67) ### [Accessories](#1757593553126-326761f1-1c42) **ECD-4 full cell kit (Order no.: ECC1-00-0379-A )** This optional set contains all parts needed for measuring the expansion of full cell stack in the ECD-4-nano. **Cell assembly block III (Order no.: ECC1-02-0045-A )** [](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/PAT-Button_Upgrade-kit.jpg)[![Cell Assembly Block for battery test cells from EL-CELL](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Accessory_Cell_Assembly_Block_II.jpg "Accessory_Cell_Assembly_Block_II | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Accessory_Cell_Assembly_Block_II.jpg)The Cell Assembly Block enables safe working with torque wrenches without the test cell slipping away. It fits all battery test cells in the PAT series. **ECD-4 Centering Device (Order no.: ECE1-00-0400-A)** [![ECD-4 Centering Device for convenient sensor calibration](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-Centering-Device.png "ECD-4-Centering-Device | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-Centering-Device.png)The ECD-4 Centering Device is an optional accessory that can be mounted on the [PAT-Stand-1](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) docking station. It provides direct visual feedback on the set sensor position. To use this device, you must connect the PAT-Stand-1 to a [PAT-tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) potentiostat. The Centering device can remain permanently connected to the PAT-Stand-1. ### [Consumables](#1758029339102-44d101ce-45a1) Name Order No. Order ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-06-0043-A.webp)PE Sealing, 10 pcs. ECC1-06-0043-A/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-sealing?_pos=1&_fid=c05e9ca1f&_ss=c)![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-06-0041-A.webp)T-Frit 10 mm/12.5 mm/3.5 mm, 10 pcs. ECC1-06-0041-A/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/t-frit-10-mm-12-5-mm-3-5-mm?_pos=1&_sid=6fc43a189&_ss=r)![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-01-0078-B.webp)Reference Ring II, Li coated, ECD-4-nano, 10 pcs. ECC1-01-0078-B/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-li-coated-ecd-4-nano?_pos=2&_fid=805a2fbb7&_ss=c)![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-01-0078-B.webp)Reference Ring II, Na coated, ECD-4-nano, 10 pcs. ECC1-01-0078-D/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-na-coated-ecd-4-nano?_pos=2&_sid=9d01319fa&_ss=r) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### [Spare Parts](#1757593553146-e7e25b2f-6d67) **ECD-4-nano** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0001-E.webp "ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0001-E | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0001-E.webp) **Cell base** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0050-A_Cell-pre-assy.webp "ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0050-A_Cell pre-assy | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0050-A_Cell-pre-assy.webp) **Screw Cap Unit** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0025-A_Screw-Cap-Unit.webp "ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0025-A_Screw-Cap-Unit | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0025-A_Screw-Cap-Unit.webp) **Frit Flange Unit** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0040-B_Frit-Flange-Unit.webp "ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0040-B_Frit-Flange-Unit | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_Spare-Parts_ECC1-06-0040-B_Frit-Flange-Unit.webp) **Sensor Cable** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Sensor-Cable.png "Sensor-Cable | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Sensor-Cable.png) ## Recommended tools [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High precision cutting pliers to eliminate torn and chipped electrode edges. Recommended diameter size for use with the ECD-4-nano is **10 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil. The recommended size for use with the ECD-4-nano is **10 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## Related products [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) Modular multi-channel potentiostat for special and small-scale testing [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) [![EL-CELL PAT-Stand-1 docking station for battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-1.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) ## [PAT Stand-1](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) The ideal docking station for individual battery testing [Product details](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Datenschutz](https://www.el-cell.com/datenschutz/) **Published:** February 4, 2022 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** EL-Cell privacy policy: data protection details, newsletter tracking, applicant data processing, and your rights under GDPR. **Content:** # Datenschutz ## Datenschutzerklärung: Nachfolgend sind die Datenschutzhinweise für die Website el-cell.com zu finden. **Name und Kontaktdaten des für die Verarbeitung Verantwortlichen** Diese Datenschutz-Information gilt für die Datenverarbeitung durch: EL-Cell GmbH Tempowerkring 8 21079 Hamburg Telefon: +49 40 79012-734 Fax: +49 40 79012-736 **Datenschutzbeauftragter:** Thilo Noack SharedIT Professional GmbH & Co. Saebystr. 1 24576 Bad Bramstedt [](mailto:thilo.noack@shared-it.de)Sie können sich bei Fragen zum Datenschutzrecht oder Ihren Betroffenenrechten unter der Emailadresse E-Mail: direkt an uns wenden. **Sicherheit und Schutz Ihrer personenbezogenen Daten** Wir betrachten es als unsere vorrangige Aufgabe, die Vertraulichkeit der von Ihnen bereitgestellten personenbezogenen Daten zu wahren und diese vor unbefugten Zugriffen zu schützen. Als privatrechtliches Unternehmen unterliegen wir den Bestimmungen der europäischen Datenschutzgrundverordnung (DSGVO) und den Regelungen des Bundesdatenschutzgesetzes (BDSG). Wir haben technische und organisatorische Maßnahmen getroffen, die sicherstellen, dass die Vorschriften über den Datenschutz sowohl von uns, als auch von unseren externen Dienstleistern beachtet werden. **Begriffsbestimmungen** Der Gesetzgeber fordert, dass personenbezogene Daten auf rechtmäßige Weise, nach Treu und Glauben und in einer für die betroffene Person nachvollziehbaren Weise verarbeitet werden („Rechtmäßigkeit, Verarbeitung nach Treu und Glauben, Transparenz“). 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Die einschlägigen Rechtsgrundlagen für die Verarbeitungen von personenbezogenen Daten auf dieser Webseite erhalten Sie im weiteren Verlauf dieser Datenschutz-Hinweise. **Einsatz von Cookies** Zusätzlich zu den zuvor genannten Daten werden bei Ihrer Nutzung und Besuch unserer Website Cookies oder ähnliche Technologien wie Pixel (nachfolgend allgemein “Cookies”) auf Ihrem Rechner verwendet. Cookies sind entweder kleine Datenbanken, die von Ihrem Browser auf Ihrem Endgerät zur Speicherung von bestimmten Informationen abgelegt werden, oder Bilddateien wie Pixel. Bei Ihrem nächsten Aufruf unserer Webseite mit demselben Endgerät werden die in Cookies gespeicherten Informationen in weiterer Folge entweder an unsere Webseite (“First Party Cookie”) oder an eine andere Webseite, zu der das Cookie gehört (“Third Party Cookie”), zurückgesandt. Durch die gespeicherten und zurückgesandten Informationen erkennt die jeweilige Webseite, dass Sie diese mit dem Browser Ihres Endgeräts bereits aufgerufen und besucht haben. Diese Informationen nutzen wir, um Ihnen die Webseite gemäß Ihren Präferenzen optimal gestalten und anzeigen zu können. Dabei wird lediglich das Cookie selbst auf Ihrem Endgerät identifiziert. Eine darüber hinausgehende Speicherung von personenbezogenen Daten erfolgt nur nach Ihrer ausdrücklichen Zustimmung oder wenn dies unbedingt erforderlich ist, um den angebotenen und von Ihnen aufgerufenen Dienst entsprechend nutzen zu können. Diese Website nutzt folgende Arten von Cookies, deren Umfang und Funktionsweise im Folgenden erläutert werden: - Unbedingt erforderliche Cookies (Typ a) - Funktionale und Performance Cookies (Typ b) - Zustimmungspflichtige Cookies (Typ c) **Unbedingt erforderliche Cookies (Typ a)** Unbedingt erforderliche Cookies gewährleisten Funktionen, ohne die Sie unsere Webseiten nicht wie vorgesehen nutzen können. Diese Cookies werden ausschließlich von uns verwendet und sind deshalb First Party Cookies. Das bedeutet, dass sämtliche Informationen, die in den Cookies gespeichert sind, an unsere Webseite zurückgespielt werden. Unbedingt erforderliche Cookies dienen zum Beispiel dazu, dass Sie als angemeldeter Nutzer bei Zugriff auf verschiedene Unterseiten unserer Webseite stets angemeldet bleiben und so nicht jedes Mal bei Aufruf einer neuen Seite Ihre Anmeldedaten neu eingeben müssen. Die Nutzung von unbedingt erforderlichen Cookies auf unserer Webseite ist ohne Ihre Einwilligung möglich. Aus diesem Grund können unbedingt erforderliche Cookies auch nicht einzeln de- bzw. aktiviert werden. Allerdings haben Sie jederzeit die Möglichkeit, Cookies generell in Ihrem Browser zu deaktivieren (siehe unten). Rechtsgrundlage: Art. 6 Abs. 1 lit. f) DSGVO **Funktionale und Performance Cookies (Typ b)** Funktionale Cookies ermöglichen unserer Webseite, bereits getätigte Angaben (wie z.B. registrierter Name oder Sprachauswahl) zu speichern und Ihnen darauf basierend verbesserte und persönlichere Funktionen anzubieten. Diese Cookies sammeln und speichern ausschließlich anonymisierte Informationen, sodass diese nicht Ihre Bewegungen auf anderen Webseiten verfolgen können. Performance Cookies sammeln Informationen darüber, wie unsere Webseiten genutzt werden, um folglich deren Attraktivität, Inhalt und Funktionalität zu verbessern. Diese Cookies helfen uns beispielsweise zu bestimmen, ob und welche Unterseiten unserer Webseite besucht werden und für welche Inhalte sich die Nutzer besonders interessieren. Im Einzelnen erfassen wir insbesondere die Anzahl der Zugriffe auf eine Seite, die Anzahl der aufgerufenen Unterseiten, die auf unserer Webseite verbrachte Zeit, die Reihenfolge der besuchten Seiten, welche Suchbegriffe Sie zu uns geführt haben, das Land, die Region und ggf. die Stadt aus der der Zugriff erfolgt, sowie den Anteil von mobilen Endgeräten, die auf unsere Webseiten zugreifen. Ferner erfassen wir Bewegungen, “Klicks” und das Scrollen mit der Computermaus, um zu verstehen, welche Bereiche unserer Webseite die Nutzer besonders interessieren. In der Folge können wir die Inhalte unserer Webseite gezielter auf die Bedürfnisse unserer Nutzer abstimmen und unser Angebot optimieren. Die aus technischen Gründen übermittelte IP-Adresse Ihres Rechners wird automatisch anonymisiert und ermöglicht uns keinen Rückschluss auf den einzelnen Nutzer. Sie können der Verwendung von Funktionalen und Performance Cookies jederzeit widersprechen, indem Sie Ihre Cookie-Einstellungen entsprechend anpassen. Rechtsgrundlage: Art. 6 Abs. 1 lit. f) DSGVO **Zustimmungspflichtige Cookies (Typ c)** Cookies, die weder unbedingt erforderlich (Typ a) noch Funktionale oder Performance Cookies (Typ b) sind, werden erst nach Ihrer Einwilligung verwendet. Wir behalten uns vor, Informationen, die wir mittels Cookies aus einer anonymisierten Analyse des Nutzungsverhaltens von Besuchern unserer Webseiten gewonnen haben, auch zu nutzen, um Ihnen auf unseren eigenen Webseiten spezifische Werbung für bestimmte unserer Produkte anzuzeigen. Wir sind der Auffassung, dass Sie als Nutzer hiervon profitieren, weil wir Werbung oder Inhalte einblenden, von denen wir aufgrund Ihres Surf-Verhaltens annehmen, dass sie zu Ihren Interessen passen und Sie so weniger zufällig gestreute Werbung oder bestimmte Inhalte, die Sie weniger interessieren könnten, angezeigt bekommen. Marketing Cookies stammen von externen Werbeunternehmen (Third Party Cookies) und werden verwendet, um Informationen über die vom Benutzer besuchten Websites zu sammeln, um zielgruppenorientierte Werbung für den Benutzer zu erstellen. Rechtsgrundlage: Art. 6 Abs. 1 lit. a) DSGVO **Opt-out für Marketing Cookies** Sie können zudem Cookies, die für Online-Werbung verwendet werden, auch über die in vielen Ländern im Rahmen von Selbstregulierungsprogrammen entwickelten Tools, wie z.B. die in den USA ansässige https://www.aboutads.info/choices/ oder die in der EU ansässige http://www.youronlinechoices.com/uk/your-ad-choices verwalten. Rechtsgrundlage: Art. 6 Abs. 1 lit. a) DSGVO **Verwaltung und Löschung sämtlicher Cookies** Darüber hinaus können Sie Ihren Internet-Browser so einstellen, dass das Speichern von Cookies generell auf Ihrem Endgerät verhindert wird bzw. Sie jedes Mal gefragt werden, ob Sie mit dem Setzen von Cookies einverstanden sind. Einmal gesetzte Cookies können Sie auch jederzeit wieder löschen. Wie all dies im Einzelnen funktioniert, finden Sie in der Hilfe-Funktion Ihres Browsers. Die oben beschriebenen Cookies und Drittanbieterrequests werden von folgenden Diensten durch unsere Webseite bei Ihnen im Endgerät gesetzt: **Cloudflare** Wir nutzen auf unserer Webseite den Dienst Cloudflare des Anbieters Cloudflare Germany GmbH, Rosental 7, c/o Mindspace, 80331 München. Cloudfalare ist ein Webanalyse Tool, mit dem wir das Surf- und Klickverhalten von Webseitenbesuchern einsehen können. Zweck ist es, unser Webangebot zu optimieren und besser an die Bedürfnisse der Webseitenbesucher anpassen zu können. Hierbei werden Daten zum Nutzerverhalten, die Performance und Sicherheitsdaten gesammelt und analysietrt. Cloudflare sammelt dabei Daten über die Nutzung unserer Webseite, einschließlich Ihrer IP-Adresse, Browser-Typ, aufgerufene Seiten, Verweildauer und andere Nutzungsstatistiken. Diese Daten werden auf den Servern von Cloudflare verarbeitet. Cloudflare ist vertraglich verpflichtet, diese Daten gemäß unseren Weisungen und unter Einhaltung der geltenden Datenschutzgesetze zu verarbeiten. Weitere Informationen zum Datenschutz bei Cloudflare und den spezifischen Bestimmungen zu deren Webanalyse-Service finden Sie in der Datenschutzerklärung von Cloudflare: https://www.cloudflare.com/de-de/privacypolicy/ . Als Rechtsgrundlage dient Art. 6 Abs. 1 lit. a) DSGVO. **Newsletter** Mit Ihrer Einwilligung können Sie unseren Newsletter abonnieren, mit dem wir Sie über Themen rund um unser Unternehmen und unsere Leistungen sowie Angebote informieren Zweck des Einsatzes von Newslettern sind Marketing Gründe. Für die Anmeldung zu unserem Newsletter verwenden wir das sog. Double-Opt-in-Verfahren. Das heißt, dass wir Ihnen nach Ihrer Anmeldung eine E-Mail an die angegebene E-Mail-Adresse senden, in welcher wir Sie um Bestätigung bitten, dass Sie den Versand des Newsletters wünschen. Wenn Sie Ihre Anmeldung nicht innerhalb von 24 Stunden bestätigen, werden Ihre Informationen gesperrt und nach einem Monat automatisch gelöscht. Darüber hinaus speichern wir jeweils Ihre eingesetzten IP-Adressen und Zeitpunkte der Anmeldung und Bestätigung. Zweck des Verfahrens ist, Ihre Anmeldung nachweisen und ggf. einen möglichen Missbrauch Ihrer persönlichen Daten aufklären zu können. Pflichtangabe für die Übersendung des Newsletters ist Ihr Name sowie Ihre E-Mail-Adresse. Nach Ihrer Bestätigung speichern wir Ihre E-Mail-Adresse sowie Ihren Namen zum Zweck der Zusendung des Newsletters sowie einer persönlichen Ansprache. Ihre Einwilligung in die Übersendung des Newsletters können Sie jederzeit widerrufen und den Newsletter abbestellen. Den Widerruf können Sie durch Klick auf den in jeder Newsletter-E-Mail bereitgestellten Link oder durch eine Nachricht an die im Impressum angegebenen Kontaktdaten erklären. Rechtsgrundlage ist Ihre Einwilligung i.S.d. Art. 6 Abs. 1 S. 1 lit. a) DSGVO. Als Dienstleister kommt für uns Brevo (ehemals Sendinblue): Sendinblue GmbH, Köpenicker Str. 126, 10179 Berlin. E-mail: als geprüfter Auftragsverarbeiter weisungsgebunden zum Einsatz. Mit Hilfe von Brevo ist es uns möglich, unsere Newsletter-Kampagnen zu analysieren. So können wir z. B. sehen, ob eine Newsletter-Nachricht geöffnet und welche Links ggf. angeklickt wurden. Auf diese Weise können wir u.a. feststellen, welche Links besonders häufig angeklickt wurden. Außerdem können wir erkennen, ob nach dem Öffnen oder Anklicken bestimmte vorher definierte Aktionen durchgeführt wurden (Conversion-Rate). Wir können so z. B. erkennen, ob Sie nach dem Anklicken des Newsletters einen Kauf getätigt haben. Brevo ermöglicht es uns auch, die Newsletter-Empfänger anhand verschiedener Kategorien zu unterteilen („clustern“). Dabei lassen sich die Newsletterempfänger z. B. nach Alter, Geschlecht oder Wohnort unterteilen. Auf diese Weise lassen sich die Newsletter besser auf die jeweiligen Zielgruppen abstimmen. Wenn Sie keine Analyse durch Brevo wollen, müssen Sie den Newsletter abbestellen. Hierfür stellen wir in jeder Newsletternachricht einen entsprechenden Link zur Verfügung. Ausführliche Informationen zum zu den Funktionen von Brevo entnehmen Sie folgendem Link: . Die von Ihnen zum Zwecke des Newsletter-Bezugs bei uns hinterlegten Daten werden von uns bis zu Ihrer Austragung aus dem Newsletter bei uns bzw. dem Newsletterdienstanbieter gespeichert und nach der Abbestellung des Newsletters aus der Newsletterverteilerliste gelöscht. Daten, die zu anderen Zwecken bei uns gespeichert wurden, bleiben hiervon unberührt. Nach Ihrer Austragung aus der Newsletterverteilerliste wird Ihre E-Mail-Adresse bei uns bzw. dem Newsletterdiensteanbieter ggf. in einer Blacklist gespeichert, sofern dies zur Verhinderung künftiger Mailings erforderlich ist. Die Daten aus der Blacklist werden nur für diesen Zweck verwendet und nicht mit anderen Daten zusammengeführt. Dies dient sowohl Ihrem Interesse als auch unserem Interesse an der Einhaltung der gesetzlichen Vorgaben beim Versand von Newslettern (berechtigtes Interesse im Sinne des Art. 6 Abs. 1 lit. f DSGVO). Die Speicherung in der Blacklist ist zeitlich nicht befristet. Sie können der Speicherung widersprechen, sofern Ihre Interessen unser berechtigtes Interesse überwiegen. Näheres entnehmen Sie den Datenschutzbestimmungen von Brevo unter: sowie . **Youtube** Wir haben Videos von dem Anbieter Youtube, Google Ireland Limited Gordon House, Barrow Street Dublin 4. Irland, in unser Online-Angebot eingebunden, die auf http://www.YouTube.com gespeichert sind und von unserer Website aus direkt abspielbar sind. Diese sind alle im „erweiterten Datenschutz-Modus“ eingebunden, d. h. dass keine Daten über Sie als Nutzer an YouTube übertragen werden, wenn Sie die Videos nicht abspielen. Erst wenn Sie die Videos abspielen, werden die im nächsten Absatz genannten Daten übertragen. Auf diese Datenübertragung haben wir keinen Einfluss. Zweck der Verarbeitung sind Marketing Hintergründe. Durch den Besuch auf der Website erhält YouTube die Information, dass Sie die entsprechende Unterseite unserer Website aufgerufen haben. Zudem werden die unter Abschnitt 2 dieser Erklärung genannten Daten übermittelt. Dies erfolgt unabhängig davon, ob YouTube ein Nutzerkonto bereitstellt, über das Sie eingeloggt sind, oder ob kein Nutzerkonto besteht. Wenn Sie bei Google eingeloggt sind, werden Ihre Daten direkt Ihrem Konto zugeordnet. Wenn Sie die Zuordnung mit Ihrem Profil bei YouTube nicht wünschen, müssen Sie sich vor Aktivierung des Buttons ausloggen. YouTube speichert Ihre Daten als Nutzungsprofile und nutzt sie für Zwecke der Werbung, Marktforschung und/oder bedarfsgerechten Gestaltung seiner Website. Eine solche Auswertung erfolgt insbesondere (selbst für nicht eingeloggte Nutzer) zur Erbringung von bedarfsgerechter Werbung und um andere Nutzer des sozialen Netzwerks über Ihre Aktivitäten auf unserer Website zu informieren. Ihnen steht ein Widerspruchsrecht zu gegen die Bildung dieser Nutzerprofile, wobei Sie sich zur Ausübung dessen an YouTube richten müssen. Weitere Informationen zu Zweck und Umfang der Datenerhebung und ihrer Verarbeitung durch YouTube erhalten Sie in der Datenschutzhinweise von Youtube. Dort erhalten Sie auch weitere Informationen zu Ihren Rechten und Einstellungsmöglichkeiten zum Schutze Ihrer Privatsphäre: https://policies.google.com/privacy Um ein adäquates Sicherheitsniveau herzustellen kann Ihre Einwilligung gemäß Art. 49 Abs. 1 lit. a) DSGVO als Rechtsgrundlage für die Übermittlung in Drittländer dienen. Zur Wahrung Ihrer Rechte und persönlichen Daten haben wir Youtube mit einer sogenannten Zweiklick-Lösung eingebunden, die Daten erst an Google übermittelt, nachdem Sie die Kartenfunktion explizit aktiviert haben. Des Weiteren bietet Google eine Reihe von Möglichkeiten an, die Erhebung personenbezogener Daten von Google zu widersprechen: https://policies.google.com/privacy#infochoices Rechtsgrundlage: Art. 6 Abs. 1 lit. a) DSGVO **LinkedIn Link** Wir haben auf unserer Website einen Link zum Portal LinkedIn integriert. Das berufliche Netzwerk „LinkedIn“ wird betrieben von der LinkedIn Ireland Unlimited Company, Wilton Place, Dublin 2, Irland. Wir unterhalten auf LinkedIn eine eigene Unternehmensseite. Diese dient einer aktiven und zeitgemäßen Ansprache potentieller Beschäftigter in einem professionellen Umfeld. Auf dieser Seite teilen wir auch Informationen über unser Unternehmen, und stellen uns auf diese Weise nach außen hin dar. Wir sind zusammen mit LinkedIn für den Betrieb der Seite verantwortlich und unterhalten somit eine sogenannte „gemeinsame Verantwortung“ dem User gegenüber. Wir haben mit LinkedIn eine entsprechende Vereinbarung abgeschlossen. Darin sind die jeweiligen Verantwortlichkeiten für die Erfüllung der Pflichten gemäß Art. 26 DSGVO geregelt. Es kann sein, dass in diesem Zusammenhang Daten von den Nutzern auf Systemen außerhalb der Europäischen Union verarbeitet werden. LinkedIn hat sich verpflichtet, die Datenschutzvorgaben der EU einzuhalten. Eine Datenübertragung auf Systeme außerhalb der EU findet nur statt, wenn die Anforderungen der Art. 44 ff. DSGVO eingehalten werden. Mehr dazu finden Sie unter: [https://www.linkedin.com/help/linkedin/answer/a1343190.](https://www.linkedin.com/help/linkedin/answer/a1343190/?trk=microsites-frontend_legal_privacy-policy&=&lang=de) Die detaillierten Informationen zur Verarbeitung und Nutzung der Daten durch uns sowie durch LinkedIn, sowie eine Kontaktmöglichkeit und Ihre diesbezüglichen Rechte und Einstellungsmöglichkeiten zum Schutz Ihrer Privatsphäre entnehmen Sie bitte den Datenschutzhinweisen von LinkedIn: https://de.linkedin.com/legal/privacy-policy?trk=hb\_ft\_priv **Kontaktaufnahme** Bei einer Kontaktaufnahme mit uns per E-Mail oder über unser Kontaktformular werden die von Ihnen mitgeteilten Daten (Ihre E-Mail-Adresse, ggf. Ihr Name und Ihre Telefonnummer) von uns gespeichert, um Ihre Fragen zu beantworten. Die in diesem Zusammenhang anfallenden Daten löschen wir, nachdem die Speicherung nicht mehr erforderlich ist, z.B. wenn Ihr Anliegen erledigt ist. Anderenfalls wird die Verarbeitung eingeschränkt, falls gesetzliche Aufbewahrungspflichten bestehen. Im Falle einer Vertragsanbahnung aus der Kontaktaufnahme verarbeiten wir die Daten entsprechend wie vorstehend. Rechtsgrundlage hierfür ist Art. 6 Abs. 1 lit. a) bzw. b) DSGVO. **Angebotsanfrage** Wenn Sie über unsere Website eine Anfrage stellen möchten, ist es für den Vertragsabschluss erforderlich, dass Sie Ihre persönlichen Daten angeben, die wir für die Abwicklung Ihrer Anfrage benötigen. Die angefragten Angaben sind für die Abwicklung der Vertragsanbahnung notwendige Pflichtangaben. Die von Ihnen angegebenen Daten verarbeiten wir zur Abwicklung Ihrer Anfrage. Rechtsgrundlage hierfür ist Art. 6 Abs. 1 lit. b) DSGVO Sofern es nicht zum Abschluss eines Vertrages kommt, werden die personenbezogenen Daten aus Ihrer Anfrage innerhalb von 90 Tagen nach Mitteilung über das Nichtzustandekommen des Vertrages gelöscht. **Dauer der Verarbeitung** Wir verarbeiten Ihre Daten nur solange, wie es zur Erfüllung unseres Vertrages oder geltender Rechtsvorschriften sowie der Pflege unserer Beziehung zu Ihnen erforderlich ist. Wir informieren Sie über die konkrete Speicherdauer der Daten im Rahmen der jeweiligen Beschreibung der einzelnen Datenverarbeitung. Sofern Sie dort keine konkrete Angabe der Speicherdauer finden, dann ist uns die Benennung einer solchen nicht möglich, weil diese von unterschiedlichen individuellen Faktoren abhängt (z.B. die Laufzeit des Vertrages, Geltendmachung von Ansprüchen etc.). In diesen Fällen orientieren wir uns bei der Dauer der Speicherung am Grundsatz der Datenminimierung und Verhältnismäßigkeit. Geschäftliche Unterlagen werden entsprechend den Vorgaben des Handelsgesetzbuches und der Abgabenordnung höchsten 6 und 10 Jahre lang aufbewahrt. Solange Sie nicht widersprechen bzw. Ihre Einwilligung widerrufen, werden wir Ihre Daten zur Pflege uns Intensivierung unserer vertrauensvollen Geschäftsbeziehung zu beiderseitigem Vorteil nutzen. Sollten Sie die Löschung Ihrer Daten wünschen, werden wir Ihre Daten unverzüglich löschen, soweit der Löschung keine rechtlichen Aufbewahrungspflichten entgegenstehen. ## **Rechte der betroffenen Person** 1. **Widerruf der Einwilligung** Sofern die Verarbeitung der personenbezogenen Daten auf einer erteilten Einwilligung beruht, haben Sie jederzeit das Recht, die Einwilligung zu widerrufen. Durch den Widerruf der Einwilligung wird die Rechtmäßigkeit, der aufgrund der Einwilligung bis zum Widerruf erfolgten Verarbeitung, nicht berührt. 2. **Recht auf Bestätigung** Sie haben das Recht, von dem Verantwortlichen eine Bestätigung darüber zu verlangen, ob wir sie betreffende personenbezogene Daten verarbeiten. Die Bestätigung können Sie jederzeit unter den oben genannten Kontaktdaten verlangen. 3. **Auskunftsrecht** Sofern personenbezogene Daten verarbeitet werden, können Sie jederzeit Auskunft über diese personenbezogenen Daten und über folgenden Informationen verlangen: a) die Verarbeitungszwecke; b) den Kategorien personenbezogener Daten, die verarbeitet werden; c) die Empfänger oder Kategorien von Empfängern, gegenüber denen die personenbezogenen Daten offengelegt worden sind oder noch offengelegt werden, insbesondere bei Empfängern in Drittländern oder bei internationalen Organisationen; d) falls möglich, die geplante Dauer, für die die personenbezogenen Daten gespeichert werden, oder, falls dies nicht möglich ist, die Kriterien für die Festlegung dieser Dauer; e) das Bestehen eines Rechts auf Berichtigung oder Löschung der Sie betreffenden personenbezogenen Daten oder auf Einschränkung der Verarbeitung durch den Verantwortlichen oder eines Widerspruchsrechts gegen diese Verarbeitung; f) das Bestehen eines Beschwerderechts bei einer Aufsichtsbehörde; g) wenn die personenbezogenen Daten nicht bei der betroffenen Person erhoben werden, alle verfügbaren Informationen über die Herkunft der Daten; h) das Bestehen einer automatisierten Entscheidungsfindung einschließlich Profiling gemäß Artikel 22 Absätze 1 und 4 DSGVO und – zumindest in diesen Fällen – aussagekräftige Informationen über die involvierte Logik sowie die Tragweite und die angestrebten Auswirkungen einer derartigen Verarbeitung für die betroffene Person. i) Werden personenbezogene Daten an ein Drittland oder an eine internationale Organisation übermittelt, so haben Sie das Recht, über die geeigneten Garantien gemäß Artikel 46 DSG-VO im Zusammenhang mit der Übermittlung unterrichtet zu werden. Wir stellen eine Kopie der personenbezogenen Daten, die Gegenstand der Verarbeitung sind, zur Verfügung. Für alle weiteren Kopien, die Sie als Person beantragen, können wir ein angemessenes Entgelt auf der Grundlage der Verwaltungskosten verlangen. Stellen Sie den Antrag elektronisch, so sind die Informationen in einem gängigen elektronischen Format zur Verfügung zu stellen, sofern er nichts anderes angibt. Das Recht auf Erhalt einer Kopie gemäß Artikel 20 darf die Rechte und Freiheiten anderer Personen nicht beeinträchtigen. 4. **Recht auf Berichtigung und Vervollständigung** Sie haben das Recht, von uns unverzüglich die Berichtigung Sie betreffender unrichtiger personenbezogener Daten zu verlangen. Unter Berücksichtigung der Zwecke der Verarbeitung haben Sie das Recht, die Vervollständigung unvollständiger personenbezogener Daten – auch mittels einer ergänzenden Erklärung – zu verlangen. 5. **Recht auf Löschung („Recht auf Vergessenwerden“)** Sie haben das Recht, von dem Verantwortlichen zu verlangen, dass die Sie betreffenden, personenbezogenen Daten unverzüglich gelöscht werden und wir sind verpflichtet, personenbezogene Daten unverzüglich zu löschen, sofern einer der folgenden Gründe zutrifft: a) Die personenbezogenen Daten sind für die Zwecke, für die sie erhoben oder auf sonstige Weise verarbeitet wurden, nicht mehr notwendig. b) Die betroffene Person widerruft ihre Einwilligung, auf die sich die Verarbeitung gemäß Artikel 6 Abs. 1 lit. a) oder Artikel 9 Abs. 2 lit. a) DSGVO stützte und es fehlt an einer anderweitigen Rechtsgrundlage für die Verarbeitung. c) Die betroffene Person legt, gemäß Artikel 21 Abs. 1 DSGVO, Widerspruch gegen die Verarbeitung ein und es liegen keine vorrangigen berechtigten Gründe für die Verarbeitung vor oder die betroffene Person legt, gemäß Artikel 21 Abs. 2 DSGVO, Widerspruch gegen die Verarbeitung ein. d) Die personenbezogenen Daten wurden unrechtmäßig verarbeitet. e) Die Löschung der personenbezogenen Daten ist zur Erfüllung einer rechtlichen Verpflichtung nach dem Unionsrecht oder dem Recht der Mitgliedstaaten erforderlich, dem der Verantwortliche unterliegt. Hat der Verantwortliche die personenbezogenen Daten öffentlich gemacht und ist er gemäß Abs. 1 zu deren Löschung verpflichtet, so trifft er unter Berücksichtigung der verfügbaren Technologie und der Implementierungskosten angemessene Maßnahmen, auch technischer Art, um für die Datenverarbeitung Verantwortliche, die die personenbezogenen Daten verarbeiten, darüber zu informieren, dass eine betroffene Person von ihnen die Löschung aller Links zu diesen personenbezogenen Daten oder von Kopien oder Replikationen dieser personenbezogenen Daten verlangt hat. Das Recht auf Löschung („Recht auf Vergessenwerden“) besteht nicht, soweit die Verarbeitung für einen der folgenden Punkte erforderlich ist: – zur Ausübung des Rechts auf freie Meinungsäußerung und Information; – zur Erfüllung einer rechtlichen Verpflichtung, die die Verarbeitung nach dem Recht der Union oder der Mitgliedstaaten, dem der Verantwortliche unterliegt, erfordert, oder zur Wahrnehmung einer Aufgabe, die im öffentlichen Interesse liegt oder in Ausübung öffentlicher Gewalt erfolgt, die dem Verantwortlichen übertragen wurde; – aus Gründen des öffentlichen Interesses im Bereich der öffentlichen Gesundheit gemäß Artikel 9 Abs. 2 lit. h) und i) sowie Artikel 9 Abs. 3 DSGVO; – für im öffentlichen Interesse liegende Archivzwecke, wissenschaftliche oder historische Forschungszwecke oder für statistische Zwecke gemäß Artikel 89 Abs. 1 DSGVO, soweit das in Abs. 1 genannte Recht voraussichtlich die Verwirklichung der Ziele dieser Verarbeitung unmöglich macht oder ernsthaft beeinträchtigt; – zur Geltendmachung, Ausübung oder Verteidigung von Rechtsansprüchen. 6. **Recht auf Einschränkung der Verarbeitung** Sie haben das Recht, von uns die Einschränkung der Verarbeitung ihrer personenbezogenen Daten zu verlangen, wenn eine der folgenden Voraussetzungen gegeben ist: a) die Richtigkeit der personenbezogenen Daten von der betroffenen Person bestritten wird, und zwar für eine Dauer die es dem Verantwortlichen ermöglicht, die Richtigkeit der personenbezogenen Daten zu überprüfen; b) die Verarbeitung unrechtmäßig ist und die betroffene Person die Löschung der personenbezogenen Daten ablehnt und stattdessen die Einschränkung der Nutzung der personenbezogenen Daten verlangt; c) der Verantwortliche die personenbezogenen Daten für die Zwecke der Verarbeitung nicht länger benötigt, die betroffene Person sie jedoch zur Geltendmachung, Ausübung oder Verteidigung von Rechtsansprüchen benötigt, oder d) die betroffene Person Widerspruch gegen die Verarbeitung gemäß Artikel 21 Abs. 1 DSGVO eingelegt hat, solange noch nicht feststeht, ob die berechtigten Gründe des Verantwortlichen gegenüber denen der betroffenen Person überwiegen. Wurde die Verarbeitung gemäß den oben genannten Voraussetzungen eingeschränkt, so werden diese personenbezogenen Daten – von ihrer Speicherung abgesehen – nur mit Einwilligung der betroffenen Person oder zur Geltendmachung, Ausübung oder Verteidigung von Rechtsansprüchen oder zum Schutz der Rechte einer anderen natürlichen oder juristischen Person oder aus Gründen eines wichtigen öffentlichen Interesses der Union oder eines Mitgliedstaats verarbeitet. 7. **Recht auf Datenübertragbarkeit** Sie haben das Recht, die Sie betreffenden personenbezogenen Daten, die Sie uns bereitgestellt haben, in einem strukturierten, gängigen und maschinenlesbaren Format zu erhalten, und Sie haben das Recht, diese Daten einem anderen Verantwortlichen ohne Behinderung durch den Verantwortlichen, dem die personenbezogenen Daten bereitgestellt wurden, zu übermitteln, sofern: 1. a) die Verarbeitung auf einer Einwilligung gemäß Artikel 6 Abs. 1 lit. a) oder Artikel 9 Abs. 2 lit. a) oder auf einem Vertrag gemäß Artikel 6 Abs. 1 lit. b) DSGVO beruht und 2. b) die Verarbeitung mithilfe automatisierter Verfahren erfolgt. Bei der Ausübung des Rechts auf Datenübertragbarkeit gemäß Abs. 1 haben Sie das Recht, zu erwirken, dass die personenbezogenen Daten direkt von einem Verantwortlichen zu einem anderen Verantwortlichen übermittelt werden, soweit dies technisch machbar ist. Die Ausübung des Rechts auf Datenübertragbarkeit lässt das Recht auf Löschung („Recht auf Vergessenwerden“) unberührt. Dieses Recht gilt nicht für eine Verarbeitung, die für die Wahrnehmung einer Aufgabe erforderlich ist, die im öffentlichen Interesse liegt oder in Ausübung öffentlicher Gewalt erfolgt, die dem Verantwortlichen übertragen wurde. 8. **Widerspruchsrecht** Sie haben das Recht, aus Gründen, die sich aus Ihrer besonderen Situation ergeben, jederzeit gegen die Verarbeitung Sie betreffender personenbezogener Daten, die aufgrund von Artikel 6 Abs. 1 lit. e) oder f) DSGVO erfolgt, Widerspruch einzulegen; dies gilt auch für ein auf diese Bestimmungen gestütztes Profiling. Der Verantwortliche verarbeitet die personenbezogenen Daten nicht mehr, es sei denn, er kann zwingende schutzwürdige Gründe für die Verarbeitung nachweisen, die die Interessen, Rechte und Freiheiten der betroffenen Person überwiegen, oder die Verarbeitung dient der Geltendmachung, Ausübung oder Verteidigung von Rechtsansprüchen. Werden personenbezogene Daten verarbeitet, um Direktwerbung zu betreiben, so haben Sie das Recht, jederzeit Widerspruch gegen die Verarbeitung der Sie betreffenden, personenbezogenen Daten zum Zwecke derartiger Werbung einzulegen; dies gilt auch für das Profiling, soweit es mit solcher Direktwerbung in Verbindung steht. Widersprechen Sie der Verarbeitung für Zwecke der Direktwerbung, so werden die personenbezogenen Daten nicht mehr für diese Zwecke verarbeitet. Im Zusammenhang mit der Nutzung von Diensten der Informationsgesellschaft könne Sie ungeachtet der Richtlinie 2002/58/EG Ihr Widerspruchsrecht mittels automatisierter Verfahren ausüben, bei denen technische Spezifikationen verwendet werden. Sie haben das Recht, aus Gründen, die sich aus Ihrer besonderen Situation ergeben, gegen die Sie betreffende Verarbeitung der Sie betreffenden, personenbezogenem Daten, die zu wissenschaftlichen oder historischen Forschungszwecken oder zu statistischen Zwecken gemäß Artikel 89 Abs. 1 erfolgt, Widerspruch einzulegen, es sei denn, die Verarbeitung ist zur Erfüllung einer im öffentlichen Interesse liegenden Aufgabe erforderlich Das Widerspruchsrecht können Sie jederzeit ausüben, indem Sie sich an den jeweiligen Verantwortlichen wenden. 9. **Recht auf Beschwerde bei einer Aufsichtsbehörde** Sie haben zudem, unbeschadet eines anderweitigen verwaltungsrechtlichen oder gerichtlichen Rechtsbehelfs, das Recht auf Beschwerde bei einer Aufsichtsbehörde, insbesondere in dem Mitgliedstaat ihres Aufenthaltsorts, ihres Arbeitsplatzes oder des Orts des mutmaßlichen Verstoßes, wenn die betroffene Person der Ansicht ist, dass die Verarbeitung der sie betreffenden personenbezogenen Daten gegen diese Verordnung verstößt. 10. **Recht auf wirksamen gerichtlichen Rechtsbehelf** Sie haben unbeschadet eines verfügbaren verwaltungsrechtlichen oder außergerichtlichen Rechtsbehelfs, einschließlich des Rechts auf Beschwerde bei einer Aufsichtsbehörde gemäß Artikel 77 DSGVO, das Recht auf einen wirksamen, gerichtlichen Rechtsbehelf, wenn Sie der Ansicht ist, dass die Ihnen aufgrund dieser Verordnung zustehenden Rechte, infolge einer nicht im Einklang mit dieser Verordnung stehenden Verarbeitung ihrer personenbezogenen Daten, verletzt wurden. **Kinder** Unser Angebot richtet sich grundsätzlich an Erwachsene. Personen unter 18 Jahren sollten ohne Zustimmung der Eltern oder Erziehungsberechtigten keine personenbezogenen Daten an uns übermitteln. **Datenschutzhinweise für Bewerberinnen und Bewerber** Wir freuen uns, dass Sie sich für uns interessieren und sich für eine Stelle in unserem Unternehmen bewerben oder beworben haben. Wir möchten Ihnen nachfolgend gerne Informationen zur Verarbeitung Ihrer personenbezogenen Daten im Zusammenhang mit der Bewerbung erteilen. *Welche Daten von Ihnen werden von uns verarbeitet? Und zu welchen Zwecken?* Wir verarbeiten die Daten, die Sie uns im Zusammenhang mit Ihrer Bewerbung zugesendet haben, um Ihre Eignung für die Stelle (oder ggf. andere offene Positionen in unserem Unternehmen) zu prüfen und das Bewerbungsverfahren durchzuführen. *Auf welcher rechtlichen Grundlage basiert das?* Rechtsgrundlage für die Verarbeitung Ihrer personenbezogenen Daten in diesem Bewerbungsverfahren ist Art. 6 Abs. 1 lit. b) DSGVO. Danach ist die Verarbeitung der Daten zulässig, sofern sie für die Erfüllung eines Vertrages oder zur Durchführung vorvertraglicher Maßnahmen erforderlich ist. Sollten die Daten nach Abschluss des Bewerbungsverfahrens ggf. zur Rechtsverfolgung erforderlich sein, kann eine Datenverarbeitung auf Basis der Voraussetzungen von Art. 6 DSGVO, insbesondere zur Wahrnehmung von berechtigten Interessen nach Art. 6 Abs. 1 lit. f) DSGVO erfolgen. Unser Interesse besteht dann in der Geltendmachung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen. *Wie lange werden die Daten gespeichert?* Daten von Bewerberinnen und Bewerbern werden im Falle einer Absage nach 6 Monaten gelöscht. Für den Fall, dass Sie einer weiteren Speicherung Ihrer personenbezogenen Daten zugestimmt haben, werden wir Ihre Daten in unseren Bewerber-Pool übernehmen. Dort werden die Daten nach Ablauf von zwei Jahren gelöscht. Sollten Sie im Rahmen des Bewerbungsverfahrens den Zuschlag für eine Stelle erhalten haben, werden die Daten aus dem Bewerberdatensystem in unser Personalinformationssystem überführt. *An welche Empfänger werden die Daten weitergegeben?* Wir nutzen für den Bewerbungsprozess einen spezialisierten Software-Anbieter. Dieser wird als Dienstleister für uns tätig und kann im Zusammenhang mit der Wartung und Pflege der Systeme ggf. auch Kenntnis von Ihren personenbezogenen Daten erhalten. Wir haben mit diesem Anbieter einen sog. Auftragsverarbeitungsvertrag abgeschlossen, der sicherstellt, dass die Datenverarbeitung in zulässiger Weise erfolgt. Ihre Bewerberdaten werden nach Eingang Ihrer Bewerbung von der Personalabteilung gesichtet. Geeignete Bewerbungen werden dann intern an die Abteilungsverantwortlichen für die jeweils offene Position weitergeleitet. Dann wird der weitere Ablauf abgestimmt. Im Unternehmen haben grundsätzlich nur die Personen Zugriff auf Ihre Daten, die dies für den ordnungsgemäßen Ablauf unseres Bewerbungsverfahrens benötigen. *Wo werden die Daten verarbeitet?* Die Daten werden ausschließlich in Rechenzentren der Bundesrepublik Deutschland verarbeitet. **Rechtswirksamkeit** Sofern Teile oder einzelne Formulierungen dieses Textes der geltenden Rechtslage nicht, nicht mehr oder nicht vollständig entsprechen sollten, bleiben die übrigen Teile des Dokumentes in ihrem Inhalt und ihrer Gültigkeit davon unberührt. --- ### [Frequently asked questions](https://www.el-cell.com/faq/) **Published:** January 8, 2021 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Find answers to EL-CELL FAQs on ordering, test cells, lithium disposal, and tools like ECC-LiPunch—quick guidance for your lab needs. **Content:** # Frequently asked questions ## General #### [Ordering](#1609926222355-ef10ca31-e8fe) ### Can I order directly from EL-CELL, or do I need to contact a distributor? We generally offer our products and services worldwide, either directly or through one of our distributors. In any case, you can send your order by e-mail to or use our [contact form](https://el-cell.com/contact/#contact). We will contact you or forward your request to the respective distributor in your area. You can also order via our [webshop](https://shop.el-cell.com/), which offers consumables and spare parts. If a distributor is responsible for your country, you can send them a request via the webshop. ### What means of payment do you offer? We offer payment by credit card (MasterCard and VISA), paypal or bank transfer. ### I would like to pay by credit card from outside the EU. What do I need to consider? You can use MasterCard or VISA for payment. Please make sure that your card is enabled for EURO as currency and that the invoice amount does not exceed the limit of your card. #### [Product Support](#1609926222368-fe9ab24f-935d) ### How can I report a technical problem with one of your devices? If you have a technical problem or a question about the use of one of our products, please do not hesitate to [contact us](https://el-cell.com/contact/#contact). Our experienced electrochemists will be happy to help you with any application questions. In order to help you quickly in case of a defect, just send us a detailed description of your problem, and if possible, pictures of the defective parts. We will get back to you with a solution as soon as possible. The necessary steps to return a product are listed [here](https://el-cell.com/support/technical-support/). ## Products #### [General](#1610109702167-b3675366-81ba) ### Can I borrow your potentiostats for testing? Yes, a rental of our PAT-Tester-i-16 or PAT-Tester-x-8 potentiostats is possible on request, just [contact us](https://el-cell.com/contact/#contact) and we will provide you with further details. In addition, we offer to demonstrate our other products at your site or in our battery laboratory in Hamburg at any time. ### What do the abbreviations PAT, ECC and ECD stand for? We offer different product series, each of which can be identified by the abbreviation in its name: **PAT** stands for **PA**rallel **T**esting and identifies our innovative, cableless [cell concept](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview/), which is particularly suitable for high throughput testing due to its easy handling. In addition to cells, the PAT series also includes the corresponding [docking stations](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/) and [potentiostats](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/). **ECC** means **E**lectro**c**hemical **C**ell and is used for our [optical cells](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/) and other cell designs like the [ECC-Ref](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/ecc-ref/), which are connected directly to battery testers and potentiostats by cable. **ECD** stands for **E**lectro**c**hemical **D**ilatometers and characterizes all special [cells](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/) that can measure the expansion of the electrodes in the nanometer range. #### [PAT-Series](#1610116462031-fffcca1c-6fd3) ### How can I identify whether my PAT-Cell is suitable for use with metal seals? The compatible cell lid for metal seals (Item name: Screw cap insulated (PAT)) can be recognized by two features. It has two holes on the top and a white or black inset made of PPS in the lid, which serves as insulation. As the two holes can also be found on older cell lids without insulation, you should always check whether the inset is present. Non-compatible cell lids have no inset at all. [![How to recognize the insulated screw cap for the PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D_800x533.png "EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D_800x533.png) ### Can I connect PAT-Cells respectively the PAT docking stations to any battery tester or potentiostat? Yes, our PAT series test cells can be operated on any common battery tester or potentiostat using a PAT docking station. Most docking stations are connected via conventional 4 mm banana plugs. The PAT-Stand-16 and PAT-Chamber-16 are offered with fixed open-ended cables. Cell cables with custom connectors to connect these units to a specific battery tester are available on request at extra cost. ### What is the spring force applied to the cell stack inside a PAT-Cell? The force applied to the cell stack of the PAT-Cell is mainly determined by the disc spring attached to the lid. This force is 40 N +-5N, provided the upper electrode is between 0 and 0.8 mm thick. The electrode thickness has no significant influence on the force within this range. This information is valid for all test cells that use the PAT-Core, except for test cells with variable force adjustment (PAT-Cell-Force). ### Can I use the PAT-Cells for experiments with aqueous electrolyte? Yes, this is possible. The cell bases of all current cells of the PAT series, except the PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref, are made of corrosion-resistant steel (1.4404) and are therefore generally suitable for use with aqueous electrolytes. Please note that this applies to the PAT-Cell only for models manufactured from September 2019 (revision no.4) and PAT-Cell-Press manufactured from June 2019 (revision no. 3). #### [PAT-Core](#1611647047967-349f5a88-ee5b) ### My lithium reference rings ( ECC1-00-0182-O/X) show discolourations or turned purple. Does that affect the measurement? **The rings are most probably fine and fit for purpose.** The purple colour is caused by a layer of Lithiumnitride (Li3N) on the ring’s surface. This is a reaction product of the metallic Lithium with atmospheric Nitrogen. Even if you operate in an Argon-filled glovebox, several hundred ppm of N2 in the Glovebox atmosphere is common, unless you operate a Nitrogen scrubber. Thus, a discolouration of the rings is nearly inevitable. The Li3N **does not impede the cell chemistry** in any way and **has no influence on the reference potential**. We tested reference rings with varying degrees of discolourations and couldn’t find any derivation from freshly made, silver Li rings (see photos). [![Discolored lithium reference ring. Functionality is not impaired.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/IMG_0073-225x300.jpg "IMG_0073 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/IMG_0073.jpg)[![Discolored lithium reference ring. Functionality is not impaired.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/IMG_0074-225x300.jpg "IMG_0074 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/IMG_0074.jpg)[![Discolored lithium reference ring. Functionality is not impaired.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/IMG_0075-225x300.jpg "IMG_0075 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/IMG_0075.jpg) ### My sodium reference rings show discolourations. Does that affect the measurement? The reference rings work even when the coverage with sodium metal is not 100 % (See image). **Discolourations and uneven coating** as seen in the images **do not impede functionality and precision of the Na-reference**. [![Discoloured Na reference ring](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/NA-Reference_ring_01-225x300.webp "NA-Reference_ring_01 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/NA-Reference_ring_01.webp)[![Discoloured Na reference ring](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/NA-Reference_ring_04-225x300.webp "NA-Reference_ring_04 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/NA-Reference_ring_04.webp)[![Discoloured Na reference ring](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/NA-Reference_ring_02-225x300.webp "NA-Reference_ring_02 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/NA-Reference_ring_02.webp)[](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/NA-Reference_ring_04.webp) ### How much electrolyte should be used in a cell? Keep the cell “thirsty”. Just add the amount of electrolyte required to fully soak the porous components of the electrode stack – separator and electrodes, not much more. 100 µl is a good starting point and will work well with most LiB configurations. A large excess of electrolyte may cause contamination of the cell bottom and the reference pin. As a consequence, the reed contact of the insulation sleeve may lose contact, which in turn may result in scatter of the half cell voltages VxR. ### Which separator to use? We consider glass fiber Whatman (GF/A 260 µm thick) as best for general purpose use because of its superior wettability. Next best is the 2-layer-separator FS-5P made of a PP fiber layer (180 µm) and a highly porous UHMW-PE microporous membrane (40 µm). The FS-5P separator is glass-free, but only second-best in terms of wettability, reproducibility and impedance artefacts. Technical polyolefine (Celgard-like) separators are possible, but often show wettability issues. Don’t use them for single-electrode impedance measurements. ### Mesh type reference, which separator? Mesh type reference electrodes should only be used with glass fiber separators. We have good experience with Whatman GF/A 260 µm thick. Celgard type separators are not working well. Gas bubbles easily get enclosed between the two separator layers especially along the mesh and cause artefacts due to current inhomogeneities. ### Re-use (PEEK) variant of insulation sleeve: Can the standard reed contacts be re-used? Yes, possible. However, best results with new reed contacts. If re-using: Clean with detergent wash, rinse with water, dry with compressed air, don’t touch the contact area at the reed contact, don’t bend too much. A little ultrasonic cleaning may help, but be cautious. We have seen the polyimide coating peeling off in case of excessive ultrasonic treatment. ### Is it possible to use insulation sleeves in aqueous media? Both the single-use variant (made of PP) and the re-use variant (PEEK) of the insulation sleeve can be used with many aqueous electrolytes. Just make sure that all components – sleeve, reed contact and separator – are compatible with the used electrolyte. The least problems are with neutral and alkaline electrolytes (such as KOH), while strongly acidic electrolytes (such as H2SO4) are often not compatible. **Separators:** Glass fiber (such as Whatman GF/A) or polypropylene fiber separator (such as Freudenberg FS2226) is compatible with many aqueous electrolytes. Note that the two-layer FS5P separator does not work because of the PE membrane layer; it cannot be wetted with aqueous electrolytes. For the same reason, Celgard-like separators do not work. **Reference material:** In most neutral electrolytes, activated carbon (either free-standing or coated on stainless steel 1.4404) works well as a pseudo reference material. Activated carbon is known to corrode in strongly alkaline electrolytes (such as potassium hydroxide) and so cannot be used here. ### What is the right plunger height? The proper plunger size depends on the thickness and compressibility of the lower electrode and the built-in separator. The size is given as a number at the bottom of the lower plunger. The thicker the lower electrode and the separator are, the larger the number must be. For calculation, please use our [plunger size calculator](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator/). We offer plunger sizes only in steps of 50 µm. We have found that in-between sizes do not systematically improve behaviour. The right plunger size is especially important for single electrode impedance measurements, while it is much less critical for full cell impedance measurements and constant current cycling. It is generally acceptable to be +-50 µm off the calculated value even for single-electrode impedance measurements. We have visualized the different scenarios in a [video](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator/#video). ### How thick may the upper electrode be? The upper electrode can be operated with a standard upper plunger up to a thickness of 800 micrometres. For thicknesses above this, the upper plunger must be adapted. [Contact us](https://el-cell.com/contact/#contact) for a customised solution in this case. ### Single electrode impedance measurements – How to minimize artefacts? Single electrode EIS measurements are especially prone to artefacts due to current inhomogeneities inside the electrode stack and imperfect placement of the reference electrode. Such artefacts cannot be completely eliminated, but can be minimized by the following measures. - Use insulation sleeves with thick (260 µm) glass fiber separator (rather than separators with only some 10 µm thickness) - Use two additional 18 mm glass fiber separators, one below and the second above the built-in separator. - Use the proper lower plunger size. - Observe the different quality of the two half-cell impedances. The larger of the two impedances is relatively less distorted. Note that the ratio Z1/Z2 is a function of both SOC and frequency. ### Disposal of lithium rings / insulation sleeves with lithium ring The Li metal ring is actually a stainless steel ring coated with about 1 mg of lithium metal. Just 1 mg. After use, the ring (or the sleeve with built-in ring) can just be disposed of in a beaker and allowed to react in the ambient air. **Standard test cells** #### [PAT-Cell](#1611648387720-1f823778-ad92) ### How can i minimize excessive noise in half cell voltages? Excessive noise in the half cell voltages VxR is due to sometimes poor contact between the short pin in the cell base of the PAT-Cell and the contact pad at the reed contact of the insulation sleeve. To minimize this problem - Don’t touch the two contact points with your fingers/gloves during cell assembly - Don’t use too much electrolyte. 100 µl is enough in most cases. - If dirty, gently clean the short pin inside the cell base, e.g., with a Dremel rotary tool with brass brushes at lowest speed. Clean further with cotton swabs and acetone. - It is best to use a new reed contact for each test. If reusing, clean them carefully beforehand. **Caution:** The pin inside the cell base is plated with nickel. Don’t use abrasive tools as this can damage the nickel plating **Gas analysis test cells** #### [PAT-Cell-Press](#1610099190679-a8e126a7-3740) ### Which cell is right? PAT-Cell-Press or PAT-Cell-Gas? PAT-Cell-PressPAT-Cell-Gas (P, S, SP) **Cell is dedicated to:**The quantitative (cumulative) measurement of the gas evolved / consumed during the electrochemical cycle by measurement of the gas pressureTime resolved analysis of the gas evolved / consumed during the electrochemical cycle in combination with a mass spectrometer and controlled gas supply **Preferred operation mode:**Pressurized cell without gas flowFlow-through with gas analysis at outlet and mass flow controller at the inlet **Plug flow:** not availableAlmost perfect when using the lower plunger with flow field; significant back-mixing when using the lower plunger with perforated plate **Applicable to:**• Aprotic chemistries such as Li-ion, Li-air, super cap • Some aqueous chemistries may work, but compatibility must be checked by the user • Aprotic chemistries such as Li-ion, Li-air, super cap • Some aqueous chemistries may work, but compatibility must be checked by the user **Upper electrode:**Any compatible electrode, either self-standing or with metal foil current collector; standard upper plunger or perforated upper plunger Any compatible electrode; often Li metal or LFP are used here as a Li ion source; preferably there is no gas evolution or consumption at this electrode **Lower electrode:**Any compatible electrode, either self-standing or with metal foil current collector; standard lower plunger or perforated lower plungerThe lower electrode is seated on a plunger with flow field and must therefore be gas permeable, either self-standing or on current collector mesh. The gas evolution / consumption at the lower electrode is subject of the measurement. ### Do you always need a PAT-Press-Box to operate the PAT-Cell-Press? The PAT-Press-Box reads and records the analogue pressure signal from a PAT-series test cell. It is only required for older test cells fitted with an analogue pressure sensor. Cells with a digital sensor (e.g. PAT-Cell-Press II) do not require a PAT-Press-Box. Furthermore, these docking stations feature their own data loggers for analogue pressure signals, which render the PAT Press Box redundant. - [PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16/) - [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) - [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) The PAT-Press-Box is required if using a PAT-Cell with analogue sensor in combination with the following docking stations: - [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1/) - [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) - [PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4/) - [PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) - #### [PAT-Cell-Gas](#1610099190768-acddf09d-bfb4) ### Can the PAT-Cell-Gas be operated with a PAT battery tester? Yes, this is the easiest way to operate the cell. Simply plug the test cell into a PAT-Channel of the PAT-Tester-x and connect the gas in- and outlet. The PAT-Channel can be placed inside a temperature chamber at 0 to +40°C. For more extreme temperatures, the test cell can be plugged into the PAT-Stand-1 which is connected by a cable to a PAT-Channel outside the temperature chamber. Note that the PAT-Cell-Gas only fits into the PAT-Tester-i-16 when disconnected from gas supply. ### Can the PAT-Cell-Gas be operated with a third-party potentiostat? Yes, plug the test cell into the PAT-Stand-1 and connect the stand to the cell cable of your potentiostat. For reading the pressure signal (only PAT-Cell-Gas variants P and SP), the PAT-Press-Box is required. Insert the PAT-Press-Box between PAT-Stand-1 and potentiostat or battery tester. ### Which cell is right? PAT-Cell-Press or PAT-Cell-Gas? PAT-Cell-PressPAT-Cell-Gas (P, S, SP) **Cell is dedicated to:**The quantitative (cumulative) measurement of the gas evolved / consumed during the electrochemical cycle by measurement of the gas pressureTime resolved analysis of the gas evolved / consumed during the electrochemical cycle in combination with a mass spectrometer and controlled gas supply **Preferred operation mode:**Pressurized cell without gas flowFlow-through with gas analysis at outlet and mass flow controller at the inlet **Plug flow:** not availableAlmost perfect when using the lower plunger with flow field; significant back-mixing when using the lower plunger with perforated plate **Applicable to:**• Aprotic chemistries such as Li-ion, Li-air, super cap • Some aqueous chemistries may work, but compatibility must be checked by the user • Aprotic chemistries such as Li-ion, Li-air, super cap • Some aqueous chemistries may work, but compatibility must be checked by the user **Upper electrode:**Any compatible electrode, either self-standing or with metal foil current collector; standard upper plunger or perforated upper plunger Any compatible electrode; often Li metal or LFP are used here as a Li ion source; preferably there is no gas evolution or consumption at this electrode **Lower electrode:**Any compatible electrode, either self-standing or with metal foil current collector; standard lower plunger or perforated lower plungerThe lower electrode is seated on a plunger with flow field and must therefore be gas permeable, either self-standing or on current collector mesh. The gas evolution / consumption at the lower electrode is subject of the measurement. ### How do i set up the PAT-Core for gas analysis measurements in the PAT-Cell-Gas? The configuration of the PAT-Core for gas analysis is identical to the common setup in the PAT-Cell, with two exceptions: - For the lower plunger, use the version with flow field or with perforated plate, depending on your test case. - Use an electrode that is supported by a gas permeable current collector as lower electrode. This permeable current collector can be a mesh or expanded metal. In the manual, we refer to this electrode as “gas diffusion electrode”. With the permeable current collector, gases generated at the electrodes can be carried out of the cell along the spiral flow field with the carrier gas supplied from outside. The term “gas diffusion electrode” is intended only to express that the lower electrode must be somewhat permeable to gas. It must not have a foil-like current collector that is impermeable to gas. Note that gases formed at the upper electrode will also enter the gas stream to some extent. It may therefore be useful to use LFP as the upper electrode instead of lithium metal, for example. ### Can the PAT-Cell-Gas used with other than standard LiB electrolytes? Yes, provided that the used electrolyte is compatible with all cell parts that can get in contact with the electrolyte. We guarantee compatibility with all common aprotic battery chemistries/electrolytes. For all other battery chemistries/electrolytes, the user must find out for himself whether the components installed in the PAT-Cell are compatible. We can only provide some general guidance. - For the PAT-Cell-Gas, current collectors and other metallic components are made of stainless steel 1.4404 (316L). Stainless steel 1.4404 is stable in many neutral and alkaline electrolytes. It is however unstable in strongly acidic electrolytes such as sulfuric acid, and in the presence of halogenides such as NaCl. **Optical test cells** #### [ECC-Opto-Std / ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu](#1609945889485-e7ff576f-c648) ### Can I use the provided borosilicate glass window with any lithium battery electrodes? Borosilicate glass is a good choice for all common cathode materials and also lithium titanate as the working electrode. However, some anode material such as lithium metal and lithiated graphite may react with the glass window forming greyish spots of elemental silicon on the glass surface. We therefore recommend using sapphire (Al2O3) windows with anode materials. ### What is the difference between the ECC-Opto-Std and ECC-Opto-Aqu? The basic difference is that for the ECC-Opto-AQU gold and PEEK are used for the parts coming into contact with the electrolyte. Gold is stable in most aqueous electrolytes (an important exception are solutions containing chloride), but is sometimes not stable in aprotic electrolytes (gold may form alloys with Li when used as a current collector for the negative electrode in Li+ containing solutions). We have also seen gold corroding in aprotic surpercapacitor electrolytes, R4NBF4 in MeCN, when used as the positive current collector. Please note that the PEEK polymer used in both cells for the cell body has some stability limits. PEEK is not recommended for aqueous H2SO4 at concentrations >50% (as PEEK is getting sulfonated) and concentrated HNO3. In general, using one and the same cell for both aqueous and aprotic electrolytes may cause trouble because of cross contamination, especially from the aqueous towards the aprotic systems. **Electrochemical dilatometer** #### [ECD-3 / ECD-3-nano](#1609939593927-9d1755b3-1d1f) ### What are the differences between the built-in sensors of the ECD-3 and ECD-3-nano? The sensors of ECD-3 and ECD-3-nano are both able to detect very small expansions of the electrodes. The main difference between the two devices lies in the detection resolution. The ECD-3 uses an LVDT sensor with a resolution of 50 nanometers with a maximum displacement range of 500 μm. The ECD-3-nano uses a capacitive sensor system with a resolution of 5 nanometers and a maximum displacement range of 250 μm. ### How can I clean the T-Frit? How much does a stained T-frit affect future results? The frit is made of borosilicate 3.3 glass (Duran®) and so can be cleaned with any agents lab glass is compatible with, including e.g. hot aqueous HNO3. According to our experience, the staining of the T-frit does not affect electrochemical results. ### Why is it possible to measure displacement values below zero? The dilatometer does only measure the displacement (=change in thickness), but not the total thickness. The initial displacement reading is arbitrary and can be changed by just turning the micrometer screw at the sensor head. In practice, you turn the micrometer screw so that the initial reading is in the range of zero +/- 20 µm. After the measurement, for convenience, you substract some offset value, so as to set the displacement value exactly to zero at that point in time, where you have started the electrochemical cycle. **Potentiostats** #### [PAT-Tester-i-16](#1609944544967-3b0d4b52-a436) ### Can the PAT-Tester-i-16 also be used to test other cell formats that do not belong to the PAT series? The PAT-Tester-i-16 supports other battery test cells and is not just limited to the PAT series test cells. These are connected via an adapter plugged into the PAT socket. Currently, both 2- and 3-electrode coin cells can be connected via [Coin-to-PAT-Adapter](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/coin-to-pat-adapter/) and [3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/3e-coin-pat-adapter). For other cell formats like small pouch cells or T-cells cells, we offer the [Uni-to-PAT-Adapter](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/uni-to-pat-adapter/) and the [Cable-to-PAT-Adapter](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/cable-to-pat-adapter/). #### [PAT-Tester-x-8](#1609944545029-db6f3b68-d02c) ### Can test cells other than PAT-Cells be connected to the PAT-Tester-x? The PAT-Tester-x can be used with test cells of the PAT series as well as with other test cells from EL-Cell or other manufacturers. These are connected to the Sub-D connector of the PAT channel via a special cell cable. ### Can the PAT-Tester-x be used to cycle test cells directly in the glovebox? Yes, it is possible to run PAT-Channels directly in the glove box without any problems. We recommend to place the PAT-Controller-8 outside the glove box. We offer a USB-feedthrough to lead the cables into the glovebox and connect the PAT-Channels. [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/PAT-Tester-x-8-_Feedthrough_Schematics-300x258.png "PAT-Tester-x-8-_Feedthrough_Schematics | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/PAT-Tester-x-8-_Feedthrough_Schematics.png) **Tools** #### [EL-Cut](#1610027565289-bdcd1d6b-0998) ### Can you change the cutting tools of the EL-Cut? No. The cutter of the EL-Cut must be precisely adjusted at the factory in order to achieve its high-precision cutting results. It is therefore permanently installed in the housing and cannot be changed. #### [ECC-LiPunch](#1696842998524-f6562300-1ecc) ### Can I use the ECC-LiPunch to punch lithium disks that are on a carrier material, such as copper? No, the ECC-LiPunch is only suited for punching disks of pure lithium without a carrier material. ## Do you have a question? Your comment Your email-address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Loading... --- ### [Gas analysis test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/) **Published:** January 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Explore EL-CELL gas analysis test cells for in-situ gas evolution studies—PAT-Cell and ECC solutions for batteries and gas diffusion electrodes. **Content:** Gas Analysis Test Cells Analyse gas evolution and diffusion with different aprotic electrolytes. ![]( "PageHeader_PAT-Cell-Press_gross") ![]( "PageHeader_PAT-Cell-Press_klein") ![]() # Gas analysis test cells Analyse gas evolution with different aprotic electrolytes. ## Explore our Gas Analysis Test Cells [![PAT-Cell-Press II S battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Press_II_S_badge_new_250.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) ## [PAT-Cell-Press](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) Leak-proof test cell for measuring gas evolution. - PAT-Core design with or without reference electrode - Laser welded pressure sensor, 0 to 3 bar abs. - Electrode feedthroughs with glass-to-metal seals [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) [![PAT-Cell-Gas battery test cell for gas analysis](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_SP_badge_new_250.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) ## [PAT-Cell-Gas](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) PAT-Cell for in-situ gas analysis in a flow-through set-up - PAT series test cell with gas inlet and outlet - Lower plungers with perforated plate and with spiral-shaped flow field for optimized plug-flow available. - Optional laser-welded pressure sensor, 0 to 3 bar abs. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ECC-DEMS_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-dems) ## [ECC-DEMS](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-dems/) The ECC-DEMS is dedicated to the in-situ gas analysis in aprotic Li-air and conventional Li-ion systems. - Time-resolved gas analysis - Reliable low leakage sealing with PE washer - Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-dems) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ECC-Air_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air/) ## [ECC-Air](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air/) Test cell for the electrochemical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in aprotic electrolytes - Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components - Small and defined electrolyte volume down to 0.05 cm3 - Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ECC-Air-Ni_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air-ni) ## [ECC-Air-Ni](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air-ni) Test cell for electrochemical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in aqueous electrolytes - Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components - Materials in media contact are nickel and PEEK - Upper electrode is contacted by and breathes through a perforated plate (current collector) made of nickel [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air-ni) --- ### [PAT Battery Test Cells](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-test-cells/) **Published:** May 10, 2019 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Discover PAT battery test cells for long-term, high-throughput Li-ion testing—cableless designs with force, gas, dilation, and optical analysis options. **Content:** # PAT Battery Test Cells Test cells of the PAT series are available in multiple cell design. All PAT-Cells are designed for long-term measurements with three electrodes. ![]( "PH_EcTestCells_PatCellPress") ![]( "PH_EcTestCells_PatCell") ![]() # PAT Batttery Test Cells The PAT series test cells are available in multiple-cell designs. All PAT cells are designed for long-term measurements with three electrodes. ## Our Product Range [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) Cableless test cell for high-throughput testing of Li-ion battery materials using the innovative [PAT-Core concept](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept). - Ability for conducting long-term half cell measurements with three electrodes - No need for cleaning or drying cell components due to single-use concept - Superior corrosion resistance for next-generation battery chemistries - Reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) [![PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Solid_badge_New_250.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) ## [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) Advanced Battery test cell for solid-state cell chemistries. Measure with an applied pressure of up to 300 MPa at 6 mm diameter! - Force adjustment and measurement, up to 9000 Newton - For Testing of Solid-State Batteries - Built-in temperature, force and gas pressure sensors [Product details](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) [![ECD-4-nano product image](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/ECD-4-nano_badge_new_250.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) ## [ECD-4-nano](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) Advanced Electrochemical Dilatometer for the measurement of electrode expansion with nanometer resolution. - Capacitive displacement sensor (range 250 μm, resolution better than 5 nm) - Additional gas pressure (0 to 3 bar) and temperature sensor (-20 to 80° C) - Cableless connection via PAT socket, with electronic cell tag (PAT-Button) [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) [![PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PAT-Cell-Force_250_02.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force) ## [PAT-Cell-Force](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force) Operando test cell for investigating battery materials under defined force, temperature and gas pressure - Force adjustment and measurement, up to 1500 Newton - Built-in temperature, force and gas pressure sensors - Cableless connection via PAT socket, with electronic cell tag (PAT-Button) [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force) [![PAT-Cell-Press II S battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Press_II_S_badge_new_250.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) ## [PAT-Cell-Press II](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) Leakproof test cell for measuring gas evolution. - PAT-Core design with or without reference electrode - Sample port and Gas pressure sensor, 0 to 3 bar abs. - Temperature sensor [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) [![PAT-Cell-Gas battery test cell for gas analysis](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Gas-II_SP_badge_new_250.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) ## [PAT-Cell-Gas II](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) PAT-Cell for in-situ gas analysis in a flow-through set-up - PAT series test cell with gas inlet and outlet - Lower plungers with perforated plate and with spiral-shaped flow field for optimized plug-flow available. - Optional laser-welded pressure sensor, 0 to 3 bar abs. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Cell-HT.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht) ## [PAT-Cell-HT](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht) Heat resistant PAT series test cell for up to 200°C - Continuous operating temperature: up to 200°C - Superior corrosion resistance for next-gen battery chemistries - Compatible with solid state electrolyte membranes [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10/) ## [PAT-Cell-Opto-10](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10/) Advanced PAT series test cell for operando characterization of electrodes using optical methods such as light microscopy or Raman spectroscopy in reflection mode. - High cycling stability due to improved sealing concept - Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis - Dedicated sample holders for different electrode arrangements available - Cableless cell connection via PAT socket [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10//) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Products_PAT-Cell-TwinRef_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-twin-ref) ## [PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-twin-ref) Specialized PAT-Cell for testing simultaneously with two reference electrodes. - Ability for conducting long-term half cell measurements with two reference electrodes - No need for cleaning or drying cell components due to single-use concept [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-twin-ref) --- ### [Customized devices](https://www.el-cell.com/products/customized-devices/) **Published:** January 9, 2018 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Custom lithium-ion battery test cells and docking stations built to your specs—flexible signal routing, optical characterization, and more. **Content:** Customized Devices We can customize our devices according to your individual purpose and even create new solutions for specific experiments. Just ask! ![]( "PageHeader_docking_stations_klein") ![]() # Customized devices Our main focus is on lithium-ion batteries, but we also design test cells for other energy storage technologies. We can customize our devices und tools according to your individual purpose and even create new solutions for specific experiments. Just ask! #### All products shown below have been built or adapted according to specific customer requirements. [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Products_PAT-Stand-1-U.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u) ## [PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u) Single channel docking station with flexible signal assignment for specialized PAT-Cells. - Docking station for use with a single PAT-Cell-TwinRef. - May be used to connect with any other PAT series test cell. All signals of the respective test cell are available through banana sockets at the front panel. - Compatible with any potentiostat or battery tester. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Products_PAT-Cell-TwinRef.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-twin-ref) ## [PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-twin-ref) Specialized PAT-Cell for testing simultaneously with two reference electrodes. - Ability for conducting long-term half cell measurements with two reference electrodes - No need for cleaning or drying cell components due to single-use concept [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-twin-ref) [![PAT-Cell-Gas-HT](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_250_02.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/customized-devices/pat-cell-gas-ht/) ## [PAT-Cell-Gas-HT](https://www.el-cell.com/products/customized-devices/pat-cell-gas-ht/) Battery test cell for heating the cell stack up to 400°C and analyzing the gases produced. - Bypass system for injection of the reaction gases into the carrier gas - Full temperature control via EL-Software with definable heating rates and ramps - Gas inlet and outlet, gas sample port, and pressure sensor [Product details](https://www.el-cell.com/products/customized-devices/pat-cell-gas-ht/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Pageheader_Produktdetail_ECC-Opto-Gas.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) ## [ECC-Opto-Gas](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) Test cell for optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in metal-air batteries. - In-situ test cell for the optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) in aprotic organic electrolytes. - Minimized dimensions suitable for light and Raman microscopes working in the reflective mode [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ECC-Opto-SBS_Gabelseite.png) ## ECC-Opto-SBS Test cell for optical characterization in the reflective mode – with side-by-side arrangement of electrodes. - Side-by-side (“face up”) arrangement of working and counter electrode - Both electrodes simultaneously seen through a sapphire window - Precisely adjustable distance of electrolyte gap between electrode edges --- ### [PAT-Cell-Gas-HT](https://www.el-cell.com/products/customized-devices/pat-cell-gas-ht/) **Published:** July 14, 2025 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** [Data Sheet (PDF) ](https://www.el-cell.com/download/12454/?tmstv=1753772535)## PAT-Tester-i-16: # PAT-Cell-Gas-HT ## Battery Test Cell for Heating the Cell Stack to 400°C and Analyzing the Produced Reaction Gases Request a quote Gas Flow System Gallery## Heatable Cell Stack (PAT-Core) ## 400 °C [Data Sheet (PDF) ](https://www.el-cell.com/download/12454/?tmstv=1753772535)## PAT-Tester-i-16: ## Gas Inlet # PAT-Cell-Gas-HT ## Battery Test Cell for Heating the Cell Stack to 400°C and Analyzing the Produced Reaction Gases ## Gas Outlet Request a quote Gas Flow System Gallery [Data Sheet (PDF) ](https://www.el-cell.com/download/12454/?tmstv=1753772535)## PAT-Tester-i-16: # PAT-Cell-Gas-HT ## Battery Test Cell for Heating the Cell Stack to 400°C and Analyzing the Produced Reaction Gases Request a quote Gas Flow System Gallery## Gas Sample Port ![]( "PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_glas_500x387") ![]( "pageheader_product_2025_grau_03") ![PAT-Cell-Gas-HT]( "PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_500x387") ![]( "PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_glas_heat_500x387_03") ![]( "Heat-Skala_500x387") ![]( "PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_gas-in-outlet_500x387") ![]( "PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_sample-port_500x387") [Request a Quote](#contact-form) [Gas Flow System](#gas-flow) # **PAT-Cell-Gas-HT** ##### Battery test cell for heating the cell stack to 400°C and analyzing the produced reaction gases ![PAT-Cell-Gas-HT electrochemical battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_badge_new_440.webp) [Product overview](#overview)[Gas Flow By-Pass System](#gas-flow) [Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/12454/) [Request a quote](#quotation) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1489062909131-a1265899-d246) - [Features](#1489063751488-7e04ce58-141d) - [Specifications](#1753437455996-73bf8b7b-af2a) #### [Product description](#1489062909131-a1265899-d246) The PAT-Cell-Gas-HT is an in-situ battery test cell designed to simulate thermal runaway by heating the cell stack to temperatures up to 400° Celsius while simultaneously analyzing the reaction gases produced. The cell base is thermally decoupled from the measurement electronics, and the heating element is positioned directly beneath the cell stack. Temperature control is managed through [EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/), allowing for easy script-controlled temperature changes and ramps. The reaction gases generated are channeled from the cell base to the carrier gas system and mixed via a bypass/Laval nozzle. This setup ensures that the carrier gas does not come into contact with the cell stack, thereby preventing the cells from drying out. The carrier gas system connects to the cell using Swagelok quick-connect fittings. Additionally, there is a closable septum port for sampling and injecting reactants into the cell base. The cell stack inside the PAT-Cell-Gas-HT is built using the PAT-HT-Core, a customized variant of the modular [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) system. A reusable ceramic insulation sleeve is used here for operation at 400°C. The stainless steel plungers have also been modified to facilitate disassembly for post-mortem analysis of the cell components. These components are fully compatible with other PAT-series test cells. ![PAT-Cell-Gas-HT Sectorial View](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Gas_HT_sectional_view.webp) #### [Features](#1489063751488-7e04ce58-141d) ### Features PAT-Cell design with heatable cell stack up to max. 400°C Compatible with the PAT-Core system, uses reusable ceramic insulation sleeves for operation at high temperatures Fast and even heating, full temperature control via EL-Software with definable heating rates and ramps. Connection for carrier gas system via Swagelok quick couplings Variant with gas pressure sensor, 0 to 30 bar abs. Bypass system for injection of the reaction gases into the carrier gas. No electrolytic drag or drying out of the cell. Sealable septum port for sampling and injecting reactants into the cell interior Electronic cell tag (PAT-Button) for automatic cell identification #### [Specifications](#1753437455996-73bf8b7b-af2a) ### Specifications [![Measurements of the PAT-cell-Gas-HT battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_Measurements.webp "PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_Measurements | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_Measurements.webp) Length 84 mm Width 98 mm Height 138 mm Electrode diameter 18 mm [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## The PAT-Cell-Gas-HT The PAT-Cell-Gas-HT is an in-situ battery test cell designed to simulate thermal runaway by heating the cell stack to temperatures up to 400° Celsius while simultaneously analyzing the reaction gases produced. The cell base is thermally decoupled from the measurement electronics, and the heating element is positioned directly beneath the cell stack. Temperature control is managed through [EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/), allowing for easy script-controlled temperature changes and ramps. The reaction gases generated are channeled from the cell base to the carrier gas system and mixed via a bypass/Laval nozzle. This setup ensures that the carrier gas does not come into contact with the cell stack, thereby preventing the cells from drying out. The carrier gas system connects to the cell using Swagelok quick-connect fittings. Additionally, there is a closable septum port for sampling and injecting reactants into the cell base. The cell stack inside the PAT-Cell-Gas-HT is built using the PAT-HT-Core, a customized variant of the modular [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) system. A reusable ceramic insulation sleeve is used here for operation at 400°C. The stainless steel plungers have also been modified to facilitate disassembly for post-mortem analysis of the cell components. These components are fully compatible with other PAT series test cells as well. ![PAT-Cell-Gas-HT Sectorial View](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Gas_HT_sectional_view.webp) ## Gas Flow System The illustration shows the addition of the reaction gases to the carrier gas system using a Laval nozzle. Separating the carrier gas flow from the cell base prevents the electrolyte from being carried away and the cell from drying out. ## PAT-Cell-Gas-HT Overview Features PAT-Cell design with heatable cell stack up to max. 400°C Compatible with the PAT-Core system, uses reusable ceramic insulation sleeves for operation at high temperatures Fast and even heating, full temperature control via EL-Software with definable heating rates and ramps. Connection for carrier gas system via Swagelok quick couplings Variant with gas pressure sensor, 0 to 30 bar abs. Bypass system for injection of the reaction gases into the carrier gas. No electrolytic drag or drying out of the cell. Sealable septum port for sampling and injecting reactants into the cell interior Electronic cell tag (PAT-Button) for automatic cell identification Specifications [](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_Measurements.webp) Length 84 mm Width 98 mm Height 138 mm Electrode diameter 18 mm [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![Measurements of the PAT-cell-Gas-HT battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_Measurements.webp "PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_Measurements | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_Measurements.webp) ## Gallery [![PAT-Cell-Gas-HT Sample Setup with Temp-Controller-1 and PAT-Tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_Setup-1.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_Setup-1.jpg)PAT-Cell-Gas-HT Sample Setup with Temp-Controller-1 and PAT-Tester-x-8 [![Full temperature control via EL-Software: The heating element of the PAT-Cell-Gas-HT is heated to 400°C via a defined temperature ramp.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_Temp-Ramp_Gallery_01.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_Temp-Ramp_Gallery_01.jpg)Full temperature control via EL-Software: The heating element of the PAT-Cell-Gas-HT is heated to 400°C via a defined temperature ramp. [![Reusable Ceramic Insulation Sleeve and Current Collectors for use at high temperatures.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_Ceramic_Sleeve-1.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_Ceramic_Sleeve-1.jpg)Reusable Ceramic Insulation Sleeve and Current Collectors for use at high temperatures. [![PAT-Cell-Gas-HT at 450° Celsius, viewed through a thermal imaging camera.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_Heat_distribution_Gallery_02-1.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_Heat_distribution_Gallery_02-1.jpg)PAT-Cell-Gas-HT at 400° Celsius, viewed through a thermal imaging camera. ## Recommended Docking Station and Potentiostat [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/PAT-Tester-x-8_250.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/) ## [PAT-Tester-x](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/) The PAT-Tester-x offers maximum flexibility with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/) [![EL-CELL PAT-Stand-1 docking station for battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-1.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) ## [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) The ideal docking station for individual battery testing [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) ## Recommended Tools [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High precision cutting pliers to eliminate torn and chipped electrode edges. Recommended diameter size for use with the ECD-4-nano is **8 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil. The recommended size for use with the ECD-4-nano is **9 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## Related Products [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) Fully featured potentiostat / galvanostat / impedance analyzer with up to 8 test channels. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) [![EL-CELL PAT-Stand-1 docking station for battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-1.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) ## [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) The ideal docking station for individual battery testing [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) ## [EL-Software](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) Monitoring, analysis and management software solution for all EL-CELL battery testers [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) [![PAT-Cell-Gas battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Products_PAT-Cell-Gas_250x250.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas/) ## [PAT-Cell-Gas II](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas/) PAT-Cell for in-situ gas analysis in a flow-through set-up [Product details](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas/) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Hands-on seminars](https://www.el-cell.com/services/hands-on-seminars/) **Published:** January 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Join our two-day hands-on Li-ion battery testing seminar in Hamburg. Build test cells, run electrochemical tests, and learn best practices. **Content:** # **Hands-on Seminars** ##### Join our two-day Hands-on Seminars on Li-ion battery testing in Hamburg, Germany [Registration request](#register) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/header_seminars_stoerer_2022.png) # **Hands-on Seminars** ##### Join our two-day Hands-on Seminars on Li-ion battery testing in Hamburg, Germany - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/header_seminars.png) [Registration form](#register) Every year, EL-CELL organizes several dozen training courses on customer-specific topics, held in our own fully equipped battery laboratory. We also offer open training courses for interested battery researchers. Here, our experienced laboratory team provides participants with knowledge about battery testing and the effective use of our products in two-day hands-on workshops. All necessary equipment, tools, and materials are available in our laboratory for a successful seminar, but participants can also bring their own devices or materials for testing. All seminars are held by Dr. Matthias Hahn, a passionate electrochemist and co-founder of EL-CELL. Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and extensive research experience as an electrochemist, having worked for 15 years at Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. He offers consulting for customers on the effective use of EL-CELL devices. His practical, easy-to-understand explanations help seminar participants enter the subject matter. He is also open to questions that might arise after the seminar. We offer free hotel reservations and shuttle service between the accommodation and the laboratory. To register, please use the form at the end of this page. **We offer individual trainings on specific topics in addition to our hands-on seminars. [Just ask](https://el-cell.com/contact#contact), so we can discuss the details and the next available time slot with you.** ## Hands-on Seminar Details: **Description:** Our two-day seminar covers a broad range of topics, beginning with the basics of Li-ion battery testing and culminating in advanced electrochemical operando techniques using the latest test equipment from EL-CELL and other leading manufacturers. In the hands-on sessions of the seminar, you will build battery test cells and run your own electrochemical tests. Both the practical and theoretical sessions will be guided by Matthias Hahn, a passionate electrochemist and co-founder of EL-CELL. Special emphasis is placed on the various failure modes in experimentation, common pitfalls, and possible artifacts, and how to identify and avoid them. **Covered topics:** Consultation on the effective use of EL-CELL devices Li-ion battery introduction: Working principles, terminology, materials used, related technologies (Li-metal batteries, Li-ion capacitators, super capacitators, dual intercalation batteries) Safety and corrosion issues in the Li-ion research laboratory Electrode making from powder to sheet Pros and cons of different test cells (18650 test cell, Coin cells, Pouch cells, Swagelok® cells, Hohsen Corp., PAT-Cell) Building 2- and 3-electrode [PAT-Cells](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) Testing with PAT-Cells: Lifetime and CC-CV cycle Tests Impedance measurements Cyclic voltammetry Electrochemical in-situ/ operando techniques: Experimenting with the [ECC-Opto-10](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/): Visualizing the gradients of electrode potential and lithium concentration Experimenting with the [PAT-Cell-Force](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/): Measuring the stack force during charge and discharge Experimenting with the [PAT-Cell-Press](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/): Quantifying the gas evolution during battery formation Experimenting with the [ECD-4-nano dilatometer](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/): Measuring electrode dilation during charge and discharge **Hands-on seminar dates 2026:** 05-06 November 2026 Individual dates are available on [request](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/#contact). **Target audience:** Customers as well as PhD students, battery research novices, career changers from other subjects (maximum 6 participants) **Required educational background:** Chemistry, material sciences, electrochemical basics **Language:** English **Duration:** Two days (8 hours per day) **Pricing:** Regular registration: 1,600 € / 1,500 € \* PhD students \*\* : 800 € / 750 €\* **Please note:** All prices are plus 19% VAT. *\*early bird discount (up to 4 weeks in advance)* *\*\* confirmation required* **Location:** EL-Cell GmbH Tempowerkring 7 21079 Hamburg Germany ## Request for Seminar Registration #### Details of seminar attendee\* Please select the seminar for which you want to register\*: 05-06 November 2026 Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Mr. First name of attendee\* Surname of attendee\* Organisation/company\* Street\* City\* ZIP/Postal code\* Country\* Email address\* Phone number\* Mobile number Fax number *\*required fields* #### Details of invoice (if different from address of attendee) Organisation/company Street City ZIP/Postal code Country #### Please select your seminar tariff\* Full registration: 1600,- EURPhD-student registration (proof of studentship required): 800,- EUR The early bird discount is 100 EUR for regular registration and 50 EUR for registration as a PhD student. Early bird registration is possible until four weeks before the seminar begins. After that, registration is only possible at the normal price. All prices are plus 19% VAT. #### Special requests on seminar topics We may focus on special topics / EL-CELL products besides the described scope of the seminar, if the attendees wish. Just leave us a note. #### Hotel reservation EL-Cell GmbH offers to reserve a hotel accommodation (single or double rooms) for you in Hamburg at own travel expenses. Do you wish to have more information about the hotel reservation? Yes, pleaseNo, thank you Please select which kind of room you want to reserve: Single roomDouble room Arrival date (Check-in) Departure date (Check-out) #### Cancellation policy Cancellation is free up to 1 week prior to the start of the seminar. After this date the cancellation fee is 50% of the seminar fee. Additional remarks, you would like to give (e.g. special diets as vegetarian/vegan). #### Registration Please click below to send a request for registration. You will receive a copy of your request via return email and we will get in touch with you about the registration at the seminar. If you have further questions, you can contact [us](mailto:sales@el-cell.com). Loading... --- ### [PAT-Cell-HT](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht/) **Published:** February 15, 2017 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Cell-HT heat-resistant electrochemical battery test cell for elevated temperatures up to 200°C, with PTFE insulation and PAT docking compatibility. **Content:** # **PAT-Cell-HT** ## Heat-resistant electrochemical battery test cell for up to 200°C [Request a quote](#quote)[Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/10804/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Pageheader_Produktdetail_PAT-Cell-HT_02-comp-1.png) # **PAT-Cell-HT** ## Heat-resistant electrochemical battery< test cell for up to 200°C ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Pageheader_Produktdetail_PAT-Cell-HT_02-comp-1.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/10804/)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Conduct your Electrochemical Tests at Elevated Temperatures - [Product description](#1490104884432-5f864b01-6f39) - [Features](#1541778678526-0a5c9f5f-206a) - [Specifications](#1490105072852-dde55378-3a26) - [Consumables](#1490105022837-a92d5be0-054c) #### [Product description](#1490104884432-5f864b01-6f39) ### Our PAT series test cell for 2- or 3-electrode testing at elevated temperatures The PAT-Cell-HT is a test cell for 2- and 3-electrode measurements on battery materials at temperatures up to 200°C. It uses the modular [PAT-Core concept](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept) and can be used for various test purposes. The cell has no wiring but is inserted directly into a [PAT battery tester](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester) or connected to any commercially available battery tester/potentiostat via a [PAT docking station](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations). To fully utilize the temperature range up to 200°C, we recommend using the [PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) docking station. To meet the challenges of battery tests at elevated temperatures, we offer a special version of the PAT-Core insulation sleeve. This reusable sleeve is made of PEEK (rather than PP) and is especially useful for investigating solid-state (ceramic) electrolyte membranes. Like the standard PP sleeve, the PEEK sleeve can be equipped with different reference materials such as lithium, sodium, or magnesium. The standard current collectors (plungers) complete the PAT-Core. Available plunger materials are aluminum and copper (for single use), or stain­less steel 316L and PEEK (for reuse). #### [Features](#1541778678526-0a5c9f5f-206a) ### Features ### Lid seal for high long-term stability [![PAT-Cell-HT test cell lid seals and gasket rings](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PAT-Cell_lid_seals_03.png "PAT-Cell_lid_seals_03 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PAT-Cell_lid_seals_03.png) With the reworked cell design, aluminium seals along with the metal seal lid can now be used in addition to the proven polymer seals. This can make a difference in long-term measurements. ### Glass-to-metal seals for improved temperature resistance [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAT-Cell_features_gtms-comp-300x300.png "PAT-Cell_features_gtms-comp | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAT-Cell_features_gtms-comp.png) With the GTM electrode feedthroughs, the PAT-Cell can now be operated and thermally cycled between -40 to +80° C. Up to 200°C with the PAT-Cell-HT. ### Superior corrosion resistance for next-generation battery chemistries [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAT-Cell_features_stainless_steel-2-300x300.png "PAT-Cell_features_stainless_steel | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAT-Cell_features_stainless_steel-2.png) Cell base made of stainless steel 1.4404 (316L) for compatibility with highly corrosive electrolytes. ### Guaranteed tightness [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAT-Cell_features_leak_tested_02-300x300.png "PAT-Cell_features_leak_tested_02 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAT-Cell_features_leak_tested_02.png) All PAT-Cell-HT test cells are helium leak tested at the EL-Cell factory. The PAT-Cell-HT is fully backwards compatible to previous versions. PAT-series test cell for 2-or 3-electrode testing at elevated temperatures Continuous operating temperature: up to 200°C PAT-Core design with or without ring-shaped reference electrode Compatible with solid state electrolyte membranes #### [Specifications](#1490105072852-dde55378-3a26) ### Specifications [![PAT-Cell-HT battery test cell dimensions diagram](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/PAT-Cell-HT-Aqu_measurements.png "PAT-Cell-HT-Aqu_measurements | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/PAT-Cell-HT-Aqu_measurements.png) Diameter 49.5 mm Height 61 mm Weight 0.4 kg Electrode diameter 18 mm Separator / membrane diameter 21.6 mm Temperature resistance -40 to 200° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### Compatible PAT docking stations Features of the PAT-Cell-HT Docking / Test station Charge Discharge Impedance Temperature control [PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4)[PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1)[PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1/)[PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u)[PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4)[PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16)[PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16)[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16)[ PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Consumables](#1490105022837-a92d5be0-054c) ### Consumables Item nameReference materialSeparator materialTemperature rangeComponent typeUsageMaterialOrder numberCell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0026-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0026-APAT-Cell-HT ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0026-B_80px.png)Upper plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0026-B PAT-Cell-HT ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0026-CPAT-Cell-HT ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0065-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (PEEK) with upper feed wire (Au) and disc spring (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire and disc spring)* ECC1-01-0065-APAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0027-B_80px.png)Lower plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0027-B\_x (x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0027-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0027-A\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0027-C\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0055-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (PEEK) with lower feed wire (Au) and disk spring (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire and disc spring)*ECC1-01-0055-A\_xPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)AluminumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-D/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)SodiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-U/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)MagnesiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-H/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)AluminumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-J/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)MagnesiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)* Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-C/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (AC-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)Activated carbonProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-E/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)SodiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-F/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS)-Reference ring, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)Activated carbon on stainless steelBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steel *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-M/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A, 260 µm ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS)-Reference ring, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)Activated carbon on stainless steelPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steel *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-N/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B, 220 µm) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)SodiumPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-X/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)LithiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-A/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)LithiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-O/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS 3005-25) (10 pcs)LithiumPET fiber, Al2O370°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*PET fiber, Al2O3 *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-A/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 3005-25 ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)LithiumPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-V/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator Customized, if appl. Clamping ring) (10 pcs)noneProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-B/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)noneBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-P/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS 3005-25) (10 pcs)nonePET fiber, Al2O370°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference PET fiber, Al2O3 *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-B/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 3005-25 ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)nonePP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)* Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-W/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PP-Sleeves_plain_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PP (disassembled) (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-D/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PP-Sleeves_plain_li-referenz_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, disassembled) (10 pcs)Lithiumnone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-R/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PEEK-Sleeves_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassemblednonenone70°C 200°CInsulation sleeveReusablePEEK *(Sleeve)*Custom reference and separatorECC1-00-0510-TPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (GF/A) 21.6 x 0.26 mm, 50 pcsBorosilicate glass fiber70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-useBorosilicate glass fiberECC1-01-0011-A/LPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Whatman GF/A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (FS-5P) 21.6 x 0.22 mm, 50 pcsPP fiber/PE membrane70°CSeparatorSingle-usePP fiber/PE membraneECC1-01-0051-A/LPAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_Technical_80px.png)Separator (FS 3005-25), 21.6 x 0.025 mm, 50 pcsPET fiber, Al2O370°CSeparatorSingle-usePET fiber, Al2O3ECC1-01-0036-A/LPAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 3005-25 ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0186-M_80px.webp)Reed contact (Ni on SS) (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useNickel (Ni>99%) on stainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-A/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Reed-contact_Au_ECC1-00-0186-DX_80px.png)Reed contact (Au on SS) (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactReusableGold (Au>99%) on stainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-D/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Ringref_01_80px.png)Reference ring (Mg) (10 pcs)Magnesium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useMagnesium (Mg)ECC1-00-0182-F/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Ringref_01_80px.png)Reference ring (Li) (10 pcs)Lithium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium (Li)ECC1-00-0182-O/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Ringref_02_80px.png)Reference ring II (AC on SS) (10 pcs)Activated carbon70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steelECC1-00-0182-W/XPAT-Cell-HTAC 95%, aqueous binder: CMC 3% / SBR 2% ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Ringref_02_80px.png)Reference ring (AC) (10 pcs)Activated carbon70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useActivated carbonECC1-00-0182-T/XPAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-AU_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Au (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableGold (Au>99%)ECC1-00-0069-A/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ti_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ti (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableTitanium (Ti >99%, grade 2)ECC1-00-0069-C/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Pt_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Pt (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusablePlatinum (Pt>99%)ECC1-00-0069-D/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ni_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ni (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-00-0069-F/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Seal_PE_80px.png)Sealing ring PE (100 pcs)70°CSealing ringSingle-usePolyethylene (PE)ECC1-00-0232-A/CPAT-Cell\_only ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Core_AL-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-G_80px-comp.png)Sealing ring, Al (washer)(annealed), 10 pcs70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-G/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-B_80px.png)Sealing ring PTFE (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-usePTFEECC1-00-0232-B/XPAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-M.webp)Sealing ring, Cu (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useCopper (Cu)ECC1-00-0232-M/XPAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-N.webp)Sealing ring, Al (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-N/XPAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ECC-PAT-Core_Ferrule1_ECC1-00-0029-B.png)Ferrule 1.0 mm (50 pcs)70°CFerruleReusable PTFEECC1-00-0029-B/LECC-PAT-Core ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ECC-PAT-Core_Ferrule1_ECC1-00-0029-B.png)Ferrule (plug) (50 pcs)70°CFerruleReusable PTFEECC1-00-0029-D/LECC-PAT-Core ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ECC_PE-Seal_ECC1-0-0053-A_80px.png)PE Seal (50 pcs)70°CSealing ringSingle-usePolyethylene (PE)ECC1-00-0053-A/LECC-PAT-Core ## Our PAT series test cell for 2-or 3-electrode testing at elevated temperatures The PAT-Cell is a test cell for 2- and 3-electrode measurements on battery materials at temperatures up to 200°C. It uses the modular [PAT-Core concept](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept) and can, therefore, be used for various test purposes. The cell has no wiring but is inserted directly into a [PAT battery tester](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester) or connected to any commercially available battery tester/potentiostat via a [PAT docking station](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations). To fully utilize the temperature range up to 200°C, we recommend using the [PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) docking station. To meet the challenges of battery tests at elevated temperatures, we offer a special version of the PAT-Core insulation sleeve. This reusable sleeve is made of PEEK (rather than PP) and is especially useful for the investigation of solid state (ceramic) electrolyte membranes. Just like the standard PP sleeve, the PEEK sleeve can be equipped with different reference materials such as lithium, sodium or magnesium. The standard current collectors (plungers) complete the PAT-Core. Available plunger materials are aluminum and copper (for single use), or stain­less steel 316L and PEEK (for reuse). ## PAT-Cell-HT Overview Features PAT-series test cell for 2-or 3-electrode testing at elevated temperatures Continuous operating temperature: up to 200°C Demountable PEEK insulation sleeve for self-installation Single-use ring-shaped reference ring and reed contact Compatible with solid state electrolyte membranes Specifications #### Compatible PAT docking stations Features of the PAT-Cell-HT Docking / Test station Charge Discharge Impedance Temperature control [PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4)[PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1)[PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1/)[PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u)[PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4)[PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16)[PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16)[PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16)[ PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Consumables Item nameReference materialSeparator materialTemperature rangeComponent typeUsageMaterialOrder numberCell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0026-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0026-APAT-Cell-HT ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0026-B_80px.png)Upper plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0026-B PAT-Cell-HT ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0026-CPAT-Cell-HT ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0065-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (PEEK) with upper feed wire (Au) and disc spring (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire and disc spring)* ECC1-01-0065-APAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0027-B_80px.png)Lower plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0027-B\_x (x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0027-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0027-A\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0027-C\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0055-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (PEEK) with lower feed wire (Au) and disk spring (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire and disc spring)*ECC1-01-0055-A\_xPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)AluminumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-D/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)SodiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-U/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)MagnesiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-H/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)AluminumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-J/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)MagnesiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)* Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-C/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (AC-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)Activated carbonProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-E/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)SodiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-F/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS)-Reference ring, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)Activated carbon on stainless steelBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steel *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-M/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A, 260 µm ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS)-Reference ring, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)Activated carbon on stainless steelPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steel *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-N/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B, 220 µm) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)SodiumPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-X/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)LithiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-A/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)LithiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-O/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS 3005-25) (10 pcs)LithiumPET fiber, Al2O370°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*PET fiber, Al2O3 *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-A/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 3005-25 ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_mit-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)LithiumPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-V/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator Customized, if appl. Clamping ring) (10 pcs)noneProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-B/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)noneBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-P/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS 3005-25) (10 pcs)nonePET fiber, Al2O370°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference PET fiber, Al2O3 *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-B/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 3005-25 ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)nonePP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)* Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-W/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PP-Sleeves_plain_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PP (disassembled) (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-D/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PP-Sleeves_plain_li-referenz_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, disassembled) (10 pcs)Lithiumnone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-R/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PEEK-Sleeves_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassemblednonenone70°C 200°CInsulation sleeveReusablePEEK *(Sleeve)*Custom reference and separatorECC1-00-0510-TPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (GF/A) 21.6 x 0.26 mm, 50 pcsBorosilicate glass fiber70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-useBorosilicate glass fiberECC1-01-0011-A/LPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Whatman GF/A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (FS-5P) 21.6 x 0.22 mm, 50 pcsPP fiber/PE membrane70°CSeparatorSingle-usePP fiber/PE membraneECC1-01-0051-A/LPAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_Technical_80px.png)Separator (FS 3005-25), 21.6 x 0.025 mm, 50 pcsPET fiber, Al2O370°CSeparatorSingle-usePET fiber, Al2O3ECC1-01-0036-A/LPAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 3005-25 ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0186-M_80px.webp)Reed contact (Ni on SS) (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useNickel (Ni>99%) on stainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-A/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Reed-contact_Au_ECC1-00-0186-DX_80px.png)Reed contact (Au on SS) (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactReusableGold (Au>99%) on stainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-D/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Ringref_01_80px.png)Reference ring (Mg) (10 pcs)Magnesium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useMagnesium (Mg)ECC1-00-0182-F/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Ringref_01_80px.png)Reference ring (Li) (10 pcs)Lithium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium (Li)ECC1-00-0182-O/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Ringref_02_80px.png)Reference ring II (AC on SS) (10 pcs)Activated carbon70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steelECC1-00-0182-W/XPAT-Cell-HTAC 95%, aqueous binder: CMC 3% / SBR 2% ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PAT-Core_Ringref_02_80px.png)Reference ring (AC) (10 pcs)Activated carbon70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useActivated carbonECC1-00-0182-T/XPAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-AU_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Au (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableGold (Au>99%)ECC1-00-0069-A/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ti_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ti (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableTitanium (Ti >99%, grade 2)ECC1-00-0069-C/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Pt_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Pt (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusablePlatinum (Pt>99%)ECC1-00-0069-D/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ni_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ni (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-00-0069-F/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Seal_PE_80px.png)Sealing ring PE (100 pcs)70°CSealing ringSingle-usePolyethylene (PE)ECC1-00-0232-A/CPAT-Cell\_only ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Core_AL-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-G_80px-comp.png)Sealing ring, Al (washer)(annealed), 10 pcs70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-G/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-B_80px.png)Sealing ring PTFE (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-usePTFEECC1-00-0232-B/XPAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-M.webp)Sealing ring, Cu (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useCopper (Cu)ECC1-00-0232-M/XPAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-N.webp)Sealing ring, Al (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-N/XPAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ECC-PAT-Core_Ferrule1_ECC1-00-0029-B.png)Ferrule 1.0 mm (50 pcs)70°CFerruleReusable PTFEECC1-00-0029-B/LECC-PAT-Core ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ECC-PAT-Core_Ferrule1_ECC1-00-0029-B.png)Ferrule (plug) (50 pcs)70°CFerruleReusable PTFEECC1-00-0029-D/LECC-PAT-Core ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ECC_PE-Seal_ECC1-0-0053-A_80px.png)PE Seal (50 pcs)70°CSealing ringSingle-usePolyethylene (PE)ECC1-00-0053-A/LECC-PAT-Core # Complete Test Setup with PAT-Tester-x and PAT-Heater-4 With the development of our own potentiostats / galvanostats / impedance analyzers, the [PAT-Tester series](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester), we are now able to offer you complete setups for your experiments. For tests with the PAT-Cell-HT we recommend the use of our heated docking station, the [PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) in combination with a 4-channel [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x-8). This flexible setup is characterized by its low space consumption and easy handling and allows you to efficiently test your battery materials up to 200°C. [![Verbindungsschemata_PAT-Tester-x_PAT-Heater-4](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Verbindungsschemata_PAT-Tester-x_PAT-Heater-4-1-500x429.png "Verbindungsschemata_PAT-Tester-x_PAT-Heater-4")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Verbindungsschemata_PAT-Tester-x_PAT-Heater-4-1.png) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) The PAT-Tester-x-8 offers maximum flexibility with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Heater-4.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) ## [PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4/) The PAT-Heater-4 is a heated docking station connecting up to 4 PAT-Cell-HT. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4/) # Recommended PAT-Core Configuration This information can be used as a guide for building test cells of the PAT series. More PAT-Core setups can be found [here](https://el-cell.com/products/discover-the-pat-series/common-test-cases). **Testing with aprotic high-temperature electrolytes** ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalECC1-00-0182-O/X **Reed contact**SSECC1-00-0186-M/X **Separator**GF/AECC1-01-0011-A/L **Lid seal**PTFEECC1-00-0232-B/X **Sleeve (reusable)**Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassembledECC1-00-0510-T **T/°C** SS= Stainless steel 316L (1.4404) ![PAT-Core with Peek Insulation Sleeve and stainless steel plungers](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PAT-Core_SS-PEEK-SS_SS-Reed_contact_02.webp)PAT-Core with reusable PEEK insulation sleeves and reference electrode ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalECC1-00-0182-O/X **Reed contact**SSECC1-00-0186-M/X **Separator**GF/AECC1-01-0011-A/L **Lid seal**PTFEECC1-00-0232-B/X **Sleeve (reusable)**Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassembledECC1-00-0510-T **T/°C** # Gallery [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Gallery_PAT-Cell-HT_03-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Gallery_PAT-Cell-HT_03.jpg) Heat resistant PEEK cell bottom [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Gallery_PAT-Cell-HT_02-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Gallery_PAT-Cell-HT_02.jpg) PAT-Core example configuration for PAT-Cell-HT [![Opened PAT-Heater-4 with test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Gallery_PAT-Heater-4_02-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Gallery_PAT-Heater-4_02.jpg) Opened PAT-Heater-4 with test cells ## Videos #### How to assemble the PEEK insulation sleeves (02/2018) In this video we will show you how to assemble the PEEK insulation sleeves in a few steps. In contrary to the preassembled single-use insulation sleeve made of PP, the PEEK variant needs to be assembled before each use but has the advantage of reusability. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **How to assemble the PEEK insulation sleeves**1920x1080px02/2018wmv90 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5026/) ## Recommended Tools [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High precision cutting pliers to eliminate torn and chipped electrode edges. Recommended diameter size for use with the PAT-Cell-HT is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil. The recommended size for use with the PAT-Cell-HT is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) Cableless test cell using the innovative PAT-Core concept [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Heater-4.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) ## [PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) Docking station with heated chamber for up to 4 PAT-Cell-HT [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Core configurations](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/common-test-cases/) **Published:** October 9, 2018 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Core configurations for common battery test cases: recommended components for aprotic LiPF6 electrolytes and gas analysis setups. **Content:** # PAT-Core Configurations for Common Test Cases The following tables show recommended PAT-Core components for the most common testing scenarios and can be used as a guide for building test cells of the PAT series. # Testing with Aprotic LiPF6 based Electrolytes **3-electrode setups** - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1539071682050-61cc25d4-f0ba) - [Graphite vs Li metal](#1539071682088-447fdbe0-a09f) - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1539072773952-9df2a671-e4bd) #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1539071682050-61cc25d4-f0ba) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed Contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** #### [Graphite vs Li metal](#1539071682088-447fdbe0-a09f) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** Graphite **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-B\_x\* (Cu) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1539072773952-9df2a671-e4bd) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** ![PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers and reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Cu-Al_LiRef_2025.png)PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers and reference electrode - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1539095606720-1252d6f9-0bfb) - [Graphite vs Li metal](#1539095606782-e2915d47-1369) - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1539095606844-5dc8146c-553d) #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1539095606720-1252d6f9-0bfb) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed Contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** #### [Graphite vs Li metal](#1539095606782-e2915d47-1369) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** Graphite **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-B\_x\* (Cu) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1539095606844-5dc8146c-553d) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** **2-electrode setups** - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1539077650611-a5589abe-4b6d) - [Graphite vs Li metal](#1539077650694-0ed9a3ae-13b7) - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1539852388121-12cd0729-5053) #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1539077650611-a5589abe-4b6d) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** #### [Graphite vs Li metal](#1539077650694-0ed9a3ae-13b7) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** Graphite **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-B\_x\* (Cu) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1539852388121-12cd0729-5053) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator) to determine the proper lower plunger. ![PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers without reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/PAT-Core_Cu-Al_ohne-Ref.png)PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers without reference electrode - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1539095791798-6e5e8025-3236) - [Graphite vs Li metal](#1539095791862-9b211992-f64b) - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1539852418451-6a5c4601-ad06) #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1539095791798-6e5e8025-3236) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** #### [Graphite vs Li metal](#1539095791862-9b211992-f64b) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** Graphite **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-B\_x\* (Cu) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1539852418451-6a5c4601-ad06) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/discover-the-pat-series#height-number) to determine to proper lower plunger. # Testing with Aprotic Supercap Electrolytes (3-electrodes Setup) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** AC\*\* **Upper electrode (-)**AC **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-B (Al) **Reference**Activated carbon on stainless steelcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve (PP), AC(SS) ring, FS/5P separator (PP fiber/PE membrane, 220 µm)ECC1-00-0450-N **T/°C** \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator) to determine the proper lower plunger. \*\*AC = Activated carbon ![PAT-Core with aluminum plungers and reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Al-Al_LiRef_2025.png)PAT-Core with aluminum plungers and reference electrode ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** AC\*\* **Upper electrode (-)**AC **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-B (Al) **Reference**Activated carbon on stainless steelcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve (PP), AC(SS) ring, FS/5P separator (PP fiber/PE membrane, 220 µm)ECC1-00-0450-N **T/°C** \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator) to determine the proper lower plunger. \*\*AC = Activated carbon # Testing with Aqueous Supercap Electrolytes (3-electrodes Setup) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** AC **Upper electrode (-)**AC **Lower plunger with gold current collector disc**PEEK, AuECC1-01-0055-A\_x\* **Upper plunger with gold current collector disc**PEEK, AuECC1-01-0065-A **Reference**Activated carbon on stainless steel (SS)ECC1-00-0182-W/X **Reed contact**Au plated SSECC1-00-0186-P/X **Separator**GF/AECC1-01-0011-A/L **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (reusable)**Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassembledECC1-00-0510-T **T/°C** \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator) to determine the proper lower plunger. ![PAT-Core with PEEK Insulation Sleeves and Plungers](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Core_PEEK-PEEK-PEEK_02-.webp) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** AC **Upper electrode (-)**AC **Lower plunger with gold current collector disc**PEEK, AuECC1-01-0055-A\_x\* **Upper plunger with gold current collector disc**PEEK, AuECC1-01-0065-A **Reference**Activated carbon on stainless steel (SS)ECC1-00-0182-W/X **Reed contact**Au plated SSECC1-00-0186-P/X **Separator**GF/AECC1-01-0011-A/L **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (reusable)**Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassembledECC1-00-0510-T **T/°C** \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator) to determine the proper lower plunger. # Testing with Aprotic High-temperature Electrolytes (3-electrodes Setup) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalECC1-00-0182-O/X **Reed contact**SSECC1-00-0186-M/X **Separator**GF/AECC1-01-0011-A/L **Lid seal**PTFEECC1-00-0232-B/X **Sleeve (reusable)**Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassembledECC1-00-0510-T **T/°C** \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator) to determine the proper lower plunger. ![PAT-Core with Peek Insulation Sleeve and stainless steel plungers](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PAT-Core_SS-PEEK-SS_SS-Reed_contact_02.webp)PAT-Core with reusable PEEK insulation sleeves and reference electrode ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalECC1-00-0182-O/X **Reed contact**SSECC1-00-0186-M/X **Separator**GF/AECC1-01-0011-A/L **Lid seal**PTFEECC1-00-0232-B/X **Sleeve (reusable)**Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassembledECC1-00-0510-T **T/°C** \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator) to determine the proper lower plunger. ## Any comments about this page? Please leave us a note Your comment Your email-address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Loading... --- ### [Solid-State Pressing Device](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/solid-state-pressing-device/) **Published:** March 19, 2026 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Solid-state Pressing Device ## Tool for pressing solide-state cell stacks Request a quote ![]( "pageheader_product_2025_grau_03") ![]( "EL-Cell_Solid-state_pressing-device_500x387_01") ![]( "Stoerer_New-compressor") # **Solid-state Pressing Device** ##### Tool for pressing solide-state cell stacks ![Solid-State Pressing Device](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/EL-Cell_Solid-state_pressing-device_440_new_slider.webp) [Product overview](#overview)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1612798893935-7678ba6c-9bec) - [Specifications](#1612798990099-001b1e83-ed96) #### [Product description](#1612798893935-7678ba6c-9bec) The solid-state pressing device enables the direct pressing of powdered solid-state cell stacks in the PAT-Solid-Core. The individual components of the solid-state cell stack – cathode (CAM), electrolyte (SE), and anode (here InLiIn) – are filled into the PAT-Solid-Core in separate steps. The PAT-Solid-Core is then inserted into the Solid-State Pressing Device, which seals the cell stack airtight, thereby enabling the respective components to be pressed either inside or outside the glovebox using a separate press. [![Process steps of pressing a solid-state battery inside the Solid-State Pressing Device](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Solid-State-Pressing_Device_process-steps-1.webp "Solid-State-Pressing_Device_process steps | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Solid-State-Pressing_Device_process-steps.webp) Each layer can be pressed with a maximum weight of 5 tonnes. Once the pressing steps are complete, the PAT-Solid-Core is removed again from the Pressing Device and inserted into a compatible battery test cell for cycling. [![Solid-State Pressing Device Section](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Solid-State-Pressing_Device_section-300x298.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Solid-State-Pressing_Device_section.webp) #### [Specifications](#1612798990099-001b1e83-ed96) ### Specifications Height 96 mm Diameter 52 mm Max. Load 5 t [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The solid-state pressing device enables the direct pressing of powdered solid-state cell stacks in the PAT-Solid-Core. The individual components of the solid-state cell stack – cathode (CAM), electrolyte (SE), and anode (here InLiIn) – are filled into the PAT-Solid-Core in separate steps. The PAT-Solid-Core is then inserted into the Solid-State Pressing Device, which seals the cell stack airtight, thereby enabling the respective components to be pressed either inside or outside the glovebox using a separate press. [![Process steps of pressing a solid-state battery inside the Solid-State Pressing Device](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Solid-State-Pressing_Device_process-steps-1.webp "Solid-State-Pressing_Device_process steps | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Solid-State-Pressing_Device_process-steps.webp) Each layer can be pressed with a maximum weight of 5 tonnes. Once the pressing steps are complete, the PAT-Solid-Core is removed again from the Pressing Device and inserted into a compatible battery test cell for cycling. [![Solid-State Pressing Device Section](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Solid-State-Pressing_Device_section-300x298.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Solid-State-Pressing_Device_section.webp) ## Solid-State Pressing Device Overview Specifications Height 96 mm Diameter 52 mm Max. Load 5 t [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Cell-Press II Battery Test Cell for Gas Analysis](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) **Published:** October 6, 2025 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Cell-Press II battery test cell for measuring gas evolution and consumption, see use cases, sample test results and accessories. **Content:** [Data Sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/8979/)# PAT-Cell-Press II ## Battery Test Cell for Measuring Gas Evolution / Consumption Request a quote Specifications DocumentationPAT-Core Pressure Sensor 0 3 bar Temperature Sensor [Data Sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/8979/)PAT-Cell-Press II PAT-Cell-Press II Battery Test Cell for Measuring Gas Evolution / Consumption PAT-Cell-Press II S Gas Sample Port Request a quote Specifications Documentation ![]( "Stoerer_New-compressor") ![]( "PAT-Cell-Gas-Press_II_schnitt") ![]( "pageheader_product_2025_grau_03") ![PAT-Cell-Press II S]( "Slider_PAT-Cell-Press-II-S_01") ![]( "skala_drucksensor") ![]( "sensor_effekt") ![]( "PAT-Cell-Gas-Press_II_ohne_port") ![]( "PAT-Cell-Gas-Press_II_mit_port") ## **PAT-Cell-Press II** ##### Battery test cell for quantifying gas evolution and consumption ![PAT-Cell-Press II S battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Press_II_badge_new_440.webp) [Product overview](#overview)[Test results](#test-results) [Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/8979/) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Typical Use Cases - Quantifying Gas Evolution and Consumption - Taking Gas Samples for Subsequent Analysis - Electrochemical Cycling with 2- or 3 Electrodes ## Key Features Cableless test cell with all advantages of the [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) Digital pressure sensor, pressure range of 0 to 3 bar abs. Digital temperature sensor, temperature range -20° C to 80° C Optional gas sample port (PAT-Cell-Press II S) Compatible with aprotic as well as aqueous electrochemistry Optimzied lid for use with metal seals ## Sample Test Results - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Press_Sample_test_result_1.webp) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Press_Sample_test_result_2-2.webp) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Press_Sample_test_result_2-1.webp) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Press_Sample_test_result_1-300x300.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Press_Sample_test_result_1.webp) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Press_Sample_test_result_2-1-300x300.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Press_Sample_test_result_2-1.webp) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Press_Sample_test_result_2-2-300x300.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Press_Sample_test_result_2-2.webp) ## Product Description Introducing the PAT-Cell-Press II, an innovative 3-electrode battery test cell designed to measure the expansion of reaction gases during electrochemical cycles! This test cell is equipped with advanced digital pressure and temperature sensors that transmit data via a reliable I²C interface to the EL-Software, allowing for real-time data plotting. The PAT-Cell-Press II S variant also features a septum connection for drawing gas samples for further analysis. Its wireless connection to the potentiostat reduces interference signal and minimizes setup time. With laser-welded sensors, glass-to-metal electrode feedthroughs, and metal seals, the PAT-Cell-Press II ensures maximum cell tightness against the ambient atmosphere. It utilizes the modular [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) system, providing flexible and time-saving cell stack configurations suitable for both aprotic and aqueous electrochemistry. The PAT-Cell-Press II replaces the previous PAT-Cell-Press. It is designed for use with EL-CELL potentiostats to take full advantage of all sensor functions. [![PAT-Cell-Press Sectional View](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/EL-Cell_pat-cell-press-sectional-view_800x533_02.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/EL-Cell_pat-cell-press-sectional-view_800x533_02.webp) ## Product Variants ### PAT-Cell-Press II [![PAT-Cell-Press II](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Press_II.webp "PAT-Cell-Press_II | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Press_II.webp) - Digital gas pressure sensor, 0 to 3 bar abs - Digital temperature sensor -20°C to +80°C - Optimized lid for use with metal seal ### PAT-Cell-Press II S [![PAT-Cell-Press_II S](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Press_II_S.webp "| EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Press_II_S.webp) - **Gas sample port** - Digital Gas pressure sensor, 0 to 3 bar abs - Digital temperature sensor -20°C to +80°C - Optimized lid for use with metal seal ## Specifications - [Specifications](#1759743951168-7a459eb4-47a9) - [Compatible Potentiostats and Docking Stations](#1759743951189-0ec559f8-a2d2) ### [Specifications](#1759743951168-7a459eb4-47a9) ### Specifications [![PAT-Cell-Press II Measurements](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Press_II_measurements-scaled.webp "PAT-Cell-Press_II_measurements | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Press_II_measurements-scaled.webp) Diameter (Lid) 49.5 mm Diameter (Cell base) 44 mm Height 73 mm Width (with gas sample port) 70 mm Weight 0.5 kg Separator diameter 21.6 mm Electrode diameter 18 mm Dead volume with / without PAT-Core 3.565 ml / 8.144 ml Operational temperature -20°C to +80°C Gas pressure sensor (digital): Range 0 to 3 bar abs. Accuracy Resolution 0.1 mbar Temperature sensor (digital): Range -20°C to +80°C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### [Compatible Potentiostats and Docking Stations](#1759743951189-0ec559f8-a2d2) ### Compatible Potentiostats/Battery Tester Charge/Discharge/Impedance Read Pressure Sensor Read Temperature Sensor Temperature Control [PAT-Tester-x-8\*](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x)\* [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16)Third-party Potentiostat \* with external temperature chamber [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Compatible PAT Docking Stations Charge/Discharge/Impedance Read Pressure Sensor Read Temperature Sensor [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1)\* \* [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1)\* \* [PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u)[PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4)[PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16)\* \* [PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16)[PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4)\* if connected to a PAT-Tester potentiostat [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Documentation Type Release Date File Format Size [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Cell-Press_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/12771/)User Manual 1.1 June 2026 PDF 1.9 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/12771/)[![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Press-II_Datasheet_Teaser-1.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/8979/)Data Sheet September 2025 PDF 0.5 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8979/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Frequently Asked Questions Which cell is right? PAT-Cell-Press or PAT-Cell-Gas? PAT-Cell-PressPAT-Cell-Gas (P, S, SP) **Cell is dedicated to:**The quantitative (cumulative) measurement of the gas evolved / consumed during the electrochemical cycle by measurement of the gas pressureTime resolved analysis of the gas evolved / consumed during the electrochemical cycle in combination with a mass spectrometer and controlled gas supply **Preferred operation mode:**Pressurized cell without gas flowFlow-through with gas analysis at outlet and mass flow controller at the inlet **Plug flow:** not availableAlmost perfect when using the lower plunger with flow field; significant back-mixing when using the lower plunger with perforated plate **Applicable to:**• Aprotic chemistries such as Li-ion, Li-air, super cap • Some aqueous chemistries may work, but compatibility must be checked by the user • Aprotic chemistries such as Li-ion, Li-air, super cap • Some aqueous chemistries may work, but compatibility must be checked by the user **Upper electrode:**Any compatible electrode, either self-standing or with metal foil current collector; standard upper plunger or perforated upper plunger Any compatible electrode; often Li metal or LFP are used here as a Li ion source; preferably there is no gas evolution or consumption at this electrode **Lower electrode:**Any compatible electrode, either self-standing or with metal foil current collector; standard lower plunger or perforated lower plungerThe lower electrode is seated on a plunger with flow field and must therefore be gas permeable, either self-standing or on current collector mesh. The gas evolution / consumption at the lower electrode is subject of the measurement. How can I identify whether my PAT-Cell is suitable for use with metal seals? Many test cells in the PAT series are already supplied with a metal seal lid (Item name: Screw cap insulated (PAT)) as standard. If you still have an older cell, you can use the following features to determine whether the existing cover is suitable for metal seals. The compatible cell lid for use with metal seals has two holes on the top and a white or black inset made of PPS in the lid, which serves as insulation. As the two holes can also be found on older cell lids without insulation, you should always check whether the inset is present. Non-compatible cell lids have no inset at all. [![How to recognize the insulated screw cap for the PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D_800x533.png "EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D_800x533.png) Do you need a PAT-Press-Box to operate the PAT-Cell-Press II? The PAT-Cell-Press II transmits its signal data via the digital I²C bus and therefore does not require any additional devices. Please note that an EL-Cell potentiostat is required to read out the pressure and temperature sensor signals. ## Battery Test Cell for Measuring Gas Evolution / Consumption Introducing the PAT-Cell-Press II, an innovative 3-electrode battery test cell designed to measure the expansion of reaction gases during electrochemical cycles! This test cell is equipped with advanced digital pressure and temperature sensors that transmit data via a reliable I²C interface to the EL-Software, allowing for real-time data plotting. The PAT-Cell-Press II S variant also features a septum connection for drawing gas samples for further analysis. Its wireless connection to the potentiostat reduces interference signal and minimizes setup time. With laser-welded sensors, glass-to-metal electrode feedthroughs, and metal seals, the PAT-Cell-Press II ensures maximum cell tightness against the ambient atmosphere. It utilizes the modular [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) system, providing flexible and time-saving cell stack configurations suitable for both aprotic and aqueous electrochemistry. The PAT-Cell-Press II replaces the previous PAT-Cell-Press. It is designed for use with EL-CELL potentiostats to take full advantage of all sensor functions. ## PAT-Cell-Press II Overview Typical Use Cases - Quantifying Gas Evolution and Consumption - Taking Gas Samples for Subsequent Analysis - Electrochemical Cycling with 2- or 3 Electrodes Features Cableless test cell with all advantages of the [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) Gas pressure sensor, pressure range of 0 to 3 bar abs. Gas temperature sensor, temperature range -20° C to 80° C Optional gas sample port (PAT-Cell-Press II S) Compatible with aprotic as well as aqueous electrochemistry Variants ### PAT-Cell-Press II [![PAT-Cell-Press II](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Press_II.webp "PAT-Cell-Press_II | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Press_II.webp) - Pressure sensor, 0 to 3 bar abs - Temperature sensor -20°C to +80°C - Optimized lid for use with metal seal ### PAT-Cell-Press II S [![PAT-Cell-Press_II S](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Press_II_S.webp "| EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Press_II_S.webp) - **Gas sample port** - Pressure sensor, 0 to 3 bar abs - Temperature sensor -20°C to +80°C - Optimized lid for use with metal seal Specifications Diameter (Lid) 49.5 mm Diameter (Cell base) 44 mm Height 73 mm Width 70 mm (with gas sample port) Weight 0.5 kg Separator diameter 21.6 mm Electrode diameter 18 mm Operational temperature -20 to +80°C Pressure sensor: Range 0 to 3 bar abs. Accuracy Resolution [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### Compatible Potentiostats / Battery Testers Charge/Discharge/Impedance Read Pressure Sensor Read Temperature Sensor Temperature Control [PAT-Tester-x-8\*](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x)\* [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16)Third-party Potentiostat \* with external temperature chamber [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### Compatible PAT docking stations Charge/Discharge/Impedance Read Pressure Sensor Read Temperature Sensor [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1)\* \* [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1)\* \* [PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u)[PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4)[PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16)\* \* [PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16)[PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4)\* if connected to a PAT-Tester potentiostat [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Documentation [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Cell-Press_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/12771/)PAT-Cell-Press II User Manual Release 1.0 Date September 2025 Type PDF Size 1.8 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/12771/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PAT-Cell-Press-II_Datasheet_Teaser-1.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/8979/)PAT-Cell-Press II Data Sheet Date September 2025 Type PDF Size 0.5 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8979/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Frequently asked questions ### How can I identify whether my PAT-Cell is suitable for use with metal seals? The compatible cell lid for metal seals (Item name: Screw cap insulated (PAT)) can be recognized by two features. It has two holes on the top and a white or black inset made of PPS in the lid, which serves as insulation. As the two holes can also be found on older cell lids without insulation, you should always check whether the inset is present. Non-compatible cell lids have no inset at all. [![How to recognize the insulated screw cap for the PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D_800x533.png "EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EL-CELL_Screw_cap_insulated_ECC1-00-0236-D_800x533.png) ### ### Do you always need a PAT-Press-Box to operate the PAT-Cell-Press? The PAT-Press-Box is required to read and record the analog pressure signal of a PAT series test cell. It is required in the following docking stations: - [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1/) - [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) The following devices provide the necessary functions themselves, therefore no PAT-Press-Box is required: - [PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) - [PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16/) - [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) - [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) Consumables Item nameReference materialSeparator materialTemperature rangeComponent typeUsageMaterialOrder numberCell designOrder ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0026-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0026-APAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-cu?_pos=1&_sid=ad1914166&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0026-B_80px.png)Upper plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0026-B PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-al?_pos=1&_sid=9b3fe34c3&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0026-CPAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ss?_pos=1&_sid=524638c73&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Nickel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-01-0026-MPAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ni?_pos=2&_sid=baf6095a6&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0065-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (PEEK) with upper feed wire (Au) and disc spring (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire and disc spring)* ECC1-01-0065-APAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-peek-au-assy?_pos=1&_sid=f9b3107f6&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0027-B_80px.png)Lower plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0027-B\_x (x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-B_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0027-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0027-A\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-A_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (Nickel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-01-0027-M\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-M_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0027-C\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-C_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0055-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (PEEK) with lower feed wire (Au) and disk spring (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire and disc spring)*ECC1-01-0055-A\_xPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0055-a_x/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)AluminumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)SodiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-U/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=42826d9ac&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)MagnesiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-H/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-mg-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=d6ba9465d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)AluminumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-J/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-al-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=77c5383d8&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)MagnesiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)* Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (AC-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)Activated carbonProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)SodiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS)-Reference ring, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)Activated carbon on stainless steelBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steel *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-M/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A, 260 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-acss-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=30624130d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Sodium Reference ring, Separator 2325) (10 pcs)SodiumCelgard 232570°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium*(Reference)*Celgard 2325 *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-O/XSeparator type: Celgard 2325, 25 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-2325-separator-pp-pe-pp-25-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=c64d1808f&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS)-Reference ring, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)Activated carbon on stainless steelPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steel *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-N/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B, 220 µm)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-acss-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=a5506658d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)SodiumPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-X/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=2abf6ac78&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)SodiumCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP (16.5 µm)70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP(Separator) Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-Q/XSeparator type: Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_fid=22fa329f4&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)LithiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)LithiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-O/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=24b290f0d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)LithiumCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)* ECC1-00-0420-O/XSeparator type: Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP 16.5 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=13&_fid=f2de6e24e&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)LithiumPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-V/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=c7a10f160&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (modified LFP-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP),partially chemically delithiatedBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP)*(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-Q/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=db96b3a4f&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (modified LFP-Reference, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP),partially chemically delithiatedCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated *(Reference)*Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-S/XSeparator type: Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-separator-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_sid=d748731a2&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (modified LFP-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiatedPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-R/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=3b5f145b2&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0210-N_80px.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel mesh, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless steel mesh70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel mesh *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-N/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-mesh-no-separator?_pos=1&_sid=5e5912651&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0420-M_80px.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel cross, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless steel cross70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel cross *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-M/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-cross-no-separator) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator Customized, if appl. Clamping ring) (10 pcs)noneProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (no R, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)noneCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useNo reference Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-P/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-celgard-qt17p2hx) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)noneBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-P/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-m?_pos=1&_sid=1b9810aa8&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)nonePP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)* Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-W/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=9512c3bb0&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0210-D.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PP (disassembled) (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-D/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=a693be367&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0210-T_X.webp)Plain Insulation sleeve (PP), Reed contact (SS), disassembled (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useWithout reference ring Without separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-T/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-reed-contact-ni-on-ss-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1a2894352&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PEEK-Sleeves_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassemblednonenone70°C 200°CInsulation sleeveReusablePEEK *(Sleeve)*Custom reference and separatorECC1-00-0510-TPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-peek-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1dff8bb02&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (GF/A) 21.6 x 0.26 mm, 50 pcsBorosilicate glass fiber70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-useBorosilicate glass fiberECC1-01-0011-A/LPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-26-mm-gf-a?_pos=1&_sid=3c4cc1f48&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (FS-5P) 21.6 x 0.22 mm, 50 pcsPP fiber/PE membrane70°CSeparatorSingle-usePP fiber/PE membraneECC1-01-0051-A/LPAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-22-mm-fs-5p?_pos=1&_sid=968fb8208&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_Technical_80px.png)Separator 21.6 mm x 0.016 mm, Celgard QT17P2HX, 50 pcsCelgard QT17P2HX70°CSeparatorSingle-useCelgard QT17P2HX, Trilayer Membrane (PP/PE/PP) ECC1-01-0101-A/LPAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-016-mm-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_fid=1c0ebe051&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0186-M_80px.webp)Reed contact 2nd Gen. (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-M/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation?_pos=1&_fid=89da4263b&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/ECC1-00-0186-P.webp)Reed contact (Au on SS) (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactReusableGold (Au>99%) on stainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-P/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation-gold-plated?_pos=2&_fid=79f33f2ee&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-F_80px.png)Reference ring (Mg) (10 pcs)Magnesium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useMagnesium (Mg)ECC1-00-0182-F/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-mg?_pos=1&_sid=414711dd4&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-O_80px.png)Reference ring (Li) (10 pcs)Lithium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium (Li)ECC1-00-0182-O/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lithium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=a7a331218&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Core_Ringref_LFP_-ECC1-00-0482-C_80px.png)Reference ring (LFP) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP)ECC1-00-0482-C/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lfp-modified?_pos=1&_sid=5270a2e44&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-O_80px.png)Reference ring (Na) (10 pcs)Sodium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useSodium coated (Na)ECC1-00-0182-L/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-sodium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=589def2c1&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_AC_-ECC1-00-0182-W_80px.png)Reference ring II (AC on SS) (10 pcs)Activated carbon70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steelECC1-00-0182-W/XPAT-Cell-HTAC 95%, aqueous binder: CMC 3% / SBR 2%[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-ac-coated?_pos=1&_sid=0ab00b99e&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-AU_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Au (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableGold (Au>99%)ECC1-00-0069-A/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-au?_pos=1&_sid=4858aa965&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ti_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ti (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableTitanium (Ti >99%, grade 2)ECC1-00-0069-C/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ti?_pos=1&_sid=8f8d71837&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Pt_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Pt (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusablePlatinum (Pt>99%)ECC1-00-0069-D/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-pt?_pos=1&_sid=d4969cf23&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ni_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ni (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-00-0069-F/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ni?_pos=1&_sid=cc35bc707&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Seal_PE_80px.png)Sealing ring PE (100 pcs)70°CSealing ringSingle-usePolyethylene (PE)ECC1-00-0232-A/CPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-pe?_pos=1&_sid=2ea96ef8a&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-N.webp)Sealing ring, Al (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-N/XPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer-1?_pos=5&_fid=85c379462&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-M.webp)Sealing ring, Cu (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useCopper (Cu)ECC1-00-0232-M/XPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-cu-washer?_pos=6&_fid=85c379462&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Core_AL-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-G_80px-comp.png)Sealing ring, Al (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAlECC1-00-0232-G/XPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer?_pos=1&_sid=126291964&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-B_80px.png)Sealing ring PTFE (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-usePTFEECC1-00-0232-B/XPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-ptfe?_pos=1&_sid=e2a0a4c84&_ss=r) Spare parts **Screw cap** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-Parts_Screw-Cap_ECC1-00-0236-B-300x220.png "Spare-Parts_Screw-Cap_ECC1-00-0236-B | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-Parts_Screw-Cap_ECC1-00-0236-B.png) **Cell base** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Cell-Base_ECC1-00-0255-A-297x300.png "Spare-parts_Cell-Base_ECC1-00-0255-A | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Cell-Base_ECC1-00-0255-A.png) **Spring contact holder** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Contact-pin_ECC1-00-0410-A-300x226.png "Spare-parts_Contact-pin_ECC1-00-0410-A | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Contact-pin_ECC1-00-0410-A.png) **Gas sample port** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Sample-Port_ECC1-00-0155-C-300x154.png "Spare-parts_Sample-Port_ECC1-00-0155-C | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Sample-Port_ECC1-00-0155-C.png) ## Sample Test Results ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Press_Sample_test_result_1.webp) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Press_Sample_test_result_2-2.webp) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Press_Sample_test_result_2-1.webp) ## Accessories, Consumables & Spare Parts - [Accessories](#1757593553126-326761f1-1c42) - [Consumables](#1758029339102-44d101ce-45a1) - [Spare Parts](#1757593553146-e7e25b2f-6d67) ### [Accessories](#1757593553126-326761f1-1c42) ### Accessories **[Metal seal mounting kit, (Order no.: ECC1-02-0040-A)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/)** This tool kit is designed to ensure the correct installation when using metal lid seals.[![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/EL-CELL_Metal-seal-mounting-kit-300x200.webp "EL-CELL_Metal-seal-mounting-kit | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/EL-CELL_Metal-seal-mounting-kit.webp) [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/) **Compression spring , FED 9079** The spring force applied to the cell stack is:[![Compression spring FED9079](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/FED9079-300x217.webp "FED9079 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/FED9079.webp) - 105 N ±10% if used with [aluminum lid seal](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer?_pos=5&_fid=0fa9d8f4d&_ss=c) \* - 115 N ±10% if used with [PE lid seal](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-pe?_pos=1&_fid=0fa9d8f4d&_ss=c) \*. [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/compression-spring-1-6x11-6x8-l-11-33-au-5-pcs?_pos=1&_fid=21b46b4b1&_ss=c) **Compression spring , FED 9052** The spring force applied to the cell stack is 7 N ± 30% \*.[![Compression Spring FED9052](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/FED9052-300x217.webp "FED9052 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/FED9052.webp) [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/compression-spring-0-85x9-25x12-5x2-31-au-5pcs) **Compression spring , FED 9028** The spring force applied to the cell stack is 40 N ± 30% \*. (Included in every PAT-Cell as standard)[![FED9028](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/FED9028.webp "FED9028 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/FED9028.webp) [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/compression-spring-1-3x11x11x2-25-au-5-pcs) \*Spring force values apply to an upper electrode thickness ranging from 0 to 0.8 mm. Within this range, the electrode thickness has no significant influence on the force. ### [Consumables](#1758029339102-44d101ce-45a1) ### Consumables Item nameReference materialSeparator materialTemperature rangeComponent typeUsageMaterialOrder numberCell designOrder ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0026-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0026-APAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-cu?_pos=1&_sid=ad1914166&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0026-B_80px.png)Upper plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0026-B PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-al?_pos=1&_sid=9b3fe34c3&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0026-CPAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ss?_pos=1&_sid=524638c73&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Nickel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-01-0026-MPAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ni?_pos=2&_sid=baf6095a6&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0065-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (PEEK) with upper feed wire (Au) and disc spring (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire and disc spring)* ECC1-01-0065-APAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-peek-au-assy?_pos=1&_sid=f9b3107f6&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0027-B_80px.png)Lower plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0027-B\_x (x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-B_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0027-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0027-A\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-A_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (Nickel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-01-0027-M\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-M_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0027-C\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-C_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0055-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (PEEK) with lower feed wire (Au) and disk spring (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire and disc spring)*ECC1-01-0055-A\_xPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0055-a_x/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)AluminumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)SodiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-U/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=42826d9ac&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)MagnesiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-H/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-mg-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=d6ba9465d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)AluminumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-J/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-al-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=77c5383d8&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)MagnesiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)* Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (AC-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)Activated carbonProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)SodiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS)-Reference ring, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)Activated carbon on stainless steelBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steel *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-M/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A, 260 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-acss-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=30624130d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Sodium Reference ring, Separator 2325) (10 pcs)SodiumCelgard 232570°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium*(Reference)*Celgard 2325 *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-O/XSeparator type: Celgard 2325, 25 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-2325-separator-pp-pe-pp-25-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=c64d1808f&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS)-Reference ring, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)Activated carbon on stainless steelPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steel *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-N/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B, 220 µm)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-acss-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=a5506658d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)SodiumPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-X/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=2abf6ac78&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)SodiumCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP (16.5 µm)70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP(Separator) Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-Q/XSeparator type: Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_fid=22fa329f4&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)LithiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)LithiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-O/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=24b290f0d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)LithiumCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)* ECC1-00-0420-O/XSeparator type: Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP 16.5 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=13&_fid=f2de6e24e&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)LithiumPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-V/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=c7a10f160&_ss=r) 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delithiated *(Reference)*Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-S/XSeparator type: Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-separator-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_sid=d748731a2&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (modified LFP-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiatedPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-R/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=3b5f145b2&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0210-N_80px.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel mesh, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless steel mesh70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel mesh *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-N/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-mesh-no-separator?_pos=1&_sid=5e5912651&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0420-M_80px.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel cross, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless steel cross70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel cross *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-M/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-cross-no-separator) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator Customized, if appl. Clamping ring) (10 pcs)noneProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (no R, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)noneCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useNo reference Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-P/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-celgard-qt17p2hx) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)noneBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-P/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-m?_pos=1&_sid=1b9810aa8&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)nonePP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)* Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-W/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=9512c3bb0&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0210-D.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PP (disassembled) (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-D/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=a693be367&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0210-T_X.webp)Plain Insulation sleeve (PP), Reed contact (SS), disassembled (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useWithout reference ring Without separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-T/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-reed-contact-ni-on-ss-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1a2894352&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PEEK-Sleeves_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassemblednonenone70°C 200°CInsulation sleeveReusablePEEK *(Sleeve)*Custom reference and separatorECC1-00-0510-TPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-peek-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1dff8bb02&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (GF/A) 21.6 x 0.26 mm, 50 pcsBorosilicate glass fiber70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-useBorosilicate glass fiberECC1-01-0011-A/LPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-26-mm-gf-a?_pos=1&_sid=3c4cc1f48&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (FS-5P) 21.6 x 0.22 mm, 50 pcsPP fiber/PE membrane70°CSeparatorSingle-usePP fiber/PE membraneECC1-01-0051-A/LPAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-22-mm-fs-5p?_pos=1&_sid=968fb8208&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_Technical_80px.png)Separator 21.6 mm x 0.016 mm, Celgard QT17P2HX, 50 pcsCelgard QT17P2HX70°CSeparatorSingle-useCelgard QT17P2HX, Trilayer Membrane (PP/PE/PP) ECC1-01-0101-A/LPAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-016-mm-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_fid=1c0ebe051&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0186-M_80px.webp)Reed contact 2nd Gen. (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-M/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation?_pos=1&_fid=89da4263b&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/ECC1-00-0186-P.webp)Reed contact (Au on SS) (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactReusableGold (Au>99%) on stainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-P/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation-gold-plated?_pos=2&_fid=79f33f2ee&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-F_80px.png)Reference ring (Mg) (10 pcs)Magnesium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useMagnesium (Mg)ECC1-00-0182-F/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-mg?_pos=1&_sid=414711dd4&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-O_80px.png)Reference ring (Li) (10 pcs)Lithium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium (Li)ECC1-00-0182-O/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lithium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=a7a331218&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Core_Ringref_LFP_-ECC1-00-0482-C_80px.png)Reference ring (LFP) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP)ECC1-00-0482-C/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lfp-modified?_pos=1&_sid=5270a2e44&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-O_80px.png)Reference ring (Na) (10 pcs)Sodium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useSodium coated (Na)ECC1-00-0182-L/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-sodium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=589def2c1&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_AC_-ECC1-00-0182-W_80px.png)Reference ring II (AC on SS) (10 pcs)Activated carbon70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steelECC1-00-0182-W/XPAT-Cell-HTAC 95%, aqueous binder: CMC 3% / SBR 2%[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-ac-coated?_pos=1&_sid=0ab00b99e&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-AU_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Au (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableGold (Au>99%)ECC1-00-0069-A/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-au?_pos=1&_sid=4858aa965&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ti_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ti (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableTitanium (Ti >99%, grade 2)ECC1-00-0069-C/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ti?_pos=1&_sid=8f8d71837&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Pt_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Pt (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusablePlatinum (Pt>99%)ECC1-00-0069-D/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-pt?_pos=1&_sid=d4969cf23&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ni_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ni (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-00-0069-F/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ni?_pos=1&_sid=cc35bc707&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Seal_PE_80px.png)Sealing ring PE (100 pcs)70°CSealing ringSingle-usePolyethylene (PE)ECC1-00-0232-A/CPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-pe?_pos=1&_sid=2ea96ef8a&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-N.webp)Sealing ring, Al (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-N/XPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer-1?_pos=5&_fid=85c379462&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-M.webp)Sealing ring, Cu (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useCopper (Cu)ECC1-00-0232-M/XPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-cu-washer?_pos=6&_fid=85c379462&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Core_AL-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-G_80px-comp.png)Sealing ring, Al (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAlECC1-00-0232-G/XPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer?_pos=1&_sid=126291964&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-B_80px.png)Sealing ring PTFE (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-usePTFEECC1-00-0232-B/XPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-ptfe?_pos=1&_sid=e2a0a4c84&_ss=r) ### [Spare Parts](#1757593553146-e7e25b2f-6d67) ### Spare parts **Screw cap** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Spare-Parts_Screw-Cap_ECC1-00-0236-D.png "Spare-Parts_Screw-Cap_ECC1-00-0236-D | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Spare-Parts_Screw-Cap_ECC1-00-0236-D.png) **Cell base** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Cell-Base_ECC1-00-0255-A-297x300.png "Spare-parts_Cell-Base_ECC1-00-0255-A | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Cell-Base_ECC1-00-0255-A.png) **Spring contact holder** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Contact-pin_ECC1-00-0410-A-300x226.png "Spare-parts_Contact-pin_ECC1-00-0410-A | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Contact-pin_ECC1-00-0410-A.png) **Gas sample port** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Sample-Port_ECC1-00-0155-C-300x154.png "Spare-parts_Sample-Port_ECC1-00-0155-C | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Spare-parts_Sample-Port_ECC1-00-0155-C.png) ## Aqueous electrolytes The PAT-Cell-Press II withstands all common aqueous electrolytes such as sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide solution. Due to its excellent corrosion resistance, the PAT-Cell-Press II can also be used for aprotic systems beyond Li-ion. We recommend using PEEK current collectors for these applications as shown below: [![Specialized PAT-Core with reusable plunger made of PEEK polymer and gold current collectors (optionally other metals such as Pt, Ni)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Gallery_PAT-Core_Aqu_01-1.jpg "Gallery_PAT-Core_Aqu_01-1 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Gallery_PAT-Core_Aqu_01-1.jpg)Specialized PAT-Core with reusable plunger made of PEEK polymer and gold current collectors (optionally other metals such as Pt, Ni) ## Recommended PAT-Core configurations This information can be used as a guide for building the PAT-Cell-Press II. More PAT-Core setups can be found [here](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/common-test-cases). **3-electrode testing with aprotic LiPF6 based electrolytes** - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1757580609705-2ef7751e-936f) - [Graphite vs Li metal](#1757580609742-195b26b9-c334) - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1757580609776-b394744c-eb1e) #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1757580609705-2ef7751e-936f) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed Contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** #### [Graphite vs Li metal](#1757580609742-195b26b9-c334) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** Graphite **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-B\_x\* (Cu) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1757580609776-b394744c-eb1e) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** ![PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers and reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PAT-Core_250.webp)PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers and reference electrode - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078484782-17498341-715c) - [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078484922-e029f64a-56df) - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078485063-e81277dd-9fae) #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078484782-17498341-715c) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed Contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** #### [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078484922-e029f64a-56df) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** Graphite **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-B\_x\* (Cu) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078485063-e81277dd-9fae) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**Li metalcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-V/X **T/°C** **2-electrode testing with aprotic LiPF6 based electrolytes** - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078577650-684d01d4-5739) - [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078577807-4ca22ab8-c0cb) - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078577948-587045a3-4c56) #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078577650-684d01d4-5739) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** #### [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078577807-4ca22ab8-c0cb) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** Graphite **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-B\_x\* (Cu) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078577948-587045a3-4c56) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** ![PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers without reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/PAT-Core_Cu-Al_ohne-Ref.png)PAT-Core with copper and aluminum plungers without reference electrode - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078637181-3ba4fa7e-3644) - [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078637329-29892980-bef5) - [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078637477-a2507bc6-2fbe) #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Li metal](#1541078637181-3ba4fa7e-3644) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** #### [Graphite vs Li metal](#1541078637329-29892980-bef5) ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** Graphite **Upper electrode (-)**Li metal **Lower plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-B\_x\* (Cu) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** #### [LCO/NCM/LFP.. vs Graphite/LTO](#1541078637477-a2507bc6-2fbe) ComponentItem/MaterialOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** LCO/NCM/LFP.. **Upper electrode (-)**Graphite/LTO **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or CuECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-A (Cu) **Reference**none **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)ECC1-00-0210-W/X **T/°C** **3-electrode testing with aprotic supercap electrolytes** ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** AC\*\* **Upper electrode (-)**AC **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-B (Al) **Reference**Activated carbon on stainless steelcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve (PP), AC(SS) ring, FS/5P separator (PP fiber/PE membrane, 220 µm)ECC1-00-0450-N **T/°C** \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/discover-the-pat-series#height-number) to determine the proper lower plunger. \*\*AC = Activated carbon ![PAT-Core with aluminum plungers and reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Al-Al_LiRef_2025.png)PAT-Core with aluminum plungers and reference electrode ComponentItem nameOrder no. **Lower electrode (+)** AC\*\* **Upper electrode (-)**AC **Lower plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0027-C\_x\* (SS) or ECC1-01-0027-A\_x\* (Al) **Upper plunger**SS or AlECC1-01-0026-C (SS) or ECC1-01-0026-B (Al) **Reference**Activated carbon on stainless steelcontained in insulation sleeve **Reed contact**Ni on SScontained in insulation sleeve **Separator**FS-5Pcontained in insulation sleeve **Lid seal**PEECC1-00-0232-A/C **Sleeve (single-use)**Insulation sleeve (PP), AC(SS) ring, FS/5P separator (PP fiber/PE membrane, 220 µm)ECC1-00-0450-N **T/°C** \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/discover-the-pat-series#height-number) to determine the proper lower plunger. \*\*AC = Activated carbon ## Recommended potentiostats The PAT-Cell-Press II test cell is fully supported by the following potentiostats: [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) The PAT-Tester-i-16 integrates a temperature controlled cell chamber and docking station with a battery tester into one single instrument. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) The PAT-Tester-x-8 offers maximum flexibility with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## Recommended tools [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High precision cutting pliers to eliminate torn and chipped electrode edges. Recommended diameter size for use with the PAT-Cell-Press is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil. The recommended size for use with the PAT-Cell-Press is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## Related products [![PAT-Cell-Gas battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Products_PAT-Cell-Gas_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) ## [PAT-Cell-Gas II](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) PAT-Cell for in-situ gas analysis in a flow-through set-up [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) [![PAT-Cell-Gas-HT](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PAT-Cell-Gas-HT_250.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas-ht/) ## [PAT-Cell-Gas-HT](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas-ht/) Battery test cell for heating the cell stack up to 400°C and analyzing the gases produced [Product details](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas-ht/) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) Modular multi-channel potentiostat for special and small-scale testing [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Force test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/) **Published:** March 25, 2022 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Explore force test cells for operando battery research—precise force control up to 1500 N with built-in temperature and pressure sensors. **Content:** Force Test Cells Characterize solid-state and other cell chemistries under applied pressure ![PAT series force test cells for solid-state battery testing]( "PAT Force Cells_250") ![]( "PageHeader_PAT-Cell-HT") ![]( "Vorlage_PageHeader_HT") ![]() # Force test cells Test cells for investigating battery materials under defined force ## Our products [![PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PAT-Cell-Force_250_02.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force) ## [PAT-Cell-Force](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force) Operando test cell for investigating battery materials under defined force, temperature, and gas pressure - Force adjustment and measurement, up to 1500 N - Built-in temperature, force, and gas pressure sensors - Cableless connection via PAT socket, with electronic cell tag (PAT-Button) [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force) [![PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PAT-Cell-Solid_badge_New_250.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) ## [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) Advanced Battery test cell for solid-state cell chemistries. Measure with an applied pressure of up to 300 MPa at 6 mm electrode diameter! - Force adjustment and measurement, up to 9000 N - For Testing of Solid-State Batteries - Built-in temperature, force and gas pressure sensors [Product details](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/) --- ### [PAT-Tester-i-16 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) **Published:** March 20, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Tester-i is a multi-channel battery tester with integrated temperature chamber for battery materials research. Free EL-Software included **Content:** Downloads # PAT-Tester-i-16 multichannel potentiostat: ## Your Lab in a Box. ### Discover our All-in-One Solution for Multichannel Battery Testing. Request a quote Specifications EL-Software ![]( "PAT-Tester-i-16_440") ![]( "pageheader_product_2025_grau_03") ## **PAT-Tester-i-16** ## Your Lab in a box: ### The PAT-Tester-i-16 is a multi-channel battery tester specially developed for the requirements of battery material research. Discover the unique features that set it apart from other devices. ![EL-Cell PAT-Tester-i-16 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Pageheader_PAT-Tester-i-16_productimage_03-comp-1.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/5525/)[Request a quote](#quote) The PAT-Tester-i-16 is a state-of-the-art multi-channel battery tester specially developed for the requirements of battery material research. Discover the unique features that set it apart from other devices. ## Product Highlights ### Integrated Temperature Chamber! The PAT-Tester-i-16 features an integrated Temperature Chamber with a temperature range of +10 °C to +80 °C. It does not require any additional space- or cost-intensive devices! ![Temperature range of the PAT-Tester-i-16 cell chamber](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/PAT-Tester-i-16_T-Chamber_800_03.webp) ![The PAT-Tester-i-16 features 16 independent test channels, each a fully featured PStat/GStat/EIS](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Multichannel_800-2.webp) ### True Multichannel Testing! The sixteen test channels of the PAT-Tester-i-16 are independent units, each with a fully featured potentiostat/galvanostat and impedance analyzer. No multiplexing! ### No Wiring Required! Cableless connection for battery test cells. Simply plug in your PAT-Cells to the connection socket which interacts directly with the measurement electronics. No cable tangles or interference signals. [![PAT-Cell M wireless test cell with PAT Socket](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/PAT-Cell-M_Wireless_800.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/PAT-Cell-M_Wireless_800.webp) [![Coulomb efficiency and capacity rentention of a PAT-Cell during a 5000 hrs cycling test](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_5000hrs_02-2_2025-300x300.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PAT-Cell_Sample_test_result_5000hrs_02-2_2025.png) [![PAT-Tester-i-16 Accuracy Contour Plot](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot-300x300.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot.png) ### Highest Accuracy! The PAT-Tester delivers industry-leading resolution and accuracy, capable of determining charge efficiency with a precision of just a few hundredths of a percent. No other battery tester on the market offers comparable performance, making the PAT-Tester the ideal instrument for High Precision Coulometry (HPC). Find out more about the measuring accuracy of the PAT-Tester-i-16 in our [application example](https://www.el-cell.com/reliability-meets-accuracy/). ### The Connection Matrix and Other Unique Timesavers! Measure voltage and impedance simultaneously, switch between half-cell and full-cell measurements at runtime without rewiring, and edit the parameters of your test scripts on the fly. These and other features help you to carry out electrochemical measurements more easily and efficiently. The Connection Matrix The PAT-Tester-i-16 comes equipped with a Connection Matrix on each test channel. This feature allows software-controlled switching between half-cell and full-cell measurements without reconnecting cables during the running measurement. As demonstrated [in this example](https://www.el-cell.com/testing-with-a-finger-shaped-reference-electrode/), the Connection Matrix minimizes potential sources of error and simplifies various tasks, such as the prelithiation of reference electrodes. AC or DC? We can both! The internal impedance analyzer on each test channel can simultaneously record the impedances of both half-cells while performing constant current cycles or voltammetric experiments. Acquire the DC and AC characteristics of your test cells at the same time! [Check out our example test case](https://www.el-cell.com/ac-or-dc-we-can-both/). On-the-fly script editing Would you like to change the test script in your ongoing experiment? No problem. With the supplied EL-Software control software, you can effortlessly change any of your test script parameters, even while your measurements are running. ![Measuring the DC and AC characteristics of both half cells at the same time](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Timesaver_2.webp) ### Deployable Anywhere, Easy to Setup! No fixed installation or special infrastructure required! All you need is a flat surface in an air-conditioned room, a power connection, and LAN access. ![Setup and operate your PAT-Tester-i-16 anywhere](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/PAT-Tester-i-16_Place-Anywhere_02-1.webp) [![PAT-Tester-i-16 space requirements](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Footprint_800x600_02.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Footprint_800x600_02.webp) ### Small Footprint! Thanks to its compact design, the PAT-Tester-i-16 requires very little space and can, therefore, be set up and operated even in limited spaces. ### Full Remote Control! Access your devices and experiments from anywhere in your local network. The PAT-Tester-i-16, the cell chamber’s temperature control, and the ongoing measurements on the test channels can be fully controlled remotely via LAN. This way, you can even set up and monitor measurements involving multiple PAT-Testers without being on-site. ![Full remote control with EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Remote-Control-2.webp) Server (Database) on Client Use Case 1: - Single User Access - Up to 16 Test Channels Server (Database) on Device Use Case 2: - Single User Access - More than 16 Test Channels Use Case 3: - Multi-User Access - More than 16 Test Channels Server (Database) on Dedicated Device ![PAT-Tester-i-16 Use Case with a single user and up to 16 test channels]( "Scalability_UseCase1_800x600") ![]( "Scalability_UseCase2_800x600") ![]( "Scalability_UseCase3_800x600") ### Highly Scalable for Your Application! Run single-channel experiments or perform high-throughput testing with multiple PAT-Testers in a cluster. The control software scales effortlessly and enables a wide variety of use cases! ## Specifications [Download Data Sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/5525/) General Width 380 mm Depth 640 mm Height (opened cover) approx. 600 mm Height (closed cover) 375 mm Weight 26 kg (without test cells) Channels per device 1 to 16 Control voltage -7 V to +7 V Compliance voltage -8 V to 8 V (no load) Current ±100 mA Cell connection / Electrode connection 3 electrodes, sense connections, connection matrix ADC 2 x 24 Bit DAC 1 x 18 Bit Slew rate 2.5 V / µs Bandwidth ranges 500 kHz 50 kHz 5 kHz Sampling interval (rate) 1 ms (1000 samples per second) with intelligent data recording Input impedance >100 MΩ || 20 pF Internal sampling buffer 100 GB Computer interface 1 GBit Ethernet Multiuser Device runs standalone (immune to network interruptions) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Voltage Acquisition voltages Full cell voltage Both half-cell voltages Auxiliary voltage Measurement accuracy ±0.02% of FSR (Full scale range) Measurement noise floor 30 μV peak-peak typical Control resolution 57 μV (18 Bit) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Current Current ranges ±100 mA ±10 mA ±1 mA ±100 μA Autorange Measurement accuracy ±0.05% of FSR Measurement noise floor Control resolution 1 nA min. (18 Bit) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Impedance (each channel) Frequency range 100 μHz to 100 kHz Impedance modes PEIS and GEIS (each with simultaneous measurement of full- and half-cell impedances) Impedance range 1 mΩ to 100 MΩ EIS quality indicator SFDR (Spurious Free Dynamic Range) EIS drift correction yes EIS adaptive amplitude yes [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Other Temperature chamber +10°C to +80°C, setpoint control in EL-Software Additional measurement (each channel) Multiple digital I²C bus sensors, e.g. for cell temperature and gas pressure 1x analog voltage input, e.g. for dilatometer signal Calibration Fully automatic self-test and self-calibration with internal voltage references and internal calibration cells (maintenance-free) Software EL-Software with : Experiment designer Cell and material management with database Script editor with syntax check Live data monitoring Analysing and reporting capabilities Cell identification Supports PAT-Button for reading the unique test cell serial number [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") (Last update: December 2023) *Patents: EP3465814, US10,950,900, ZL201680086477.3 TEST CELL STATION FOR AT LEAST ONE ELECTROCHEMICAL TEST CELL – PAT-Chamber / PAT-Tester* ### Measurements [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-i-16 measurements](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-Cell_PAT-Tester-i-16_Measurements-300x200.png "EL-Cell_PAT-Tester-i-16_Measurements | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EL-Cell_PAT-Tester-i-16_Measurements.png)[](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot.png) ### Accuracy Contour Plot [![PAT-Tester accuracy contour plot](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot-300x300.png "accuracy_contour_plot | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot.png) ## EL-Software ![EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/EL-Software_Stoerer_440.webp) ### EL-Software combines all benefits of the PAT-System with powerful testing and monitoring capabilities EL-Software is a powerful software platform developed to control EL-CELL battery testers. It is available to all users free of charge. EL-Software provides you with comprehensive support throughout the entire process of conducting electrochemical experiments, from initial set up to ongoing monitoring of measurements, all the way to final evaluation. It covers a wide range of test cases, from strain measurements using the ECD dilatometer to simple cycle tests on a single button cell and high-throughput material tests with the PAT system. Discover all features of EL-Software [here](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/). **Installation of EL-Software:** The installation files for EL-Software can be downloaded here: [Get EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/#downloads) ## Downloads ### Manuals ### Software Installation The installation files for EL-Software can be downloaded here: [Get EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/#downloads) ## Your Lab in a Box. ### Our All-in-one Solution for Electrochemical Battery Testing! Until now, battery research solutions for higher throughput were modular systems built around wired test cells or test cells docked into a docking station. The cells and docking stations needed to be placed into a temperature-controlled chamber and connected via many cables to a potentiostat / galvanostat outside. Such modular and distributed set-ups are flexible, but have severe drawbacks such as a large foot print, an extensive cable harness, and susceptibility to experimental mistakes. **With the new, patented\* PAT-Tester-i-16 we integrate all functions of a 16-channels battery tester, a PAT docking station, and a temperature-controlled test chamber into one single instrument.** The world-wide patented cableless connection between test cell and potentiostat saves space in your lab and eliminates wiring effort. Plug the PAT-Tester into the main power supply, connect it to your LAN and get full remote access from any host PC on the network! The internal impedance analyser is capable of simultaneously recording both half-cell impedances while running constant current cycles or voltammetric experiments. **Aquire the DC and AC characteristics of your test cells at the same time!** ([See our sample test case here](https://el-cell.com/ac-or-dc-we-can-both).) All test channels feature a connection matrix for software-controlled switching between half- and full-cell measurements without reconnecting any cables. ## PAT-Tester-i-16 overview Features ## Integrated Temperature Chamber! The PAT-Tester-i-16 features an integrated Temperature Chamber with an temperature range of +10 °C to + 80 °C. There is no need for additional, space and cost-intensive devices! ## True Multichannel Testing! The sixteen test channels of the PAT-Tester-i-16 are independent units, each with a fully featured potentiostat/galvanostat and impedance analyzer. No multiplexing! ## No Wiring Required! Cableless connection for battery test cells. Simply plug in your PAT-Cells to the connection socket which interacts directly with the measurement electronics. No cable tangles or interference signals. ## Highest Accuracy! The PAT-Tester-i-16 delivers the highest measurement precision with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio, making it the perfect machine for high-precision coulometry! Find out more about the measuring accuracy of the PAT-Tester-i-16 in our [application example](https://www.el-cell.com/reliability-meets-accuracy/). ## The Switch Matrix and Other Unique Timesavers! Measure voltage and impedance simultaneously, switch between half-cell and full-cell measurements at runtime without rewiring, and edit the parameters of your test scripts on the fly. These and other features help you to carry out electrochemical measurements more easily and efficiently. - **The Connection Matrix:** The PAT-Tester-i-16 comes equipped with a Connection Matrix on each test channel. This feature allows for software-controlled switching between half-cell and full-cell measurements without reconnecting any cables during the running measurement. As demonstrated in [this example](https://www.el-cell.com/testing-with-a-finger-shaped-reference-electrode/), the Connection Matrix minimizes potential sources of error and simplifies various tasks, such as the prelithiation of reference electrodes . - **AC or CD? We can both!** The internal impedance analyzer on each test channel can simultaneously record the impedances of both half-cells while performing constant current cycles or voltammetric experiments. Acquire the DC and AC characteristics of your test cells at the same time! [Check out our example test case.](https://www.el-cell.com/ac-or-dc-we-can-both/) - **On-the-fly script editing** Would you like to change the test script in your ongoing experiment? No problem. With the supplied EL-Software control software, you can effortlessly change any of your test script parameters, even while your measurements are running. ## Deployable Anywhere, Easy to Setup! No fixed installation or special infrastructure required! All you need is a flat surface in an air-conditioned room, a power connection, and LAN access. ## Small Footprint! Thanks to its compact design, the PAT-Tester-i-16 requires very little space and can, therefore, be set up and operated even in limited spaces. ## Full Remote Control! Access your devices and experiments from anywhere in your local network. The PAT-Tester-i-16, the cell chamber’s temperature control, and the ongoing measurements on the test channels can be fully controlled remotely via LAN. This way, you can even set up and monitor measurements involving multiple PAT-Testers without being on-site. ## Highly Scalable for Your Application! Run single-channel experiments or perform high-throughput testing with multiple PAT-Testers in a cluster. The control software scales effortlessly and enables a wide variety of use cases! EL-Software EL-Software is a powerful software platform developed to control EL-CELL battery testers. It is available to all users free of charge. EL-Software provides you with comprehensive support throughout the entire process of conducting electrochemical experiments, from initial set up to ongoing monitoring of measurements, all the way to final evaluation. It covers a wide range of test cases, from strain measurements using the ECD dilatometer to simple cycle tests on a single button cell and high-throughput material tests with the PAT system. [Get EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/#downloads)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Home_start_slider_EL-Software-compressor-300x300.png "Home_start_slider_EL-Software-compressor | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Home_start_slider_EL-Software-compressor.png) **Feature Highlights** Convenient experiment design and planning capabilities for highly scalable test setups Cell component management Intuitive, powerful experiment builder for setting up common tests such as CCCV cycling, voltammetry, impedance tests Powerful, flexible script language for customization of nearly any desired experiment Batch mode for sequencing of experiments Unique Connection Matrix: Reconnect a cell at runtime without touching any cable. Most advanced graphing capabilities and configurable cell viewer for viewing and comparing data in real-time (Single experiment and group reports; Multi-panel graphs; Built-in and custom graph templates) [> Discover all features of EL-Software](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) Specifications [![PAT-Tester-i- multichannel potentiostat displaying battery measurement data](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/EL-Cell_PAT-Tester-i-16_Measurements.png "Measurements_PAT-Cell | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/EL-Cell_PAT-Tester-i-16_Measurements.png)[](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot.png)(Last update: November 2023) ### Measurements Width 380 mm Depth 640 mm Height approx. 600 mm/375 mm (opened/closed cover) Weight 26 kg (without test cells) Operating temperature range 10 to 80° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Accuracy Contour Plot [![PAT-Tester-i-16 Accuracy Contour Plot](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot-300x300.png "accuracy_contour_plot | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot.png) ### ### General Width 380 mm Depth 640 mm Height (opened cover) approx. 600 mm Height (closed cover) 375 mm Weight 26 kg (without test cells) Channels per device 1 to 16 Control voltage -7 V to +7 V Compliance voltage -8 V to 8 V (no load) Current ±100 mA Cell connection / Electrode connection 3 electrodes, sense connections, connection matrix ADC 2 x 24 Bit DAC 1 x 18 Bit Slew rate 2.5 V / µs Bandwidth ranges 500 kHz 50 kHz 5 kHz Sampling interval (rate) 1 ms (1000 samples per second) with intelligent data recording Input impedance >100 MΩ || 20 pF Internal sampling buffer 100 GB Computer interface 1 GBit Ethernet Multiuser Device runs standalone (immune to network interruptions) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Voltage Acquisition voltages Full cell voltage Both half-cell voltages Auxiliary voltage Measurement accuracy ±0.02% of FSR (Full scale range) Measurement noise floor 30 μV peak-peak typical Control resolution 57 μV (18 Bit) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Current Current ranges ±100 mA ±10 mA ±1 mA ±100 μA Autorange Measurement accuracy ±0.05% of FSR Measurement noise floor Control resolution 1 nA min. (18 Bit) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Impedance (each channel) Frequency range 100 μHz to 100 kHz Impedance modes PEIS and GEIS (each with simultaneous measurement of full- and half-cell impedances) Impedance range 1 mΩ to 100 MΩ EIS quality indicator SFDR (Spurious Free Dynamic Range) EIS drift correction yes EIS adaptive amplitude yes [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Other Temperature chamber +10°C to +80°C, setpoint control in EL-Software Additional measurement (each channel) Multiple digital I²C bus sensors, e.g. for cell temperature and gas pressure 1x analog voltage input, e.g. for dilatometer signal Calibration Fully automatic self-test and self-calibration with internal voltage references and internal calibration cells (maintenance-free) Software EL-Software with : Experiment designer Cell and material management with database Script editor with syntax check Live data monitoring Analysing and reporting capabilities Cell identification Supports PAT-Button for reading the unique test cell serial number [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Downloads ### Manuals [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Download_Manual_PAT-Tester-i-16_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10882/?tmstv=1708596147)PAT-Tester-i-16 User Manual Release 1.0 Date February 2024 Type PDF Size 2.1 MB [Download](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10882/?tmstv=1708596147) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") PAT-Tester-i-16 Data Sheet Release December 2023 Type PDF Size 950 KB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5525/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Software Installation The installation files for EL-Software can be downloaded here: [Get EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/#downloads) ## Related products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) Leadless test cell using the innovative PAT-Core concept [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) [![PAT-Cell-Press Battery Test Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Cell-Press.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) ## [PAT-Cell-Press](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) Pressure test cell for measuring gas evolution and drawing gas samples [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) The PAT-Tester-x-8 offers maximum flexibility with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) ## [EL-Software](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) Monitoring, analysis and management software solution for all EL-CELL battery testers [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [ECC-Opto-Std](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std/) **Published:** October 26, 2016 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** ECC-Opto-Std test cell for reflective optical and X-ray characterization with face-to-face electrodes, plus accessories and window kits. **Content:** # **ECC-Opto-Std** ##### Test cell for optical and X-ray characterization in the reflective mode with face-to-face arrangement of electrodes [Request a quote](#quote)[Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/8982/)[Accessories](#options)[Videos](#videos) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Pageheader_Produktdetail_ECC-Opto-Std_01.png) # **ECC-Opto-Std** ##### Test cell for optical and X-ray characterization in the reflective mode with face-to-face arrangement of electrodes ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Pageheader_Produktdetail_ECC-Opto-Std_01.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Videos](#videos) [Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/8982/) [Request a quote](#quote) [![ECC-Opto-10 optical battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ECC-Opto-10_250-1.webp "ECC-Opto-10_250 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ECC-Opto-10_250-1.webp)**Discover the ECC-Opto-10, our next generation optical test cell!** - High cycling stability due to improved sealing concept - Improved cell design for easy handling - Low profile design for use with light microscopes [Read more](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) ## Product overview - [Product description](#1489590351680-30ae9365-4211) - [Features](#1489590439848-263ccde9-d862) - [Specifications](#1499948288300-621c3029-265a) - [Application Notes](#1770979568753-32d514af-9f25) - [Manual](#1489592746865-6f0d621c-2882) - [Delivery scope](#1489590517228-fb0d380c-9941) - [Consumables](#1489658938777-8184978e-2b83) - [Spare parts](#1489590870146-80461bed-122c) - [Frequently asked questions](#1510154483274-b9b529f7-1d4d) #### [Product description](#1489590351680-30ae9365-4211) ### Product description The ECC-Opto-Std test cell is dedicated to the inspection of electrodes by optical methods such as light microscopy or Raman spectroscopy working in the reflection mode. Basically, the respective instrument looks through a transparent window onto the backside of the working electrode. For this purpose the working electrode is to be supported on a perforated current collector or a current collector having a single small hole in its center. Different versions are available for use in either aprotic or aqueous electrolytes and can be adapted to the optical instrumentation used. [![Schematic view of the ECC-Opto-Std showing a possible assembly mode for a typical sandwich geometry](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_Opto-Std_04.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_Opto-Std_04.jpg)Schematic view of the ECC-Opto-Std showing a possible assembly mode for a typical sandwich geometry #### [Features](#1489590439848-263ccde9-d862) ### Features Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes Reliable low leakage sealing with PE washers and EPDM O-rings Easy and reliable electrolyte filling upon assembly Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Materials in media contact are stainless steel 1.4404 and PEEK (other materials on request) #### [Specifications](#1499948288300-621c3029-265a) ### Specifications [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Abmessungen_ECC-Opto-Std_quer-177x300.jpg "Abmessungen_ECC-Opto-Std_quer | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Abmessungen_ECC-Opto-Std_quer.jpg) Height 46 mm Width 88 mm Depth 63 mm Weight approx. 200 g Electrode diameter 10 mm Electrolyte volume min. 0.1 ml [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Application Notes](#1770979568753-32d514af-9f25) ### Application Notes [**Novel piezo-controlled ATR-FTIR microspectroscopy for in-situ monitoring of electrochemical reaction in battery models (J. Vongsvivut et al., 2024)**](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105899) Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) technique has become indispensable for surface-specific molecular analysis. At the Australian Synchrotron’s Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) beamline, we have advanced this technique by developing a novel piezo-controlled ATR-FTIR device designed for in-situ monitoring of electrochemical reactions in battery models. This piezo-controlled ATR-FTIR system incorporates high-precision piezoelectric linear translation stages, enabling sub-micron positioning and a gentle approach to engage samples with step intervals as small as 50 nm. By capturing high-quality spectral data during charge–discharge cycles of zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) at a controlled 100 nm distance from the electrode surface, the system overcomes common spectral artifacts associated with traditional reflectance setups and provides genuine interfacial chemical information without disrupting ongoing reactions. Combining the unique ability to monitor interfacial chemistry with its precision and reproducibility, this piezo-controlled ATR-FTIR device expands the analytical potential of synchrotron-FTIR microspectroscopy, offering transformative insights into the formation of solid electrolyte interphase and solvation mechanisms. The applications in ZIBs demonstrated in this study highlight the capability of the piezo-controlled ATR-FTIR technique for understanding critical interfacial processes that underpin energy storage performance and catalysis research, setting a new standard for synchrotron-FTIR studies of dynamic interfacial phenomena. [Read the article](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105899) #### [Manual](#1489592746865-6f0d621c-2882) ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Opto-Std_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1657/)ECC-Opto-Std User Manual Release 2.97 Release Date January 2026 Type PDF Size 2 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1657/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Delivery scope](#1489590517228-fb0d380c-9941) ### Delivery scope Item nameOrder no. ECC-Opto-STD test cell ECC-Opto Cell Cable (30 cm)ECE1-00-0075-A Electrode feed wire OPTO, NiECC1-00-0010-S Transfer line syringeECC1-01-0001-A O-Ring 6.75 mm x 1.78 mm (AP540, 2 pcs.)DIC9013/2 O-Ring 16 mm x 1.8 mm (AP540, 2 pcs.)DIC9012/2 Glass disc 22 mm x 0.3 mm (5 pcs.)LAB0018/V Separator with tongue 10.0 mm x 1.0 mm, GF (5 pcs.)ECC1-01-0012-J/V Current collector mesh 16.0 mm x 0.04 mm, Cu (5 pcs.)ECC1-00-0328-A/V Current collector mesh 16.0 mm x 0.04 mm, Al (5 pcs.)ECC1-00-0328-B/V Allen wrench 0.9 mmWZG9005 Hex ball screwdriver 3 mmWZG9002 [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ECC-Opto-Std_Delivery_scope-300x263.png "ECC-Opto-Std_Delivery_scope | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ECC-Opto-Std_Delivery_scope.png) #### [Consumables](#1489658938777-8184978e-2b83) ### Consumables Item nameOrder no.Cell designOrder ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/LAB0018.png)Glass disc 22 mm x 0.3 mm (5 pcs)LAB0018/V[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/glass-disc-22-mm-x-0-3-mm?_pos=6&_fid=f89c34edc&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-J.png)Separator (GF) 10 x 1 mm (with tongue), 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-J/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-with-tongue-10-0-mm-x-1-0-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=34fca63cb&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Current_Collector_mesh_ECC1-00-0328-A.png)Current collector mesh, Cu,16 mm x 0.04 mm (ECC-OPTO), (5 pcs)ECC1-00-0328-A/V[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-mesh-16-0-mm-x-0-04-mm-cu?_pos=1&_sid=537fa9b8e&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Current_Collector_mesh_ECC1-00-0328-B.png)Current collector mesh, Al, 16 mm x 0.04 mm (ECC-OPTO), (5 pcs)ECC1-00-0328-B/V[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-mesh-16-0-mm-x-0-04-mm-al?_pos=1&_sid=2c4523827&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/O-ring_DIC9013.png)O-Ring 6.75 mm x 1.78 mm, (10 pcs)DIC9013/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-set-ecc-opto-std-aqu?_pos=1&_sid=55289ed1a&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/O-ring_DIC9012.png)O-Ring 16 mm x 1.8 mm, (10 pcs)DIC9012/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-set-ecc-opto-std-aqu?_pos=1&_sid=55289ed1a&_ss=r) #### [Spare parts](#1489590870146-80461bed-122c) ### Spare parts **Test cell** [![Spare parts for ECC-Opto-Std optical test cell](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Spare-parts_opto-std_test-cell.png "| EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Spare-parts_opto-std_test-cell.png) #### [Frequently asked questions](#1510154483274-b9b529f7-1d4d) ### Frequently asked questions ### Can I use the provided borosilicate glass window with any lithium battery electrodes? Borosilicate glass is a good choice for all common cathode materials and also lithium titanate as the working electrode. However, some anode material such as lithium metal and lithiated graphite may react with the glass window forming greyish spots of elemental silicon on the glass surface. We therefore recommend using sapphire (Al2O3) windows with anode materials. ### What is the difference between the ECC-Opto-Std and ECC-Opto-Aqu? The basic difference is that for the ECC-Opto-AQU gold and PEEK are used for the parts coming into contact with the electrolyte. Gold is stable in most aqueous electrolytes (an important exception are solutions containing chloride), but is sometimes not stable in aprotic electrolytes (gold may form alloys with Li when used as a current collector for the negative electrode in Li+ containing solutions). We have also seen gold corroding in aprotic surpercapacitor electrolytes, R4NBF4 in MeCN, when used as the positive current collector. Please note that the PEEK polymer used in both cells for the cell body has some stability limits. PEEK is not recommended for aqueous H2SO4 at concentrations >50% (as PEEK is getting sulfonated) and concentrated HNO3. In general, using one and the same cell for both aqueous and aprotic electrolytes may cause trouble because of cross contamination, especially from the aqueous towards the aprotic systems. The ECC-Opto-Std test cell is dedicated to the inspection of electrodes by optical methods such as light microscopy or Raman spectroscopy working in the reflection mode. Basically, the respective instrument looks through a transparent window onto the backside of the working electrode. For this purpose the working electrode is to be supported on a perforated current collector or a current collector having a single small hole in its center. Different versions are available for use in either aprotic or aqueous electrolytes and can be adapted to the optical instrumentation used. ## ECC-Opto-Std overview Features Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes Reliable low leakage sealing with PE washers and EPDM O-rings Easy and reliable electrolyte filling upon assembly Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Materials in media contact are stainless steel 1.4404 and PEEK (other materials on request) Specifications Height 46 mm Width 88 mm Depth 63 mm Weight approx. 200 g Electrode diameter 10 mm Electrolyte volume min. 0.1 ml [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Application Notes [**Novel piezo-controlled ATR-FTIR microspectroscopy for in-situ monitoring of electrochemical reaction in battery models (J. Vongsvivut et al., 2024)**](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105899) Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) technique has become indispensable for surface-specific molecular analysis. At the Australian Synchrotron’s Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) beamline, we have advanced this technique by developing a novel piezo-controlled ATR-FTIR device designed for in-situ monitoring of electrochemical reactions in battery models. This piezo-controlled ATR-FTIR system incorporates high-precision piezoelectric linear translation stages, enabling sub-micron positioning and a gentle approach to engage samples with step intervals as small as 50 nm. By capturing high-quality spectral data during charge–discharge cycles of zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) at a controlled 100 nm distance from the electrode surface, the system overcomes common spectral artifacts associated with traditional reflectance setups and provides genuine interfacial chemical information without disrupting ongoing reactions. Combining the unique ability to monitor interfacial chemistry with its precision and reproducibility, this piezo-controlled ATR-FTIR device expands the analytical potential of synchrotron-FTIR microspectroscopy, offering transformative insights into the formation of solid electrolyte interphase and solvation mechanisms. The applications in ZIBs demonstrated in this study highlight the capability of the piezo-controlled ATR-FTIR technique for understanding critical interfacial processes that underpin energy storage performance and catalysis research, setting a new standard for synchrotron-FTIR studies of dynamic interfacial phenomena. [Read the article](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105899) Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Opto-Std_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1657/)ECC-Opto-Std User Manual Release 2.97 Release Date January 2026 Type PDF Size 2 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1657/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Delivery scope Item nameOrder no. ECC-Opto-STD test cell ECC-Opto Cell Cable (30 cm)ECE1-00-0075-A Electrode feed wire OPTO, NiECC1-00-0010-S Transfer line syringeECC1-01-0001-A O-Ring 6.75 mm x 1.78 mm (AP540, 2 pcs.)DIC9013/2 O-Ring 16 mm x 1.8 mm (AP540, 2 pcs.)DIC9012/2 Glass disc 22 mm x 0.3 mm (5 pcs.)LAB0018/V Separator with tongue 10.0 mm x 1.0 mm, GF (5 pcs.)ECC1-01-0012-J/V Current collector mesh 16.0 mm x 0.04 mm, Cu (5 pcs.)ECC1-00-0328-A/V Current collector mesh 16.0 mm x 0.04 mm, Al (5 pcs.)ECC1-00-0328-B/V Allen wrench 0.9 mmWZG9005 Hex ball screwdriver 3 mmWZG9002 [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ECC-Opto-Std_Delivery_scope-300x263.png "ECC-Opto-Std_Delivery_scope | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ECC-Opto-Std_Delivery_scope.png) Consumables Item nameOrder no.Cell designOrder ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/LAB0018.png)Glass disc 22 mm x 0.3 mm (5 pcs)LAB0018/V[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/glass-disc-22-mm-x-0-3-mm?_pos=6&_fid=f89c34edc&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-J.png)Separator (GF) 10 x 1 mm (with tongue), 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-J/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-with-tongue-10-0-mm-x-1-0-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=34fca63cb&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Current_Collector_mesh_ECC1-00-0328-A.png)Current collector mesh, Cu,16 mm x 0.04 mm (ECC-OPTO), (5 pcs)ECC1-00-0328-A/V[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-mesh-16-0-mm-x-0-04-mm-cu?_pos=1&_sid=537fa9b8e&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Current_Collector_mesh_ECC1-00-0328-B.png)Current collector mesh, Al, 16 mm x 0.04 mm (ECC-OPTO), (5 pcs)ECC1-00-0328-B/V[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-mesh-16-0-mm-x-0-04-mm-al?_pos=1&_sid=2c4523827&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/O-ring_DIC9013.png)O-Ring 6.75 mm x 1.78 mm, (10 pcs)DIC9013/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-set-ecc-opto-std-aqu?_pos=1&_sid=55289ed1a&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/O-ring_DIC9012.png)O-Ring 16 mm x 1.8 mm, (10 pcs)DIC9012/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-set-ecc-opto-std-aqu?_pos=1&_sid=55289ed1a&_ss=r) Spare parts **Test cell** [![ECC-Opto-Std test cell spare parts and components](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Spare-parts_opto-std_test-cell.png "| EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Spare-parts_opto-std_test-cell.png) Frequently asked questions ### Can I use the provided borosilicate glass window with any lithium battery electrodes? Borosilicate glass is a good choice for all common cathode materials and also lithium titanate as the working electrode. However, some anode material such as lithium metal and lithiated graphite may react with the glass window forming greyish spots of elemental silicon on the glass surface. We therefore recommend using sapphire (Al2O3) windows with anode materials. ### What is the difference between the ECC-Opto-Std and ECC-Opto-Aqu? The basic difference is that for the ECC-Opto-AQU gold and PEEK are used for the parts coming into contact with the electrolyte. Gold is stable in most aqueous electrolytes (an important exception are solutions containing chloride), but is sometimes not stable in aprotic electrolytes (gold may form alloys with Li when used as a current collector for the negative electrode in Li+ containing solutions). We have also seen gold corroding in aprotic surpercapacitor electrolytes, R4NBF4 in MeCN, when used as the positive current collector. Please note that the PEEK polymer used in both cells for the cell body has some stability limits. PEEK is not recommended for aqueous H2SO4 at concentrations >50% (as PEEK is getting sulfonated) and concentrated HNO3. In general, using one and the same cell for both aqueous and aprotic electrolytes may cause trouble because of cross contamination, especially from the aqueous towards the aprotic systems. ## Accessories - [Window kits](#1489657916761-313316d3-3a02) - [Cell holder](#1489657917214-eb1eb893-bf27) #### [Window kits](#1489657916761-313316d3-3a02) ### Windows for ECC-Opto-Std As a standard, the ECC-Opto-Std is equipped with a borosilicate glass window1 ([Order no. LAB0018/V](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Window-Kit_Glass.png)) and a cell lid with a 2 mm diameter window opening ([Order no. ECC1-00-0127-A](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-A_CAD.png)). Depending on your testing purposes additional window kits are available. Each kit includes one or more windows and a modified cell lid. Further window materials like magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride or PET (Mylar®)­ are available on request. ### Optional window kits Item namePurposeContentOrder no.Compatible cell holders:Cell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Beryllium.png) **ECC-Opto Beryllium window kit 2**X-Ray characterization1 x Beryllium window (0.2 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0222-A 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 170°) ECC1-00-0127-C **(Min. viewing angle: ≥8°)** ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-C_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-C_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-C_CAD.png) ECC1-00-0156-BCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std\_Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Beryllium.png)**ECC-Opto Beryllium window kit II 2**X-Ray characterization1 x Beryllium window (0.2 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0222-A 1 x Lid (opening: 23.3 x 5 mm, ∡ 170°) ECC1-00-0127-L **(Min. viewing angle: ≥5°)** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-L_Lid.png "ECC1-00-0127-M_Lid | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ECC1-00-0127-M_Lid.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-L_80.png "Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-M_80 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Lid-ECC1-00-127-M.png) ECC1-00-0156-HCell holder IIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Polyimid.png)**ECC-Opto Polyimide window kit**X-Ray characterization3 x Polyimide (Cirlex) window (0.23 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0250-A 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 170°) ECC1-00-0127-C ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-C_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-C_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-C_CAD.png)ECC1-00-0156-FCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Zinc-Selenide.png)**ECC-Opto Zinc selenide window kit**IR characterization1 x Zinc selenide window (1 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0250-B 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 150°) ECC1-00-0127-E **Note: Zinc selenide reacts with lithium metal or lithiated graphite. It is not recommended to be used in this combination.** ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-E_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-E_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-E_CAD.png) ECC1-00-0156-DCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Calciumfluoride.png)**ECC-Opto Calcium fluoride window kit**IR characterization1 x Calcium fluoride window (1 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0250-C 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 150°) ECC1-00-0127-E ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-E_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-E_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-E_CAD.png)ECC1-00-0156-ECell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Sapphire.png)**ECC-Opto Sapphire window kit I**Raman characterization, Light microscopy1 x Sapphire window (0.3 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0149-A 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 150°) ECC1-00-0127-B![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-B_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-B_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-B_CAD.png)ECC1-00-0156-CCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Sapphire.png)**ECC-Opto Sapphire window kit II**Raman characterization, Light microscopy1 x Sapphire window (0.3 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0149-A 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 6 mm, ∡ 160°) ECC1-00-0127-H [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Lid-ECC1-00-127-H_80.png "Lid-ECC1-00-127-H_80 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Lid-ECC1-00-127-H.png)ECC1-00-0156-JCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Window-Kit_Glass.png)**ECC-Opto Borosilicate glass window (standard)**Light microscopy1 x Borosilicate glass window (0.3 mm thickness) LAB0018 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 2 mm, ∡ 160°) ECC1-00-0127-A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-A_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-A_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-A_CAD.png)-Cell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu 1 Borosilicate glass is a good choice for all common cathode materials and also lithium titanate as the working electrode. However, some anode material such as lithium metal and lithiated graphite may react with the glass window forming greyish spots of elemental silicon on the glass surface. We therefore recommend using sapphire (Al2O3) windows with anode materials. 2 We strongly recommend placing a thin polyimide foil between the window and the electrode to prevent chemical reactions of the beryllium. #### [Cell holder](#1489657917214-eb1eb893-bf27) ### Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std The Cell holder I is designed for the use of the ECC-Opto-Std in light microscopes. It fits nicely on sample stages of most manufacturers (e.g. Thermofisher or Renishaw) utilizing standard microscope slides (75 x 26 mm, ISO 8037-1). #### **Specifications** Item nameHeightWidthDepthOrder no.Cell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II | EL-CELL")**Cell holder II for ECC-Opto-Std**41.3mm78mm76mmECC1-00-0335-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI-300x300.png "Cell-holder-II | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III | EL-CELL")**Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std**20mm 75mm61.5mmECC1-00-0419-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III-300x300.png "Cell-holder-III | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder I (ECC-Opto-Std)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder.jpg "opto-std_cell_holder | EL-CELL")**Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std**32mm75mm50mmECC1-00-0414-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I-300x152.png "Cell-holder-I | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png) [![Cell holder I (ECC-Opto-Std)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder.jpg) Cell holder I (ECC-Opto-Std) [![Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std mounted on a Thermofisher sample stage](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Gallery_Opto-Std_05-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Gallery_Opto-Std_05.jpg) Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std mounted on a Thermofisher sample stage ### Cell holder II for ECC-Opto-Std The Cell holder II is designed for the use of the ECC-Opto-Std in combination with Lid ECC1-00-0127-M. This holder can be used with some variants of the Bruker D8 XRD. For example, it can be used very well with a D8 ADVANCE.DAVINCI in combination with the Compact UMC sample stage. #### **Specifications** Item nameHeightWidthDepthOrder no.Cell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II | EL-CELL")**Cell holder II for ECC-Opto-Std**41.3mm78mm76mmECC1-00-0335-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI-300x300.png "Cell-holder-II | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III | EL-CELL")**Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std**20mm 75mm61.5mmECC1-00-0419-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III-300x300.png "Cell-holder-III | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder I (ECC-Opto-Std)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder.jpg "opto-std_cell_holder | EL-CELL")**Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std**32mm75mm50mmECC1-00-0414-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I-300x152.png "Cell-holder-I | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II-300x200.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II.jpg)ECC-Opto-Std mounted on a Cell holder II ### Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std The Cell holder III is designed for the use of the ECC-Opto-Std in a Bruker FTIR Hyperion 2000 microscope. #### **Specifications** Item nameHeightWidthDepthOrder no.Cell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II | EL-CELL")**Cell holder II for ECC-Opto-Std**41.3mm78mm76mmECC1-00-0335-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI-300x300.png "Cell-holder-II | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III | EL-CELL")**Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std**20mm 75mm61.5mmECC1-00-0419-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III-300x300.png "Cell-holder-III | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder I (ECC-Opto-Std)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder.jpg "opto-std_cell_holder | EL-CELL")**Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std**32mm75mm50mmECC1-00-0414-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I-300x152.png "Cell-holder-I | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png) [![Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III-300x200.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III.jpg)Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std The cell holders for our optical test cells can be customized for your specific needs. Just ask! ## Accessories Window kits **Optional window kits** As a standard, the ECC-Opto-Std is equipped with a borosilicate glass window1 ([Order no. LAB0018/V](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Window-Kit_Glass.png)) and a cell lid with a 2 mm diameter window opening ([Order no. ECC1-00-0127-A](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-A_CAD.png)). Depending on your testing purposes additional window kits are available. Each kit includes one or more windows and a modified cell lid. Further window materials like magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride or PET (Mylar®)­ are available on request. Item namePurposeContentOrder no.Compatible cell holders:Cell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Beryllium.png) **ECC-Opto Beryllium window kit 2**X-Ray characterization1 x Beryllium window (0.2 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0222-A 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 170°) ECC1-00-0127-C **(Min. viewing angle: ≥8°)** ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-C_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-C_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-C_CAD.png) ECC1-00-0156-BCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std\_Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Beryllium.png)**ECC-Opto Beryllium window kit II 2**X-Ray characterization1 x Beryllium window (0.2 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0222-A 1 x Lid (opening: 23.3 x 5 mm, ∡ 170°) ECC1-00-0127-L **(Min. viewing angle: ≥5°)** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-L_Lid.png "ECC1-00-0127-M_Lid | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ECC1-00-0127-M_Lid.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-L_80.png "Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-M_80 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Lid-ECC1-00-127-M.png) ECC1-00-0156-HCell holder IIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Polyimid.png)**ECC-Opto Polyimide window kit**X-Ray characterization3 x Polyimide (Cirlex) window (0.23 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0250-A 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 170°) ECC1-00-0127-C ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-C_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-C_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-C_CAD.png)ECC1-00-0156-FCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Zinc-Selenide.png)**ECC-Opto Zinc selenide window kit**IR characterization1 x Zinc selenide window (1 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0250-B 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 150°) ECC1-00-0127-E **Note: Zinc selenide reacts with lithium metal or lithiated graphite. It is not recommended to be used in this combination.** ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-E_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-E_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-E_CAD.png) ECC1-00-0156-DCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Calciumfluoride.png)**ECC-Opto Calcium fluoride window kit**IR characterization1 x Calcium fluoride window (1 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0250-C 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 150°) ECC1-00-0127-E ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-E_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-E_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-E_CAD.png)ECC1-00-0156-ECell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Sapphire.png)**ECC-Opto Sapphire window kit I**Raman characterization, Light microscopy1 x Sapphire window (0.3 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0149-A 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 150°) ECC1-00-0127-B![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-B_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-B_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-B_CAD.png)ECC1-00-0156-CCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Sapphire.png)**ECC-Opto Sapphire window kit II**Raman characterization, Light microscopy1 x Sapphire window (0.3 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0149-A 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 6 mm, ∡ 160°) ECC1-00-0127-H [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Lid-ECC1-00-127-H_80.png "Lid-ECC1-00-127-H_80 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Lid-ECC1-00-127-H.png)ECC1-00-0156-JCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Window-Kit_Glass.png)**ECC-Opto Borosilicate glass window (standard)**Light microscopy1 x Borosilicate glass window (0.3 mm thickness) LAB0018 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 2 mm, ∡ 160°) ECC1-00-0127-A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-A_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-A_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-A_CAD.png)-Cell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu 2 We strongly recommend placing a thin polyimide foil between the window and the electrode to prevent chemical reactions of the beryllium. Cell holder ### Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std The Cell holder I is designed for the use of the ECC-Opto-Std in light microscopes. It fits nicely on sample stages of most manufacturers (e.g. Thermofisher or Renishaw) utilizing standard microscope slides (75 x 26 mm, ISO 8037-1). #### **Specifications** Item nameHeightWidthDepthOrder no.Cell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II | EL-CELL")**Cell holder II for ECC-Opto-Std**41.3mm78mm76mmECC1-00-0335-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI-300x300.png "Cell-holder-II | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III | EL-CELL")**Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std**20mm 75mm61.5mmECC1-00-0419-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III-300x300.png "Cell-holder-III | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder I (ECC-Opto-Std)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder.jpg "opto-std_cell_holder | EL-CELL")**Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std**32mm75mm50mmECC1-00-0414-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I-300x152.png "Cell-holder-I | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I-300x152.png "Cell-holder-I | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png) --- ### Cell holder II for ECC-Opto-Std The Cell holder II is designed for the use of the ECC-Opto-Std in XRD microscopes like the Bruker D8. #### **Specifications** Item nameHeightWidthDepthOrder no.Cell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II | EL-CELL")**Cell holder II for ECC-Opto-Std**41.3mm78mm76mmECC1-00-0335-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI-300x300.png "Cell-holder-II | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III | EL-CELL")**Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std**20mm 75mm61.5mmECC1-00-0419-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III-300x300.png "Cell-holder-III | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder I (ECC-Opto-Std)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder.jpg "opto-std_cell_holder | EL-CELL")**Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std**32mm75mm50mmECC1-00-0414-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I-300x152.png "Cell-holder-I | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI-300x152.png "Cell-holder-II | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png) --- ### Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std The Cell holder III is designed for the use of the ECC-Opto-Std in a Bruker FTIR Hyperion 2000 microscope. #### **Specifications** Item nameHeightWidthDepthOrder no.Cell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II | EL-CELL")**Cell holder II for ECC-Opto-Std**41.3mm78mm76mmECC1-00-0335-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI-300x300.png "Cell-holder-II | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III | EL-CELL")**Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std**20mm 75mm61.5mmECC1-00-0419-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III-300x300.png "Cell-holder-III | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder I (ECC-Opto-Std)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder.jpg "opto-std_cell_holder | EL-CELL")**Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std**32mm75mm50mmECC1-00-0414-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I-300x152.png "Cell-holder-I | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III-300x152.png "Cell-holder-III | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png) # Gallery [![The ECC-Opto-Std with ECC-Opto Beryllium window kit II has been installed in the Empyrean diffractometer from Malvern Panalytical for CC cycling experiments.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ECC-Opto-Std_with_Empyrean_diffractometer-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ECC-Opto-Std_with_Empyrean_diffractometer.jpg) The ECC-Opto-Std with ECC-Opto Beryllium window kit II has been installed in the Empyrean diffractometer from Malvern Panalytical for CC cycling experiments. [![Test setup with ECC-Opto-Std and Keyence VHX-700FD microscope](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_Opto-Std_02-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_Opto-Std_02.jpg) Test setup with ECC-Opto-Std and Keyence VHX-700FD microscope [![ECC-Opto-Std test setup](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_Opto-Std_01-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_Opto-Std_01.jpg) ECC-Opto-Std test setup [![Dendrite growth during electrochemical lithiation visualized using a ECC-Opto-Std test cell.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Gallery_Opto-Std_06-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Gallery_Opto-Std_06.jpg) Dendrite growth during electrochemical lithiation visualized using a ECC-Opto-Std test cell. [![ECC-Opto-Std with 6mm opening](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/EL-CELL_ECC-Opto-Std_Gallery07-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/EL-CELL_ECC-Opto-Std_Gallery07.jpg) ECC-Opto-Std with 6mm opening ## Videos #### ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 1 (2-electrode sandwich setup) 04/2018 In this video, we show how to build the ECC-Opto-Std test cell in the alternative assembly mode #1. A 1 mm wide electrode strip, cut from a conventional graphite electrode with copper foil current collector, is being used as the working electrode. This electrode strip is sandwiched with a lithium iron phosphate electrode connected to both the counter and the reference electrode of the potentiostat. Importantly, the graphite layer is pointing towards the window on top, so that the current can only enter from the two edges of the graphite strip. This face-up geometry results in a gradient of the local electrode potential along the width of the electrode strip, rather than into the depth of the graphite layer. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 1 (2-electrode sandwich setup)**1920x1080px04/2018wmv236 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5152/) #### ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 2 (2-electrode side-by-side setup) 04/2018 In this video, we show how to build the ECC-Opto-Std test cell in the alternative assembly mode #2. Again, a 1 mm wide electrode strip, cut from a conventional graphite electrode with copper foil current collector, is being used as the working electrode. This time, the electrode strip is placed beside a lithium metal foil connected to both the counter and the reference electrode of the potentiostat. With a microscope “looking” through the window, we can observe the color change of the graphite during charge and discharge and, at the same time, the growth of dendrites at the lithium metal counter electrode. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 2 (2-electrode side-by-side setup)**1920x1080px04/2018wmv272 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5154/) #### ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 3 (3-electrode side-by-side setup) 04/2018 In this video, we show how to build the ECC-Opto-Std test cell in the alternative assembly mode #3. Again, a 1 mm wide electrode strip, cut from a conventional graphite electrode with copper foil current collector, is being used as the working electrode,and again this electrode strip is placed beside a piece of lithium metal foil. However, this time the lithium metal is connected only to the reference electrode of the potentiostat, while a lithium iron phosphate electrode, placed below the graphite strip, is serving as the counter electrode. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 3 (3-electrode side-by-side setup)**1920x1080px04/2018wmv246 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5156/) #### ECC-Opto-Std Assembly (Standard sandwich setup) 07/2015 This video shows the general assembly of the test cell ECC-Opto-Std; a test cell for optical and X-ray characterization in the reflective mode. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **Assembly of the ECC-Opto-Std (Standard sandwich setup)**1280x720px07/2015mp430 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3205/) #### ECC-Opto-Std Standard sandwich mode: Free-standing graphite electrode on holed current collector 05/2016 In this experiment, the ECC-Opto-Std test cell has been used to visualize the color change of a graphite electrode during electrochemical lithiation. A 10 mm diameter free-standing graphite electrode was used as the working electrode (WE). The WE was sandwiched with a glass fiber separator and a lithium metal counter electrode. A holed copper foil was used as the WE current collector. The microscope “looked” through the 1 mm diameter hole in the copper foil onto the backside of the graphite electrode. One picture was taken every 5 minutes. The time-lapse video starts at the fully lithiated state after the graphite electrode had been fully discharged overnight to 5 mV versus the lithium metal counter electrode. The next 2.5 cycles are shown, starting with the golden color of the fully lithiated graphite, and ending up with the silver-black color of almost pure graphite. Both charge and discharge were conducted at constant current with a rate of C/3, followed by constant voltage periods till the current had dropped to C/30. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECC-Opto-Std Standard sandwich mode: Free-standing graphite electrode on holed current collector**1600x1200px05/2016wmv52 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3203/) #### ECC-Opto-Std Mode 1: Graphite electrode strip sandwiched with LFP Counter electrode 07/2017 In this video, we show how the ECC-Opto-Std test cell can be used to visualize a potential gradient inside graphite, just by using a standard graphite electrode with a continuous copper foil as the current collector (rather than a holed current collector). A 9 mm diameter lithium iron phosphate (LFP) electrode was used as the lower electrode and lithium ion source. Two glass fiber discs (10 mm dia, 2 x 0.26 mm thick) were used as the separator. A 2 mm wide strip of the graphite electrode was placed on top of the separator, with the supporting copper current collector in between the LFP electrode and the graphite layer. This way, the copper foil blocks the direct perpendicular ion current between the two opposing electrodes, and forces the ions to enter the graphite at the two edges of the electrode strip. As a consequence, a beautiful color gradient can be observed along the plane of the graphite electrode. [Read more about this sample test](https://el-cell.com/visualizing-the-potential-gradient-in-a-graphite-electrode-during-electrochemical-lithiation) Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECC-Opto-Std Mode 1: Graphite electrode strip sandwiched with LFP Counter electrode**1600x1200px07/2017wmv61 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4477/) #### ECC-Opto-Std Mode 2: Visualizing lithium dendrite growth in a graphite vs lithium metal cell 10/2017 Using our ECC-Opto-Std test cell, we have placed a strip of graphite next to a lithium metal electrode (having the shape of a semicircle) on top of a glass fiber separator soaked with electrolyte. A sapphire window is placed on top of the assembly. By means of the applied mechanical pressure, the soft glass fiber separator deliberately fills up the gap between the graphite strip and the lithium metal electrode. We call this a side-by-side arrangement, because the two electrodes are placed side-by-side rather than being sandwiched as in a conventional set-up. For the electrochemical cycle, the graphite strip is connected to the working electrode of the potentiostat, the lithium metal semicircle to the counter and reference electrode. The video shows how the color gradient evolves along the width of the graphite electrode during lithiation/ delithiation, and how lithium metal dendrites grow and shrink at the edge of the lithium metal counter electrode. Noteworthy, many dendrites grown during the plating half cycle survive the subsequent stripping half cycle. We stopped the video just before this irreversibility resulted into an internal short circuit. [Read more about this sample test](https://el-cell.com/lithium-metal-dendrites-pictures-speak-louder-than-words) Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECC-Opto-Std Mode 2: Visualizing lithium dendrite growth in a graphite vs lithium metal cell**1600x1200px10/2017wmv80 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4615/) **ECC-Opto-Std Mode 2: Visualizing lithium dendrite growth in a graphite vs lithium metal cell**1600x1200px10/2017mp4116 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4617/) #### ECC-Opto-Std Mode 3: Graphite electrode sandwiched with an LFP counter electrode 12/2017 Using our ECC-Opto-Std test cell, we have placed a strip of a graphite electrode beside a piece of lithium foil having the shape of a semicircle. A glass fiber separator is pressed against this side-by-side assembly from below, so as to fill up the gap between the two electrodes. From below, a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) electrode is pressed against the separator serving as the counter electrode. The microscope “looks” through the sapphire window onto the graphite electrode with the active layer facing up, and the current-less lithium metal foil beside. For the electrochemical experiment, the graphite strip is connected to the working electrode of the potentiostat, the LFP semicircle to the counter electrode, and the lithium metal foil to the reference electrode. The video shows how the color gradient evolves along the width of the graphite electrode during lithiation/ delithiation. [Read more about this sample test](https://el-cell.com/lithium-metal-or-li-ion) Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **ECC-Opto-Std Mode 3: Graphite electrode sandwiched with an LFP counter electrode**1600x1200px11/2017wmv71 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5159/) ## Recommended tools [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-Refload.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload/) ## [ECC-RefLoad](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload/) Ref loading tool – Useful tool for conveniently loading the Ref-sleeve [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload/) [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil. The recommended size for use with the ECC-Opto-Std is **10 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High Precision Cutting Tool eliminates torn and chipped electrode edges. The recommended size for use with the ECC-Opto-Std is **10 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## Related products [![ECC-Opto-10 optical battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ECC-Opto-10_250-1.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) ## [ECC-Opto-10](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) Advanced test cell for optical characterization in the reflective mode. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10/) ## [PAT-Cell-Opto-10](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10/) Advanced test cell for optical characterization in the reflective mode utilizing the PAT socket. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ECC-Opto-Std_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std-aqu) ## [ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std-aqu) Test cell for optical characterization in the reflective mode with face-to-face arrangement of electrodes. For aqueous electrochemistry. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std-aqu) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Products_ECC-Opto-Gas_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) ## [ECC-Opto-Gas](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) Test cell for optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in metal-air batteries. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Core lower plunger configurator](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator/) **Published:** May 8, 2019 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # PAT-Core: Lower Plunger Configurator Use our configurator to determine the proper lower plunger for your battery test. ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C-300x219.png) By default, the lower plunger serves as the positive current collector . The choice of materials is the same as for the upper plunger, however, the lower plunger comes in different sizes (height numbers) to account for different thicknesses of the lower electrode and the separator. Available height numbers range between 50 and 800 in steps of 50. The proper plunger height must be chosen to ensure that the pre -assembled separator is not excessively bent during assembly of the PAT -Core. The proper height number depends on both the thickness of the lower electrode and the thickness of the built -in separator. **Please note that the height number starts with a zero point offset of 50. The height number does not refer directly to the height of the lower electrode in μm.** [> Watch our explanation video here.](#video) ``` ``` ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Lower_plunger_right_size.jpg) **Good case:** No bending of built-in separator; reference ring is in plane with separator. ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Lower_plunger_too_low.jpg) **Gap too large:** Excessive downward bending of built-in separator; reference ring is out of plane with separator. **-> Lower plunger height must be increased.** ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Lower_plunger_too_high.jpg) **Gap too small:** Excessive upward bending of built-in separator; reference ring is out of plane with separator. **-> Lower plunger height must be reduced.** ## Request a quote: Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Subject Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT battery tester](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/) **Published:** February 13, 2017 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Explore PAT battery testers: multichannel potentiostats/galvanostats with impedance analysis and integrated temperature control for test cells. **Content:** # Potentiostats / Galvanostats / Impedance Analyzers ## Our PAT Battery Testers offer highly accurate multichannel testing for lithium-ion batteries and other chemistries. ![]( "PageHeader_Tester_gross_3") ![]( "PageHeader_Tester_klein_2") ![]() # PAT battery tester Fully equipped multi-channel battery cyclers / potentiostats / galvanostats and impedance analysers with unique features. ## Our Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/VideoThumb_PAT-Tester_400px.png)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWgVqUZHkbA) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ### The PAT-Tester-i-16 is a multichannel potentiostat with an integrated temperature chamber. - Up to 16 independent test channels for PAT-series test cells - Each channel with a fully featured potentiostat / galvanostat / impedance analyzer - Integrated temperature chamber with a range of +10 °C to +80 °C [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/) ## [PAT-Tester-x](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/) ### The PAT-Tester-x offers maximum flexibility with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. - Up to 8 independent channels for PAT-series and other test cells - Each channel with fully featured potentiostat / galvanostat / impedance analyzer [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/) --- ### [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) **Published:** March 6, 2019 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Tester-x: Fully featured multi-channel potentiostat/galvanostat impedance analyzer, plus free EL-Software for monitoring, control and analysis. **Content:** # **PAT-Tester-x-8** ##### Fully featured potentiostat / galvanostat / impedance analyzer with up to 8 channels for small-scale and special-purpose testing. [Request a quote](#quote)[Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/7912/)[Videos](#videos) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Pageheader_PAT-Tester-x_productimage_02-comp.png) ## **PAT-Tester-x-8** ##### Fully featured potentiostat / galvanostat / impedance analyzer with up to 8 channels for small-scale and special-purpose testing. ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Pageheader_PAT-Tester-x_productimage_02-comp.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Data sheet (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/7912/)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1600856430751-fbfc72e9-702a) - [Specifications](#1600857247332-c88e6d03-072d) - [EL-Software](#1600862851546-2d6b7761-60cf) - [Downloads](#1600863414482-f3271570-8668) #### [Product description](#1600856430751-fbfc72e9-702a) ## The individual test solution The PAT-Tester-x-8 is the perfect choice for small scale and special purpose testing. It brings the same battery tester hardware and software as the [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16). However the test channels are separated into individual devices, the so-called [PAT-Channel-1](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-channel-1/). Each PAT-Channel-1 features a fully equipped galvanostat / potentiostat / impedance analyzer. Up to 8 PAT-Channels may connect to one single [PAT-Controller-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-controller-8/) which serves as the control unit for storing all measurement data and enabling communication with the [EL-Software](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) server. That way each channel of the PAT-Tester-x-8 can be controlled from any client PC in the same network via EL-Software. The individual PAT-Channels can be placed where they are needed: on the bench, in a climate chamber, or even **inside the glove box**. While tailored for PAT-Cells, each PAT-Channel-1 can also connect to almost any other test cell including the ECD dilatometer, optical ECC in-situ cells and all other small format cell (e.g. coin cells, pouch cells, T-cells). **PAT-Tester-x-8 setup with 6 PAT-Channels** [![PAT-Tester-x connection schematic for multi-channel battery testing](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/PAT-Tester-x-6-Verbindungsschemata.png "PAT-Tester-x-6-Verbindungsschemata | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/PAT-Tester-x-6-Verbindungsschemata.png) **PAT-Tester-x-8 setup with 4 PAT-Channels inside the glove box** [![PAT-Tester-x feedthrough schematic diagram for test channels](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/PAT-Tester-x-8-_Feedthrough_Schematics.png "PAT-Tester-x-8-_Feedthrough_Schematics | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/PAT-Tester-x-8-_Feedthrough_Schematics.png) **Single-channel setup with ECD-4-nano dilatometer** [![PAT-Tester-x-8 battery tester setup with ECD nano cells](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/PAT-Tester-x_ECD-4-nano_Setup.webp "PAT-Tester-x_ECD-4-nano_Setup | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/PAT-Tester-x_ECD-4-nano_Setup.webp) **PAT-Tester-x-8 setup with 4 PAT-Channels and PAT-Heater-4** [![PAT-Tester-x-8 battery tester with PAT Heater unit](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/PAT-Tester-x-6-with-PAT-Heater-4.png "Verbindungsschema_PAT-Stand-16_PAT-Connect_02 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/PAT-Tester-x-6-with-PAT-Heater-4.png) #### [Specifications](#1600857247332-c88e6d03-072d) ## Specifications (November 2023) ### Accuracy Contour Plot [![PAT-Tester-i-16 Accuracy Contour Plot](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot-300x300.png "accuracy_contour_plot | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot.png) ### ### General \# Channels per device 1 to 8 Control Voltage -7 V to +7 V Compliance Voltage -8 V to 8 V (no load) Current ±100 mA Cell connection / Electrode connection 3 electrodes plus sense wires, switch matrix ADC 2 x 24 Bit DAC 1 x 18 Bit Slew rate 2.5 V / µs Bandwidth ranges (Stability Factor) 500 kHz (fast) 50 kHz (medium) 5 kHz (slow) Acquisition Time (Time Base) 1 ms Computer Interface 1 GBit Ethernet Runs standalone Multiuser [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Voltage Acquisition voltages Full cell voltage Both half-cell voltages Auxiliary voltage Measurement accuracy ±0.02% of FSR (Full scale range) Measurement noise floor 30 μV peak-peak typical Control resolution 57 μV (18 Bit) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Current Current ranges ±100 mA ±10 mA ±1 mA ±100 μA Autorange Measurement accuracy ±0.05% of FSR Measurement noise floor Control resolution 1 nA min. (18 Bit) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Impedance (each channel) Frequency range 100 μHz to 100 kHz Impedance modes PEIS and GEIS (each with simultaneous measurement of full- and half-cell impedances) Impedance range 1 mΩ to 100 MΩ EIS quality indicator SFDR (Spurious Free Dynamic Range) EIS drift correction yes EIS adaptive amplitude yes [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Other Additional Measurement (each channel) Digital (I²C) sensor signal, e.g. for cell temperature Analog sensor signal, e.g. for gas pressure Calibration Fully automatic self-calibration with internal voltage reference and three internal calibration cells Software EL-Software with : Experiment designer Cell and material management with database Script editor Live data monitoring Analysing and reporting capabilities Cell Identification PAT-Button with unique serial number stored in EEPROM [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Measurements PAT-Controller-8 [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Measurements_PAT-Controller-8-300x300.jpg "Measurements_PAT-Controller-8 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Measurements_PAT-Controller-8.jpg) Length 168 mm Height 78 mm Width 170 mm Weight 1.7 kg Humidity Non-condensing [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Measurements PAT-Channel-1 [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Stand-1-Abmessungen-300x300.png "PAT-Stand-1-Abmessungen | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Stand-1-Abmessungen.png) Length 164 mm Height 97 mm Width 105 mm Weight 1.3 kg Temperature operation range -20 to + 40 °C Humidity Non-condensing [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [EL-Software](#1600862851546-2d6b7761-60cf) ## EL-Software [EL-Software](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) is the software platform to control all EL-CELL battery testers, be it single-channel or multi-channel systems. EL-Software is covering all test cases from strain measurements with the ECD dilatometer through simple cycle tests on a single button cell to high throughput material testing with the PAT system. [Get EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/#downloads)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Home_start_slider_EL-Software-compressor-300x300.png "Home_start_slider_EL-Software-compressor | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Home_start_slider_EL-Software-compressor.png) Convenient experiment design and planning capabilities for highly scalable test setups Cell component management, supportive features like procurement and assignment list generation Intuitive, powerful experiment builder for setting up common tests such as CCCV cycling, voltammetry, impedance tests Powerful, flexible script language for customization of nearly any desired experiment Batch mode for sequencing of experiments Unique Connection matrix: Reconnect a cell at runtime without touching any cable. Most advanced graphing capabilities and configurable cell viewer for viewing and comparing data in real-time (Single experiment and group reports; Multi-panel graphs; Built-in and custom graph templates) [![EL-Cell PAT-Tester-x potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/PAT-Tester-x-8_with_EL-Software_800x533-300x200.jpg)](https://el-cell.com/support/el-cell-software/el-software) [> Discover all features of EL-Software](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) #### [Downloads](#1600863414482-f3271570-8668) ## Downloads [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Tester-x-8_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/8057/)PAT-Tester-x-8 Manual Release 1.3 Date October 2024 Type PDF Size 3.9 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8057/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") PAT-Tester-x-8 Data Sheet Release October 2024 Type PDF Size 1.4 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/7912/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### EL-Software Installation The installation files for EL-Software can be downloaded [here](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/#downloads). [Get EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/#downloads) ## Videos #### Introducing the PAT Battery Testers (10/2020) In this video Dr. Matthias Hahn presents the new battery testers from EL-CELL and talks about the special capabilities and applications of the PAT-Tester-i-16 and the PAT-Tester-x-8. Both devices offer fully equipped test channels with PStat/GStat and EIS capabilities and are specifically designed for battery material research with 3-electrode PAT-Cells and other small battery formats such as coin or pouch cells. Unique features such as the Connection Matrix, which allows software-controlled switching of voltages or current flow between electrodes during operation, enable completely new and easier working methods in contrast to conventional devices from other manufacturers. Item nameResolutionDateTypeSize **Introducing the PAT Battery Testers (10/2020)**1920x1080px10/2020mov830 MB[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8144/) ## The individual test solution The PAT-Tester-x-8 is the perfect choice for small scale and special purpose testing. It brings the same battery tester hardware and software as the [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16). However the test channels are separated into individual devices, the so-called PAT-Channel-1. Each PAT-Channel-1 features a fully equipped galvanostat / potentiostat / impedance analyzer. Up to 8 PAT-Channels may connect to one single [PAT-Controller-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-controller-8/) which serves as the control unit for storing all measurement data and enabling communication with the [EL-Software](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) server. That way each channel of the PAT-Tester-x-8 can be controlled from any client PC in the same network via the EL-Software. The individual PAT-Channels can be placed where they are needed: on the bench, in a climate chamber, or inside the glove box. While tailored for PAT-Cells, each PAT-Channel-1 can also connect to almost any other test cell including the ECD dilatometer, optical ECC in-situ cells and all other small format cell (e.g. coin cells, pouch cells, T-cells). **PAT-Tester-x-8 setup with 6 PAT-Channels** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/PAT-Tester-x-6-Verbindungsschemata.png "PAT-Tester-x-6-Verbindungsschemata | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/PAT-Tester-x-6-Verbindungsschemata.png) **Single-channel setup with ECD-4-nano Dilatometer** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/PAT-Tester-x_ECD-4-nano_Setup.webp "PAT-Tester-x_ECD-4-nano_Setup | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/PAT-Tester-x_ECD-4-nano_Setup.webp) **PAT-Tester-x-8 setup with 4 PAT-Channels and PAT-Heater-4** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/PAT-Tester-x-6-with-PAT-Heater-4-1.png "PAT-Tester-x-6-with-PAT-Heater-4 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/PAT-Tester-x-6-with-PAT-Heater-4-1.png) ## PAT-Tester-x-8 Overview Specifications ### Accuracy Contour Plot [![PAT-Tester-i-16 Accuracy Contour Plot](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot-300x300.png "accuracy_contour_plot | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot.png) ### ### General \# Channels per device 1 to 8 Control Voltage -7 V to +7 V Compliance Voltage -8 V to 8 V (no load) Current ±100 mA Cell connection / Electrode connection 3 electrodes plus sense wires, switch matrix ADC 2 x 24 Bit DAC 1 x 18 Bit Slew rate 2.5 V / µs Bandwidth ranges (Stability Factor) 500 kHz (fast) 50 kHz (medium) 5 kHz (slow) Acquisition Time (Time Base) 1 ms Computer Interface 1 GBit Ethernet Runs standalone Multiuser [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Voltage Acquisition voltages Full cell voltage Both half-cell voltages Auxiliary voltage Measurement accuracy ±0.02% of FSR (Full scale range) Measurement noise floor 30 μV peak-peak typical Control resolution 57 μV (18 Bit) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Current Current ranges ±100 mA ±10 mA ±1 mA ±100 μA Autorange Measurement accuracy ±0.05% of FSR Measurement noise floor Control resolution 1 nA min. (18 Bit) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Impedance (each channel) Frequency range 100 μHz to 100 kHz Impedance modes PEIS and GEIS (each with simultaneous measurement of full- and half-cell impedances) Impedance range 1 mΩ to 100 MΩ EIS quality indicator SFDR (Spurious Free Dynamic Range) EIS drift correction yes EIS adaptive amplitude yes [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Other Additional data input (each channel) Digital (I²C) sensor signal, e.g. for cell temperature Analog sensor signal, e.g. for gas pressure Calibration Fully automatic self-calibration with internal voltage reference and three internal calibration cells Software EL-Software with : Experiment designer Cell and material management with database Script editor Live data monitoring Analysing and reporting capabilities Cell Identification PAT-Button with unique serial number stored in EEPROM [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Downloads [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Tester-x-8_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/8057/)PAT-Tester-x-8 Manual Release 1.3 Date October 2024 Type PDF Size 3.9 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8057/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") EL-Software EL-Software is the software platform to control all EL-CELL battery testers, be it single-channel or multi-channel systems. EL-Software is covering all test cases from strain measurements with the ECD dilatometer through simple cycle tests on a single button cell to high throughput material testing with the PAT system. [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Home_start_slider_EL-Software-compressor-300x300.png "Home_start_slider_EL-Software-compressor | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Home_start_slider_EL-Software-compressor.png) Convenient experiment design and planning capabilities for highly scalable test setups Cell component management, supportive features like procurement and assignment list generation Intuitive, powerful experiment builder for setting up common tests such as CCCV cycling, voltammetry, impedance tests Powerful, flexible script language for customization of nearly any desired experiment Batch mode for sequencing of experiments Unique Connection matrix: Reconnect a cell at runtime without touching any cable. Most advanced graphing capabilities and configurable cell viewer for viewing and comparing data in real-time (Single experiment and group reports; Multi-panel graphs; Built-in and custom graph templates) ## Related Products [![PAT-Terminal-1 single channel station for performing functional tests and sensor adjustments](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/PAT-Terminal-1_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) ## [PAT-Terminal-1](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) Single channel station for performing functional tests and sensor adjustments [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) The PAT-Tester-i-16 is our all-in-one solution for multi-channel testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/USB-Feedthroug_4_440.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/usb-feedthrough-4/) ## [USB-Feedthrough-4](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/usb-feedthrough-4//) USB cable feedthrough for standard gloveboxes [Product details](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/usb-feedthrough-4/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) ## [EL-Software](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) Monitoring, analysis and management software solution for all EL-CELL battery testers [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [EL-Cell GmbH - Who we are](https://www.el-cell.com/about-us/who-we-are/) **Published:** January 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** EL-Cell GmbH provides high-quality electrochemical test equipment and services for lithium-ion battery research, supercapacitors, and more. **Content:** # Who we are and what we do ## *Does your business include the development of innovative energy storage?* ## *Are you working with supercapacitors?* ## *Are you researching lithium-ion batteries?* ## **Then we are the appropriate partner for you.** EL-Cell GmbH offers electrochemical test equipment and services to academics and professionals who conduct high-quality battery research at the leading edge of knowledge. The combination of engineering and electrochemical expertise has created a unique environment for producing electrochemical test equipment of the highest quality. EL-Cell GmbH was founded by Dipl.-Ing. Michael Hahn and Dr. Matthias Hahn. Michael is a distinguished mechanical engineer with 20 years of experience responsible for product designs. His brother Matthias has a Ph.D. in physical chemistry and over 15 years of extensive research experience as an electrochemist working for Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul-Scherrer Institute. We engineer and manufacture products for researchers in academia and industry professionals. Our primary focus is on lithium-ion batteries, but we also design test cells for other energy storage technologies. We can customize our devices and tools and create solutions for specific experiments according to your purpose. Our close collaboration with leading battery researchers worldwide enables us to advance and optimize our products and services continuously. Based on this intense exchange, the diversity of test cells addressing many different needs keeps increasing. The range varies from batteries for aprotic or aqueous electrolytes to capacitor systems for doing two- and three-electrode tests, gas and pressure experiments, optical measurements, and investigation of charge-induced strain (electrode thickness change). Tools are also available for a more productive and accurate experimentation process. Besides the hardware, EL-Cell GmbH also provides a wide range of services. Our professional electrochemical research laboratory is equipped with a glove box, several potentiostats, test cells, and tools to run different electrochemical experiments at the high standards needed in academia and industry. Moreover, EL-Cell GmbH holds seminars and training to support researchers and professionals in effectively utilizing our products and achieving optimal results from their experiments. ![EL-CELL corporate building in Hamburg, Germany](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/el-cell.jpg)EL-CELL corporate building in Hamburg, Germany ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Lab_2023.webp)EL-CELL laboratory [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Forschung_und_Entwicklung_2020_web_en.png)](https://www.stifterverband.org/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Info_NextGenerationEU-002.jpeg)](https://commission.europa.eu/business-economy-euro/economic-recovery/recovery-and-resilience-facility_de) --- ### [Product brochures](https://www.el-cell.com/support/product-brochures/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Download the latest EL-CELL product brochure and explore detailed product information, specifications, and resources in one place. **Content:** # EL-CELL Product Information Here you can download our latest product brochure ## Download [![](https://www.el-cell.com/download/14031/?tmstv=1774366365&v=14032)](https://el-cell.com/download/1374/)Product brochure Release June 2026 Type PDF Size 50 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1374/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") --- ### [PAT-Dummy-Cell II](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-dummy-cell-2/) **Published:** November 28, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Dummy-Cell II: Basic battery cell for rapid functional testing and debugging of test protocolls using supercapacitor electrodes. **Content:** # **PAT-Dummy-Cell II** ##### Basic battery cell for performing functional tests of your PAT-Tester [Request a quote](#quote) ![PAT-Dummy-Cell II](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/PAT-Dummy-Cell_II_440.webp) # **PAT-Dummy-Cell II** ##### Basic battery cell for performing functional tests of your PAT-Tester ![PAT-Dummy-Cell II](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/PAT-Dummy-Cell_II_440.webp) [Product overview](#overview)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) - [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) #### [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) ### Product description The PAT Dummy Cell II is ideal for trying out the test scripts supplied with EL software. The cell is also perfect for developing your scripts. The supercapacitors, which act as electrodes, can be fully charged and discharged in a matter of seconds. This allows changes to a script to be tested quickly before the script is applied to a real battery. The cell is designed to withstand overcurrent and overvoltage in our [PAT-Testers](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/). The PAT-Dummy-Cell II is a passive electrical circuit composed of three supercapacitors connected in a star configuration. The cell is primarily intended for testing and debugging test scripts. All test scripts pre-installed in EL-Software run unchanged on this cell. The cell is a simple model of a battery consisting of three electrodes. Electrode 1 is represented by the series connection R1 C1, electrode 2 by R2 C2, and electrode R by R3 C3. The PAT-Dummy-Cell II is protected against damage by two anti-parallel diodes arranged in parallel with each supercapacitor. These diodes limit the maximum voltage across the capacitors. In the range from -1 to +1 V, the current through the diodes can be neglected. [![Circuit diagram of the PAT-Dummy-Cell III](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Schaltplan.png "Schaltplan | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Schaltplan.png) #### [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) ### Specifications PAT-Dummy-Cell II Height 36 mm Width 68 mm Depth 68 mm Electric component values R1 4.7 Ohm R2 1 Ohm R3 10 Ohm C1 1 F C2 1 F C3 1 F [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The PAT Dummy Cell II is ideal for trying out the test scripts supplied with EL software. The cell is also perfect for developing your scripts. The supercapacitors, which act as electrodes, can be fully charged and discharged in a matter of seconds. This allows changes to a script to be tested quickly before the script is applied to a real battery. The cell is designed to withstand overcurrent and overvoltage in our [PAT-Testers](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/). The PAT-Dummy-Cell II is a passive electrical circuit composed of three supercapacitors connected in a star configuration. The cell is primarily intended for testing and debugging test scripts. All test scripts pre-installed in EL-Software run unchanged on this cell. The cell is a simple model of a battery with 3 electrodes. Electrode 1 is represented by the series connection R1 C1, electrode 2 by R2 C2, and electrode R by R3 C3. The PAT-Dummy-Cell II is protected against damage by two anti-parallel diodes arranged in parallel with each supercapacitor. These diodes limit the maximum voltage across the capacitors. In the range from -1 to +1 V, the current through the diodes can be neglected. [![Circuit diagram of the PAT-Dummy-Cell III](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Schaltplan.png "Schaltplan | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Schaltplan.png) ## PAT-Dummy-Cell II Overview Specifications PAT-Dummy-Cell II Height 36 mm Width 68 mm Depth 68 mm Electric component values R1 4.7 Ohm R2 1 Ohm R3 10 Ohm C1 1 F C2 1 F C3 1 F [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Related products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) The PAT-Tester-i-16 enables intuitive PAT series testing with the smallest possible footprint. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) Fully featured potentiostat / galvanostat / impedance analyzer with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Electrochemical Testing Services](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/) **Published:** July 2, 2025 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** [Request a Quote](https://www.el-cell.com/services/application-laboratory/#contact-form)# Electrochemical Testing Services [Download Checklist](https://el-cell.com/download/7649/) ![]( "Slider_BG_PAT-Tester_02") # Electrochemical Testing Services [Request a Quote](#contact-form)[Download Checklist](https://el-cell.com/download/7649/) [Request a Quote](#contact-form) [Download Checklist](https://el-cell.com/download/7649/) ## Boost Your Battery Research With Our Advanced Testing Services! **Want to unlock the full potential of your materials? We’re here to make it happen!** Our state-of-the-art battery lab provides fast and reliable electrochemical measurements, conducted by a team of experienced laboratory professionals who ensure that every test is performed with precision and care. **What we offer:** High-throughput testing on hundreds of channels with our PAT-Tester high-precision potentiostats Our entire range of advanced battery test cells Efficient 3-electrode setups for high-throughput measurements or special applications **Go beyond the basics:** Dilatation & force measurements – see how your materials really behave under stress Gas pressure analysis – track gas evolution in real-time Optical insights – visualize your processes like never before **Just send us your electrode materials – we’ll deliver the data you need to innovate faster.** ![MBraun glove box system, EL-CELL laboratory](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Gallery_Application-lab_01.jpg)MBraun glove box system, EL-CELL laboratory ## How Does it Work? Would you like us to characterize your battery materials? Here‘s how it works: ## Step 1 ## Contact us Send us an [email](mailto:sales@el-cell.com), use our [contact form](https://www.el-cell.com/contact/#contact) or give us a [call](tel:+494079012734). It’s best to fill out our [checklist](https://el-cell.com/download/7649/) beforehand. We will discuss the details with you and then send you an offer that includes all positions. ## Step 2 ## Send us your material Send us the electrode material or electrolyte you want us to test. We will punch the electrodes, assemble the test cells, and create the measurement protocols based on your instructions. We can also provide battery materials to some extent. ## Step 3 ## Get your results We start your measurements on the agreed date. You will receive regular updates with the results of the ongoing measurements. Once the experiment is complete, you will receive the final evaluation. Optionally, we return the materials to you after the measurement. ## Our Services Cycle life and impedance tests on half and full cells Quantifying electrode expansion during charge and discharge Quantifying gas evolution during battery formation Measuring the stack force during charge and discharge Visualizing electrode processes by optical microscopy [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Our Battery Lab Modern PAT-Tester potentiostats with more than 250 test channels All kinds of battery test cells from EL-CELL MBraun glove box system for test cell assembly Temperature controlled test cabinets (-40 °C to +80 °C) Digital microscope Keyence VHF 700F Tools and handling equipment for electrochemical experiments (e.g., cutting and punching tools) All standard consumables such as lithium metal, LiPF6 based electrolytes, anode and cathode materials [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Our Laboratory Team All experiments are carried out by our experienced laboratory team: ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Annika_200.webp) **Dr. Annika Baumann** *Head of Laboratory* Annika earned her PhD in physical chemistry and has been part of EL-CELL since 2019. Since that time, she has been responsible for the organisation of the electrochemical laboratory. ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Bernhard_200.webp) **Dr. Bernhard Bugenhagen** *Head of Chemistry Department* With a PhD in inorganic chemistry, Bernhard joined EL-CELL in the summer of 2022. He is specifically in charge of product development. ![Dr. Matthias Hahn](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Matthias_200.webp) **Dr. Matthias Hahn** *Senior Scientist, Co-founder of EL-CELL* Matthias has a PhD in physical chemistry and brings over 15 years of hands-on research experience in electrochemistry, gained at institutions such as Honeywell, Daimler, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. ## Contact Us Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Subject Your message Please upload your filled out checklist Loading... --- ### [EL-CELL Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/) **Published:** January 21, 2020 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Explore EL-CELL software products: EL-Software for experiment setup, monitoring & real-time analysis, plus EC-Link for signal recording. **Content:** EL-CELL Software We develop measurement software that is perfectly adapted to our instruments ![]( "PageHeader_Software") ![]() # EL-CELL Software ## Our software products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_250x250.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) ## [EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) Monitoring, analysis, and management solution for EL-CELL battery testers - Design and set up experiments - Powerful script editor for complex test procedures - Monitor, plot and evaluate test data in real-time [Product details](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EC-Link_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/ec-link/) ## [EC-Link](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/ec-link/) EC-Link software records the electrical signals of testing instruments like dilatometers and pressure test cells. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/ec-link/) --- ### [Tools and accessories](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/) **Published:** January 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Discover EL-CELL tools and accessories to streamline battery research, improve test-cell handling, and enhance your lab workflow. **Content:** Tools and Accessories EL-CELL offers useful tools and accessories for enhancing the work experience with our test cells and to make your life as a battery researcher easier. ![]( "PageHeader_accessories_tools_neu-comp") ![]() # Tools and Accessories EL-CELL offers useful tools and accessories for enhancing the work experience with our test cells and to make your life as a battery researcher easier. What is the right tool diameter for your test cells? Test cells [ECC-Refload](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload/)[ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/)[EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/)(+ [ECC-StopRail](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/)) All PAT series test cells - (diameter = 18 mm) (diameter = 18 mm) ECC-Air, ECC-Air-Ni ECC-DEMS ECC-Press-Air-DL ECC-Opto-10, PAT-Cell-Opto-10 - (diameter = 10 mm) (diameter = 10 mm) ECC-Opto-Std (diameter = 10 mm) (diameter = 10 mm) ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu - (diameter = 10 mm) ECD-3, ECD-3-nano - (diameter = 12 mm) (diameter = 10 mm) ECD-4-nano - (diameter = 9.5 mm) (diameter = 10 mm) = Recommended; standard diameter is 18 mm unless otherwise indicated [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Our Products [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/) ## [Tools](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/) EL-CELL offers useful tools to make your life as a battery researcher easier. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/accessories_250_02-1.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/) ## [Accessories](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/) Accessories for enhancing the work experience with EL-CELL products. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/) --- ### [Impressum](https://www.el-cell.com/impressum/) **Published:** January 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Legal notice (Impressum) for EL-Cell GmbH: company details, contact info, commercial register, VAT ID, liability disclaimer, and copyright. **Content:** # Impressum Angaben gemäß § 5 TMG: EL-Cell GmbH Tempowerkring 8 21079 Hamburg **Vertreten durch:** Dipl.-Ing. Michael Hahn, Dr. Matthias Hahn, Dipl.-Ing. Jan Kahrs **Kontakt:** Telefon: +49 40 79012-734 Telefax: +49 40 79012-736 E-Mail: info@el-cell.com **Registereintrag:** Eintragung im Handelsregister Registergericht: Hamburg Registernummer: HRB 112390 **Umsatzsteuer-ID (VAT no.):** Umsatzsteuer-Identifikationsnummer gemäß §27 a Umsatzsteuergesetz: DE270322241 Type Size Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen pdf 0.2 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2892/)General terms of business pdf 0.3 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2890/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Haftungsausschluss (Disclaimer) **Haftung für Inhalte** Als Diensteanbieter sind wir gemäß § 7 Abs.1 TMG für eigene Inhalte auf diesen Seiten nach den allgemeinen Gesetzen verantwortlich. Nach §§ 8 bis 10 TMG sind wir als Diensteanbieter jedoch nicht verpflichtet, übermittelte oder gespeicherte fremde Informationen zu überwachen oder nach Umständen zu forschen, die auf eine rechtswidrige Tätigkeit hinweisen. Verpflichtungen zur Entfernung oder Sperrung der Nutzung von Informationen nach den allgemeinen Gesetzen bleiben hiervon unberührt. Eine diesbezügliche Haftung ist jedoch erst ab dem Zeitpunkt der Kenntnis einer konkreten Rechtsverletzung möglich. Bei Bekanntwerden von entsprechenden Rechtsverletzungen werden wir diese Inhalte umgehend entfernen. **Haftung für Links** Unser Angebot enthält Links zu externen Webseiten Dritter, auf deren Inhalte wir keinen Einfluss haben. Deshalb können wir für diese fremden Inhalte auch keine Gewähr übernehmen. Für die Inhalte der verlinkten Seiten ist stets der jeweilige Anbieter oder Betreiber der Seiten verantwortlich. Die verlinkten Seiten wurden zum Zeitpunkt der Verlinkung auf mögliche Rechtsverstöße überprüft. Rechtswidrige Inhalte waren zum Zeitpunkt der Verlinkung nicht erkennbar. Eine permanente inhaltliche Kontrolle der verlinkten Seiten ist jedoch ohne konkrete Anhaltspunkte einer Rechtsverletzung nicht zumutbar. Bei Bekanntwerden von Rechtsverletzungen werden wir derartige Links umgehend entfernen. **Urheberrecht** Die durch die Seitenbetreiber erstellten Inhalte und Werke auf diesen Seiten unterliegen dem deutschen Urheberrecht. Die Vervielfältigung, Bearbeitung, Verbreitung und jede Art der Verwertung außerhalb der Grenzen des Urheberrechtes bedürfen der schriftlichen Zustimmung des jeweiligen Autors bzw. Erstellers. Downloads und Kopien dieser Seite sind nur für den privaten, nicht kommerziellen Gebrauch gestattet. Soweit die Inhalte auf dieser Seite nicht vom Betreiber erstellt wurden, werden die Urheberrechte Dritter beachtet. Insbesondere werden Inhalte Dritter als solche gekennzeichnet. Sollten Sie trotzdem auf eine Urheberrechtsverletzung aufmerksam werden, bitten wir um einen entsprechenden Hinweis. Bei Bekanntwerden von Rechtsverletzungen werden wir derartige Inhalte umgehend entfernen. --- ### [Standard Test Cells](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/) **Published:** January 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Standard electrochemical test cells for reliable 2- and 3-electrode battery testing—ideal for lithium-ion and next-gen chemistries. **Content:** # Standard Test Cells ## Electrochemical test cells for reliable 2- and 3-electrode battery testing. Suited for lithium-ion batteries and other chemistries. ![]( "PAT-Cell_250_2023") ![]( "PageHeader_Standard_klein_03-comp") ![]() # Standard Test Cells ## Electrochemical test cells for reliable 2- and 3-electrode battery testing. Suited for lithium-ion and other chemistries. ## Our products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) ### 3-electrode battery test cell for electrochemical testing of lithium-ion and other materials using the innovative [PAT-Core concept](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept).- Ability to conduct long-term half-cell measurements with three electrodes - Cableless cell design with all advantages of the [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) - No need for cleaning or drying cell components due to single-use concept - Superior corrosion resistance for next-generation battery chemistries [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Products_PAT-Cell-TwinRef_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-twin-ref) ## [PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-twin-ref) ### Specialized electrochemical cell for simultaneous testing with two reference electrodes. - Ability for conducting long-term half cell measurements with two reference electrodes - No need for cleaning or drying cell components due to single-use concept - Cableless cell design with all advantages of the [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/) [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-twin-ref) [![ECC-Aqu battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/ECC-Aqu_02_250.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/ECC-Aqu_250.webp) ## [ECC-Aqu](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/ecc-aqu/) ### Test cell for use with aqueous electrolytes - High resistance to all common aqueous electrolytes [Product details](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/ecc-aqu/) --- ### [PAT docking stations](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/) **Published:** January 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** PAT docking stations for PAT series test cells—high-throughput or single-cell setups. Compatible, easy wiring, bench/chamber/glove box ready. **Content:** PAT Docking Stations Whether high-throughput or individual battery testing, our docking stations for the PAT series test cells suit your needs. ![]( "PageHeader_docking_stations_gross") ![]( "PageHeader_docking_stations_klein") ![]() # PAT docking stations Whether high-throughput or individual battery testing, our docking stations for the PAT series test cells suit your needs. ## Our Products Name\# Cell connections (PAT Socket)Operational temperatureTemperature controlled cell chamberCharge / Discharge / EIS\*Data Logger\*\*\*Measurements in mm (Height/Width/Length) PAT-Clamp-11-20 °C to +70 °CYes21 / 62 / 80 PAT-Stand-11-20 °C to +70 °CYes80 / 113 / 105 PAT-Stand-44-20 °C to +70 °CYes84 / 119 / 301 PAT-Heater-44up to 200 °C\*\*Yes230 / 265 / 400 PAT-Stand-1616-20 °C to +70 °CYesYes120 / 315 / 315 PAT-Chamber-1616+10 °C to +80 °CYesYes375 / 640 / 380 \* Compatible with any PAT series test cell \*\* 10 °C above average room temperature to 200 °C \*\*\* Independent data acquisition of cell data (current, full- and half-cell voltages), pressure (only PAT-Chamber-16) and temperature. EC-Link monitoring software is provided. [![EL-Cell PAT-Chamber-16 docking station for battery test cells with temperature-controlled cell chamber.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PAT-Chamber-16_250-1.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16/) ## [PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16/) Temperature-controlled docking station for PAT series test cells - Holds up to 16 PAT-Cells or PAT-Cell-Press for pressure monitoring - With data acquisition of cell current, cell voltage, half cell voltages, global temperature, individual cell pressure - Compatible with all of today’s potentiostats and battery testers [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-16.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) ## [PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) High througput docking station for up to 16 PAT-Cells - 4×4 docking station for up to 16 PAT-Cells - Integrated data logger for recording half cell voltages and temperature - Can be placed on the bench or inside temperature chamber [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-4-2.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4/) ## [PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4/) Docking station for up to four PAT-Cells - Compatible with all of today’s multi-channel potentiostats and battery testers - Saves wiring effort in the lab - Can be placed on the bench top, inside a temperature chamber or inside a glove box [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Heater-4.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4/) ## [PAT-Heater-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4/) Heated docking station connecting up to 4 PAT-Cell-HT. - Heated chamber from 10°C > ambient temperature up to 200°C - 4 x 1 docking station for up to four PAT-Cell-HT - Flexible wiring due to easy-to-access banana sockets [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4/) [![EL-CELL PAT-Stand-1 docking station for battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-1.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) ## [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) The ideal docking station for individual battery testing - Can be placed on the bench top, inside a temperature chamber or inside a glove box - Docking station for a single PAT-Cell or PAT-Cell-Press - Saves wiring effort [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Products_PAT-Stand-1-U.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u) ## [PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u) Single channel docking station with flexible signal assignment for specialized PAT-Cells. - Docking station for use with a single PAT-Cell-TwinRef. - May be used to connect with any other PAT series test cell. All signals of the respective test cell are available through banana sockets at the front panel. - Compatible with any potentiostat or battery tester. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u) [![EL-CELL PAT-Clamp-1 Docking Station](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/PAT-Clamp-1_250.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1/) ## [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1/) Single channel docking station with minimized dimensions - Can be placed on the bench top, inside a temperature chamber or inside a glove box - Docking station for a single PAT series test cell - Fits into tight spaces [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1/) --- ### [Optical test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/) **Published:** January 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Discover optical test cells for operando electrode studies in reflection mode—ideal for light/Raman microscopy and X-ray, compatible with many microscopes. **Content:** # Optical Analysis Test Cells ## Electrochemical battery test cells for optical and in-situ observation of electrodes in the reflective mode. Suited for light microscopy, Raman and X-ray. ![]( "PageHeader_ECC-Opto-Std_gross") ![]( "PageHeader_ECC-Opto-Std_klein") ![]() # Optical analysis test cells For the in-situ observation of electrodes in the reflective mode. ## Our optical test cells [![ECC-Opto-10 optical battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ECC-Opto-10_250-1.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) ## [ECC-Opto-10](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) Next generation battery test cell for operando characterization of electrodes using optical methods such as light microscopy or Raman spectroscopy in reflection mode. - High cycling stability due to improved sealing concept - Low profile design for use with light microscopes - Dedicated sample holders for different electrode arrangements available [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ECC-Opto-10_250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) ## [ECC-Opto-10](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) Next generation battery test cell for operando characterization of electrodes using optical methods such as light microscopy or Raman spectroscopy in reflection mode. - High cycling stability due to improved sealing concept - Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis - Dedicated sample holders for different electrode arrangements available [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10/) ## [PAT-Cell-Opto-10](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10/) Next generation PAT series test cell for operando characterization of electrodes using optical methods such as light microscopy or Raman spectroscopy in reflection mode. - High cycling stability due to improved sealing concept - Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis - Dedicated sample holders for different electrode arrangements available - Cableless cell connection via PAT socket [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PAT-Cell-Opto-10_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10/) ## [PAT-Cell-Opto-10](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10/) Next generation PAT series test cell for operando characterization of electrodes using optical methods such as light microscopy or Raman spectroscopy in reflection mode. - High cycling stability due to improved sealing concept - Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis - Dedicated sample holders for different electrode arrangements available - Cableless cell connection via PAT socket [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ECC-Opto-Std_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std) ## [ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std/) Test cell for optical and X-ray characterization in the reflective mode – with face-to-face arrangement of electrodes. - Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes - Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis - Easy and reliable electrolyte filling upon assembly [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ECC-Opto-Std_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std-aqu) ## [ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std-aqu) Test cell for optical characterization in the reflective mode – with face-to-face arrangement of electrodes. For aqueous electrolytes. - 2- and 3-electrode cell with optical window for aqueous electrochemistry - Materials in media contact are gold, PEEK and EPDM - Typically used in combination with optical or Raman microscopy in the reflection mode. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std-aqu) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Products_ECC-Opto-Gas_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) ## [ECC-Opto-Gas](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) Test cell for optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in metal-air batteries. - In-situ test cell for the optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) in aprotic organic electrolytes. - Minimized dimensions suitable for light and Raman microscopes working in the reflective mode [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) --- ### [Electrochemical dilatometer for battery research](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/) **Published:** February 29, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Measure electrode expansion with high-resolution electrochemical dilatometers for aprotic electrolytes—track thickness changes in real time. **Content:** # Electrochemical Dilatometer ## Electrochemical battery test cell for measuring electrode expansion in the nanometer range. ![]( "PageHeader_Dilatometer_gross") ![]( "PageHeader_Dilatometer_klein") ![]() # Electrochemical Dilatometer ### The optimal test cells for the measurement of electrode expansion in aprotic as well as aqueous electrolytes. ## Watch your electrodes breathing Our electrochemical dilatometers are the perfect instruments for detecting thickness changes of the individual electrode or the full cell stack during the electrochemical cycle. The most powerful version offers a capacitive parallel plate sensor system with a resolution of better than 5 nanometers. [![Electrochemical dilatometer test cell working principle diagram](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ECD-4_working_principle_800x533.jpg "ECD-4-nano Half-Cell Mode | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ECD-4_working_principle_800x533.jpg) ### Working Principle (3-electrode Setup) A stiff glass frit soaked with electrolyte separates the working electrode (WE) and the counter electrode (CE). The WE is sealed using a flexible metal membrane, through which any charge-induced thickness change is transmitted toward the sensor/load unit attached on top. The fixation of the glass frit ensures that only the thickness change of the WE is detected without interference from the CE. [![ECD-4-nano electrochemical dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/ECD-4-nano_stoerer_update_250x250.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) ## [ECD-4-nano](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) ### Advanced Electrochemical Dilatometer for measuring the electrode expansion - Capacitive displacement sensor (range 250 μm, resolution better than 5 nm) - Additional gas pressure (0 to 3 bar) and temperature sensor (-20 to 80° C) - Cableless connection via PAT socket, with electronic cell tag (PAT-Button) [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/) --- ### [ECC-Aqu](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/ecc-aqu/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** ECC-Aqu test cell for aqueous electrolytes: leakproof sealing, optional reference electrode, fast assembly, easy filling, precise geometry. **Content:** # **ECC-Aqu** ##### Test cell for use with aqueous electrolytes [Request a quote](#quote) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Produktdetail_ECC-Aqu_01.png) # **ECC-Aqu** ##### Test cell for use with aqueous electrolytes ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Produktdetail_ECC-Aqu_01.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Gallery](#gallery)[Request a quote](#quote) ## ECC-Aqu Overview - [Product description](#1489416915247-ef0cc759-f8c4) - [Features](#1489417065693-f9553037-2852) - [Specifications](#1489417132197-8b0a6a46-f70a) - [Manual](#1524485420088-d735ad0a-2f01) - [Consumables](#1489417200458-c096a5fc-5d19) - [Heat Resistance Set](#1524475825470-535e9120-b2ed) - [Spare parts](#1489417487357-19d5dade-add7) #### [Product description](#1489416915247-ef0cc759-f8c4) ### Product description The ECC-Aqu electrochemical cell is dedicated to the characterization of aqueous battery and capacitor systems. The cell is equipped with a reference electrode assembly. Cell parts that come in contact with the electrolyte are made of gold and PEEK and can thus withstand all common aqueous electrolytes like sulphuric acid (up to 50% concentration) or potassium hydroxide. Other construction materials like platinum are optionally available. #### [Features](#1489417065693-f9553037-2852) ### Features Operation with or without reference electrode High precision 18 mm diameter sandwich geometry with <0.1 mm electrode concentricity Reliable low leakage sealing with PE washer Easy and reliable electrolyte filling during assembly Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Reusable cell components except for PE seal Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes #### [Specifications](#1489417132197-8b0a6a46-f70a) ### Specifications [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC-AQU_Abmasse-300x203.png "ECC-AQU_Abmasse | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC-AQU_Abmasse.png) Height 90 mm Width 54 mm Depth 76 mm Weight approx. 0.6 kg Temperature resistance: -40° to +80°C (150°C)\* Electrolyte volume 0.05 to 0.5 cm3\*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manual](#1524485420088-d735ad0a-2f01) ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Aqu_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/2104/)ECC-Aqu User Manual Release 2.61 Type PDF Size 1.5 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2104/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Consumables](#1489417200458-c096a5fc-5d19) ### Consumables Item Order No. Webshop ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/PAT-Core_PE-Seal.png)Sealing ring, PE ECC1-00-0053-A/C [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-00-0053-A&options%5Bprefix%5D=last)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-B.png)Sealing ring, PTFE ECC1-00-0053-B/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ptfe-seal-ecc-series?_pos=2&_sid=861609d9a&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PEEK-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-D.png)Sealing ring, PEEK ECC1-00-0053-D ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-C.png)Glass fiber separator 18 mm x 1.55 mm ECC1-01-0012-C/L [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-18-0-mm-x-1-55-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=b2658e280&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ECC-PAT-Core_Ferrule1_ECC1-00-0029-B.png)Ferrule 1.0, (50 pcs) ECC1-00-0029-B/L [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-1-0-mm?_pos=2&_sid=65bcce8ef&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Ferrule_Plug_ECC1-00-0029-D.png)Ferrule (plug), (50 pcs) ECC1-00-0029-D/L [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-plug?_pos=1&_sid=b145dcc70&_ss=r) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Heat Resistance Set](#1524475825470-535e9120-b2ed) ### Heat Resistance Set (ECC series) The Heat Resistance Set increases the temperature range for testing with the ECC-Aqu to 150 °C. Package content Heat Resistance Set (ECC-Series) ECC1-01-0040-A ECC-Series Cell Cable Set HT ECE1-00-0037-B HT Foot (heat resistant), (3 pcs) ECC1-00-0065-B PTFE Seal (ECC Series), (10 pcs) ECC1-00-0053-B/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Spare parts](#1489417487357-19d5dade-add7) ### Spare parts **Test cell** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Spare-Parts_Ecc-Aqu_Testcell-300x258.jpg "Spare-Parts_Ecc-Aqu_Testcell | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Spare-Parts_Ecc-Aqu_Testcell.jpg) **Reference electrode ECC (Au)** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Spare-Parts_Ecc-Aqu_RefElectrode-300x258.jpg "Spare-Parts_Ecc-Aqu_RefElectrode | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Spare-Parts_Ecc-Aqu_RefElectrode.jpg) The ECC-Aqu electrochemical cell is dedicated to the characterization of aqueous battery and capacitor systems. The cell is equipped with a reference electrode assembly. Cell parts that come in contact with the electrolyte are made of gold and PEEK and can thus withstand all common aqueous electrolytes like sulphuric acid (up to 50% concentration) or potassium hydroxide. Other construction materials like platinum are optionally available. ## ECC-Aqu Overview Features Operation with or without reference electrode High precision 18 mm diameter sandwich geometry with Reliable low leakage sealing with PE washer Easy and reliable electrolyte filling during assembly Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Reusable cell components except for PE seal Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes Specifications Height 90 mm Width 54 mm Depth 76 mm Weight approx. 0.6 kg Temperature resistance: -40° to +80°C (150°C)\* Electrolyte volume 0.05 to 0.5 cm3\*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Aqu_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/2104/)ECC-Aqu User Manual Release 2.61 Type PDF Size 1.5 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2104/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Consumables ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/PAT-Core_PE-Seal.png)Sealing ring, PE ECC1-00-0053-A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-B.png)Sealing ring, PTFE ECC1-00-0053-B ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PEEK-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-D.png)Sealing ring, PEEK ECB3-00-0053-D ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-C.png)Glass fiber separator 18 mm x 1.55 mm ECC1-01-0012-C ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Celgard_2325_separator_ECC1-01-0022-D.png)Separator (Celgard 2325) 24 mm x 0.025 mm ECC1-01-0022-D ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule (plug) ECC1-00-0029-D [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Heat Resistance Set The Heat Resistance Set increases the temperature range for testing with the ECC-Aqu to 150 °C. Package content Heat Resistance Set (ECC-Series) ECC1-01-0040-A ECC-Series Cell Cable Set HT ECE1-00-0037-B HT Foot (heat resistant), (3 pcs) ECC1-00-0065-B PTFE Seal (ECC Series), (10 pcs) ECC1-00-0053-B/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Spare parts **Test cell** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Spare-Parts_Ecc-Aqu_Testcell-300x258.jpg "Spare-Parts_Ecc-Aqu_Testcell | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Spare-Parts_Ecc-Aqu_Testcell.jpg) **Reference electrode ECC (Au)** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Spare-Parts_Ecc-Aqu_RefElectrode-300x258.jpg "Spare-Parts_Ecc-Aqu_RefElectrode | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Spare-Parts_Ecc-Aqu_RefElectrode.jpg) # Gallery [![Schematic view of the ECC-Aqu components](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_ECC-Aqu_01-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_ECC-Aqu_01.jpg) Schematic view of the ECC-Aqu components [![ECC-Aqu wired up for three-electrode testing](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_ECC-Aqu_02-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_ECC-Aqu_02.jpg) ECC-Aqu wired up for three-electrode testing [![ECC-Aqu wired up for three-electrode testing](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_ECC-Aqu_03-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_ECC-Aqu_03.jpg) ECC-Aqu wired up for three-electrode testing ## Recommended Tools [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-Refload.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload) ## [ECC-RefLoad](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload) Ref loading tool – Useful tool for conveniently loading the Ref-sleeve [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload) [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High precision cutting pliers to eliminate torn and chipped electrode edges. Recommended diameter size for use with the ECC-Aqu is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) Cableless test cell for high-throughput testing of Li-ion battery materials using the innovative [PAT-Core concept](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept). [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) [![PAT-Cell-Press Battery Test Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Cell-Press.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) ## [PAT-Cell-Press](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) Leakproof test cell for measuring gas evolution. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [ECC-Air](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** ECC-Air test cell for gas diffusion electrode characterization in aprotic electrolytes—easy assembly, low leakage sealing, reusable parts. **Content:** # **ECC-Air** ##### Test cell for characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in aprotic electrolytes [Request a quote](#quote) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Produktdetail_ECC-Air.png) # **ECC-Air** ##### Test cell for characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in aprotic electrolytes ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Produktdetail_ECC-Air.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Gallery](#gallery)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product overview - [Product description](#1489498923924-85c895b6-ddc8) - [Features](#1489498924259-6dc4dafa-e992) - [Specifications](#1500037850100-0ce296f8-95dd) - [Manual](#1524489804059-9fab5f94-0884) - [Delivery scope](#1489498924621-dda567c0-d96f) - [Consumables](#1489498925183-962b21ce-7732) - [Heat Resistance Set](#1524474315348-4eefc92f-1afa) - [Spare parts](#1489498925541-4d00ffe5-9ff8) #### [Product description](#1489498923924-85c895b6-ddc8) ### Product description The ECC-Air is another member of the modular ECC-series dedicated to the electrochemical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in aprotic electrolytes, e.g. for lithium-air batteries. Basically, the upper diffusion type electrode is contacted by and “breathes” through the perforated stainless steel current collector (plate) on top. The gas volume inside the cell above the perforated plate is accessible via a port in the cell lid. The design includes a reference electrode. #### [Features](#1489498924259-6dc4dafa-e992) ### Features Operation with or without reference electrode High precision 18 mm diameter sandwich geometry with <0.1 mm electrode concentricity Reliable low leakage sealing with PE washers Easy and reliable electrolyte filling during assembly Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Reusable cell components except for PE seal Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes Materials in media contact are stainless steel 1.4404 and PEEK (other materials on request) #### [Specifications](#1500037850100-0ce296f8-95dd) ### Specifications [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC-AIR_measurements-300x205.png "ECC-AIR_measurements | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC-AIR_measurements.png) Height 90 mm Width 54 mm Depth 76 mm Weight 0.6 kg Temperature resistance: -20 to +70°C (150°C)\* Electrode diameter 18 mm Electrolyte volume min 0.1 ml \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A 00 [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manual](#1524489804059-9fab5f94-0884) ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-AIR_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1653/)ECC-Air User Manual Release 1.93 Date December 2023 Type PDF Size 1.4 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1653/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Delivery scope](#1489498924621-dda567c0-d96f) ### Delivery scope Component Order no. ECC-Air test cell Glass fiber separator 18 mm x 1.55 mm (10 pcs.) ECC1-01-0012-C/X Ferrule 1.6 (2 pcs.) ECC1-00-0029-E Sleeve (REF) ECC1-00-0058-B PE Seal (10 pcs.) ECC1-00-0053-A/X Sleeve removing tool ECC1-00-0092-A Nut (2 pcs.) ECC1-00-0125-A Ref electrode ECC (1.4404) ECC1-00-0010-E Locking washer ECC1-0-0061-A [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Consumables](#1489498925183-962b21ce-7732) ### Consumables Item Order No. Webshop ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/PAT-Core_PE-Seal.png)Sealing ring, PE ECC1-00-0053-A/C [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-00-0053-A&options%5Bprefix%5D=last)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-B.png)Sealing ring, PTFE ECC1-00-0053-B/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ptfe-seal-ecc-series?_pos=2&_sid=861609d9a&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PEEK-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-D.png)Sealing ring, PEEK ECC1-00-0053-D ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-C.png)Glass fiber separator 18 mm x 1.55 mm ECC1-01-0012-C/L [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-18-0-mm-x-1-55-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=b2658e280&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ECC-PAT-Core_Ferrule1_ECC1-00-0029-B.png)Ferrule 1.0, (50 pcs) ECC1-00-0029-B/L [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-1-0-mm?_pos=2&_sid=65bcce8ef&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Ferrule_Plug_ECC1-00-0029-D.png)Ferrule (plug), (50 pcs) ECC1-00-0029-D/L [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-plug?_pos=1&_sid=b145dcc70&_ss=r) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Heat Resistance Set](#1524474315348-4eefc92f-1afa) ### Heat Resistance Set (ECC series) The Heat Resistance Set increases the temperature range for testing with the ECC-Air to 150 °C. Package content Heat Resistance Set (ECC-Series) ECC1-01-0040-A ECC-Series Cell Cable Set HT ECE1-00-0037-B HT Foot (heat resistant), (3 pcs) ECC1-00-0065-B PTFE Seal (ECC Series), (10 pcs) ECC1-00-0053-B/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Spare parts](#1489498925541-4d00ffe5-9ff8) ### Spare parts **Test cell** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC1-00-0004-B_ECC-Air_cell-255x300.png "ECC1-00-0004-B_ECC-Air_cell | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC1-00-0004-B_ECC-Air_cell.png) **Ref electrode** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC1-00-0010-E_Spare-parts-300x207.png "ECC1-00-0010-E_Spare-parts | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC1-00-0010-E_Spare-parts.png) The ECC-Air is another member of the modular ECC-series dedicated to the electrochemical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in aprotic electrolytes, e.g. for lithium-air batteries. Basically, the upper diffusion type electrode is contacted by and “breathes” through the perforated stainless steel current collector (plate) on top. The gas volume inside the cell above the perforated plate is accessible via a port in the cell lid. The design includes a reference electrode. ## ECC-Air overview Features Operation with or without reference electrode High precision 18 mm diameter sandwich geometry with Reliable low leakage sealing with PE washers Easy and reliable electrolyte filling during assembly Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Reusable cell components except for PE seal Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes Materials in media contact are stainless steel 1.4404 and PEEK (other materials on request) Specifications Height 90 mm Width 54 mm Depth 76 mm Weight 0.6 kg Temperature resistance: -20 to +70°C (150°C)\* Electrode diameter 18 mm Electrolyte volume min 0.1 ml \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A 00 [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-AIR_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1653/)ECC-Air User Manual Release 1.93 Date December 2023 Type PDF Size 1.4 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1653/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Delivery scope Component Order no. ECC-Air test cell Glass fiber separator 18 mm x 1.55 mm (10 pcs.) ECC1-01-0012-C/X Ferrule 1.6 (2 pcs.) ECC1-00-0029-E Sleeve (REF) ECC1-00-0058-B PE Seal (10 pcs.) ECC1-00-0053-A/X Sleeve removing tool ECC1-00-0092-A Nut (2 pcs.) ECC1-00-0125-A Ref electrode ECC (1.4404) ECC1-00-0010-E Locking washer ECC1-0-0061-A [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Consumables Item Order No. Webshop ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/PAT-Core_PE-Seal.png)Sealing ring, PE ECC1-00-0053-A/C [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-00-0053-A&options%5Bprefix%5D=last)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-B.png)Sealing ring, PTFE ECC1-00-0053-B/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ptfe-seal-ecc-series?_pos=2&_sid=861609d9a&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PEEK-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-D.png)Sealing ring, PEEK ECC1-00-0053-D ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-C.png)Glass fiber separator 18 mm x 1.55 mm ECC1-01-0012-C/L [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-18-0-mm-x-1-55-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=b2658e280&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ECC-PAT-Core_Ferrule1_ECC1-00-0029-B.png)Ferrule 1.0, (50 pcs) ECC1-00-0029-B/L [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-1-0-mm?_pos=2&_sid=65bcce8ef&_ss=r)![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Ferrule_Plug_ECC1-00-0029-D.png)Ferrule (plug), (50 pcs) ECC1-00-0029-D/L [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-plug?_pos=1&_sid=b145dcc70&_ss=r) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Heat Resistance Set Package content Heat Resistance Set (ECC-Series) ECC1-01-0040-A ECC-Series Cell Cable Set HT ECE1-00-0037-B HT Foot (heat resistant), (3 pcs) ECC1-00-0065-B PTFE Seal (ECC Series), (10 pcs) ECC1-00-0053-B/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") # Gallery [![Fully connected ECC-Air test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_ECC-Air_01.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_ECC-Air_01.jpg)Fully connected ECC-Air test cell [![Schematic view of the gas flow inside the ECC-Air](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_ECC-Air_02.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_ECC-Air_02.jpg)Schematic view of the gas flow inside the ECC-Air # Recommended tools [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-CellLoad.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload) ## [ECC-CellLoad](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload) Electrode alignment and assembly tool [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload/) [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High precision electrode cutting pliers [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## Related products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Products_PAT-Cell-Gas_250x250-compressor.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) ## [PAT-Cell-Gas](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) PAT-Cell for in-situ gas analysis in a flow-through set-up [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ECC-Air-Ni_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air-ni) ## [ECC-Air-Ni](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air-ni) Test cell for electrochemical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in aqueous electrolytes [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air-ni) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ECC-DEMS_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-dems) ## [ECC-DEMS](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-dems) Test cell for time-resolved gas analysis. For Li-air and conventional Li-ion chemistries. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-dems) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [ECC-DEMS](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-dems/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** ECC-DEMS test cell for time-resolved gas analysis in Li-air and Li-ion batteries, featuring precise geometry and low-leak sealing. **Content:** # **ECC-DEMS** ##### Test cell for time-resolved gas analysis. For Li-air and conventional Li-ion chemistries. [Request a quote](#quote) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC-DEMS-Press_Pageheader_productimage_01.png) # **ECC-DEMS** ##### Test cell for time-resolved gas analysis. For Li-air and conventional Li-ion chemistries. ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC-DEMS-Press_Pageheader_productimage_01.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Gallery](#gallery)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product overview - [Product description](#1489488791831-7d31e346-0277) - [Features](#1489488791895-252c4286-bbc2) - [Specifications](#1500032998911-545e7bf0-1459) - [Manual](#1489489757831-1954cd5d-a29c) - [Delivery scope](#1489489273828-6b5fa742-7cc7) - [Heat Resistance Set](#1524477539228-d41ee7eb-f1bb) - [Spare parts](#1489489846911-292ae236-59ce) #### [Product description](#1489488791831-7d31e346-0277) ### Our test cell dedicated to the in-situ gas analysis in aprotic Li-air and conventional Li-ion systems. The ECC-DEMS features a current collector with a spiral-shaped flow field to constantly purge a gentle stream of inert gas. Gases evolved or consumed at the working electrode may be analyzed through the composition change of the gas stream that is to be passed along the spiral-type flow field below the working electrode. The composition of the outgoing gas can be analyzed by, e.g., mass spectrometry. The ECC-DEMS cell provides an almost perfect plug-flow of the purge gas, essential for quantitative time-resolved analysis. The pressure gradient between cell headroom and spiral-type flow field effectively prevents back-mixing and ensures the best possible time resolution. #### [Features](#1489488791895-252c4286-bbc2) ### Features Operation with or without reference electrode High precision 18 mm diameter sandwich geometry with <0.1 mm electrode concentricity Reliable low leakage sealing with PE washers Easy and reliable electrolyte filling during assembly Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Reusable cell components except for PE seal Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes Materials in media contact are stainless steel 1.4404 and PEEK (other materials on request) #### [Specifications](#1500032998911-545e7bf0-1459) ### Specifications [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC-DEMS_Abmasse-300x202.png "ECC-DEMS_Abmasse | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC-DEMS_Abmasse.png) Height 90 mm Width 54 mm Depth 70 mm Weight 0.6 kg Electrode diameter 18 mm Electrolyte volume min 0.2 ml Temperature operation range -20 to +70 °C (150 °C)\* \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manual](#1489489757831-1954cd5d-a29c) ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Download_Manual_ECC-DEMS_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1557/)ECC-DEMS User Manual Release 1.45 Date April 2024 Type PDF Size 2.4 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1557/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Delivery scope](#1489489273828-6b5fa742-7cc7) ### Delivery scope Component Order no. ECC-DEMS test cell with bracket PE Seal (10 pcs.) ECC1-00-0053-A/X Glass fiber separator 18 mm diameter, 1.55 mm thick (10 pcs.) ECC1-01-0012-C/X Nut (2 pcs.) ECC1-00-0125-A Ferrule 1.6 (2 pcs.) ECC1-00-0029-E Sleeve removing tool ECC1-00-0092-A [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Heat Resistance Set](#1524477539228-d41ee7eb-f1bb) ### Heat Resistance Set (ECC series) The Heat Resistance Set increases the temperature range for testing with the ECC-DEMS to 150 °C. Package content Heat Resistance Set (ECC-Series) ECC1-01-0040-A ECC-Series Cell Cable Set HT ECE1-00-0037-B HT Foot (heat resistant), (3 pcs) ECC1-00-0065-B PTFE Seal (ECC Series), (10 pcs) ECC1-00-0053-B/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Spare parts](#1489489846911-292ae236-59ce) ### Spare parts **Test cell** [![ECC-DEMS Spare Parts Overview](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ECC1-00-0004-K_Spare-parts_ECC-DEMS.png "ECC1-00-0004-K_Spare-parts_ECC-DEMS | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ECC1-00-0004-K_Spare-parts_ECC-DEMS.png) ## Our test cell dedicated to the in-situ gas analysis in aprotic Li-air and conventional Li-ion systems. The ECC-DEMS features a current collector with a spiral-shaped flow field to constantly purge a gentle stream of inert gas. Gases evolved or consumed at the working electrode may be analyzed through the composition change of the gas stream that is to be passed along the spiral-type flow field below the working electrode. The composition of the outgoing gas can be analyzed by, e.g., mass spectrometry. The ECC-DEMS cell provides an almost perfect plug-flow of the purge gas, essential for quantitative time-resolved analysis. The pressure gradient between cell headroom and spiral-type flow field effectively prevents back-mixing and ensures the best possible time resolution. ## ECC-DEMS overview Features Operation with or without reference electrode High precision 18 mm diameter sandwich geometry with <0.1 mm electrode concentricity Reliable low leakage sealing with PE washers Easy and reliable electrolyte filling during assembly Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Reusable cell components except for PE seal Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes Materials in media contact are stainless steel 1.4404 and PEEK (other materials on request) Specifications Height 90 mm Width 54 mm Depth 70 mm Weight 0.6 kg Electrode diameter 18 mm Electrolyte volume min 0.2 ml Temperature operation range -20 to +70 °C (150 °C)\* \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Download_Manual_ECC-DEMS_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1557/)ECC-DEMS User Manual Release 1.45 Date April 2024 Type PDF Size 2.4 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1557/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Delivery scope Component Order no. ECC-DEMS test cell with bracket PE Seal (10 pcs.) ECC1-00-0053-A/X Glass fiber separator 18 mm diameter, 1.55 mm thick (10 pcs.) ECC1-01-0012-C/X Nut (2 pcs.) ECC1-00-0125-A Ferrule 1.6 (2 pcs.) ECC1-00-0029-E Sleeve removing tool ECC1-00-0092-A [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Heat Resistance Set The Heat Resistance Set increases the temperature range for testing with the ECC-DEMS to 150 °C. Package content Heat Resistance Set (ECC-Series) ECC1-01-0040-A ECC-Series Cell Cable Set HT ECE1-00-0037-B HT Foot (heat resistant), (3 pcs) ECC1-00-0065-B PTFE Seal (ECC Series), (10 pcs) ECC1-00-0053-B/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Spare parts **Test cell** [![ECC-DEMS Spare Parts Overview](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ECC1-00-0004-K_Spare-parts_ECC-DEMS.png "ECC1-00-0004-K_Spare-parts_ECC-DEMS | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ECC1-00-0004-K_Spare-parts_ECC-DEMS.png) # Gallery [![ECC-DEMS schematic overview](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC-DEMS_Gallery_01-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC-DEMS_Gallery_01.jpg) ECC-DEMS schematic overview [![ECC-DEMS standard test wiring setup](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC-DEMS_Gallery_02-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC-DEMS_Gallery_02.jpg) ECC-DEMS standard test wiring setup [![ECC-DEMS cell base with flow field](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC-DEMS_Gallery_03-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ECC-DEMS_Gallery_03.jpg) ECC-DEMS cell base with flow field ## Recommended tools [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-Refload.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload/) ## [ECC-RefLoad](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload/) Ref loading tool – Useful tool for conveniently loading the Ref-sleeve [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload/) [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High precision cutting pliers to eliminate torn and chipped electrode edges [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## Related products [![PAT-Cell-Gas battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Products_PAT-Cell-Gas_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) ## [PAT-Cell-Gas](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) PAT-Cell for in-situ gas analysis in a flow-through set-up. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) [![PAT-Cell-Press Battery Test Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Cell-Press.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) ## [PAT-Cell-Press](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) The PAT-Cell-Press is the ideal, leakproof cell for pressure testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ECC-Air_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air) ## [ECC-Air](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air) Test cell for characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in aprotic electrolytes [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [ECC-StopRail](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-stoprail/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** ECC-StopRail: EL-Cut attachment that reduces cutting scrap. Tool-free assembly, compatible up to 25 mm. See features, data, gallery, quote. **Content:** # **ECC-StopRail** ##### EL-Cut attachment to reduce cutting scrap [Request a quote](#quote)[Videos](#videos)[Gallery](#gallery) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Produktdetail_StopRail_01.png) # **ECC-StopRail** ##### EL-Cut attachment to reduce cutting scrap - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Produktdetail_StopRail_01.png) [Video](#videos)[Gallery](#gallery)[Request a quote](#quote) Don’t waste your precious electrode material! When attached to the cutting pliers, the crosshairs of the ECC-StopRail let you precisely target the electrode area. The ECC-StopRail is an optional tool to be attached to the EL-Cut cutting pliers. The ECC-StopRail is a means to conveniently target the cutting area. It thus helps to make effective use of the electrode sheet and to speed up the cutting process. ## ECC-StopRail Features Very easy assembling to EL-Cut, no tools required! Compatible with any EL-Cut diameter up to 22 mm ## Technical Data Width 175 mm Depth 258 mm Height 85 mm Weight approx. 1.6 kg [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") # Gallery [![ECC-StopRail attached to the EL-Cut cutting pliers.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_StopRail_01.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_StopRail_01.jpg)ECC-StopRail attached to the EL-Cut cutting pliers. [![Reduce waste of electrode material by using the ECC-StopRail crossharis to target the cutting area very precisely.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_StopRail_02.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_StopRail_02.jpg)Reduce waste of electrode material by using the ECC-StopRail crossharis to target the cutting area very precisely. # Videos You can download all of our videos directly from our [video page](https://el-cell.com/support/videos/). ## Related Products [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High precision electrode cutting pliers [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [EL-Cut](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Discover the EL-Cut, a high-precision electrode cutter for Cu/Al foils, delivering clean, flat edges via fine blanking for reliable results. **Content:** # **EL-Cut** ##### High precision electrode cutter [Request a quote](#quote)[Videos](#videos)[Data sheet (PDF)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11503) ![EL-Cut cutting pliers](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/EL-Cut_440.webp) # **EL-Cut** ##### High precision electrode cutter ![EL-Cut cutting pliers](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/EL-Cut_440.webp) [Product overview](#overview)[Videos](#videos) [Data sheet (PDF)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11503) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1612798893935-7678ba6c-9bec) - [Features](#1612799515678-ba6aae70-cf80) - [Specifications](#1612798990099-001b1e83-ed96) - [Manual](#1612799223684-a2f07205-6655) - [Frequently asked questions](#1612799824874-e1d88269-9116) #### [Product description](#1612798893935-7678ba6c-9bec) The accuracy and reproducibility of electrochemical tests depend not solely ­depend on the choice of materials but also on simple geometric and mechanical parameters. Proper electrode cutting is an often neglected factor. Torn and chipped electrode edges—although invisible to the bare eye—inevitably cause current inhomogeneity and are thus likely to affect experimental results. Life cycle and impedance results are especially prone to such artifacts. Electrodes cut by conventional punching (stamping) with only one punch force show chipped edges and are not plain. The EL–Cut is a high–precision tool specifically designed to punch electrodes from coated Cu and Al foils. In contrast to conventional punching, electrodes being cut (fine blanked) by the EL-Cut are produced by three active forces in tools with a few microns of cutting clearance. The fine blanking process yields electrodes with clean cutting surfaces, free from torn or chipped edges, and nearly perfectly flat surfaces. The punching tool of the EL-Cut is permanently installed and cannot be changed. The EL–Cut is available in various versions, each featuring a distinct cutting tool. The diameter of a tool can range from 5 to 40 mm. Multiple shapes, such as squares, are possible. ## Sample EL-Cut cutting tool shapes [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/EL-Cut_custom_cutting_tool_shapes_web-300x216.webp)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/EL-Cut_custom_cutting_tool_shapes.webp) #### [Features](#1612799515678-ba6aae70-cf80) ### Features Perfectly cut electrodes Designed for cutting electrodes coated on Al and Cu foil Cutting tools available with diameters from 6 to 40 mm (One cutting size per EL-Cut). Different shapes (e.g. squared) are available on request Low wear of the cutting tool even after prolonged use #### [Specifications](#1612798990099-001b1e83-ed96) ### Specifications Height 140 mm Width 380 mm Depth 60 mm Weight approx. 2.8 kg [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manual](#1612799223684-a2f07205-6655) ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_EL-Cut_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1814/)EL-Cut User Manual Release 1.23 Type PDF Size 1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1814/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Frequently asked questions](#1612799824874-e1d88269-9116) ### Frequently asked questions ### Can you change the cutting tools of the EL-Cut? No. The cutter of the EL-Cut must be precisely adjusted at the factory in order to achieve its high-precision cutting results. It is therefore permanently installed in the housing and cannot be changed. The accuracy and reproducibility of electrochemical tests depend not solely ­depend on the choice of materials but also on simple geometric and mechanical parameters. Proper electrode cutting is an often neglected factor. Torn and chipped electrode edges—although invisible to the bare eye—inevitably cause current inhomogeneity and are thus likely to affect experimental results. Life cycle and impedance results are especially prone to such artifacts. Electrodes cut by conventional punching (stamping) with only one punch force show chipped edges and are not plain. The EL–Cut is a high–precision tool specifically designed to punch electrodes from coated Cu and Al foils. In contrast to conventional punching, electrodes being cut (fine blanked) by the EL-Cut are produced by three active forces in tools with a few microns of cutting clearance. The fine blanking process yields electrodes with clean cutting surfaces, free from torn or chipped edges, and nearly perfectly flat surfaces. The punching tool of the EL-Cut is permanently installed and cannot be changed. The EL–Cut is available in various versions, each featuring a distinct cutting tool. The diameter of a tool can range from 5 to 40 mm. Multiple shapes, such as squares, are possible. ## EL-Cut Overview Features Perfectly cut electrodes Designed for cutting electrodes coated on Al and Cu foil Cutting tools available with diameters from 6 to 40 mm (One cutting size per EL-Cut). Different shapes (e.g. squared) are available on request Low wear of the cutting tool even after prolonged use Specifications Height 140 mm Width 380 mm Depth 60 mm Weight approx. 2.8 kg [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_EL-Cut_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1814/)EL-Cut User Manual Release 1.23 Type PDF Size 1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1814/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Frequently asked questions ### Can you change the cutting tools of the EL-Cut? No. The cutter of the EL-Cut must be precisely adjusted at the factory in order to achieve its high-precision cutting results. It is therefore permanently installed in the housing and cannot be changed. # Application examples for EL-Cut variants with customized cutting shapes ## EL-Cut variant for punching electrode strips for use in ECC-Opto-10 The EL-Cut 10.5×1.7 has a cutting tool that punches out electrode strips measuring 10.5mm x 1.7mm, which are perfectly suited for the side-by-side setup of the [ECC-Opto-10](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10/) and [PAT-Cell-Opto-10](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10/) optical battery test cells. ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Stoerer_New-compressor.png) [![EL-Cut eletrodes cutting pliers for ECC-Opto-10](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/EL-CELL-EL-Cut-105x17-for-ECC-Opto-10.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/EL-CELL-EL-Cut-105x17-for-ECC-Opto-10.webp) [![Electrode strip viewed under a microscope](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/EL-CELL_EL-Cut_cutted_electrode_strip_detail.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/EL-CELL_EL-Cut_cutted_electrode_strip_detail.webp) [![Electrode strip viewed under a microscope](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/EL-CELL_EL-Cut_cutted_electrode_strip.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/EL-CELL_EL-Cut_cutted_electrode_strip.webp) ## EL-Cut variant for punching printed electrodes In order to use [printed electrodes](https://www.el-cell.com/printed-electrodes/) in our PAT-Cell battery test cells, the electrodes need to be punched in a specific shape. This can be easily accomplished by using the EL-Cut with customized cutting tool. [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/EL-CELL_EL-Cut_lug.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/EL-CELL_EL-Cut_lug.jpg) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/EL-CELL_Current_collector_for_printed_electrode.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/EL-CELL_Current_collector_for_printed_electrode.jpg) # Gallery [![Cutting edge CU 10 (200x magnified)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_EL-Cut_02-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_EL-Cut_02.jpg) Cutting edge CU 10 (200x magnified) [![Cutting edge CU 10 (200x magnified)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_EL-Cut_04-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_EL-Cut_04.jpg) Cutting edge CU 10 (200x magnified) [![Cutting edge of AL 20 (200x magnified)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_EL-Cut_01-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_EL-Cut_01.jpg) Cutting edge of AL 20 (200x magnified) [![Cutting edge of AL 20 (200x magnified) magnified)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_EL-Cut_03-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_EL-Cut_03.jpg) Cutting edge of AL 20 (200x magnified) [![EL-Cut devices with different cutter sizes (from left to right: 20x20 mm square, 18 mm disc shape and 10x10 mm square shape)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Gallery_EL-Cut_05-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Gallery_EL-Cut_05.jpg) EL-Cut devices with different cutter sizes (from left to right: 20×20 mm square, 18 mm disc shape and 10×10 mm square shape) [![EL-Cut devices with different cutter sizes (from left to right: 20x20 mm square, 18 mm disc shape and 10x10 mm square shape)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Gallery_EL-Cut_06-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Gallery_EL-Cut_06.jpg) EL-Cut devices with different cutter sizes (from left to right: 20×20 mm square, 18 mm disc shape and 10×10 mm square shape) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/EL-Cut_Custom_cutting_tool_shapes-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/EL-Cut_Custom_cutting_tool_shapes.jpg) Sample EL-Cut cutting tool shapes ## Videos You can download all of our videos directly from our [video page](https://el-cell.com/support/videos/). ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-Stoprail.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-stoprail/) ## [ECC-StopRail](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-stoprail/) Attachment for the EL-Cut to speed up the cutting process and reduce cutting scrap. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-stoprail/) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [ECC-LiPunch](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** ECC-LiPunch: precision punching tool for lithium foil—flat, accurate discs for EL-CELL test cells. Standard 18 mm; other sizes available. **Content:** # **ECC-LiPunch** ##### Punching tool for lithium foil [Request a quote](#quote) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Produktdetail_LiPunch_01.png) # **ECC-LiPunch** ##### Punching tool for lithium foil - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Produktdetail_LiPunch_01.png) [Request a quote](#quote) Forget about your lithium foil getting stuck to the hollow punch! The ECC-LiPunch is the perfect tool for smoothly punching 18 mm lithium discs for the ECC and PAT series test cells. ## ECC-LiPunch Features For punching highly precise and flat discs of pure lithium without carrier material Standard size for EL-CELL test cells: 18 mm diameter Other sizes available: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 16.6, 17, 18, 19, 20 mm ## Technical Data Cutting diameter 18 mm (other dia. on request) Length 100 mm Diameter 39 mm Weight 0.7 kg [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Download [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_ECC-LiPunch_Cleaning-Instructions_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/10431/)ECC-LiPunch Cleaning Instructions Release 1.0 Date July 2023 Type PDF Size 0.7 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10431/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Gallery [![EL-CELL ECC-LiPunch for punching lithium discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_LiPunch_01.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_LiPunch_01.jpg) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [ECC-CellLoad](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** ECC-CellLoad electrode alignment and assembly tool for full cells—precise concentric alignment, easy handling, and reliable technical performance. **Content:** # **ECC-CellLoad** ##### Electrode alignment and assembly tool [Request a quote](#quote) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Produktdetail_ECC-CellLoad.png) # **ECC-CellLoad** ##### Electrode alignment and assembly tool - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Produktdetail_ECC-CellLoad.png) [Request a quote](#quote) When building full cells with thin Celgard-type separators, the concentric alignment of the two electrodes—with the oversized separator in between—is the key to electrochemical performance and lifetime. The ECC-CellLoad is an easy-to-use tool suitable for ECC-Std test cells. ## ECC-CellLoad Features Highly precise concentric alignment of the two electrodes Suitable for electrodes of 18 mm diameter Easy handling Suitable for ECC-Std ## Technical Data Height 140 mm Width 380 mm Depth 60 mm Weight 1 kg [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") # Gallery [![Using the ECC-CellLoad](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_ECC-CellLoad_01.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_ECC-CellLoad_01.jpg)Using the ECC-CellLoad [![Using the ECC-CellLoad](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_ECC-CellLoad_02.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_ECC-CellLoad_02.jpg)Using the ECC-CellLoad # Videos You can download all of our videos directly from our [video page](https://el-cell.com/support/videos/). ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [ECC-RefLoad](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** ECC-RefLoad tool loads lithium reference material into ECC series battery test cells—easy, precise handling. **Content:** # **ECC-RefLoad** ##### Tool for loading reference materials such as lithium metal into ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-SBS and ECC-Aqu test cells. [Request a quote](#quote) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Produktdetail_RefLoad.png) # **ECC-RefLoad** ##### Tool for loading reference materials such as lithium metal into ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-SBS and ECC-Aqu test cells. - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Produktdetail_RefLoad.png) [Request a quote](#quote) Basically, the tool is a small tube (cannula) with a knock-out pin inside. A tiny piece of lithium metal is first picked up by pressing the cannula onto a piece of lithium foil (>0.2 mm thick). The cannula is then inserted into the bore of the Ref-sleeve and the lithium inside the cannula is extruded into the Ref-bore by actuating the knock-out pin. ## Technical Data Length 62 mm Diameter 25 mm Weight 84 g [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") # Gallery [![Picking up lithium with the ECC-RefLoad](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_RefLoad_00-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_RefLoad_00.jpg) Picking up lithium with the ECC-RefLoad [![Using the ECC-RefLoad](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_RefLoad_01-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_RefLoad_01.jpg) Using the ECC-RefLoad [![Correct use: The Lithium is pushed to the inner edge of the Ref-sleeve - no more, no less.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_RefLoad_04-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_RefLoad_04.jpg) Correct use: The Lithium is pushed to the inner edge of the Ref-sleeve – no more, no less. [![Wrong use: Lithium protrudes beyond the inner edge of the Ref-sleeve. This may cause a short circuit in the assembled cell.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_RefLoad_03-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_RefLoad_03.jpg) Wrong use: Lithium protrudes beyond the inner edge of the Ref-sleeve. This may cause a short circuit in the assembled cell. ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Stand-4](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** PAT-Stand-4 docking station supports up to four PAT-Cells, fits bench, chamber, or glove box, and streamlines wiring for high-throughput testing. **Content:** # **PAT-Stand-4** ##### The PAT series docking station for up to four PAT-Cells [Request a quote](#quote) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Pageheader_PAT-Stand-4_productimage_01_rev1.png) # **PAT-Stand-4** ##### The PAT series docking station for up to four PAT-Cells - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Pageheader_PAT-Stand-4_productimage_01_rev1.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Gallery](#gallery)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1490362205183-89c5356c-b13b) - [Features](#1490362366362-6f586af7-aa78) - [Specifications](#1499866585191-07312e5d-8f16) - [Manual](#1490362524608-52a5759b-4913) - [Delivery scope](#1490362407826-bbc2b397-a859) #### [Product description](#1490362205183-89c5356c-b13b) ### Product Description The PAT-Stand-4 docking station connects up to four PAT-Cells to any potentiostat or battery tester. The connection is made via the banana sockets at the side of the PAT-Stand-4.The PAT-Stand-4 saves wiring effort because the connection between the cell and the potentiostat does not need to be renewed for every battery test. If you want to perform simultaneous battery tests with multiple PAT-Cells, the PAT-Stand-4 is your ideal docking station. You can even reuse the PAT-Cells later in the larger PAT-Stand-16 or PAT-Tester-i-16. **Schematic view of a connected PAT-Stand-4 setup** [![PAT-Stand docking station for up to four PAT-Cells](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Gallery_PAT-Stand-4_03.jpg "Verbindungsschema_PAT-Tray | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Gallery_PAT-Stand-4_03.jpg) #### [Features](#1490362366362-6f586af7-aa78) ### Features Compatible with all of today´s multi-channel potentiostats and battery testers Docking station for up to 4 PAT-Cells Can be placed on the bench top, inside a temperature chamber or inside a glove box Saves wiring effort and space in the lab Paves the way for high-throughput testing with the larger PAT-Stand-16 #### [Specifications](#1499866585191-07312e5d-8f16) ### Specifications [![PAT-Stand docking station dimensions diagram for four PAT-Cells](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Abmessungen_PAT-Stand-4.png "Abmessungen_PAT-Stand-4 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Abmessungen_PAT-Stand-4.png) Height 84/114 mm (without/with PAT-Cells) Width 301 mm Depth 119 mm Weight approx. 0.67 kg (without PAT-Cells) Temperature resistance -20 to 70° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manual](#1490362524608-52a5759b-4913) ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Stand-4_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1665/)PAT-Stand-4 User Manual Release 1.3 Type PDF Size 0.9 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1665/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Delivery scope](#1490362407826-bbc2b397-a859) ### Delivery scope Component Order no. PAT-Stand-4 (without PAT-Cell) ECE1-00-0110-A Adapter male 4mm to female 2mm (24 pcs.), attached upon delivery ELT9081 Note: Cell cables to connect the PAT-Stand-4 to a battery tester or potentiostat are not included! [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PAT-Stand-4_Delivery_scope-300x200.jpg "PAT-Stand-4_Delivery_scope | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PAT-Stand-4_Delivery_scope.jpg) The PAT-Stand-4 docking station connects up to four PAT-Cells to any potentiostat or battery tester. The connection is made via the banana sockets at the side of the PAT-Stand-4.The PAT-Stand-4 saves wiring effort because the connection between the cell and the potentiostat does not need to be renewed for every battery test. If you want to perform simultaneous battery tests with multiple PAT-Cells, the PAT-Stand-4 is your ideal docking station. You can even reuse the PAT-Cells later in the larger PAT-Stand-16 or PAT-Tester-i-16. ## PAT-Stand-4 Overview Features Compatible with all of today´s multi-channel potentiostats and battery testers Docking station for up to 4 PAT-Cells Can be placed on the bench top, inside a temperature chamber or inside a glove box Saves wiring effort and space in the lab Paves the way for high-throughput testing with the larger PAT-Stand-16 Specifications Height 84/114 mm (without/with PAT-Cells) Width 301 mm Depth 119 mm Weight approx. 0.67 kg (without PAT-Cells) Temperature resistance -20 to 70° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Stand-4_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1665/)PAT-Stand-4 User Manual Release 1.3 Type PDF Size 0.9 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1665/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Delivery scope Component Order no. PAT-Stand-4 (without PAT-Cell) ECE1-00-0110-A Adapter male 4mm to female 2mm (24 pcs.), attached upon delivery ELT9081 Note: Cell cables to connect the PAT-Stand-4 to a battery tester or potentiostat are not included! [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PAT-Stand-4_Delivery_scope-300x200.jpg "PAT-Stand-4_Delivery_scope | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PAT-Stand-4_Delivery_scope.jpg) ## Gallery [![PAT-Stand-4 with four PAT-Cell battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_PAT-Stand-4_01.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_PAT-Stand-4_01.jpg)PAT-Stand-4 connected to a Bio-Logic VSP potentiostat. ## Recommended Test Cells [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) The ideal test cell for high-throughput battery testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-tester/pat-tester-i-16) The all-in-one solution for multi-channel testing [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-tester/pat-tester-i-16) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Chamber-16.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16) ## [PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16/) Temperature-controlled docking station for PAT series test cells [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-16.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) ## [PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) High-througput docking station for up to 16 PAT-Cells [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) [![EL-CELL PAT-Stand-1 docking station for battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-1.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) ## [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) Docking station for individual battery testing [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Chamber-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** PAT-Chamber-16: temperature-controlled docking station for PAT battery test cells. Peltier precision, anti-condensation, up to 16 cells **Content:** # **PAT-Chamber-16** ##### Temperature-controlled docking station for PAT series test cells [Request a quote](#quote)[Gallery](#gallery) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PAT-Chamber-16_c_440.webp) # **PAT-Chamber-16** ##### Temperature-controlled docking station for PAT series test cells - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PAT-Chamber-16_c_440.webp) [Product overview](#overview)[Gallery](#gallery)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1490357279676-107a6e5d-fb2c) - [Features](#1511786400702-7bdec537-be93) - [Specifications](#1490358180402-60369c95-4971) - [Manuals](#1490358099549-9fc19d27-84cc) #### [Product description](#1490357279676-107a6e5d-fb2c) ### Product description The patented1 PAT-Chamber-16 adds even more comfort while conducting battery tests by combining the high throughput testing abilities of the [PAT-Stand-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) with a temperature-controlled cell chamber. The integrated Peltier device enables you to test at the exact temperature you need, without using an external heat chamber. Furthermore, it is a high-throughput docking station capable of simultaneously using up to 16 PAT test cells. The PAT-Chamber-16 is equipped with an anti-condensation system to ensure smooth operation of the temperature chamber. A built-in condensation trap, along with ventilation flaps controlled by humidity sensors, effectively prevents condensation water from forming in the cell chamber, which could otherwise accumulate during heating or cooling operations. All these features make the PAT-Chamber-16 the optimal choice for performing simultaneous battery tests with up to 16 [PAT series test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-test-cells/) in a temperature-controlled environment. Just like the [PAT-Stand-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/), the PAT-Chamber-16 comes with a built-in data logger recording full and half cell voltages, cell current, time, global temperature and individual cell pressure. The PAT-Chamber-16 can be left connected permanently to all of today’s multi-channel potentiostats or battery testers. This way, you save a lot of wiring effort, because it is not necessary to renew the connection between the cell and the potentiostat for every battery test. *1Patent Pending. Publ. No. US 2019/0273289 A1* #### [Features](#1511786400702-7bdec537-be93) ### Features Docking station for up to 16 PAT-Cells Integrated Peltier-temperature-control with anti-condensing system Temperature range +10 °C to +80 °C With data acquisition of cell current, cell voltage, half cell voltages, global temperature, individual cell pressure Compatible with all of today’s potentiostats and battery testers Saves wiring effort #### [Specifications](#1490358180402-60369c95-4971) ### Specifications Width 380 mm Depth 640 mm Height approx. 600 mm/375 mm (opened/closed cover) Height with top-mounted PAT-Connect-16 approx. 600 mm/449 mm (opened/closed cover) Weight 24 kg (without test cells) Operating temperature range +10° C to +80° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![PAT-Chamber docking station dimensions and connector diagram](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Abmessungen_PAT-Chamber_PAT-Chamber-Connect.png "Abmessungen_PAT-Chamber_PAT-Chamber-Connect | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Abmessungen_PAT-Chamber_PAT-Chamber-Connect.png) #### [Manuals](#1490358099549-9fc19d27-84cc) ### Manuals [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Chamber-16_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/4798/)PAT-Chamber-16 User Manual Release 1.3 Type PDF Size 1.9 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4798/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Connect-16_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/4431/)PAT-Connect-16 User Manual Release 1.4 Date January 2024 Type PDF Size 1.0 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4431/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_EC_LINK_ECD_PAT-Press_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6692/)Quick Guide EC-Link Software Release 2.61 Type PDF Size 1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6692/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## PAT-Chamber-16 The patented1 PAT-Chamber-16 adds even more comfort while conducting battery tests by combining the high throughput testing abilities of the [PAT-Stand-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) with a temperature-controlled cell chamber. The integrated Peltier device enables you to test at the exact temperature you need, without using an external heat chamber. Furthermore, it is a high-throughput docking station capable of simultaneously using up to 16 PAT test cells. The PAT-Chamber-16 is equipped with an anti-condensation system to ensure smooth operation of the temperature chamber. A built-in condensation trap, along with ventilation flaps controlled by humidity sensors, effectively prevents condensation water from forming in the cell chamber, which could otherwise accumulate during heating or cooling operations. All these features make the PAT-Chamber-16 the optimal choice for performing simultaneous battery tests with up to 16 [PAT series test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-test-cells/) in a temperature-controlled environment. Just like the [PAT-Stand-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/), the PAT-Chamber-16 comes with a built-in data logger recording full and half cell voltages, cell current, time, global temperature and individual cell pressure. The PAT-Chamber-16 can be left connected permanently to all of today’s multi-channel potentiostats or battery testers. This way, you save a lot of wiring effort, because it is not necessary to renew the connection between the cell and the potentiostat for every battery test. *1Patent Pending. Publ. No. US 2019/0273289 A1* ## PAT-Chamber-16 Overview Features Docking station for up to 16 PAT-Cells Integrated Peltier-temperature-control with anti-condensing system Temperature range +10 °C to +80 °C With data acquisition of cell current, cell voltage, half cell voltages, global temperature, individual cell pressure Compatible with all of today’s potentiostats and battery testers Saves wiring effort Specifications Width 380 mm Depth 640 mm Height approx. 600 mm/375 mm (opened/closed cover) Height with top-mounted PAT-Connect-16 approx. 600 mm/449 mm (opened/closed cover) Weight 24 kg (without test cells) Operating temperature range +10° C to +80° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![PAT-Chamber docking station dimensions and connection diagram](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Abmessungen_PAT-Chamber_PAT-Chamber-Connect.png "Abmessungen_PAT-Chamber_PAT-Chamber-Connect | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Abmessungen_PAT-Chamber_PAT-Chamber-Connect.png) Manuals [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Chamber-16_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/4798/)PAT-Chamber-16 User Manual Release 1.3 Type PDF Size 1.9 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4798/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Connect-16_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/4431/)PAT-Connect-16 User Manual Release 1.4 Date January 2024 Type PDF Size 1.0 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4431/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_EC_LINK_ECD_PAT-Press_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6692/)Quick Guide EC-Link Software Release 2.61 Type PDF Size 1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6692/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") # Gallery [![PAT-Chamber-16 with attached PAT-Connect-16 C](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_PAT-Chamber-16_03-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_PAT-Chamber-16_03.jpg) PAT-Chamber-16 with attached PAT-Connect-16 C [![PAT-Chamber-16 with attached PAT-Connect-16 C](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Contentbilder_PAT-Connect-16_Gallery_03-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Contentbilder_PAT-Connect-16_Gallery_03.jpg) PAT-Chamber-16 with attached PAT-Connect-16 C [![PAT-Chamber-16 C connected to a Bio-Logic MPG-2 potentiostat.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Gallery_PAT-Chamber_06-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Gallery_PAT-Chamber_06.jpg) PAT-Chamber-16 C connected to a Bio-Logic MPG-2 potentiostat. ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) Leadless test cell using the innovative PAT-Core concept [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-tester/pat-tester-i-16) The all-in-one solution for multi-channel testing [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Stand-1](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** PAT-Stand is a compact docking station for individual battery testing, saving wiring time and fitting in climate chambers or gloveboxes. **Content:** # **PAT-Stand-1** ##### The ideal docking station for individual battery testing [Request a quote](#quote)[Video](#video)[Gallery](#gallery) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PAT-Stand-1_440.webp) # **PAT-Stand-1** ##### The ideal docking station for individual battery testing - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PAT-Stand-1_440.webp) [Product overview](#overview)[Video](#video) [Gallery](#gallery) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1499069882524-26714e56-4764) - [Features](#1499070009466-7d5a8051-8a3e) - [Specifications](#1499070248228-07910049-38d3) - [Manual](#1499071073064-e0597fa8-39df) - [Delivery scope](#1499855015238-6abe19e2-d83f) #### [Product description](#1499069882524-26714e56-4764) ### Product description The PAT-Stand-1 is a docking station, which runs a single PAT-Cell or PAT-Cell-Press. It can be connected directly to a common multi-channel potentiostat (like the Biologic MPG-2 or VMP300) or battery tester (like the Maccor 4000) using 4mm banana sockets or a hardwired Sub-D socket. Therefore, the PAT-Stand-1 saves wiring effort, because it is not necessary to renew the connection of cell and potentiostat for every battery test. The PAT-Stand-1 fits nicely into a usual climate chamber (for example Binder KB53), which saves space in the lab. Furthermore it is small enough to be placed inside a glovebox and allows immediate functional testing of the PAT-Cell. It is even possible to perform whole battery tests inside the glovebox. If you want to perform individual battery tests before switching to the larger PAT-Stand-16 system, then the PAT-Stand-1 is the ideal entry docking station for you. **Schematic view of a connected PAT-Stand-1 testing a PAT-Cell** [![PAT-Stand docking station for individual battery testing](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_PAT-Single-Stand_03.jpg "Verbindungsschema_PAT-Tray | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_PAT-Single-Stand_03.jpg) **Schematic view of a connected PAT-Stand-1 testing a [PAT-Cell-Press](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press)** [![PAT-Stand-1 docking station for individual battery testing](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_PAT-Single-Stand_02.jpg "Verbindungsschema_PAT-Tray | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_PAT-Single-Stand_02.jpg) #### [Features](#1499070009466-7d5a8051-8a3e) ### Features Compatible with all of today´s multi-channel potentiostats and battery testers Can be placed on the bench or inside temperature chamber Saves wiring effort and space in the lab #### [Specifications](#1499070248228-07910049-38d3) ### Specifications [![PAT-Stand docking station dimensions diagram](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Abmessungen_PAT-Stand-1.png "Abmessungen_PAT-Stand-4 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Abmessungen_PAT-Stand-1.png) Height 81/110 mm (without/with PAT-Cell) Width 105 mm Depth 113 mm Weight approx. 0.56/0.96 kg (without/with PAT-Cell) Temperature resistance -20 to 70° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manual](#1499071073064-e0597fa8-39df) ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Stand-1_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1667/)PAT-Stand-1 User Manual Release 1.62 Date May 2024 Type PDF Size 0.5 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1667/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Delivery scope](#1499855015238-6abe19e2-d83f) ### Delivery scope Component Order no. PAT-Stand-1 (without PAT-Cell) ECE1-00-0010-A Adapter male 4mm to female 2mm (6 pcs.) ELT9081 Note: Cell cables to connect the PAT-Stand-1 to a battery tester or potentiostat are not included! [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PAT-Stand-1_unpacking-300x200.webp "PAT-Stand-1_unpacking | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PAT-Stand-1_unpacking.webp) The PAT-Stand-1 is a docking station, which runs a single PAT-Cell or PAT-Cell-Press. It can be connected directly to a common multi-channel potentiostat (like the Biologic MPG-2 or VMP300) or battery tester (like the Maccor 4000) using 4mm banana sockets or a hardwired Sub-D socket. Therefore, the PAT-Stand-1 saves wiring effort, because it is not necessary to renew the connection of cell and potentiostat for every battery test. The PAT-Stand-1 fits nicely into a usual climate chamber (for example Binder KB53), which saves space in the lab. Furthermore it is small enough to be placed inside a glovebox and allows immediate functional testing of the PAT-Cell. It is even possible to perform whole battery tests inside the glovebox. If you want to perform individual battery tests before switching to the larger PAT-Stand-16 system, then the PAT-Stand-1 is the ideal entry docking station for you. ## PAT-Stand-1 Overview Features Compatible with all of today´s multi-channel potentiostats and battery testers Can be placed on the bench or inside temperature chamber Saves wiring effort and space in the lab Specifications Height 81/110 mm (without/with PAT-Cell) Width 105 mm Depth 113 mm Weight approx. 0.56/0.96 kg (without/with PAT-Cell) Temperature resistance -20 to 70° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Stand-1_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1667/)PAT-Stand-1 User Manual Release 1.62 Date May 2024 Type PDF Size 0.5 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1667/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Delivery scope Component Order no. PAT-Stand-1 (without PAT-Cell) ECE1-00-0010-A Adapter male 4mm to female 2mm (6 pcs.) ELT9081 Note: Cell cables to connect the PAT-Stand-1 to a battery tester or potentiostat are not included! [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PAT-Stand-1_unpacking-300x200.jpg "PAT-Stand-1_unpacking | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PAT-Stand-1_unpacking.jpg) # Gallery [![The PAT-Stand-1 enables you to perform battery tests right inside the glovebox.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_PAT-Stand-1.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_PAT-Stand-1.jpg)The PAT-Stand-1 enables you to perform battery tests right inside the glovebox. ## Videos You can download all of our videos directly from our [video page](https://el-cell.com/support/videos/). ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-16.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16) ## [PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16) High-througput docking station for up to 16 PAT-Cells [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-4-2.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4/) ## [PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4/) Docking station for up to four PAT-Cells [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) Leadless test cell using the innovative PAT-Core concept. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PAT-Cell-Press_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) ## [PAT-Cell-Press](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) Pressure test cell for measuring gas evolution and drawing gas samples [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Stand-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** PAT-Stand docking station enables high-throughput testing for up to 16 PAT-Cells with data logging and easy potentiostat connection. **Content:** # **PAT-Stand-16** ##### The high throughput docking station for up to 16 PAT-Cells [Request a quote](#quote)[Videos](#videos)[Gallery](#gallery) ![EL-CELL PAT-Stand-16 docking station for battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Pageheader_PAT-Stand-16_productimage_01.png) # **PAT-Stand-16** ##### The high throughput docking station for up to 16 PAT-Cells ![EL-CELL PAT-Stand-16 docking station for battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Pageheader_PAT-Stand-16_productimage_01.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Videos](#videos) [Gallery](#gallery) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1490108157765-dd9f7173-f02e) - [Features](#1490108590745-64e56f21-d734) - [Specifications](#1500039630909-7534d3f8-4887) - [Manuals](#1490108683308-534c24c3-270e) - [Delivery scope](#1490108634730-b280d38a-a954) #### [Product description](#1490108157765-dd9f7173-f02e) ### Product description The PAT-Stand-16 is the docking station for up to 16 PAT-Cells in 4 x 4 matrix. The PAT-Stand-16 has a built-in data logger recording full and half cell voltages, cell current, tray temperature and time. The PAT-Stand-16 can be connected permanently to a usual multi-channel potentiostat (like the Biologic MPG-2 or VMP300) or battery tester (like the Maccor 4000). This way, the PAT-Stand-16 saves wiring effort, because it is not necessary to renew the connection of cell and potentiostat for every battery test. The PAT-Stand-16 fits nicely into a usual climate chamber (for example Binder KB53), which saves space in the lab. All these features make the PAT-Stand-16 with the PAT-Cells the optimal solution for high throughput battery testing. **Schematic view of a connected PAT-Stand-16 setup** [![Connection diagram for PAT-Stand tray and potentiostat wiring](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Verbindungsschema_PAT-Tray.png "Verbindungsschema_PAT-Tray | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Verbindungsschema_PAT-Tray.png) **Schematic view of a connected PAT-Stand-16 with [PAT-Connect-16](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-connect-16) for flexible wiring** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Verbindungsschema_PAT-Stand-16_PAT-Connect_02-300x200.png "Verbindungsschema_PAT-Stand-16_PAT-Connect_02 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Verbindungsschema_PAT-Stand-16_PAT-Connect_02.png) #### [Features](#1490108590745-64e56f21-d734) ### Features 4×4 docking station for up to 16 PAT-Cells Integrated data logger for recording cell data (current, full and half cell voltages) and tray temperature Compatible with all of today’s multi-channel potentiostats and battery testers Can be placed on the bench or inside a temperature chamber Saves wiring effort and space in the lab #### [Specifications](#1500039630909-7534d3f8-4887) ### Specifications Height 120/148 mm (without/with cells) Width 315 mm Depth 315 mm Weight 6.9 kg (without cells) Temperature resistance -20 to 70° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manuals](#1490108683308-534c24c3-270e) ### Manuals [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Stand-16_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1663/)PAT-Stand-16 User Manual Release 1.3 Type PDF Size 0.8 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1663/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_EC_LINK_ECD_PAT-Press_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6692/)Quick Guide EC-Link Software Release 2.61 Type PDF Size 1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6692/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Delivery scope](#1490108634730-b280d38a-a954) ### Delivery scope [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PAT-Stand-16_Delivery_scope-300x300.jpg "PAT-Stand-16_Delivery_scope | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PAT-Stand-16_Delivery_scope.jpg) \# Component Order no. 1 PAT-Stand-16 2 CD containing EC-Link data logger software ECE1-00-0052-A 3 Power supply (+15V/2A, -15V/0.8A) ELT9207 4 Cable connector NC5FRX (5 pole, female, angled) ELT9227 5 Power cord (1.5m) ELT9222 6 USB cable (Type A/B angled, 3.0m) ELT9168 Note: The PAT-Stand-16 is usually equipped with open ended cell cables. The user has to assure a proper connection to the battery tester. Cell cables with customized connectors for a specific battery tester are available for surcharge on request. Note: The PAT-Stand-16 is usually equipped with open ended cell cables. The user has to assure a proper connection to the battery tester. Cell cables with customized connectors for a specific battery tester are available for surcharge on request. [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The PAT-Stand-16 is the docking station for up to 16 PAT-Cells in 4 x 4 matrix. The PAT-Stand-16 has a built-in data logger recording full and half cell voltages, cell current, tray temperature and time. The PAT-Stand-16 can be connected permanently to a usual multi-channel potentiostat (like the Biologic MPG-2 or VMP300) or battery tester (like the Maccor 4000). This way, the PAT-Stand-16 saves wiring effort, because it is not necessary to renew the connection of cell and potentiostat for every battery test. The PAT-Stand-16 fits nicely into a usual climate chamber (for example Binder KB53), which saves space in the lab. All these features make the PAT-Stand-16 with the PAT-Cells the optimal solution for high throughput battery testing. ## PAT-Stand-16 Overview Features 4×4 docking station for up to 16 PAT-Cells Integrated data logger for recording cell data (current, full and half cell voltages) and tray temperature Compatible with all of today’s multi-channel potentiostats and battery testers Can be placed on the bench or inside a temperature chamber Saves wiring effort and space in the lab Specifications Height 120/148 mm (without/with cells) Width 315 mm Depth 315 mm Weight 6.9 kg (without cells) Temperature resistance -20 to 70° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manuals [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Stand-16_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1663/)PAT-Stand-16 User Manual Release 1.3 Type PDF Size 0.8 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1663/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_EC_LINK_ECD_PAT-Press_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6692/)Quick Guide EC-Link Software Release 2.61 Type PDF Size 1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6692/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Delivery scope \# Component Order no. 1 PAT-Stand-16 2 CD containing EC-Link data logger software ECE1-00-0052-A 3 Power supply (+15V/2A, -15V/0.8A) ELT9207 4 Cable connector NC5FRX (5 pole, female, angled) ELT9227 5 Power cord (1.5m) ELT9222 6 USB cable (Type A/B angled, 3.0m) ELT9168 Note: The PAT-Stand-16 is usually equipped with open ended cell cables. The user has to assure a proper connection to the battery tester. Cell cables with customized connectors for a specific battery tester are available for surcharge on request. Note: The PAT-Stand-16 is usually equipped with open ended cell cables. The user has to assure a proper connection to the battery tester. Cell cables with customized connectors for a specific battery tester are available for surcharge on request. [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PAT-Stand-16_Delivery_scope-300x300.jpg "PAT-Stand-16_Delivery_scope | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PAT-Stand-16_Delivery_scope.jpg) ## Gallery [![Testing with the PAT-Stand-16. The PAT-Stand-16 fits nicely into usual climate chambers.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_PAT-Stand-16_02-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_PAT-Stand-16_02.jpg) Testing with the PAT-Stand-16. The PAT-Stand-16 fits nicely into usual climate chambers. [![The PAT-Stand-16 can be left permanently connected to a multichannel potentiostat. There is no need for connecting cables each time a new test is started.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_PAT-Stand-16_03-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_PAT-Stand-16_03.jpg) The PAT-Stand-16 can be left permanently connected to a multichannel potentiostat. There is no need for connecting cables each time a new test is started. [![PAT-Stand-16 connected to a PAT-Connect-16.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Contentbilder_PAT-Connect-16_Gallery_04-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Contentbilder_PAT-Connect-16_Gallery_04.jpg) PAT-Stand-16 connected to a PAT-Connect-16. ## Videos You can download all of our videos directly from our [video page](https://el-cell.com/support/videos/). ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-tester/pat-tester-i-16) The all-in-one solution for multi-channel testing [Product details](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PAT-Chamber-16_250.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16/) ## [PAT-Chamber-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16/) Temperature-controlled docking station for PAT series test cells [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber-16/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) Leadless test cell using the innovative PAT-Core concept [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Manuals](https://www.el-cell.com/support/manuals/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Download the latest product manuals quickly. Need an older version? Contact us for support and documentation. **Content:** # Product Manuals Here you can download our latest manuals. In case, you need a manual of an outdated product version, please [contact us](https://el-cell.com/contact/#contact) directly. Item nameReleaseTypeSizeItem seriesCategory [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Cell_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1659/)**PAT-Cell User Manual**2.8 PDF1.6 MBPATStandard test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1659/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Cell-Gas_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6610/)PAT-Cell-Gas User Manual1.61 PDF2.1 MBPATGas analysis test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6610/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Cell-Force_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/10407/)**PAT-Cell-Force User Manual**1.1 PDF1.1 MBPATForce test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10407/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Press-Box_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6965/)**PAT-Press-Box User Manual**1.1 PDF0.4 MBPATAccessories[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6965/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Core_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/2799/)**PAT-Core User Manual**1.33PDF1 MBPAT[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2799/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-PAT-Core_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1669/)**ECC-PAT-Core User Manual**2.02PDF1.5 MBECCStandard test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1669/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Ref_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/2420/)**ECC-Ref User Manual**2.51PDF1.5 MBECCStandard test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2420/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Std_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1661/)**ECC-Std User Manual**3.81PDF1.0 MBECCStandard test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1661/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Download_Manual_ECD-4-nano_2025_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/10608/)**ECD-4-nano User manual** 1.52PDF4 MBECDElectrochemical dilatometer[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10608/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECD-3-nano_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1651/)**ECD-3-nano User Manual**1.6PDF3.9 MBECDElectrochemical dilatometer[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1651/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECD-3_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1649/)**ECD-3 User manual** 1.6PDF3.5 MBECDElectrochemical dilatometer[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1649/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECD-3-part-kit_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/2620/)**Part Kit for Testing Single Crystals/Grains with the ECD-3 and ECD-3-nano User Manual**2.02PDF0.6 MBECDElectrochemical dilatometer[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2620/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Cell-Press_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/3085/)**PAT-Cell-Press User Manual**1.6PDF1.6 MBPATGas analysis test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3085/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Cell-Press_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/12771/)**PAT-Cell-Press II User Manual**1.1PDF1.9 MBPATGas analysis test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/12771/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Press-Air-DL_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1992/)**ECC-Press-Air-DL User Manual**1.5PDF1.5 MBECCGas analysis test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1992/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Download_Manual_ECC-DEMS_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1557/)**ECC-DEMS User Manual**1.45PDF2.4 MBECCGas analysis test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1557/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-AIR_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1653/)**ECC-Air User Manual**1.93PDF1.4 MBECCGas analysis test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1653/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Air-Ni_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/3242/)**ECC-Air-Ni User Manual**1.14PDF1.6 MBECCGas analysis test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3242/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Teaser_ECC_PRESS_manual-100x140.jpg)](https://el-cell.com/download/4091/)**ECC-Press-DL User Manual**3.6PDF1.3 MBECCGas analysis test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4091/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Opto-Std_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1657/)ECC-Opto-Std User Manual2.97PDF2 MBECCOptical test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1657/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Download_Manual_ECC-Opto-10_Thumb_140x100png.webp)](https://el-cell.com/download/8987/)**ECC-Opto-10 User Manual**1.31PDF2.0 MBECCOptical test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8987/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Cell-Opto-10_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/9000/)**PAT-Cell-Opto-10 User Manual**1.31PDF1.8 MBPATOptical test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9000/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/3488/)**ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu User Manual**1.59PDF2 MBECCOptical test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3488/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Download_Manual_ECC-Opto-Gas_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/5052/)**ECC-Opto-Gas User Manual**1.02PDF2 MBECCOptical test cells, Gas analysis test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/5052/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Opto-SBS_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1655/)**ECC-Opto-SBS User Manual**1.22PDF0.9 MBECCOptical test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1655/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Aqu_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/2104/)**ECC-Aqu User Manual**2.61PDF1.5 MBECCAqueous test cells[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2104/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Chamber-16_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/4798/)**PAT-Chamber-16 User Manual**Release: 1.3Type: PDFSize: 3.5 MBPATDocking stations[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4798/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Stand-16_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1663/)**PAT-Stand-16 User Manual**Release: 1.3Type: PDFSize: 0.8 MBPATDocking stations[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1663/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Stand-4_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1665/)**PAT-Stand-4 User Manual**Release: 1.3Type: PDFSize: 0.9 MBPATDocking stations[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1665/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Stand-1_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1667/)**PAT-Stand-1 User Manual**Release: 1.62Type: PDFSize: 0.5 MBPATDocking stations[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1667/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Clamp-1_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6702/)**PAT-Clamp-1 User Manual**Release: 1.4Type: PDFSize: 0.8 MBPATDocking stations[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6702/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Download_Manual_PAT-Stand-1-U_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/4884/)**PAT-Stand-1 U User Manual**Release: 1.0Type: PDFSize: 0.7 MBPATDocking stations[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4884/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Connect-16_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/4431/)**PAT-Connect-16 User Manual**Release: 1.4Type: PDFSize: 0.7 MBPATAccessories[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4431/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_EL-Cut_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1814/)**EL-Cut User Manual**Release: 1.22Type: PDFSize: 1 MB-Tools[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1814/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_EC_LINK_PAT-Tray_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6692/)**Quick Guide for EC-Link Software** Release: 2.61Type: PDFSize: 0.6 MB-Software[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6692/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Channel-1_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/8036/)**PAT-Channel-1 User Manual** Release: 1.2Type: PDFSize: 1 MBPATPotentiostats[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8036/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Terminal-1_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/10312/)**PAT-Terminal-1 User Manual** Release: 1.2Type: PDFSize: 1 MBPATPotentiostats[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10312/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Controller-8_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/8032/)**PAT-Controller-8 User Manual** Release: 1.21Type: PDFSize: 1.0 MBPATPotentiostats[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8032/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Tester-x-8_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/8057/)**PAT-Tester-x-8 User Manual** Release: 1.3Type: PDFSize: 3.9 MBPATPotentiostats[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8057/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Download_Manual_PAT-Tester-i-16_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10882/)**PAT-Tester-i-16 User Manual** Release: 1.1Type: PDFSize: 2.6 MBPATPotentiostats[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10882/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_EL-Software_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/10858/)**EL-Software Upgrade Instructions to Version 2** Release: 1.1Type: PDFSize: 1MB-Software[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10858/) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_EL-Software_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/11254/)**EL-Software Version 3: Installation & Quick Start Guide**Release: 1.4Type: PDFSize: 1.7 MB-Software[Download](https://el-cell.com/download/11254/) ## Any Comments about this Page? Please leave us a note Your comment Your email-address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Loading... --- ### [EC-Link](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/ec-link/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** EC-Link data logger software lets you record instrument signals, view strip charts, and run multiple devices—license-free **Content:** # EC-Link software # What is EC-Link? EC-Link is our data logger software provided for free to any user of the following instruments: [PAT-Stand-16/PAT-Tray](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-tray), ECD-3, ECD-3-nano, ECD-2-DL, [PAT-Cell-Press](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press)[, PAT-Cell-Gas (P and SP versions)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) and ECC-Press-DL. With the EC-Link software, the electrical signals of the testing instrument may be recorded into text files and viewed as strip-charts. Connection between the PC host and the data logger is being established via USB. Multiple instruments and associated instances of the EC-Link software can be run in parallel on the same PC. The EC-Link software is licence-free. Updates are regularly available at no charge. **EC-Link system requirements** You can install the EC-Link software on any computer running one of these operating systems: Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7. [![Screenshot showing voltages and current recorded with the EC-Link software during cc-cv cycling.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_EC-Link_01.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gallery_EC-Link_01.png)Screenshot showing voltages and current recorded with the EC-Link software during cc-cv cycling. ## Download EC-Link [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/EC-LINK-140.jpg)](https://el-cell.com/download/2636/)EC-Link Software Release 1.3.4.2 Type zip Size 9 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2636/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Manuals [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_EC_LINK_ECD_PAT-Press_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6692/)Quick Guide EC-Link Software Release 2.61 Type PDF Size 1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6692/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Any comments about this page? Please leave us a note Your comment Your email-address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Loading... --- ### [Frequently asked questions](https://www.el-cell.com/support/frequently-asked-questions/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** Discover key insights and actionable tips in this post—quick to read, easy to apply, and designed to help you get results fast. --- ### [Technical support](https://www.el-cell.com/support/technical-support/) **Published:** March 8, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** EL-Cell technical support: email us, get troubleshooting help, RMA and decontamination forms, and return instructions for repairs. **Content:** # Technical Support Technical support for our products is exclusively handled by EL-Cell GmbH. These procedures must be followed when any part of our products is returned to EL-Cell GmbH for repair. **1. Send an e-mail to [support@el-cell.com](mailto:info@el-cell.com) describing your issue.** **2. We will contact you with possible solutions. If a product return is necessary, we will send you the required return merchandise authorization (RMA) and decontamination report form along with an estimate of costs.** **3. Fill out the return merchandise authorization (RMA) and decontamination report form. Sign the decontamination report asserting that the instrument has been decontaminated and is safe for technicians to work on it.** **4. Attach the completed RMA and decontanimation forms and return them with the product to this address:** **EL-Cell GmbH Tempowerkring 8 21079 Hamburg Germany** ### **Important note:** **Please be sure to contact us before returning any products to us. We will not open or process shipments without a completed decontamination report or RMA!** --- ### [ECC-Ref](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/legacy-test-cells/ecc-ref/) **Published:** June 14, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** ECC-Ref electrochemical battery test cell with reference electrode for 3-electrode Li-ion/capacitor testing; stainless steel/PEEK construction. **Content:** # **ECC-Ref** ##### Electrochemical battery test cell with reference electrode [Request a quote](#quote) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Pageheader_ECC-Ref_productimage_01.png) # **ECC-Ref** ##### Electrochemical battery test cell with reference electrode - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Produktdetail_ECC-Air.png) [Product overview](#overview) [Gallery](#gallery) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Make the move to the PAT-Cell **Our PAT series test cells offer many advantages over their ECC predecessors:** [![ECC-Ref battery test cell with reference electrode components](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/ecc_to_pat.png "ecc_to_pat | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) No more drying and cleaning of cell components Superior half-cell impedance measurements due to the ring-shaped reference electrode Improved sealing concept for much better long-term stability ([See sample test here](https://www.el-cell.com/reliability-meets-accuracy/)) Easy-to-use cableless design. Just insert it into a [PAT battery tester](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/) and start your measurement. [Learn more about the PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## Make the move to the PAT-Cell **Our PAT series test cells offer many advantages over their ECC predecessors:** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/ecc_to_pat.png "ecc_to_pat | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) No more drying and cleaning of cell components Superior half-cell impedance measurements due to the ring-shaped reference electrode Improved sealing concept for much better long-term stability ([See sample test here](https://www.el-cell.com/reliability-meets-accuracy/)) Easy-to-use cableless design. Just insert it into a [PAT battery tester](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/) and start your measurement. [Learn more about the PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1488969558737-7f2f08b6-7594) - [Features](#1488969753346-2bf8bdcc-c4bf) - [Specifications](#1524473366937-2dbd4d90-add8) - [Manuals](#1492762073945-0faaff93-5aec) - [Delivery scope](#1524473374302-893294c7-b829) - [Consumables](#1488970081780-17e2431e-337a) - [Heat Resistance Set](#1488969812064-ab15f7ab-844e) - [Spare parts](#1488979448414-638005bc-8c15) #### [Product description](#1488969558737-7f2f08b6-7594) ### Product description The ECC-Ref electrochemical cell is dedicated to the characterization of aprotic battery and capacitor systems in three-electrode configuration. A typical application is the characterization of a full lithium-ion battery (e.g. graphite anode and lithium metal oxide cathode) with a lithium metal reference. A re-fitting kit is available to use the ECC-Ref cell in two-electrode configuration, thus converting the ECC-Ref into the ECC-Std test cell. Cell parts that come in contact with the electrolyte are made of stainless steel and PEEK and can thus withstand all common aprotic organic electrolytes used in lithium-ion battery and aprotic supercapacitor technology. Current collectors are also available in many other metals like 316L (1.4404), gold and tantalum. #### [Features](#1488969753346-2bf8bdcc-c4bf) ### Features High precision 18 mm diameter sandwich geometry with <0.1 mm electrode concentricity Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes Reliable low leakage sealing with PE washers Easy and reliable electrolyte filling during assembly Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Reusable cell components except for PE sealing Materials in media contact are stainless steel 1.4404 and PEEK (other materials on request) Small and defined electrolyte volume down to 0.1 cm3 due to minimized dead volume Materials in media contact are stainless steel and PEEK Special materials/ solutions on request Optionally available: Ref to Std downgrade kit #### [Specifications](#1524473366937-2dbd4d90-add8) ### Specifications [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref_measurements-300x205.png "ECC-Ref_measurements | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref_measurements.png) Height 90 mm Width 54 mm Depth 76 mm Weight 0.6 kg Temperature resistance: -20 to +70°C (150°C)\* Electrode diameter 18 mm Electrolyte volume min 0.1 ml \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A 00 [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manuals](#1492762073945-0faaff93-5aec) ### Manuals [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Ref_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/2420/)ECC-Ref User Manual Release 2.51 Type PDF Size 1.5 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2420/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Delivery scope](#1524473374302-893294c7-b829) ### Delivery scope Component Order no. ECC-Ref test cell PE-Seal (10 pcs.) ECC1-00-0053-A/X Sleeve Removing Tool ECC1-00-0092-A Glass fiber separator 18 mm x 1.55 mm (10 pcs.) ECC1-01-0012-C/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Consumables](#1488970081780-17e2431e-337a) ### Consumables Item nameOrder no.Cell designWebshop ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule (plug), 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-D/LECC-Std[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-plug?_pos=2&_fid=a9b11c3ca&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule1.0 mm, 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-B/LECC-Ref[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-1-0-mm?_pos=2&_sid=3478464cd&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Celgard_2325_separator_ECC1-01-0022-D.png)Separator (Celgard 2325) 18 x 0.025 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0022-C/LECC-Std ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-C.png)Separator (GF) 18 x 1.55 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-C/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-18-0-mm-x-1-55-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=461696d97&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ECC_PE-Seal_ECC1-0-0053-A_80px.png)PE Seal, 50 pcsECC1-00-0053-A/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-seal-ecc-series-1?_pos=2&_sid=90a74b8e7&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PEEK-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-D.png)PEEK Seal, 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-D/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-B.png)PTFE Seal (ECC Series), 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-B/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ptfe-seal-ecc-series?_pos=1&_sid=b3dcf2d73&_ss=r) #### [Heat Resistance Set](#1488969812064-ab15f7ab-844e) ### Heat Resistance Set (ECC series) The Heat Resistance Set increases the temperature range for testing with the ECC-Ref to 150 °C. Package content Heat Resistance Set (ECC-Series) ECC1-01-0040-A ECC-Series Cell Cable Set HT ECE1-00-0037-B HT Foot (heat resistant), (3 pcs) ECC1-00-0065-B PTFE Seal (ECC Series), (10 pcs) ECC1-00-0053-B/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Spare parts](#1488979448414-638005bc-8c15) ### Spare parts **Test cell** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-spare-parts_test_cell-300x227.png "ECC-Ref-spare-parts_test_cell | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-spare-parts_test_cell.png) **Reference electrode** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_01-300x132.png "ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_01 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_01.png) **Reference pin assembly** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_02-300x132.png "ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_02 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_02.png) The ECC-Ref electrochemical cell is dedicated to the characterization of aprotic battery and capacitor systems in three-electrode configuration. A typical application is the characterization of a full lithium-ion battery (e.g. graphite anode and lithium metal oxide cathode) with a lithium metal reference. A re-fitting kit is available to use the ECC-Ref cell in two-electrode configuration, thus converting the ECC-Ref into the ECC-Std test cell. Cell parts that come in contact with the electrolyte are made of stainless steel and PEEK and can thus withstand all common aprotic organic electrolytes used in lithium-ion battery and aprotic supercapacitor technology. Current collectors are also available in many other metals like 316L (1.4404), gold and tantalum. # ECC-Ref Overview Features High precision 18 mm diameter sandwich geometry with <0.1 mm electrode concentricity Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes Reliable low leakage sealing with PE washers Easy and reliable electrolyte filling during assembly Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Reusable cell components except for PE sealing Materials in media contact are stainless steel 1.4404 and PEEK (other materials on request) Small and defined electrolyte volume down to 0.1 cm3 due to minimized dead volume Materials in media contact are stainless steel and PEEK Special materials/ solutions on request Optionally available: Ref to Std downgrade kit Specifications Height 90 mm Width 54 mm Depth 76 mm Weight 0.6 kg Temperature resistance: -20 to +70°C (150°C)\* Electrode diameter 18 mm Electrolyte volume min 0.1 ml \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A 00 [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manuals [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Ref_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/2420/)ECC-Ref User Manual Release 2.51 Type PDF Size 1.5 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2420/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Delivery scope Component Order no. ECC-Ref test cell PE-Seal (10 pcs.) ECC1-00-0053-A/X Sleeve Removing Tool ECC1-00-0092-A Glass fiber separator 18 mm x 1.55 mm (10 pcs.) ECC1-01-0012-C/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Consumables Item nameOrder no.Cell designWebshop ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule (plug), 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-D/LECC-Std[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-plug?_pos=2&_fid=a9b11c3ca&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule1.0 mm, 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-B/LECC-Ref[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-1-0-mm?_pos=2&_sid=3478464cd&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Celgard_2325_separator_ECC1-01-0022-D.png)Separator (Celgard 2325) 18 x 0.025 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0022-C/LECC-Std ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-C.png)Separator (GF) 18 x 1.55 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-C/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-18-0-mm-x-1-55-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=461696d97&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ECC_PE-Seal_ECC1-0-0053-A_80px.png)PE Seal, 50 pcsECC1-00-0053-A/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-seal-ecc-series-1?_pos=2&_sid=90a74b8e7&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PEEK-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-D.png)PEEK Seal, 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-D/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-B.png)PTFE Seal (ECC Series), 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-B/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ptfe-seal-ecc-series?_pos=1&_sid=b3dcf2d73&_ss=r) Heat Resistance Set The Heat Resistance Set increases the temperature range for testing with the ECC-Ref to 150 °C. Package content Heat Resistance Set (ECC-Series) ECC1-01-0040-A ECC-Series Cell Cable Set HT ECE1-00-0037-B HT Foot (heat resistant), (3 pcs) ECC1-00-0065-B PTFE Seal (ECC Series), (10 pcs) ECC1-00-0053-B/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Spare parts **Test cell** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-spare-parts_test_cell-300x227.png "ECC-Ref-spare-parts_test_cell | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-spare-parts_test_cell.png) **Reference electrode** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_01-300x132.png "ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_01 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_01.png) **Reference pin assembly** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_02-300x132.png "ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_02 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_02.png) # Gallery [![ECC-Ref wiring setup for testing](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref_Gallery_01.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref_Gallery_01.jpg)ECC-Ref wiring setup for testing [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref_Gallery_02.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref_Gallery_02.jpg)Schematic view of the ECC-Ref ## Recommended Tools [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High precision cutting pliers to eliminate torn and chipped electrode edges. Recommended diameter size for use with the ECC-Ref is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil. The recommended size for use with the ECC-Ref is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-Refload.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload) ## [ECC-RefLoad](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload) Ref loading tool – Useful tool for conveniently loading the Ref-sleeve [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-CellLoad.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload) ## [ECC-CellLoad](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload) Electrode alignment and assembly tool [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload) ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) The ideal test cell for high-throughput battery testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [ECC-Std](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/legacy-test-cells/ecc-std/) **Published:** June 15, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** ECC-Std electrochemical test cell for two-electrode battery testing, ideal for lithium-ion electrode characterization with optional heat resistance set. **Content:** # **ECC-Std** ##### Electrochemical test cell for two-electrode battery testing [Request a quote](#quote) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Pageheader_ECC-Std_productimage_01.png) # **ECC-Std** ##### Electrochemical test cell for two-electrode battery testing - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Pageheader_ECC-Std_productimage_01.png) [Product overview](#overview) [Gallery](#gallery) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Make the move to the PAT-Cell **Our PAT series test cells offer many advantages over their ECC predecessors:** [![PAT-Cell battery test cell for high-throughput testing](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PAT-Cell_250_2023.webp "PAT-Cell_250_2023 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PAT-Cell_250_2023.webp) No more drying and cleaning of cell components Superior half-cell impedance measurements due to the ring-shaped reference electrode Improved sealing concept for much better long-term stability ([See sample test here](https://www.el-cell.com/reliability-meets-accuracy/)) Easy-to-use cableless design. Just insert it into a [PAT battery tester](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/) and start your measurement. [Learn more about the PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## Make the move to the PAT-Cell **Our PAT series test cells offer many advantages over their ECC predecessors:** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PAT-Cell_250_2023.webp "PAT-Cell_250_2023 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PAT-Cell_250_2023.webp) No more drying and cleaning of cell components Superior half-cell impedance measurements due to the ring-shaped reference electrode Improved sealing concept for much better long-term stability ([See sample test here](https://www.el-cell.com/reliability-meets-accuracy/)) Easy-to-use cableless design. Just insert it into a [PAT battery tester](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/) and start your measurement. [Learn more about the PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1488981460085-e861bb9e-5464) - [Features](#1488981590466-a3de70ac-af96) - [Specifications](#1500042633909-6b58a4c0-7903) - [Manual](#1488981736778-c3923301-ef9f) - [Delivery scope](#1488981656646-09f7c967-7aa4) - [Consumables](#1492776437255-39005db0-359d) - [Heat resistance set](#1524226678533-533a72f3-6db7) - [Spare parts](#1488984333852-c659124b-90a6) #### [Product description](#1488981460085-e861bb9e-5464) ### Product description The ECC-Std electrochemical cell is dedicated to the characterization of aprotic battery and capacitor systems in two-electrode configuration. The most typical application is the characterization of a lithium-ion battery electrode (anode or cathode) against a lithium metal counter electrode. A re-fitting kit is available to use the ECC-Std cell in combination with a reference electrode, thereby converting the ECC-Std into the ECC-Ref test cell. Cell parts that come in contact with the electrolyte are made of stainless steel and PEEK and can thus withstand all common aprotic organic electrolytes used in lithium-ion battery and aprotic supercapacitor technology. #### [Features](#1488981590466-a3de70ac-af96) ### Features High precision 18 mm diameter sandwich geometry with <0.1 mm electrode concentricity Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes Reliable low leakage sealing with PE washers Easy and reliable electrolyte filling upon assembly Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Reusable cell components except for PE sealing Materials in media contact are stainless steel 1.4404 and PEEK Small and defined electrolyte volume down to 0.05 cm³ due to minimized dead volume Materials in media contact are stainless steel and PEEK Special materials/ solutions on request Optionally available: Std to Ref upgrade kit #### [Specifications](#1500042633909-6b58a4c0-7903) ### Specifications [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std_measurements-300x205.png "ECC-Std_measurements | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std_measurements.png) Height 90 mm Width 54 mm Depth 72 mm Weight 0.6 kg Temperature resistance: -40 to +80 °C (150 °C)\* Electrode diameter 18 mm Electrolyte volume min 0.1 ml \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manual](#1488981736778-c3923301-ef9f) ### Manuals [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Std_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1661/)ECC-Std User Manual Release 3.81 Type PDF Size 1.0 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1661/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Delivery scope](#1488981656646-09f7c967-7aa4) ### Delivery scope Component Order no. ECC-Std test cell PE-Seal (10 pcs.) ECC1-00-0053-A/X Sleeve Removing Tool ECC1-00-0092-A Glass fiber separator 18 mm x 1.55 mm (10 pcs.) ECC1-01-0012-C/X Separator (Celgard 2325) 24 mm x 0.025 mm (10 pcs.) ECC1-01-0022-D/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Consumables](#1492776437255-39005db0-359d) ### Consumables Item nameOrder no.Cell designWebshop ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule (plug), 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-D/LECC-Std[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-plug?_pos=2&_fid=a9b11c3ca&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule1.0 mm, 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-B/LECC-Ref[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-1-0-mm?_pos=2&_sid=3478464cd&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Celgard_2325_separator_ECC1-01-0022-D.png)Separator (Celgard 2325) 18 x 0.025 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0022-C/LECC-Std ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-C.png)Separator (GF) 18 x 1.55 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-C/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-18-0-mm-x-1-55-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=461696d97&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ECC_PE-Seal_ECC1-0-0053-A_80px.png)PE Seal, 50 pcsECC1-00-0053-A/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-seal-ecc-series-1?_pos=2&_sid=90a74b8e7&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PEEK-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-D.png)PEEK Seal, 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-D/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-B.png)PTFE Seal (ECC Series), 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-B/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ptfe-seal-ecc-series?_pos=1&_sid=b3dcf2d73&_ss=r) #### [Heat resistance set](#1524226678533-533a72f3-6db7) ### Heat Resistance Set (ECC series) The Heat Resistance Set increases the temperature range for testing with the ECC-Std to 150 °C. Package content Heat Resistance Set (ECC-Series) ECC1-01-0040-A ECC-Series Cell Cable Set HT ECE1-00-0037-B HT Foot (heat resistant), (3 pcs) ECC1-00-0065-B PTFE Seal (ECC Series), (10 pcs) ECC1-00-0053-B/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Spare parts](#1488984333852-c659124b-90a6) ### Spare parts **Test cell** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std-Spare-parts_test-cell-300x247.jpg "ECC-Std-Spare-parts_test-cell | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std-Spare-parts_test-cell.jpg) The ECC-Std electrochemical cell is dedicated to the characterization of aprotic battery and capacitor systems in two-electrode configuration. The most typical application is the characterization of a lithium-ion battery electrode (anode or cathode) against a lithium metal counter electrode. A re-fitting kit is available to use the ECC-Std cell in combination with a reference electrode, thereby converting the ECC-Std into the ECC-Ref test cell. Cell parts that come in contact with the electrolyte are made of stainless steel and PEEK and can thus withstand all common aprotic organic electrolytes used in lithium-ion battery and aprotic supercapacitor technology. ## ECC-Std Overview Features High precision 18 mm diameter sandwich geometry with <0.1 mm electrode concentricity Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes Reliable low leakage sealing with PE washers Easy and reliable electrolyte filling upon assembly Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Reusable cell components except for PE sealing Materials in media contact are stainless steel 1.4404 and PEEK Small and defined electrolyte volume down to 0.05 cm³ due to minimized dead volume Materials in media contact are stainless steel and PEEK Special materials/ solutions on request Optionally available: Std to Ref upgrade kit Specifications Height 90 mm Width 54 mm Depth 72 mm Weight 0.6 kg Temperature resistance: -40 to +80 °C (150 °C)\* Electrode diameter 18 mm Electrolyte volume min 0.1 ml \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Std_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1661/)ECC-Std User Manual Release 3.81 Type PDF Size 1.0 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1661/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Delivery scope Component Order no. ECC-Std test cell PE-Seal (10 pcs.) ECC1-00-0053-A/X Sleeve Removing Tool ECC1-00-0092-A Glass fiber separator 18 mm x 1.55 mm (10 pcs.) ECC1-01-0012-C/X Separator (Celgard 2325) 24 mm x 0.025 mm (10 pcs.) ECC1-01-0022-D/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Consumables Item nameOrder no.Cell designWebshop ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule (plug), 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-D/LECC-Std[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-plug?_pos=2&_fid=a9b11c3ca&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule1.0 mm, 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-B/LECC-Ref[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-1-0-mm?_pos=2&_sid=3478464cd&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Celgard_2325_separator_ECC1-01-0022-D.png)Separator (Celgard 2325) 18 x 0.025 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0022-C/LECC-Std ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-C.png)Separator (GF) 18 x 1.55 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-C/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-18-0-mm-x-1-55-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=461696d97&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ECC_PE-Seal_ECC1-0-0053-A_80px.png)PE Seal, 50 pcsECC1-00-0053-A/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-seal-ecc-series-1?_pos=2&_sid=90a74b8e7&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PEEK-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-D.png)PEEK Seal, 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-D/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-B.png)PTFE Seal (ECC Series), 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-B/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ptfe-seal-ecc-series?_pos=1&_sid=b3dcf2d73&_ss=r) Heat Resistance Set Package content Heat Resistance Set (ECC-Series) ECC1-01-0040-A ECC-Series Cell Cable Set HT ECE1-00-0037-B HT Foot (heat resistant), (3 pcs) ECC1-00-0065-B PTFE Seal (ECC Series), (10 pcs) ECC1-00-0053-B/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Spare parts **Test cell** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std-Spare-parts_test-cell-300x247.jpg "ECC-Std-Spare-parts_test-cell | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std-Spare-parts_test-cell.jpg) # Gallery [![ECC-Std wiring setup for testing](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std_Gallery_01.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std_Gallery_01.jpg)ECC-Std wiring setup for testing [![Schematic view of the ECC-Std](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std_Gallery_02.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std_Gallery_02.jpg)Schematic view of the ECC-Std # Recommended Tools [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/el-cut) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High precision cutting pliers to eliminate torn and chipped electrode edges. Recommended diameter size for use with the ECC-Std is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/el-cut/) [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil. The recommended size for use with the ECC-Std is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-Refload.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload) ## [ECC-RefLoad](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload) Ref loading tool – Useful tool for conveniently loading the Ref-sleeve [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-CellLoad.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload) ## [ECC-CellLoad](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload) Electrode alignment and assembly tool [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload) ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) The ideal test cell for high-throughput battery testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## Request a Quote Form of address (required) – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [ECC-Combi](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/legacy-test-cells/ecc-combi/) **Published:** June 15, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** ECC-Combi electrochemical test cell for 2- or 3-electrode setups—ideal for lithium-ion batteries and aprotic supercapacitor characterization. **Content:** # **ECC-Combi** ##### Electrochemical test cell applicable both as 2- and 3-electrode test cell [Request a quote](#quote) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Pageheader_ECC-Std_productimage_01.png) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Pageheader_ECC-Ref_productimage_01.png) # **ECC-Combi** ##### Electrochemical test cell applicable both as 2- and 3-electrode test cell - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Pageheader_ECC-Std_productimage_01.png) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Pageheader_ECC-Ref_productimage_01.png) [Product overview](#overview) [Gallery](#gallery) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1489402204243-3032fdcb-3ee3) - [Features](#1489403265854-96d3ded2-60c3) - [Specifications](#1489403340405-1803ad7f-10dc) - [Manuals](#1489403496540-1c075b55-3c49) - [Consumables](#1489403608438-6fb08092-0b78) - [Heat Resistance Set](#1524474615137-c909a9cd-0769) - [Spare parts](#1496128926917-8f75331d-8d0e) #### [Product description](#1489402204243-3032fdcb-3ee3) ### The ECC-Combi used as ECC-Std **Electrochemical test cell for two-electrode battery testing** The ECC-Std electrochemical cell is dedicated to the characterization of aprotic battery and capacitor systems in two-electrode configuration. The most typical application is the characterization of a lithium-ion battery electrode (anode or cathode) against a lithium metal counter electrode. Cell parts that come into contact with the electrolyte are made of stainles steel and PEEK and can thus withstand all common aprotic organic electrolytes used in lithium-ion battery and aprotic supercapacitor technology. Current collectors are also available in many other metals like 316L (1.4404), gold and tantalum. ### The ECC-Combi used as ECC-Ref **Electrochemical test cell with reference electrode** The ECC-Ref electrochemical cell is dedicated to the characterization of aprotic battery and capacitor systems in three-electrode configuration. A typical application is the characterization of a full lithium-ion battery (e.g. graphite anode and lithium metal oxide cathode) with a lithium metal reference. Cell parts that come in contact with the electrolyte are made of stainless steel and PEEK and can thus withstand all common aprotic organic electrolytes used in lithium-ion battery and aprotic supercapacitor technology. Current collectors are also available in many other metals like 316L (1.4404), gold and tantalum. #### [Features](#1489403265854-96d3ded2-60c3) ### Features High precision 18 mm diameter sandwich geometry with Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes Reliable low leakage sealing with PE washers Easy and reliable electrolyte filling during assembly Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Reusable cell components except for PE sealing Materials in media contact are stainless steel 1.4404 and PEEK Small and defined electrolyte volume down to 0.1 cm³ due to minimized dead volume Special materials or solutions on request #### [Specifications](#1489403340405-1803ad7f-10dc) ### Specifications Height 90 mm Width 54 mm Depth 76 mm Weight 0.6 kg Temperature resistance: -20 to +70°C (150°C)\* Electrode diameter 18 mm Electrolyte volume min 0.1 ml \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A 00 [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manuals](#1489403496540-1c075b55-3c49) ### Manuals [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Std_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1661/)ECC-Std User Manual Release 3.81 Type PDF Size 1.0 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1661/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Ref_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/2420/)ECC-Ref User Manual Release 2.51 Type PDF Size 1.5 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2420/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Consumables](#1489403608438-6fb08092-0b78) ### Consumables **ECC-Combi test cell used as ECC-Ref** Item nameOrder no.Cell designWebshop ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule (plug), 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-D/LECC-Std[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-plug?_pos=2&_fid=a9b11c3ca&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule1.0 mm, 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-B/LECC-Ref[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-1-0-mm?_pos=2&_sid=3478464cd&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Celgard_2325_separator_ECC1-01-0022-D.png)Separator (Celgard 2325) 18 x 0.025 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0022-C/LECC-Std ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-C.png)Separator (GF) 18 x 1.55 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-C/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-18-0-mm-x-1-55-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=461696d97&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ECC_PE-Seal_ECC1-0-0053-A_80px.png)PE Seal, 50 pcsECC1-00-0053-A/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-seal-ecc-series-1?_pos=2&_sid=90a74b8e7&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PEEK-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-D.png)PEEK Seal, 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-D/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-B.png)PTFE Seal (ECC Series), 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-B/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ptfe-seal-ecc-series?_pos=1&_sid=b3dcf2d73&_ss=r) **ECC-Combi test cell used as ECC-Std** Item nameOrder no.Cell designWebshop ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule (plug), 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-D/LECC-Std[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-plug?_pos=2&_fid=a9b11c3ca&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule1.0 mm, 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-B/LECC-Ref[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-1-0-mm?_pos=2&_sid=3478464cd&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Celgard_2325_separator_ECC1-01-0022-D.png)Separator (Celgard 2325) 18 x 0.025 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0022-C/LECC-Std ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-C.png)Separator (GF) 18 x 1.55 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-C/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-18-0-mm-x-1-55-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=461696d97&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ECC_PE-Seal_ECC1-0-0053-A_80px.png)PE Seal, 50 pcsECC1-00-0053-A/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-seal-ecc-series-1?_pos=2&_sid=90a74b8e7&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PEEK-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-D.png)PEEK Seal, 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-D/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-B.png)PTFE Seal (ECC Series), 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-B/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ptfe-seal-ecc-series?_pos=1&_sid=b3dcf2d73&_ss=r) #### [Heat Resistance Set](#1524474615137-c909a9cd-0769) ### Heat Resistance Set (ECC series) The Heat Resistance Set increases the temperature range for testing with the ECC-Combi to 150 °C. Package content Heat Resistance Set (ECC-Series) ECC1-01-0040-A ECC-Series Cell Cable Set HT ECE1-00-0037-B HT Foot (heat resistant), (3 pcs) ECC1-00-0065-B PTFE Seal (ECC Series), (10 pcs) ECC1-00-0053-B/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Spare parts](#1496128926917-8f75331d-8d0e) ### Spare parts **ECC-Combi test cell used as ECC-Ref** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-spare-parts_test_cell-300x227.png "ECC-Ref-spare-parts_test_cell | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-spare-parts_test_cell.png) **Reference electrode** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_01-300x132.png "ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_01 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_01.png) **Reference pin assembly** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_02-300x132.png "ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_02 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_02.png) **ECC-Combi test cell used as ECC-Std** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std-Spare-parts_test-cell-300x247.jpg "ECC-Std-Spare-parts_test-cell | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std-Spare-parts_test-cell.jpg) ## ECC-Combi used as ECC-Std **Electrochemical test cell for two-electrode battery testing** The ECC-Std electrochemical cell is dedicated to the characterization of aprotic battery and capacitor systems in two-electrode configuration. The most typical application is the characterization of a lithium-ion battery electrode (anode or cathode) against a lithium metal counter electrode. Cell parts that come into contact with the electrolyte are made of stainles steel and PEEK and can thus withstand all common aprotic organic electrolytes used in lithium-ion battery and aprotic supercapacitor technology. Current collectors are also available in many other metals like 316L (1.4404), gold and tantalum. ## ECC-Combi used as ECC-Ref **Electrochemical test cell with reference electrode** The ECC-Ref electrochemical cell is dedicated to the characterization of aprotic battery and capacitor systems in three-electrode configuration. A typical application is the characterization of a full lithium-ion battery (e.g. graphite anode and lithium metal oxide cathode) with a lithium metal reference. Cell parts that come in contact with the electrolyte are made of stainless steel and PEEK and can thus withstand all common aprotic organic electrolytes used in lithium-ion battery and aprotic supercapacitor technology. Current collectors are also available in many other metals like 316L (1.4404), gold and tantalum. ## ECC-Combi Overview Features High precision 18 mm diameter sandwich geometry with Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes Reliable low leakage sealing with PE washers Easy and reliable electrolyte filling during assembly Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Reusable cell components except for PE sealing Materials in media contact are stainless steel 1.4404 and PEEK Small and defined electrolyte volume down to 0.1 cm³ due to minimized dead volume Special materials or solutions on request Specifications Height 90 mm Width 54 mm Depth 76 mm Weight 0.6 kg Temperature resistance: -20 to +70°C (150°C)\* Electrode diameter 18 mm Electrolyte volume min 0.1 ml \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A 00 [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manuals [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Std_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/1661/)ECC-Std User Manual Release 3.81 Type PDF Size 1.0 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1661/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Ref_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/2420/)ECC-Ref User Manual Release 2.51 Type PDF Size 1.5 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2420/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Consumables **ECC-Combi test cell used as ECC-Ref** Item nameOrder no.Cell designWebshop ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule (plug), 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-D/LECC-Std[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-plug?_pos=2&_fid=a9b11c3ca&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule1.0 mm, 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-B/LECC-Ref[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-1-0-mm?_pos=2&_sid=3478464cd&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Celgard_2325_separator_ECC1-01-0022-D.png)Separator (Celgard 2325) 18 x 0.025 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0022-C/LECC-Std ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-C.png)Separator (GF) 18 x 1.55 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-C/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-18-0-mm-x-1-55-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=461696d97&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ECC_PE-Seal_ECC1-0-0053-A_80px.png)PE Seal, 50 pcsECC1-00-0053-A/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-seal-ecc-series-1?_pos=2&_sid=90a74b8e7&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PEEK-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-D.png)PEEK Seal, 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-D/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-B.png)PTFE Seal (ECC Series), 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-B/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ptfe-seal-ecc-series?_pos=1&_sid=b3dcf2d73&_ss=r) **ECC-Combi test cell used as ECC-Std** Item nameOrder no.Cell designWebshop ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule (plug), 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-D/LECC-Std[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-plug?_pos=2&_fid=a9b11c3ca&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule1.0 mm, 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-B/LECC-Ref[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-1-0-mm?_pos=2&_sid=3478464cd&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Celgard_2325_separator_ECC1-01-0022-D.png)Separator (Celgard 2325) 18 x 0.025 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0022-C/LECC-Std ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-C.png)Separator (GF) 18 x 1.55 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-C/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-18-0-mm-x-1-55-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=461696d97&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ECC_PE-Seal_ECC1-0-0053-A_80px.png)PE Seal, 50 pcsECC1-00-0053-A/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-seal-ecc-series-1?_pos=2&_sid=90a74b8e7&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PEEK-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-D.png)PEEK Seal, 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-D/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-B.png)PTFE Seal (ECC Series), 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-B/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ptfe-seal-ecc-series?_pos=1&_sid=b3dcf2d73&_ss=r) Heat Resistance Set The Heat Resistance Set increases the temperature range for testing with the ECC-Combi to 150 °C. Package content Heat Resistance Set (ECC-Series) ECC1-01-0040-A ECC-Series Cell Cable Set HT ECE1-00-0037-B HT Foot (heat resistant), (3 pcs) ECC1-00-0065-B PTFE Seal (ECC Series), (10 pcs) ECC1-00-0053-B/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Spare parts **ECC-Combi test cell used as ECC-Ref** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-spare-parts_test_cell-300x227.png "ECC-Ref-spare-parts_test_cell | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-spare-parts_test_cell.png) **Reference electrode** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_01-300x132.png "ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_01 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_01.png) **Reference pin assembly** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_02-300x132.png "ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_02 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref-pin_spare-parts_02.png) **ECC-Combi test cell used as ECC-Std** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std-Spare-parts_test-cell-300x247.jpg "ECC-Std-Spare-parts_test-cell | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std-Spare-parts_test-cell.jpg) # Gallery [![ECC-Std wiring setup for testing](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std_Gallery_01-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std_Gallery_01.jpg) ECC-Std wiring setup for testing [![ECC-Ref wiring setup for testing](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref_Gallery_01-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref_Gallery_01.jpg) ECC-Ref wiring setup for testing [![Schematic view of the ECC-Std](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std_Gallery_02-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Std_Gallery_02.jpg) Schematic view of the ECC-Std [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref_Gallery_02-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ECC-Ref_Gallery_02.jpg) Schematic view of the ECC-Ref ## Recommended tools [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High precision cutting pliers to eliminate torn and chipped electrode edges. Recommended diameter size for use with the ECC-Combi is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil. The recommended size for use with the ECC-Combi is **18 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-Refload.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload) ## [ECC-RefLoad](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload) Ref loading tool – Useful tool for conveniently loading the Ref-sleeve [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-CellLoad.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload) ## [ECC-CellLoad](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload) Electrode alignment and assembly tool [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload) ## Related products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) The ideal test cell for high-throughput battery testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std-aqu/) **Published:** October 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Excerpt:** ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu optical test cell for reflective mode, aqueous electrochemistry, with compatible window kit options and accessories. **Content:** # **ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu** ##### Test cell for optical characterization in the reflective mode with face-to-face arrangement of electrodes. For aqueous electrochemistry. [Request a quote](#quote)[Gallery](#gallery)[Accessories](#options) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Pageheader_Produktdetail_ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_01.png) # **ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu** ##### Test cell for optical characterization in the reflective mode with face-to-face arrangement of electrodes. For aqueous electrochemistry. ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Pageheader_Produktdetail_ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_01.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Gallery](#gallery) [Accessories](#options-mobile) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Product overview - [Product overview](#1489741620679-37ccaee8-12f2) - [Features](#1489741688583-a62e4067-ea1a) - [Specifications](#1499953102632-20109769-eb0e) - [Manual](#1489741800926-6af093c0-3d47) - [Delivery scope](#1489741730358-75e46646-81ec) - [Spare parts](#1489746891393-c5a192f2-d767) #### [Product overview](#1489741620679-37ccaee8-12f2) ### Product description The ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu test cell serves to monitor the optical properties of an electrode material in the course of electrochemical charging. For this purpose, the working electrode (WE) material, which is supported on a meshed or holed current collector, is placed right below the optical window. This WE is sandwiched from below with a glass fiber separator and an appropriate counter electrode (CE). This way, the optical instrument “looks” from the top through the optical window onto the backside of the electrode material. Typical instrumentations include optical and confocal Raman microscopy in the reflection mode. Special window materials such as saphire, beryllium, polyimide are available. Please refer to the separate manual of the ECC-Opto-Std. #### [Features](#1489741688583-a62e4067-ea1a) ### Features 2- and 3-electrode cell with optical window for aqueous electrochemistry Materials in media contact are gold, PEEK and EPDM The backside of the working electrode material can be observed through the optical window on top. Inspection area diameter is 1 mm. Other diameters up to 10 mm available. Typically used in combination with optical or Raman microscopy in the reflection mode. Working electrodes can be single crystals or grains, powder samples and free-standing electrodes (applied onto current collector mesh). Maximum electrode diameter is 10 mm. Easy and clean electrolyte filling via the vacuum (syringe) method. #### [Specifications](#1499953102632-20109769-eb0e) ### Specifications [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Abmessungen_ECC-Opto-Std_quer-177x300.jpg "Abmessungen_ECC-Opto-Std_quer | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Abmessungen_ECC-Opto-Std_quer.jpg) Height 46 mm Width 88 mm Depth 64 mm Weight approx. 0.2 kg Electrode diameter 10 mm Electrolyte volume min. 0.1 ml Temperature operation range -20°C to +70°C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manual](#1489741800926-6af093c0-3d47) ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/3488/)ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu User Manual Release 1.59 Date April 2024 Type PDF Size 2 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3488/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Delivery scope](#1489741730358-75e46646-81ec) ### Delivery scope Component Order no. ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu test cell with stand ECC-Opto cell cable ECE1-00-0075-A Glass windows (5 pcs.) LAB0018/V Glass fiber separators (5 pcs.) ECC1-01-0012-J/V Feed wire, assy (Au) ECC1-00-0010-O Transfer line syringe ECC1-01-0001-A O-Ring 6.75 mm x 1.78 mm DIC9013 O-Ring 16 mm x 1.8 mm DIC9012 Hex wrench 0.9 mm WZG9005 Current Collector 10 mm, Au ECC1-01-0159-A Spherical hex screw driver 3 mm WZG9002 [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Accessories-kit-300x300.jpg "ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Accessories-kit | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Accessories-kit.jpg) #### [Spare parts](#1489746891393-c5a192f2-d767) ### Spare parts **Test cell** [![Exploded View of the ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Spare-parts_cell.webp "ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Spare-parts_cell | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Spare-parts_cell.webp) **Central CE Piston** [![Exploded view of the Central Piston (AU) oft ehe ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Spare-parts_Central-piston.webp "ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Spare-parts_Central piston | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Spare-parts_Central-piston.webp) **REF electrode Opto (Au)** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-std-aqu_Spare-parts_ref_electrode-300x207.jpg "Opto-std-aqu_Spare-parts_ref_electrode | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-std-aqu_Spare-parts_ref_electrode.jpg) **Electrode feed wire, Opto (Au)** [![Spare parts electrode feed wire for ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Opto-std-aqu_Spare-parts_electrode-feed-wire.webp "Opto-std-aqu_Spare-parts_electrode-feed-wire | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Opto-std-aqu_Spare-parts_electrode-feed-wire.webp) The ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu test cell serves to monitor the optical properties of an electrode material in the course of electrochemical charging. For this purpose, the working electrode (WE) material, which is supported on a meshed or holed current collector, is placed right below the optical window. This WE is sandwiched from below with a glass fiber separator and an appropriate counter electrode (CE). This way, the optical instrument “looks” from the top through the optical window onto the backside of the electrode material. Typical instrumentations include optical and confocal Raman microscopy in the reflection mode. Special window materials such as saphire, beryllium, polyimide are available. Please refer to the separate manual of the ECC-Opto-Std. ## ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu overview Features ### Features 2- and 3-electrode cell with optical window for aqueous electrochemistry Materials in media contact are gold, PEEK and EPDM The backside of the working electrode material can be observed through the optical window on top. Inspection area diameter is 1 mm. Other diameters up to 10 mm available. Typically used in combination with optical or Raman microscopy in the reflection mode. Working electrodes can be single crystals or grains, powder samples and free-standing electrodes (applied onto current collector mesh). Maximum electrode diameter is 10 mm. Easy and clean electrolyte filling via the vacuum (syringe) method. Specifications ### Specifications Height 46 mm Width 88 mm Depth 64 mm Weight approx. 0.2 kg Electrode diameter 10 mm Electrolyte volume min. 0.1 ml Temperature operation range -20°C to +70°C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/3488/)ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu User Manual Release 1.59 Date April 2024 Type PDF Size 2 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3488/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Delivery scope ### Delivery scope Component Order no. ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu test cell with stand ECC-Opto cell cable ECE1-00-0075-A Glass windows (5 pcs.) LAB0018/V Glass fiber separators (5 pcs.) ECC1-01-0012-J/V Feed wire, assy (Au) ECC1-00-0010-O Transfer line syringe ECC1-01-0001-A O-Ring 6.75 mm x 1.78 mm DIC9013 O-Ring 16 mm x 1.8 mm DIC9012 Hex wrench 0.9 mm WZG9005 Current Collector 10 mm, Au ECC1-01-0159-A Spherical hex screw driver 3 mm WZG9002 [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Spare parts ### Spare parts **Test cell** [![Exploded View of the ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Spare-parts_cell.webp "ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Spare-parts_cell | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Spare-parts_cell.webp) **Central CE Piston** [![Exploded view of the Central Piston (AU) oft ehe ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Spare-parts_Central-piston.webp "ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Spare-parts_Central piston | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu_Spare-parts_Central-piston.webp) **REF electrode Opto (Au)** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-std-aqu_Spare-parts_ref_electrode-300x207.jpg "Opto-std-aqu_Spare-parts_ref_electrode | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-std-aqu_Spare-parts_ref_electrode.jpg) **Electrode feed wire, Opto (Au)** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Opto-std-aqu_Spare-parts_electrode-feed-wire.webp "| EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Opto-std-aqu_Spare-parts_electrode-feed-wire.webp) ## Accessories - [Window kits](#1489742192008-a2fc9723-71e5) - [Cell holder](#1489742524681-267bb0f9-19a7) #### [Window kits](#1489742192008-a2fc9723-71e5) ### Windows for ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu As a standard, the ECC-Opto-Std is equipped with a borosilicate glass window1 ([Order no. LAB0018/V](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Window-Kit_Glass.png)) and a cell lid with a 2 mm diameter window opening ([Order no. ECC1-00-0127-A](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-A_CAD.png)). Depending on your testing purposes additional window kits are available. Each kit includes one or more windows and a modified cell lid. Always check compatibility (corrosion resistance, solubilitity) of the window material under the experimental conditions applied. ### Optional window kits Item namePurposeContentOrder no.Compatible cell holders:Cell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Beryllium.png) **ECC-Opto Beryllium window kit 2**X-Ray characterization1 x Beryllium window (0.2 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0222-A 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 170°) ECC1-00-0127-C **(Min. viewing angle: ≥8°)** ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-C_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-C_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-C_CAD.png) ECC1-00-0156-BCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std\_Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Beryllium.png)**ECC-Opto Beryllium window kit II 2**X-Ray characterization1 x Beryllium window (0.2 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0222-A 1 x Lid (opening: 23.3 x 5 mm, ∡ 170°) ECC1-00-0127-L **(Min. viewing angle: ≥5°)** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-L_Lid.png "ECC1-00-0127-M_Lid | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ECC1-00-0127-M_Lid.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-L_80.png "Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-M_80 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Lid-ECC1-00-127-M.png) ECC1-00-0156-HCell holder IIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Polyimid.png)**ECC-Opto Polyimide window kit**X-Ray characterization3 x Polyimide (Cirlex) window (0.23 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0250-A 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 170°) ECC1-00-0127-C ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-C_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-C_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-C_CAD.png)ECC1-00-0156-FCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Zinc-Selenide.png)**ECC-Opto Zinc selenide window kit**IR characterization1 x Zinc selenide window (1 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0250-B 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 150°) ECC1-00-0127-E **Note: Zinc selenide reacts with lithium metal or lithiated graphite. It is not recommended to be used in this combination.** ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-E_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-E_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-E_CAD.png) ECC1-00-0156-DCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Calciumfluoride.png)**ECC-Opto Calcium fluoride window kit**IR characterization1 x Calcium fluoride window (1 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0250-C 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 150°) ECC1-00-0127-E ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-E_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-E_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-E_CAD.png)ECC1-00-0156-ECell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Sapphire.png)**ECC-Opto Sapphire window kit I**Raman characterization, Light microscopy1 x Sapphire window (0.3 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0149-A 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 150°) ECC1-00-0127-B![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-B_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-B_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-B_CAD.png)ECC1-00-0156-CCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Sapphire.png)**ECC-Opto Sapphire window kit II**Raman characterization, Light microscopy1 x Sapphire window (0.3 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0149-A 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 6 mm, ∡ 160°) ECC1-00-0127-H [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Lid-ECC1-00-127-H_80.png "Lid-ECC1-00-127-H_80 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Lid-ECC1-00-127-H.png)ECC1-00-0156-JCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Window-Kit_Glass.png)**ECC-Opto Borosilicate glass window (standard)**Light microscopy1 x Borosilicate glass window (0.3 mm thickness) LAB0018 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 2 mm, ∡ 160°) ECC1-00-0127-A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-A_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-A_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-A_CAD.png)-Cell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu 1 Borosilicate glass is a good choice for all common cathode materials and also lithium titanate as the working electrode. However, some anode material such as lithium metal and lithiated graphite may react with the glass window forming greyish spots of elemental silicon on the glass surface. We therefore recommend using sapphire (Al2O3) windows with anode materials. #### [Cell holder](#1489742524681-267bb0f9-19a7) ### Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std The Cell holder I is designed for the use of the ECC-Opto-Std in light microscopes. It fits nicely on sample stages of most manufacturers (e.g. Thermofisher or Renishaw) utilizing standard microscope slides (75 x 26 mm, ISO 8037-1). #### **Specifications** Item nameHeightWidthDepthOrder no.Cell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II | EL-CELL")**Cell holder II for ECC-Opto-Std**41.3mm78mm76mmECC1-00-0335-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI-300x300.png "Cell-holder-II | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III | EL-CELL")**Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std**20mm 75mm61.5mmECC1-00-0419-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III-300x300.png "Cell-holder-III | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder I (ECC-Opto-Std)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder.jpg "opto-std_cell_holder | EL-CELL")**Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std**32mm75mm50mmECC1-00-0414-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I-300x152.png "Cell-holder-I | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png) [![Cell holder I (ECC-Opto-Std)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder.jpg) Cell holder I (ECC-Opto-Std) [![Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std mounted on a Thermofisher sample stage](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Gallery_Opto-Std_05-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Gallery_Opto-Std_05.jpg) Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std mounted on a Thermofisher sample stage ### Cell holder II for ECC-Opto-Std The Cell holder II is designed for the use of the ECC-Opto-Std in combination with Lid ECC1-00-0127-M. It is used in XRD microscopes like the Bruker D8. #### **Specifications** Item nameHeightWidthDepthOrder no.Cell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II | EL-CELL")**Cell holder II for ECC-Opto-Std**41.3mm78mm76mmECC1-00-0335-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI-300x300.png "Cell-holder-II | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III | EL-CELL")**Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std**20mm 75mm61.5mmECC1-00-0419-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III-300x300.png "Cell-holder-III | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder I (ECC-Opto-Std)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder.jpg "opto-std_cell_holder | EL-CELL")**Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std**32mm75mm50mmECC1-00-0414-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I-300x152.png "Cell-holder-I | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II-300x200.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II.jpg)ECC-Opto-Std mounted on a Cell holder II ### Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std The Cell holder III is designed for the use of the ECC-Opto-Std in a Bruker FTIR Hyperion 2000 microscope. #### **Specifications** Item nameHeightWidthDepthOrder no.Cell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II | EL-CELL")**Cell holder II for ECC-Opto-Std**41.3mm78mm76mmECC1-00-0335-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI-300x300.png "Cell-holder-II | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III | EL-CELL")**Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std**20mm 75mm61.5mmECC1-00-0419-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III-300x300.png "Cell-holder-III | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder I (ECC-Opto-Std)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder.jpg "opto-std_cell_holder | EL-CELL")**Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std**32mm75mm50mmECC1-00-0414-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I-300x152.png "Cell-holder-I | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png) [![Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III-300x200.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III.jpg)Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std The cell holders for our optical test cells can be customized for your specific needs. Just ask! ## Accessories Window kits **Optional window kits** As a standard, the ECC-Opto-Std is equipped with a borosilicate glass window1 ([Order no. LAB0018/V](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Window-Kit_Glass.png)) and a cell lid with a 2 mm diameter window opening ([Order no. ECC1-00-0127-A](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-A_CAD.png)). Depending on your testing purposes additional window kits are available. Each kit includes one or more windows and a modified cell lid. Item namePurposeContentOrder no.Compatible cell holders:Cell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Beryllium.png) **ECC-Opto Beryllium window kit 2**X-Ray characterization1 x Beryllium window (0.2 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0222-A 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 170°) ECC1-00-0127-C **(Min. viewing angle: ≥8°)** ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-C_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-C_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-C_CAD.png) ECC1-00-0156-BCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std\_Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Beryllium.png)**ECC-Opto Beryllium window kit II 2**X-Ray characterization1 x Beryllium window (0.2 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0222-A 1 x Lid (opening: 23.3 x 5 mm, ∡ 170°) ECC1-00-0127-L **(Min. viewing angle: ≥5°)** [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-L_Lid.png "ECC1-00-0127-M_Lid | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ECC1-00-0127-M_Lid.png) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-L_80.png "Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-M_80 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Lid-ECC1-00-127-M.png) ECC1-00-0156-HCell holder IIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Polyimid.png)**ECC-Opto Polyimide window kit**X-Ray characterization3 x Polyimide (Cirlex) window (0.23 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0250-A 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 170°) ECC1-00-0127-C ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-C_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-C_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-C_CAD.png)ECC1-00-0156-FCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Zinc-Selenide.png)**ECC-Opto Zinc selenide window kit**IR characterization1 x Zinc selenide window (1 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0250-B 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 150°) ECC1-00-0127-E **Note: Zinc selenide reacts with lithium metal or lithiated graphite. It is not recommended to be used in this combination.** ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-E_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-E_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-E_CAD.png) ECC1-00-0156-DCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Calciumfluoride.png)**ECC-Opto Calcium fluoride window kit**IR characterization1 x Calcium fluoride window (1 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0250-C 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 150°) ECC1-00-0127-E ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-E_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-E_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-E_CAD.png)ECC1-00-0156-ECell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Sapphire.png)**ECC-Opto Sapphire window kit I**Raman characterization, Light microscopy1 x Sapphire window (0.3 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0149-A 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 10 mm, ∡ 150°) ECC1-00-0127-B![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-B_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-B_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-B_CAD.png)ECC1-00-0156-CCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Window-Kit_Sapphire.png)**ECC-Opto Sapphire window kit II**Raman characterization, Light microscopy1 x Sapphire window (0.3 mm thickness) ECC1-00-0149-A 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 6 mm, ∡ 160°) ECC1-00-0127-H [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Lid-ECC1-00-127-H_80.png "Lid-ECC1-00-127-H_80 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Lid-ECC1-00-127-H.png)ECC1-00-0156-JCell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Window-Kit_Glass.png)**ECC-Opto Borosilicate glass window (standard)**Light microscopy1 x Borosilicate glass window (0.3 mm thickness) LAB0018 1 x Lid (opening: Ø 2 mm, ∡ 160°) ECC1-00-0127-A ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Preview_ECC1-00-0127-A_Lid.png)[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lids_Preview_ECC1-00-0127-A_80.png)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lid-ECC1-00-127-A_CAD.png)-Cell holder I, Cell holder IIIECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu Always check compatibility (corrosion resistance, solubilitity) of the window material under the experimental conditions applied. Cell holder ### Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std The Cell holder I is designed for the use of the ECC-Opto-Std in light microscopes. It fits nicely on sample stages of most manufacturers (e.g. Thermofisher or Renishaw) utilizing standard microscope slides (75 x 26 mm, ISO 8037-1). #### **Specifications** Item nameHeightWidthDepthOrder no.Cell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II | EL-CELL")**Cell holder II for ECC-Opto-Std**41.3mm78mm76mmECC1-00-0335-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI-300x300.png "Cell-holder-II | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III | EL-CELL")**Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std**20mm 75mm61.5mmECC1-00-0419-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III-300x300.png "Cell-holder-III | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder I (ECC-Opto-Std)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder.jpg "opto-std_cell_holder | EL-CELL")**Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std**32mm75mm50mmECC1-00-0414-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I-300x152.png "Cell-holder-I | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I-300x152.png "Cell-holder-I | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png) --- ### Cell holder II for ECC-Opto-Std The Cell holder II is designed for the use of the ECC-Opto-Std in XRD microscopes like the Bruker D8. #### **Specifications** Item nameHeightWidthDepthOrder no.Cell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II | EL-CELL")**Cell holder II for ECC-Opto-Std**41.3mm78mm76mmECC1-00-0335-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI-300x300.png "Cell-holder-II | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III | EL-CELL")**Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std**20mm 75mm61.5mmECC1-00-0419-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III-300x300.png "Cell-holder-III | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder I (ECC-Opto-Std)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder.jpg "opto-std_cell_holder | EL-CELL")**Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std**32mm75mm50mmECC1-00-0414-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I-300x152.png "Cell-holder-I | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI-300x152.png "Cell-holder-II | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png) --- ### Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std The Cell holder III is designed for the use of the ECC-Opto-Std in a Bruker FTIR Hyperion 2000 microscope. #### **Specifications** Item nameHeightWidthDepthOrder no.Cell design ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_II | EL-CELL")**Cell holder II for ECC-Opto-Std**41.3mm78mm76mmECC1-00-0335-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI-300x300.png "Cell-holder-II | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-iI.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III-300x300.jpg "Opto-Std_Cell_Holder_III | EL-CELL")**Cell holder III for ECC-Opto-Std**20mm 75mm61.5mmECC1-00-0419-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III-300x300.png "Cell-holder-III | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu ![Cell holder I (ECC-Opto-Std)](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Opto-Std_Cell_Holder.jpg "opto-std_cell_holder | EL-CELL")**Cell holder I for ECC-Opto-Std**32mm75mm50mmECC1-00-0414-A[![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I-300x152.png "Cell-holder-I | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-I.png) ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III-300x152.png "Cell-holder-III | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cell-holder-III.png) # Gallery [![Schematic view of the ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Gallery_Opto-Std-Aqu_01-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Gallery_Opto-Std-Aqu_01.jpg) Schematic view of the ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu [![ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu with wire connections](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Gallery_Opto-Std-Aqu_02-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Gallery_Opto-Std-Aqu_02.jpg) ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu with wire connections ## Recommended tools [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-Refload.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload/) ## [ECC-RefLoad](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload/) Ref loading tool – Useful tool for conveniently loading the Ref-sleeve [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload/) [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High Precision Cutting Tool eliminates torn and chipped electrode edges. The recommended size for use with the ECC-Opto-Std is **10 mm**. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## Related products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ECC-Opto-Std_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std) ## [ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std/) Test cell for optical and X-ray characterization in the reflective mode with face-to-face arrangement of electrodes [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Products_ECC-Opto-Gas.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) ## [ECC-Opto-Gas](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) Test cell for optical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in metal-air batteries. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Heater-4](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4/) **Published:** February 14, 2017 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Heater: Temperature-controlled docking station for up to four PAT-Cell-HT cells, enabling parallel electrochemical tests with flexible wiring. **Content:** # **PAT-Heater-4** ##### Heated chamber for four PAT-Cell HT [Request a quote](#quote) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Produktdetail_PAT-Heater-4_03.png) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Produktdetail_PAT-Heater-4_04.png) # **PAT-Heater-4** ##### Heated chamber for four PAT-Cell HT - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Produktdetail_PAT-Heater-4_03.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1513088804266-e4b737ab-ae83) - [Features](#1513088975308-8c410798-259f) - [Specifications](#1513089096367-c5209caf-1213) - [Manual](#1575366455505-eea8d93d-a98b) #### [Product description](#1513088804266-e4b737ab-ae83) ### Product description The PAT-Heater-4 is a heated docking station that connects up to 4 PAT-Cell-HT to any potentiostat or battery tester. The working temperature is adjustable from 10° C above ambient temperature up to 200 °C. The PAT-Heater-4 saves wiring effort because the connection between the cell and the potentiostat does not need to be renewed for every battery test. However, the easy-to-access banana sockets at the side of the docking station allow for flexible wiring. The PAT-Heater-4 is the temperature-controlled docking station for parallel electrochemical tests with temperatures up to 200 °C. Please note that only PAT-Cell-HT test cells can be used in the PAT-Heater-4. You cannot use other PAT test cells there to prevent damage to cell components that are not designed for high temperatures. #### [Features](#1513088975308-8c410798-259f) ### Features Heated chamber from 10°C above ambient temperature up to 200°C 4 x 1 docking station for up to four PAT-Cell-HT Compatible with all of today´s multi-channel potentiostats and battery testers Can be placed on the bench or inside a glove box Flexible wiring due to easy-to-access banana sockets Saves wiring effort #### [Specifications](#1513089096367-c5209caf-1213) ### Specifications [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/PAT-Heater-4-Abmessungen-300x200.png "PAT-Heater-4-Abmessungen | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/PAT-Heater-4-Abmessungen.png) Height 230 mm Width 400 mm Depth 265 mm Weight 14 kg (without test cells) Operating temperature range 20° C to 200° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manual](#1575366455505-eea8d93d-a98b) ### Quick Start Guide [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Heater-4_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6971/)PAT-Heater-4 Quick Start Guide Release 1.0 Type PDF Size 1.1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6971/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The PAT-Heater-4 is a heated docking station connecting up to 4 PAT-Cell-HT to any potentiostat or battery tester. The working temperature is adjustable from 10 °C above ambient temperature up to 200 °C. The PAT-Heater-4 saves wiring effort because renewing the connection between the cell and potentiostat for every battery test is unnecessary. However, the easy-to-access banana sockets at the side of the docking station allow for flexible wiring. The PAT-Heater-4 is the temperature-controlled docking station for parallel electrochemical tests with temperatures up to 200 °C. Please note that only PAT-Cell-HT test cells can be used in the PAT-Heater-4. You cannot use other PAT test cells there to prevent damage to cell components that are not designed for high temperatures. ## PAT-Heater-4 Overview Features Heated chamber from 10°C above ambient temperature up to 200°C 4 x 1 docking station for up to four PAT-Cell-HT Compatible with all of today´s multi-channel potentiostats and battery testers Can be placed on the bench or inside a glove box Flexible wiring due to easy-to-access banana sockets Saves wiring effort Specifications Height 230 mm Width 400 mm Depth 265 mm Weight 14 kg (without test cells) Operating temperature range 20° C to 200° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Heater-4_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6971/)PAT-Heater-4 Quick Start Guide Release 1.0 Type PDF Size 1.1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6971/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Gallery [![EL-Cell PAT-Geater-4 heated docking stations for battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Gallery_PAT-Heater-4_04-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Gallery_PAT-Heater-4_04.jpg) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Gallery_PAT-Heater-4_03-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Gallery_PAT-Heater-4_03.jpg) ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Cell-HT.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht) ## [PAT-Cell-HT](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht) Heat resistant PAT series test cell for up to 200°C [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Clamp-1](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1/) **Published:** February 14, 2019 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Clamp-1 docking station for PAT test cells: minimal footprint, fast insert/remove, fits gloveboxes and climate chambers, supports impedance testing. **Content:** # **PAT-Clamp-1** ##### Docking station with minimized dimensions [Request a quote](#quote) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/PAT-Clamp-1-H.webp) # **PAT-Clamp-1** ##### Docking station with minimized dimensions ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/PAT-Clamp-1-H.webp) [Product overview](#overview)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1499069882524-26714e56-4764) - [Features](#1499070009466-7d5a8051-8a3e) - [Specifications](#1499070248228-07910049-38d3) - [Manual](#1649417079064-39645924-2483) #### [Product description](#1499069882524-26714e56-4764) ### Product description The PAT-Clamp-1 is our smallest docking station for a single PAT test cell. It was developed for tight space constraints. The socket can be left connected permanently to a common potentiostat or battery tester using 2 mm banana sockets or Sub-D connector. Therefore there is no need to renew the connection between cell and potentiostat for every battery test. It also fits perfectly into any climate chamber with a cable feed-through and can be placed inside a glovebox. The cell is inserted and removed by bending up the clamp. The PAT-Clamp-1 allows immediate functional testing of all PAT series test cells with smallest possible footprint. Typically, it is used in combination with a high-throughput solution. For instance, 16 PAT-Cells can be cycled in parallel in a PAT-Chamber-16 connected by a third-party battery tester without impedance capability. In that case, the impedance of each test cell can be measured before and after the cycle test in the PAT-Clamp-1 connected to the PAT-Tester-x or another impedance analyzer. **Schematic view of a connected PAT-Clamp-1 testing a PAT-Cell** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Gallery_PAT-Clamp-1_01-1-300x300.png "Gallery_PAT-Clamp-1_01 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Gallery_PAT-Clamp-1_01-1.png) **Schematic view of a connected PAT-Clamp-1 testing a PAT-Cell-Press** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Gallery_PAT-Clamp-1_02-300x300.png "Gallery_PAT-Clamp-1_02 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Gallery_PAT-Clamp-1_02.png) #### [Features](#1499070009466-7d5a8051-8a3e) ### Features Socket for one PAT series test cell (charge / discharge / EIS compatible) Compatible with any other potentiostat and battery tester Can be used inside a glove box environment Fits into tight spaces Flexible wiring via 2 mm banana sockets Saves wiring effort and space in the lab #### [Specifications](#1499070248228-07910049-38d3) ### Specifications [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/EL-CELL_PAT-Clamp-1-H_dimensions-300x200.png "EL-CELL_PAT-Clamp-1-H_dimensions | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/EL-CELL_PAT-Clamp-1-H_dimensions.png) #### [Manual](#1649417079064-39645924-2483) ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Clamp-1_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6702/)PAT-Clamp-1 User Manual Release 1.4 Date October 2024 Type PDF Size 0.8 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6702/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The PAT-Clamp-1 is our smallest docking station for a single PAT test cell. It was developed for tight space constraints. The socket can be left connected permanently to a common potentiostat or battery tester using 2 mm banana sockets or Sub-D connector. Therefore, there is no need to renew the connection between cell and potentiostat for every battery test. It also fits perfectly into any climate chamber with a cable feed-through and can be placed inside a glovebox. The cell is inserted and removed by bending up the clamp. The PAT-Clamp-1 allows immediate functional testing of all PAT series test cells with smallest possible footprint. Typically, it is used in combination with a high-throughput solution. For instance, 16 PAT-Cells can be cycled in parallel in a PAT-Chamber-16 connected by a third-party battery tester without impedance capability. In that case, the impedance of each test cell can be measured before and after the cycle test in the PAT-Clamp-1 connected to the PAT-Tester-x or another impedance analyzer. ## PAT-Clamp-1 Overview Features ### Features Socket for one PAT series test cell (charge / discharge / EIS compatible) Compatible with PAT-Tester-x and any other potentiostat and battery tester Can be used inside a glove box environment Fits into tight spaces Flexible wiring via 2 mm banana sockets Saves wiring effort and space in the lab Specifications Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Clamp-1_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6702/)PAT-Clamp-1 User Manual Release 1.4 Date October 2024 Type PDF Size 0.8 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6702/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Gallery [![EL-CELL PAT-Cell-Gas connected to a PAT-Clamp-1.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Gas_with_PAT-Clamp-1_H-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/EL-Cell_PAT-Cell-Gas_with_PAT-Clamp-1_H.jpg) EL-CELL PAT-Cell-Gas connected to a PAT-Clamp-1. [![PAT-Clamp-1 and PAT-Stand-1 dockings stations with inserted PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/EL-CELL_PAT-Stand-1_and_PAT-Clamp-1-300x300.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/EL-CELL_PAT-Stand-1_and_PAT-Clamp-1.webp) [![Complete battery test setup for above 40°C.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell_Use_Case_above_40_degree-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/EL-CELL_PAT-Cell_Use_Case_above_40_degree.jpg) Complete battery test setup for above 40°C. ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-16.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16) ## [PAT-Stand-16](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16) High-througput docking station for up to 16 PAT-Cells [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-16/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-4-2.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4/) ## [PAT-Stand-4](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4/) Docking station for up to four PAT-Cells [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-4/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) Leadless test cell using the innovative PAT-Core concept. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PAT-Cell-Press_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) ## [PAT-Cell-Press](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) Pressure test cell for measuring gas evolution and drawing gas samples [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press/) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Connect-16](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-connect-16/) **Published:** February 14, 2017 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Connect Adapter Box enables flexible wiring connections with Sub-D connectors for auxiliary signals—bench, wall, or PAT-Chamber mounting. **Content:** # **PAT-Connect-16** ##### Adapter box for flexible wiring connections [Request a quote](#quote) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Produktdetail_PAT-Connect-16_440.webp) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Produktdetail_PAT-Connect-16_Chamber_440.webp) # **PAT-Connect-16** ##### Adapter box for flexible wiring connections - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Produktdetail_PAT-Connect-16_440.webp) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Produktdetail_PAT-Connect-16_Chamber_440.webp) [Product overview](#overview)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) - [Features](#1495192474224-c12709ee-f1e7) - [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) - [Manual](#1498808146424-05d95834-2e2b) #### [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) ### Product description The PAT-Connect-16 is an intermediate box between the PAT-Stand-16 / PAT-Chamber-16 and your potentiostat / battery tester. It enables flexible rewiring in order to switch between operation modes (full cell, cathode half cell, anode half cell) without manipulating the cable connection between adapter box and stand / chamber. **Schematic view of a connected PAT-Stand-16 and PAT-Chamber-16 with PAT-Connect-16 for flexible wiring** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Verbindungsschema_PAT-Connect-16-1024x432.png "Verbindungsschema_PAT-Connect-16 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Verbindungsschema_PAT-Connect-16.png) #### [Features](#1495192474224-c12709ee-f1e7) ### Features Easy-to-access banana sockets for plug-in of the cell cables of the battery tester / potentiostat (sockets available for WE, WE-Sense, RE, CE, CE-Sense, and GND) Sub-D Connector for optional auxiliary signals: buffered half cell voltages, temperature, sensor signals Available as modular box (PAT-Connect-16) to be placed on the bench or fixed on the wall, or as an attachment on top of the PAT-Chamber-16 (PAT-Connect-16 C) **Schematic view of the PAT-Connect-16 connections** [![PAT-Connect adapter box for flexible wiring connections](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Wiring_PAT-Connect-16.png "Wiring_PAT-Connect-16 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Wiring_PAT-Connect-16.png) #### [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) ### Specifications [![PAT-Connect adapter box dimensions diagram and measurements](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Abmessungen_PAT-Connect-16.png "Abmessungen_PAT-Connect-16 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Abmessungen_PAT-Connect-16.png) PAT-Connect-16 Height 106 mm Width 334 mm Depth 195 mm [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![Dimensions diagram of PAT-Connect C adapter box](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Abmessungen_PAT-Connect-16-C.png "Abmessungen_PAT-Connect-16-C | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Abmessungen_PAT-Connect-16-C.png) PAT-Connect-16 C Height 75 mm Width 350 mm Depth 177 mm [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manual](#1498808146424-05d95834-2e2b) ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Connect-16_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/4431/)PAT-Connect-16 User Manual Release 1.4 Date January 2024 Type PDF Size 1.0 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4431/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The PAT-Connect-16 is an intermediate box between the PAT-Stand-16 / PAT-Chamber-16 and your potentiostat/battery tester. It enables flexible rewiring to switch between operation modes (full cell, cathode half cell, anode half cell) without manipulating the cable connection between the adapter box and the stand/chamber. ## PAT-Connect-16 Overview Features Easy-to-access banana sockets for plug-in of the cell cables of the battery tester / potentiostat (sockets available for WE, WE-Sense, RE, CE, CE-Sense, and GND) Sub-D Connector for optional auxiliary signals: buffered half cell voltages, temperature, sensor signals Available as modular box (PAT-Connect-16) to be placed on the bench or fixed on the wall, or as an attachment on top of the PAT-Chamber-16 (PAT-Connect-16 C) **Schematic view of the PAT-Connect-16 connections** [![PAT-Connect-16 wiring adapter box for flexible connections](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Wiring_PAT-Connect-16.png "Wiring_PAT-Connect-16 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Wiring_PAT-Connect-16.png) Specifications PAT-Connect-16 Height 106 mm Width 334 mm Depth 195 mm [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") PAT-Connect-16 C Height 75 mm Width 350 mm Depth 177 mm [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Connect-16_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/4431/)PAT-Connect-16 User Manual Release 1.4 Date January 2024 Type PDF Size 1.0 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4431/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Gallery [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/EL-CELL_PAT-Connect-16_Gallery_02-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/EL-CELL_PAT-Connect-16_Gallery_02.jpg) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/EL-CELL_PAT-Connect-16_Gallery_05-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/EL-CELL_PAT-Connect-16_Gallery_05.jpg) Wired PAT-Connect-16 mounted on a PAT-Chamber-16 [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/EL-CELL_PAT-Connect-16_Gallery_04-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/EL-CELL_PAT-Connect-16_Gallery_04.jpg) PAT-Stand-16 and PAT-Connect-16 ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [AGB](https://www.el-cell.com/terms/) **Published:** November 10, 2017 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** EL-CELL General Terms of Business: provisions on orders, liability limits, jurisdiction, applicable law, data privacy, and severability clauses. **Content:** # Terms of Business / Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen [English Version](#en)[Deutsche Fassung](#de) Type Size Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen pdf 0.2 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2892/)General terms of business pdf 0.3 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2890/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") # General Terms of Business ### I. General Provisions 1\. Mutual written declarations shall be applicable for the scope of supplies or services (hereinafter: Supplies). EL–CELL GmbH (hereinafter: EL–Cell) exclusively performs supplies or services based on the present General Terms of Business. Customer‘s deviating, conflicting or supplementary general terms of business shall not apply even in case of notification by EL–Cell unless expressly agreed in writing. The present General Terms of Business apply for corporate clients (§14 BGB – German Civil Code). 2\. Upon conclusion of the purchase contract, Customer also agrees to receive electronic messages from EL-Cell, such as e-mails for invitations to trade fairs, for product presentations, etc. Customer shall be entitled at any time to revoke this service with EL-Cell without notification of reasons and without keeping a term. ### II. Quotations/Supplies 1\. Quotations and cost estimates of EL-Cell are subject to change. Orders of shall only be deemed to be accepted by EL-Cell if they have been executed or are confirmed in writing. 2\. Tolerances of dimension, weight or performance, technical or design changes as well as deviations of brochures and other documents in the course of technical progress shall be reserved. They shall be accepted by the Customer unless they are fundamental and if they are reasonable for the Customer. 3\. Partial supplies shall be allowed as far as they are acceptable for the Customer. If a partial delivery extends to more than two weeks, EL-Cell shall further have the right to invoice the delivered products. ### III. Prices and Terms of Payment 1\. Prices shall be ex works (EXW, according to Incoterms), exclusive packaging, red inspection and maintenance work) plus the respectively applicable statutory value added tax (VAT). 2\. If EL-Cell has taken over the installation or mounting and unless otherwise agreed upon, Customer shall bear – aside from the stipulated compensation – all required additional expenses, (e.g. travel costs, costs for transporting the tools). 3\. Payments shall be made free EL-Cell-EL-Cell‘s point of payment. Date of required payment: net, 30 days after date of invoice, or according to agreement. 4\. Customer may only set off with receivables which are uncontested or legally binding. Customer shall be entitled to exercise a right of retention insofar as his counterclaim relies on the same contractual relationship. 5\. In case the Customer does not meet it’s obligation to pay or circumstances arise which cause major doubts in the Customer’s liquidity or creditworthiness, EL-Cell is entitled to call due the remainder of the debt or demand a reasonable security deposit. ### IV. Retention of title 1\. EL-Cell shall reserve the ownership and title in all delivered goods until the Customer has paid all current and future incurred claims from the business connection. The retention of title shall also include spare or replacement parts such as motors, control devices etc., even if they are installed and if they become essential component parts thereby as defined by § 93 BGB (German Civil Code). In performing the check/bill of exchange procedure, retention of title shall continue to exist even after check payment until release from the liability under bills of exchange. In case of a current account relationship (business connection), EL-Cell shall reserve ownership until the receipt of all payments under the existing current account relationship; this reservation shall relate to the acknowledged balance; in these cases, the provisions of this Article shall apply analogously. 2\. In case of Customer‘s conduct in violation of the contract, especially in case of default of payment, EL-Cell shall be entitled to take back the goods after an unsuccessfully expired, reasonable period of time. The mere retraction shall be considered a rescission from the contract only if a reasonable due date for performance which EL-Cell had set passed unsuccessful and if the rescission has been explicitly declared. Customer shall bear the costs (especially transport costs) incurred by EL-Cell due to such retraction. EL-Cell shall furthermore be entitled to prohibit Customer from any further sale or processing of the goods delivered under retention of title and to revoke the right of direct debiting service (Number 5). Only after complete payment of the purchase price and all costs, Customer may demand delivery of the goods which have been taken back without explicit declaration of rescission. 3\. Customer shall be obligated to treat the goods with care (including any required inspection and maintenance work). 4\. Customer may neither pledge, nor assign as security, nor transfer the delivery object and the debts claims applicable for it. In case of distress or other interventions by third parties, the Customer shall immediately notify EL-Cell so that he can bring action according to § 771 ZPO (German Code of Civil Procedure). Customer shall bear any costs of this action which remain despite EL-Cell winning the legal action according to § 771 ZPO. 5\. In the proper course of business, the Customer shall be entitled to further sell, process or mix the purchased goods; however, Customer shall now already assign to EL-Cell all claims from further sale, processing, mixing or for other legal reasons (especially insurances or unlawful act) in the amount of the final amount of the stipulated invoice (including value-added tax). If the delivered goods are sold further together with other goods which do not belong to the Customer, the Customer shall assign to EL-Cell the resulting receivables in the amount of the stipulated gross price. Even after the assignment, Customer shall remain entitled to collect these receivables, without affecting EL-Cell‘s right to collect the receivables himself. EL-Cell shall agree, however, not to collect the receivables as long as the Customer meets the payment obligations from the proceeds collected, as long as Customer is not in default of payment, and as long as there is no application for the institution of bankruptcy proceedings or any stoppage of payment. If this is the case, however, Customer shall advise upon request about the receivables assigned and the debtors; Customer shall provide all information required for collection, hand over the pertinent Documents and inform the debtor (third party) of the assignment. 6\. Retention of title shall also extend to the full value of those products which are created by processing or modification of the delivered goods. If the ownership rights of third parties remain in existence during the processing or conversion with their goods, Customer shall grant EL-Cell co-ownership in relation to the objective value of these goods; it shall be agreed now already that Customer will carefully safeguard the goods for EL-Cell in this case. If the conditional goods are combined with other movable goods to homogeneous goods or inseparably mixed and if the other goods are to be considered as the principal thing, Customer shall grant EL-Cell proportionate co-ownership as far as the principal thing is his; Customer shall safeguard the resulting (co-)ownership for EL-Cell. The same shall otherwise apply for goods resulting in this manner as for those delivered under retention of title. 7\. Customer shall also assign to EL-Cell the claims for safeguarding EL-Cell’s claims which arise against a third party due to the connection of the delivery objects with a piece of real estate. 8\. The securities to which EL-Cell is entitled shall not be taken into account as far as the estimated value of the securities exceed by 50% the nominal value of the receivables to be secured; it shall be EL-Cell‘s decision which securities are released in this respect. 9\. As far as the validity of the retention of title in the destination country is tied to special prerequisites or special requirements of form, Customer shall take care that they will be complied with. ### V. Delivery Periode, Default 1\. Compliance with the delivery periods shall require the on-time receipt of all Documents to be supplied by the Customer, the required permits and releases, especially of plans, as well as compliance with the stipulated payment terms and other obligations by the Customer. If these prerequisites are not complied within due time, the periods shall be reasonably extended; this shall not apply if EL-Cell is responsible for the delay. For the rest said delivery periods shall be binding only if they are expressly confirmed by EL-Cell in writing. 2\. Upon occurrence of unforeseeable obstacles which are outside of EL-Cell‘s sphere of influence and which EL-Cell had been unable to avert – despite the diligence reasonably to be expected according to the circumstances of the case – regardless of whether they occur with EL-Cell or his subcontractor – such as force majeure (e.g. war, mobilization, riots, fire and natural disasters), delays in the delivery of essential preliminary products and raw materials, etc. – EL-Cell shall be entitled to rescind the delivery contract entirely or in parts or extend the delivery period by the duration of the obstacle. EL-Cell shall have the same rights in case of strike or lock-outs at his facilities or his subcontractors. EL-Cell shall notify the Customer immediately of such circumstances. Under these circumstances contractual penalties shall not be forfeited. In case of rescission EL-Cell shall reimburse said provided consideration without delay. 3\. Proper and on-time self-delivery shall be reserved. Customer shall be notified of any delays promptly. As far as EL-Cell is not supplied correctly or on-time by his suppliers and if EL-Cell is not responsible for it, the time of performance shall be shifted by a corresponding period of time. In this case, EL–Cell can also optionally declare rescission from the contract with regard to the items not delivered. As far as allowed under competitive law, EL–Cell shall assign to the Customer his claims against the subcontractor for the non–contractual supply. Under these circumstances contractual penalties shall not be forfeited. In case of rescission EL–Cell shall reimburse said provided consideration without delay. 4\. In case of default of delivery, Customer can rescind the contract after an unsuccessfully expired, reasonable period; in the event that performance is impossible, Customer shall have this right even without setting a period of time. 5\. Upon EL-Cell‘s request, Customer shall be obligated to declare within a reasonable period of time whether he rescinds the contract due to the delay in delivery or insists on the supply. 6\. If shipment or delivery is delayed upon the Customer‘s request by more than one month after notification of the readiness for shipment, Customer can be charged – for every month started – for storage in the amount of 0.5 % of the price of the objects of the deliveries; however, a total of 5% at maximum. EL-Cell shall be free to prove higher damage or expenditures; Customer shall be free to prove that no damage or expenditures were incurred or only considerably lower damage or expenditures. ### VI. Passing of Risk 1\. Even with freight-free delivery, the risk shall pass to the Customer as follows: a) For supplies without installation or mounting when they were brought to shipment or have been picked up. At the Customer‘s request and costs, supplies shall be insured by EL-Cell against the usual transport risks; b) For supplies with installation or mounting on the day of acceptance in own facility or, as far as stipulated, following proper trial operation. 2\. If the shipment is delayed or precluded without EL-Cell’s fault, the risk shall pass to the Customer as of notification of readiness for shipment. 3\. If the Customer is in default of acceptance, the risk shall pass to the Customer. ### VII. Installation and Mounting Unless otherwise agreed upon in writing or unless special mounting conditions are included, the following provisions shall apply for installation and mounting: 1\. Customer shall accept at his own expense and provide on time: a) All earthworks, construction work and other side work from outside the industry, including the correspondingly required skilled workers and unskilled workers, construction materials and tools; b) the necessary items and materials required for mounting and commissioning, such as scaffolding, hoisting equipment and other devices, fuels and lubricants; c) energy and water at the application site, including the connections, heating and lighting; d) at the place of mounting, sufficiently large, suitable, dry and lockable rooms for storing machine parts, apparatuses, materials, tools, etc.; and for the mounting personnel suitable workrooms and common rooms, including sanitary installations which are reasonable for the circumstances; Customer shall otherwise take measures for the protection of the property of EL-Cell and the mounting personnel at the construction site which Customer would take to protect his own property; e) Protective clothing and protective devices which are required due to special circumstances at the place of mounting. 2\. Prior to the beginning of the mounting work, Customer shall provide – without being requested to do so – the necessary information about the location of concealed power, gas, water lines or similar installations as well as the required information on statics. 3\. Prior to the beginning of the installation or mounting, the provisions and items required for commencing the work shall be at the place of installation or mounting, and all preliminary work must have progressed so far, prior to the beginning of the setup, that the installation or mounting can be started according to agreement and be performed without interruption. Approach roads and the place of installation or mounting must be levelled and cleared. 4\. If installation, mounting or commissioning is delayed due to circumstances which EL-Cell is not responsible for, Customer shall bear to a reasonable extent the costs for the waiting period and additionally required traveling by the mounting personnel. 5\. Customer shall weekly and immediately certify the duration of work by the mounting personnel as well as the termination of the installation, mounting or commissioning. 6\. If EL-Cell demands acceptance of the delivery after completion, Customer shall provide same within two weeks. If this is not done, the acceptance is deemed to have been effected. With request of acceptance EL-Cell will indicate the Customer the consequences of his silence. Acceptance shall also be deemed to have been effected if the supply has been taken into use– possibly after conclusion of a stipulated test phase – by Customer. EL-Cell will indicate the Customer the consequences of his silence. ### VIII. Test Run/Test Version 1\. A test run can be agreed upon with EL-Cell. For this purpose EL-Cell supplies test equipment to the Customer. EL-Cell explicitly points out that test equipment is provided exclusively to that purpose that enables the Customer to evaluate his desired application. EL-Cell only warrants the technical data which are specified in the product documentation (e.g. data sheet, quotation, manual) provided that the basic conditions described therein are observed. EL-Cell grants no warranty that the test equipment is qualified for the desired purpose and/or a special application by the Customer unless it is confirmed by EL-Cell in writing. 2\. It is the Customer’s duty to perform the test run observing ordinary care and under the conditions of the real application. The Customer is obliged to verify whether the test equipment is suitable for his application and the desired purpose. 3\. If the Customer decides to purchase a product from EL-Cell, EL-Cell is not liable that the purpose/result (e.g. savings) occurs which is desired by the Customer unless EL-Cell has confirmed this in writing and/or EL-Cell is liable for Customer’s damage. ### IX. Warranty EL-Cell shall be liable as follows for defects in delivery as far as Customer is a merchant, but only in case of proper compliance with the obligations of examination and objections under § 377 HGB (German Commercial Code) (the complaint shall be made in writing): 1\. Customer may not reject receipt of supplies because of petite defects. 2\. As far as a defect of the purchased goods is concerned, EL–Cell shall be entitled, at his option, to either remedy the defect or to deliver non–defective goods (subsequent performance). Prerequisite shall be that a not insignificant defect is concerned. Should one of the two or both types of this subsequent performance be impossible or unreasonable, EL-Cell shall be entitled to refuse it. 3\. Should the subsequent performance indicated in paragraph 2 be impossible or should it fail, the Customer shall have the optional right to either reduce the purchase price accordingly or to rescind the contract according to the statutory provisions; this shall apply especially in case of culpable delay or refusal of subsequent performance, also if it is unsuccessful for a second time. 4\. No warranty shall be accepted for damages due to the following reasons: Unsuitable or improper use; faulty mounting by the Customer and/or third parties; natural wear; faulty or negligent handling by the Customer and/or third parties; unsuitable operating materials; deficient construction work; unsuitable subsoil; substitute materials; chemical, electrochemical or electrical influences (as far as EL–Cell is not responsible for them); any modifications or repair work on the part of Customer or third parties which are improper and have been carried out without prior approval by EL–Cell. 5\. Any claims for defects shall be statute–barred in one year after delivery of the purchased goods. The statutory limitation shall be 5 years for a product which has been used according to its usual application for a building and has caused its defectiveness. 6\. Warranties and guarantees shall only be given effectively if EL–Cell grants them explicitly and in writing. In particular, EL–Cell is not liable that the purpose/result (e.g. savings) occurs which is desired by the Customer unless EL–Cell has confirmed this in writing. ### X. Industrial Property Rights and Copyrights; Rights of Use 1\. EL-Cell shall reserve the unlimited exploitation rights, ownership rights and copyrights in cost estimates, drawings and other documents (hereinafter: Documents). The Documents may only be made accessible to third parties after prior consent by EL-Cell and if EL-Cell is not awarded the contract they shall be returned to EL-Cell immediately upon request. This shall apply analogously for Documents of the Customer; however, they may be made accessible to those third parties to which EL-Cell admissibly transferred Supplies. 2\. EL-Cell is owner or authorized by the owner of all rights of the software/programs covered by this contract. The Customer has the non-exclusive right to use the software/program with the agreed performance in unaltered form using the agreed devices (license). The Customer is entitled to carry out data backup and to make the required backup-copies according to the acknowledged state-of-the-art. The Customer is not entitled to modify or remove existing copyright notes. The license does not include any right for the Customer to edit or modify the software/program. 3\. Unless otherwise agreed upon, EL-Cell shall be obligated to render delivery free from industrial property rights and copyrights of third parties (hereinafter: industrial property rights) only in the country of the place of delivery. In case a third party raises justified claims versus the Customer due to the infringement of industrial property rights due to contractually used Supplies rendered by EL-Cell, EL-Cell shall be liable to the Customer within the period determined in Article IX No. 5, as follows: a) At his option and at his costs, EL-Cell shall obtain either a use right for the Supplies concerned, or change them so that the industrial property right will not be infringed, or replace them. If he is unable to do so at reasonable conditions,Customer shall be entitled to the statutory right of rescission or reduction. b) The above–mentioned obligations shall only exist as far as Customer immediately notifies EL–Cell in writing about the claims lodged by the third party, does not admit an infringement, and if all defense measures and settlement negotiations shall be reserved for EL–Cell. If the Customer stops using the Supply for reasons of mitigation of damage or other important reasons, he shall be obligated to indicate to the third party that stopping the use is not connected with an admission of an infringement of an industrial property right. 4\. Claims by the Customer shall be excluded as far as he alone is responsible for the infringement of the industrial property right. 5\. Claims by the Customer shall be further excluded as far as the infringement of the industrial property right is caused by specific requirements of the Customer, by an application not foreseeable by EL-Cell, or due to the fact that the supply was changed by the Customer or used together with products not supplied by EL-Cell. ### XI. Liability 1\. EL-Cell shall be liable for deliberate and grossly negligent violation of obligations as well as for violation of substantial contractual obligations (cardinal obligations) in case of slight negligence. In the latter case EL-Cell’s liability shall be limited to the damage typically foreseeable at the conclusion of the contract. 2\. EL-Cell is not liable in case of slightly negligent violations of minor contractual obligations. 3\. There shall be no restriction with regard to legal liability in case of injury of life or according to the *Produkthaftungsgesetz* (Product Liability Law). The exclusion and limitation of EL-Cell’s liability shall also apply for EL-Cell’s legal representatives and vicarious agents. 4\. EL-Cell is liable for the loss of data only, even if it had not been avoidable by reasonable measures of data backup and it is not caused by disturbances and influences of third parties. ### XII. Place of Performance, Place of Jurisdiction, Applicable Law and Distribution of the Burden of Proof, Privacy of Data and AGG 1\. Place of performance shall be the place of shipment (place of works or storage). 2\. For any disputes resulting directly or indirectly from the contractual relationship, the place of jurisdiction shall be EL-Cell‘s place of business as far as the Customer is also a business person, a legal entity under public law or special assets under public law. However, EL-Cell shall also be entitled to bring action at other allowed places of jurisdiction as well. 3\. For the legal relationships in connection with this contract, German law shall apply with the exclusion of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) as well as the conflict of laws of the EGBGB (Introductory Law to the German Civil Code). 4\. EL–Cell shall handle all of the Customer‘s data exclusively for the purposes of business transactions and according to the requirements of the respectively valid provisions on the privacy of data. All terms and definitions shall be neutral in gender. ### XIII. Severability Clause Should individual provisions of these conditions be or become entirely or partly invalid or void, the effectiveness of the remaining provisions shall remain unaffected thereby. EL–Cell GmbH Tempowerkring 8 21079 HAMBURG Germany Phone: +49 40 79012–734 Fax: +49 40 79012–736 E-mail: info@el–cell.com Web: el–cell.com Hamburg HRB 112390 VAT no. DE270322241 # AGB # Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen ### I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen Für den Umfang der Lieferungen oder Leistungen (im Folgenden: Lieferungen) sind die beiderseitigen schriftlichen Erklärungen maßgebend. EL-CELL GmbH (im Folgenden: EL-Cell) erbringt alle Lieferungen und Leistungen ausschließlich auf der Grundlage dieser Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen. Abweichende, entgegenstehende oder ergänzende Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen des Kunden werden selbst bei Kenntnis nicht Vertragsbestandteil, es sei denn EL-Cell hat ihrer Geltung ausdrücklich schriftlich zugestimmt. Diese Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen von EL-Cell gelten gegenüber Unternehmern (§14 BGB). Mit dem Kaufvertragsabschluss erklärt sich der Kunde auch einverstanden, von uns elektronische Nachrichten wie E-Mails zur Einladung für Messen, zur Produktvorstellung etc. zu erhalten. Der Kunde ist jederzeit berechtigt, diesen Service ohne die Nennung von Gründen und ohne Einhaltung einer Frist gegenüber EL-Cell zu widerrufen. ### II. Angebote/Lieferung Die Angebote und Kostenvoranschläge EL-Cells sind freibleibend. Bestellungen gelten erst dann als von EL-Cell angenommen, wenn sie von EL-Cell ausgeliefert oder schriftlich bestätigt sind. Maß-, Gewichts- und Leistungstoleranzen, technische Änderungen oder Modellwechsel sowie Abweichungen von Prospekten und anderen schriftlichen Unterlagen im Zuge des technischen Fortschritts bleiben vorbehalten und sind zulässig, soweit es sich nicht um wesentliche Änderungen handelt und diese dem Kunden zumutbar sind. Teillieferungen sind zulässig, soweit sie dem Kunden zumutbar sind. Erstreckt sich die Teillieferung über mehr als zwei Wochen, ist EL-Cell berechtigt, Teilrechnungen über die bereits gelieferte Ware zu stellen. ### III. Preise und Zahlungsbedingungen Die Preise verstehen sich ab Werk (EXW, gemäß Incoterms) ausschließlich Verpackung zuzüglich der jeweils geltenden gesetzlichen Umsatzsteuer. Hat EL-Cell die Aufstellung oder Montage übernommen und ist nicht etwas anderes vereinbart, so trägt der Kunde neben der vereinbarten Vergütung alle anfallenden Nebenkosten (bspw. Reisekosten, Kosten für den Transport des Handwerkszeugs). Zahlungen sind frei Zahlstelle von EL-Cell zu leisten. Zahlungsziel: 30 Tage nach Rechnungszugang netto oder gemäß Vereinbarung. Der Kunde kann nur mit solchen Forderungen aufrechnen, die unbestritten oder rechtskräftig festgestellt sind. Zur Ausübung eines Zurückbehaltungsrechts ist der Kunde insoweit befugt, als sein Gegenanspruch auf dem gleichen Vertragsverhältnis beruht. Kommt der Kunde seinen Zahlungsverpflichtungen nicht nach oder werden Umstände bekannt, die schwerwiegende Zweifel an der Zahlungsfähigkeit oder Kreditwürdigkeit des Kunden begründen, ist EL-Cell berechtigt, die Restschuld fällig zu stellen oder eine angemessene Sicherheitsleistung zu verlangen. ### IV. Eigentumsvorbehalt EL-Cell behält sich das Eigentum an sämtlichen gelieferten Waren vor, bis der Kunde alle gegenwärtigen und zukünftig entstehenden Forderungen aus der Geschäftsverbindung bezahlt hat. Der Eigentumsvorbehalt erfasst auch Ersatz- oder Austauschteile wie z.B. Motoren, Steuergeräte etc., selbst dann, wenn sie eingebaut werden und wenn sie dadurch wesentliche Bestandteile i.S.v. § 93 BGB werden. Bei Durchführung des Scheck-Wechsel-Verfahrens besteht der Eigentumsvorbehalt auch nach der Scheckzahlung bis zur Entlassung aus der Wechselhaftung fort. Im Falle eines Kontokorrentverhältnisses (Geschäftsverbindung) behält sich EL-Cell das Eigentum bis zum Eingang aller Zahlungen aus dem bestehenden Kontokorrentverhältnis vor; der Vorbehalt bezieht sich auf den anerkannten Saldo; in diesen Fällen gelten die Regelungen dieses Artikels entsprechend. Bei vertragswidrigem Verhalten des Kunden, insbesondere bei Zahlungsverzug, ist EL-Cell berechtigt, nach fruchtloser Fristsetzung die Ware zurückzunehmen. In der bloßen Rücknahme ist ein Rücktritt vom Vertrag nur dann zu sehen, wenn eine von EL-Cell gesetzte angemessene Frist zur Leistung fruchtlos verstrichen und der Rücktritt ausdrücklich erklärt ist. Die EL-Cell durch die Rücknahme entstehenden Kosten (insb. Transportkosten) gehen zu Lasten des Kunden. EL-Cell ist ferner berechtigt, dem Kunden jede Weiterveräußerung oder Verarbeitung, Verbindung oder Vermischung der unter Eigentumsvorbehalt gelieferten Waren zu untersagen und die Einzugsermächtigung (Nummer 5) zu widerrufen. Die Auslieferung der ohne ausdrückliche Rücktrittserklärung zurückgenommenen Waren kann der Kunde erst nach restloser Zahlung des Kaufpreises und aller Kosten verlangen. Der Kunde ist verpflichtet, die Waren pfleglich zu behandeln (inkl. erforderlicher Inspektions- und Wartungsarbeiten). Der Kunde darf den Liefergegenstand und die an seine Stelle tretenden Forderungen weder verpfänden bzw. zur Sicherung übereignen noch abtreten. Bei Pfändungen oder sonstigen Eingriffen Dritter hat der Kunde EL-Cell unverzüglich schriftlich zu benachrichtigen, damit diese Klage gem. § 771 ZPO erheben kann. Die EL-Cell trotz eines Obsiegens im Rechtsstreit nach § 771 ZPO verbleibenden Kosten hat der Kunde zu tragen. Der Kunde ist berechtigt, die Kaufsache im ordentlichen Geschäftsgang weiterzuverkaufen, zu verarbeiten oder zu vermischen; dabei tritt er EL-Cell jedoch bereits jetzt alle Forderungen aus der Weiterveräußerung, der Verarbeitung, der Vermischung oder aus sonstigen Rechtsgründen (insb. aus Versicherungen oder unerlaubten Handlungen) in Höhe des vereinbarten Faktura-Endbetrages (inkl. Mehrwertsteuer) ab. Wird die gelieferte Ware zusammen mit anderen Sachen, die dem Kunden nicht gehören, weiter veräußert, tritt der Kunde die daraus entstehenden Forderungen an EL-Cell in Höhe des vereinbarten Brutto-Preises ab. Zur Einziehung dieser Forderungen bleibt der Kunde auch nach der Abtretung befugt, wobei die Befugnis von EL-Cell, die Forderung selbst einzuziehen, unberührt bleibt. EL-Cell verpflichtet sich jedoch, die Forderung nicht einzuziehen, solange der Kunde seinen Zahlungsverpflichtungen aus den vereinnahmten Erlösen nachkommt, nicht in Zahlungsverzug ist, und kein Antrag auf Eröffnung eines Insolvenzverfahrens gestellt ist oder Zahlungseinstellung vorliegt Ist dies aber der Fall, hat der Kunde auf Verlangen die abgetretenen Forderungen und die Schuldner bekannt zu geben, alle zum Einzug erforderlichen Angaben zu machen, die dazugehörigen Unterlagen auszuhändigen und dem Schuldner (Dritten) die Abtretung mitzuteilen. Der Eigentumsvorbehalt erstreckt sich auch auf die durch Verarbeitung oder Umbildung der gelieferten Ware entstehenden Erzeugnisse zu deren vollem Wert. Bleibt bei einer Verarbeitung oder Umbildung mit Waren Dritter deren Eigentumsrecht bestehen, so räumt der Kunde EL-Cell Miteigentum im Verhältnis der objektiven Werte dieser Waren ein; dabei wird bereits jetzt vereinbart, dass der Kunde in diesem Falle die Ware sorgfältig für EL-Cell verwahrt. Wird die Vorbehaltsware mit anderen beweglichen Sachen zu einer einheitlichen Sache verbunden oder untrennbar vermischt und ist die andere Sache als Hauptsache anzusehen, überträgt der Kunde EL-Cell anteilsmäßig Miteigentum, soweit die Hauptsache ihm gehört; der Kunde verwahrt das entstandene (Mit-)Eigentum für EL-Cell. Für so entstehende Sachen gilt im Übrigen das gleiche wie für die unter Eigentumsvorbehalt gelieferten. Der Kunde tritt EL-Cell auch die Forderungen zur Sicherung der EL-Cell-Forderungen gegen ihn ab, die durch die Verbindung der Liefergegenstände mit einem Grundstück gegen einen Dritten erwachsen. Die EL-Cell zustehenden Sicherheiten werden insoweit nicht erfasst, als der Schätzwert der Sicherheiten den Nennwert der zu sichernden Forderungen um 50 % übersteigt; welche Sicherheiten frei wurden, obliegt dabei der Entscheidung von EL-Cell. Soweit die Gültigkeit des Eigentumsvorbehalts im Bestimmungsland an besondere Voraussetzungen oder besondere Formvorschriften geknüpft ist, hat der Kunde für deren Erfüllung Sorge zu tragen. ### V. Fristen für Lieferungen, Verzug Die Einhaltung von Fristen für Lieferungen setzt den rechtzeitigen Eingang sämtlicher vom Kunde zu liefernden Unterlagen, erforderlichen Genehmigungen und Freigaben, insbesondere von Plänen, sowie die Einhaltung der vereinbarten Zahlungsbedingungen und sonstigen Verpflichtungen durch den Kunde voraus. Werden diese Voraussetzungen nicht rechtzeitig erfüllt, so verlängern sich die Fristen angemessen; dies gilt nicht, wenn EL-Cell die Verzögerung zu vertreten hat. Im Übrigen sind genannte Termine nur verbindlich, wenn sie von EL-Cell ausdrücklich schriftlich bestätigt wurden. Beim Eintritt unvorhergesehener Hindernisse, die außerhalb des Einflussbereichs EL-Cells liegen und die EL-Cell trotz der nach den Umständen des Falles zumutbaren Sorgfalt nicht abwenden konnte – gleichviel, ob sie bei EL-Cell oder deren Unterlieferanten eintreten – etwa höhere Gewalt (z.B. Krieg, Mobilmachung, Aufruhr, Feuer und Naturkatastrophen), Verzögerungen in der Anlieferung wesentlicher Vorprodukte und Rohstoffe usw. – ist EL-Cell berechtigt, vom Liefervertrag ganz oder teilweise zurückzutreten oder die Lieferzeit um die Dauer des Hindernisses zu verlängern. Die gleichen Rechte stehen EL-Cell im Falle von Streik oder Aussperrungen bei EL-Cell oder deren Vorlieferanten zu. EL-Cell wird solche Umstände dem Kunden unverzüglich mitteilen. Eine ggf. vereinbarte Vertragsstrafe gilt unter diesen Umständen als nicht verwirkt. Im Falle des Rücktritts durch EL-Cell wird diese bereits erbrachte Gegenleistungen des Kunden unverzüglich zurückerstatten. Richtige und rechtzeitige Selbstbelieferung ist vorbehalten. Verzögerungen werden dem Kunden unverzüglich mitgeteilt. Sofern EL-Cell von seinen Zulieferern nicht richtig oder rechtzeitig beliefert wird und EL-Cell dies nicht zu vertreten hat, verschiebt sich die Leistungszeit um einen entsprechenden Zeitraum. Wahlweise kann EL-Cell in diesem Fall hinsichtlich der nicht gelieferten Sachen auch den Rücktritt vom Vertrag erklären. Sofern wettbewerbsrechtlich zulässig, wird EL-Cell dem Kunden seine Ansprüche gegen den Zulieferer wegen der nicht vertragsgemäßen Lieferung abtreten. Eine ggf. zwischen EL-Cell und dem Kunden vereinbarte Vertragsstrafe gilt unter diesen Umständen als nicht verwirkt. EL-Cell wird dem Kunden bereits erbrachte Gegenleistungen unverzüglich zurückerstatten. Im Falle des Lieferverzuges kann der Kunde nach fruchtlos abgelaufener, angemessener Frist vom Vertrag zurücktreten; im Falle der Unmöglichkeit der Leistung steht ihm dieses Recht auch ohne Fristsetzung zu. Der Kunde ist verpflichtet, auf Verlangen von EL-Cell innerhalb einer angemessenen Frist zu erklären, ob er wegen der Verzögerung der Lieferung vom Vertrag zurücktritt oder auf die Lieferung besteht. Werden Versand oder Zustellung auf Wunsch des Kunden um mehr als einen Monat nach Anzeige der Versandbereitschaft verzögert, kann dem Kunden für jeden angefangenen Monat Lagergeld in Höhe von 0,5 % des Preises der Gegenstände der Lieferungen, höchstens jedoch insgesamt 5 %, berechnet werden. Der Nachweis einer höheren Schadens oder Aufwands steht EL-Cell frei; dem Kunden steht der Nachweis frei, dass kein oder ein wesentlich geringerer Schaden oder Aufwand entstanden ist. ### VI. Gefahrübergang Die Gefahr geht auch bei frachtfreier Lieferung wie folgt auf den Kunden über: a) bei Lieferungen ohne Aufstellung oder Montage, wenn sie zum Versand gebracht oder abgeholt worden sind. Auf Wunsch und Kosten des Kunden werden Lieferungen von EL-Cell gegen die üblichen Transportrisiken versichert; b) bei Lieferungen mit Aufstellung oder Montage am Tage der Übernahme in eigenen Betrieb oder, soweit vereinbart, nach einwandfreiem Probebetrieb. Wird der Versand ohne Verschulden von EL-Cell verzögert oder unmöglich gemacht, geht die Gefahr mit der Mitteilung der Versandbereitschaft auf den Kunden über. Befindet sich der Kunde in Annahmeverzug, geht die Gefahr auf ihn über. ### VII. Aufstellung und Montage Für die Aufstellung und Montage gelten, soweit nichts anderes schriftlich vereinbart ist oder besondere Montagebedingungen einbezogen werden, folgende Bestimmungen: Der Kunde hat auf seine Kosten zu übernehmen und rechtzeitig zu stellen: a) alle Erd-, Bau- und sonstigen branchenfremden Nebenarbeiten einschließlich der dazu benötigten Fach- und Hilfskräfte, Baustoffe und Werkzeuge, b) die zur Montage und Inbetriebsetzung erforderlichen Bedarfsgegenstände und Stoffe, wie Gerüste, Hebezeuge und andere Vorrichtungen, Brennstoffe und Schmiermittel, c) Energie und Wasser an der Verwendungsstelle einschließlich der Anschlüsse, Heizung und Beleuchtung, d) bei der Montagestelle für die Aufbewahrung der Maschinenteile, Apparaturen, Materialien, Werkzeuge usw. genügend große, geeignete, trockene und verschließbare Räume und für das Montagepersonal angemessene Arbeits- und Aufenthaltsräume einschließlich den Umständen angemessene sanitärer Anlagen; im Übrigen hat der Kunde zum Schutz des Besitzes von EL-Cell und desMontagepersonals auf der Baustelle die Maßnahmen zu treffen, die er zum Schutz des eigenen Besitzes ergreifen würde, e) Schutzkleidung und Schutzvorrichtungen, die infolge besonderer Umstände der Montagestelle erforderlich sind. Vor Beginn der Montagearbeiten hat der Kunde die nötigen Angaben über die Lage verdeckt geführter Strom-, Gas-, Wasserleitungen oder ähnlicher Anlagen sowie die erforderlichen statischen Angaben unaufgefordert zur Verfügung zu stellen. Vor Beginn der Aufstellung oder Montage müssen sich die für die Aufnahme der Arbeiten erforderlichen Beistellungen und Gegenstände an der Aufstellungs- oder Montagestelle befinden und alle Vorarbeiten vor Beginn des Aufbaues so weit fortgeschritten sein, dass die Aufstellung oder Montage vereinbarungsgemäß begonnen und ohne Unterbrechung durchgeführt werden kann. Anfuhrwege und der Aufstellungs- oder Montageplatz müssen geebnet und geräumt sein. Verzögern sich die Aufstellung, Montage oder Inbetriebnahme durch nicht von EL-Cell zu vertretende Umstände, so hat der Kunde in angemessenem Umfang die Kosten für Wartezeit und zusätzlich erforderliche Reisen des Montagepersonals zu tragen. Der Kunde hat wöchentlich die Dauer der Arbeitszeit des Montagepersonals sowie die Beendigung der Aufstellung, Montage oder Inbetriebnahme unverzüglich zu bescheinigen. Verlangt EL-Cell nach Fertigstellung die Abnahme der Lieferung, so hat sie der Kunde innerhalb von zwei Wochen vorzunehmen. Geschieht dies nicht, so gilt die Abnahme als erfolgt. EL-Cell wird den Kunden mit der Aufforderung zur Abnahme auf die Wirkungen seines Schweigens hinweisen. Die Abnahme gilt gleichfalls als erfolgt, wenn die Lieferung – gegebenenfalls nach Abschluss einer vereinbarten Testphase – durch den Kunden in Gebrauch genommen worden ist. EL-Cell wird den Kunden auf die Wirkungen seines Schweigens hinweisen. ### VIII. Probelauf/Testversion Mit EL-Cell kann ein Probelauf vereinbart werden. Zu diesem Zweck wird dem Kunden ein Testgerät geliefert. EL-Cell weist ausdrücklich darauf hin, dass die Testgeräte ausschließlich dem Zweck dienen, den Test der vom Kunden gewünschten Funktion zu ermöglichen. EL-Cell leistet hierbei nur Gewähr für die in der Produktdokumentation (insbesondere im Datenblatt, im Angebot, in der Betriebsanleitung) spezifizierten technischen Daten unter der Voraussetzung der Einhaltung der dort genannten Randbedingungen. EL-Cell übernimmt keine Gewähr dafür, dass die Testgeräte für den vom Kunden gewünschten Zweck und/oder eine bestimmte Anwendung des Kunden geeignet sind, es sei denn, EL-Cell hat hierfür ausdrücklich die Gewährleistung übernommen. Es obliegt dem Kunden, den Testlauf unter Beachtung der üblichen Sorgfalt und unter den realen Einsatzbedingungen durchzuführen und die Eignung der Testgeräte für seine Anwendung und den von ihm angestrebten Zweck zu prüfen. Entscheidet sich der Kunde zum Erwerb eines Produktes von EL-Cell, haftet EL-Cell nicht dafür, dass der vom Kunden gewünschte Zweck/Erfolg (bspw. Gewinneinsparungen) eintritt, es sei denn, EL-Cell hat diesen ausdrücklich zugesichert und/oder den beim Kunden entstandenen Schaden zu vertreten. ### IX. Gewährleistung Für Mängel der Lieferung haftet EL-Cell wie folgt, sofern der Kunde Kaufmann ist aber nur im Falle der ordnungsgemäßen Erfüllung der Untersuchungs- und Rügepflichten aus § 377 HGB (die Rüge hat dabei schriftlich zu erfolgen): Der Kunde darf die Annahme wegen unerheblicher Mängel nicht verweigern. Soweit ein Mangel der Kaufsache vorliegt, ist EL-Cell nach seiner Wahl zur Beseitigung des Mangels oder zur Lieferung einer mangelfreien Sache berechtigt (Nacherfüllung). Voraussetzung dafür ist, dass es sich um einen nicht unerheblichen Mangel handelt. Sollte eine der beiden oder beide Arten dieser Nacherfüllung unmöglich oder unverhältnismäßig sein, ist EL-Cell berechtigt, sie zu verweigern. Sollte die in Absatz 2 genannte Nacherfüllung unmöglich sein oder fehlschlagen, steht dem Kunden das Wahlrecht zu, entweder den Kaufpreis entsprechend herabzusetzen oder vom Vertrag nach den gesetzlichen Vorschriften zurückzutreten; dies gilt insbesondere bei der schuldhaften Verzögerung oder Verweigerung der Nacherfüllung, ebenso wenn diese zum zweiten Male misslingt. Es wird keine Gewähr für Schäden aus nachfolgenden Gründen übernommen: Ungeeignete oder unsachgemäße Verwendung, fehlerhafte Montage durch den Kunden und/oder Dritte, natürliche Abnutzung, fehlerhafte oder nachlässige Behandlung durch den Kunden und/oder Dritte, ungeeignete Betriebsmittel, mangelhafte Bauarbeiten, ungeeigneter Baugrund, Austauschwerkstoffe, chemische, elektrochemische oder elektrische Einflüsse (sofern sie nicht von EL-Cell zu vertreten sind), unsachgemäße und ohne vorherige Genehmigung durch EL-Cell erfolgte Änderungen oder Instandsetzungsarbeiten seitens des Kunden oder Dritter. Ansprüche wegen Mängeln verjähren in einem Jahr nach Ablieferung der Ware. Bei einer Sache, die entsprechend ihrer üblichen Verwendungsweise für ein Bauwerk verwendet worden ist und dessen Mangelhaftigkeit verursacht hat, tritt Verjährung erst nach 5 Jahren ein. Zusicherungen und Garantien sind nur dann wirksam abgegeben, wenn sie von EL-Cell ausdrücklich und schriftlich gewährt werden. Insbesondere haftet EL-Cell nicht dafür, dass der vom Kunden erstrebte Zweck/ Erfolg eintritt, es sei denn, EL-Cell hat den Erfolgseintritt ausdrücklich schriftlich zugesichert. ### X. Gewerbliche Schutzrechte und Urheberrechte; Nutzungsrechte An Kostenvoranschlägen, Zeichnungen und anderen Unterlagen (im Folgenden: Unterlagen) behält sich EL-Cell seine eigentums- und urheberrechtlichen Verwertungsrechte uneingeschränkt vor. Die Unterlagen dürfen nur nach vorheriger Zustimmung von EL-Cell Dritten zugänglich gemacht werden und sind, wenn der Auftrag EL-Cell nicht erteilt wird, diesem auf Verlangen unverzüglich zurückzugeben. Dies gilt entsprechend für Unterlagen des Kunden; diese dürfen jedoch solchen Dritten zugänglich gemacht werden, denen EL-Cell zulässigerweise Lieferungen übertragen hat. EL-Cell ist Rechtsinhaber der vertragsgegenständlichen Software/ Programme oder vom Rechtsinhaber zur Weiterveräußerung ermächtigt. Der Kunde erhält das nicht ausschließliche Recht zur Nutzung mit den vereinbarten Leistungsmerkmalen in unveränderter Form auf den vereinbarten Geräten (Lizenz). Der Kunde ist berechtigt, Datensicherungen nach den Regeln der Technik durchzuführen und die hierfür notwendigen Sicherungskopien anzufertigen. Der Kunde ist nicht berechtigt, bestehende Urheberrechtsvermerke zu verändern oder zu entfernen. Die Lizenz beinhaltet nicht die Berechtigung des Kunden zur Bearbeitung oder Umarbeitung des Programms. Sofern nichts anderes vereinbart, ist EL-Cell verpflichtet, die Lieferung lediglich im Land des Lieferorts frei von gewerblichen Schutzrechtenund Urheberrechten Dritter (im Folgenden: Schutzrechte) zu erbringen. Sofern ein Dritter wegen der Verletzung von Schutzrechten durch von EL-Cell erbrachte, vertragsgemäß genutzte Lieferungen gegen den Kunden berechtigte Ansprüche erhebt, haftet EL-Cell gegenüber dem Kunden innerhalb der in Artikel IX. 5. bestimmten Frist wie folgt: a) EL-Cell wird nach seiner Wahl und auf seine Kosten für die betreffenden Lieferungen entweder ein Nutzungsrecht erwirken, sie so ändern, dass das Schutzrecht nicht verletzt wird, oder austauschen. Ist ihm dies nicht zu angemessenen Bedingungen möglich, stehen dem Kunden die gesetzlichen Rücktritts- oder Minderungsrechte zu. b) Die vorstehend genannten Verpflichtungen bestehen nur, soweit der Kunde über die vom Dritten geltend gemachten Ansprüche EL-Cell unverzüglich schriftlich verständigt, eine Verletzung nicht anerkennt und EL-Cell alle Abwehrmaßnahmen und Vergleichsverhandlungen vorbehalten bleiben. Stellt der Kunde die Nutzung der Lieferung aus Schadensminderungs- oder sonstigen wichtigen Gründen ein, ist er verpflichtet, den Dritten darauf hinzuweisen, dass mit der Nutzungseinstellung kein Anerkenntnis einer Schutzrechtsverletzung verbunden ist. Ansprüche des Kunden sind ausgeschlossen, sofern er allein die Schutzrechtsverletzung zu vertreten hat. Ansprüche des Kunden sind ferner ausgeschlossen, soweit die Schutzrechtsverletzung durch spezielle Vorgaben des Kunden, durch eine von EL-Cell nicht voraussehbare Anwendung oder dadurch verursacht wird, dass die Lieferung vom Kunden verändert oder zusammen mit nicht von EL-Cell gelieferten Produkten eingesetzt wird. ### XI. Haftung EL-Cell haftet für vorsätzliche und grob fahrlässige Pflichtverletzungen sowie für die leicht fahrlässige Verletzung wesentlicher Vertragspflichten (Kardinalpflichten). Im letzteren Fall ist die Haftung von EL-Cell auf den bei Vertragsschluss typischerweise vorhersehbaren Schaden begrenzt. Bei leicht fahrlässiger Verletzung unwesentlicher Vertragspflichten haftet EL-Cell nicht. Die gesetzliche Haftung für Personenschäden und nach dem Produkthaftungsgesetz bleibt unberührt. Der Ausschluss und die Begrenzung der Haftung von EL-Cell wirken auch für seine gesetzlichen Vertreter und Erfüllungsgehilfen. Für den Verlust von Daten haftet EL-Cell nur, wenn dieser auch durch angemessene Datensicherungsmaßnahmen nicht vermeidbar gewesen wäre und er nicht auf Störungen oder Einflussnahmen Dritter entstanden ist. ### XII. Leistungsort, Gerichtsstand, anwendbares Recht und Beweislastverteilung, Datenschutz und AGG Leistungsort ist der Versandort (Werk- oder Lagerort). Alleiniger Gerichtsstand ist, wenn der Kunde auch Kaufmann, juristische Person des öffentlichen Rechts oder öffentlich rechtliches Sondervermögen ist, bei allen aus dem Vertragsverhältnis unmittelbar oder mittelbar sich ergebenden Streitigkeiten der Sitz EL-Cells. EL- Cell ist aber auch berechtigt, an anderen zulässigen Gerichtsständen zu klagen.Für die Rechtsbeziehungen im Zusammenhang mit diesem Vertrag gilt deutsches Recht unter Ausschluss des Übereinkommens der Vereinten Nationen über Verträge über den internationalen Warenkauf (CISG) sowie des Kollisionsrechts des EGBGB. EL-Cell behandelt alle Daten des Kunden ausschließlich zu Zwecken der Geschäftsabwicklung und nach den Vorgaben der jeweils gültigen Datenschutzbestimmungen. Alle verwendeten Begriffe sind geschlechtsneutral zu verstehen. ### XIII. Salvatorische Klausel Sollten einzelne Bestimmungen dieser Bedingungen ganz oder teilweise unwirksam oder nichtig sein oder werden, so bleibt die Wirksamkeit der übrigen Bestimmungen davon unberührt. EL-Cell GmbH Tempowerkring 8 21079 Hamburg Tel.: +49 40 79012-733 Fax: +49 40 79012-736 E-Mail: info@el-cell.com Web: el-cell.com Hamburg HRB 112390 UST-IdNr. DE270322241 --- ### [PAT-Stand-1 U](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u/) **Published:** January 9, 2018 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Stand-U single-channel docking station for flexible operation of PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref test cell, banana socket access **Content:** # **PAT-Stand-1 U** ##### Single-channel docking station for the most flexible operation of customized PAT-Cell designs. [Request a quote](#quote) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Pageheader_PAT-Stand-1-U_productimage_01.png) # **PAT-Stand-1 U** ##### Single-channel docking station for the most flexible operation of customized PAT-Cell designs. - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Pageheader_PAT-Stand-1-U_productimage_01.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1499069882524-26714e56-4764) - [Features](#1499070009466-7d5a8051-8a3e) - [Specifications](#1499070248228-07910049-38d3) - [Manual](#1499071073064-e0597fa8-39df) - [Delivery scope](#1499855015238-6abe19e2-d83f) #### [Product description](#1499069882524-26714e56-4764) ### Product description The PAT-Stand-1 U is a single channel docking station compatible with almost any type of PAT-Cell and battery tester/ potentiostat. All connections/ signals of the inserted PAT-Cell are available through the banana sockets at the front of the docking station. This makes the PAT-Stand-1 U the perfect fit for specialized/ customized PAT-Cells such as the PAT-Cell Twin-Ref. For temperature control, the PAT-Stand-1 U can be placed into a climate chamber, while the controlling battery tester or potentiostat may remain on the benchtop. #### [Features](#1499070009466-7d5a8051-8a3e) ### Features Docking station for use with a single PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref. May be used to connect with any other PAT series test cell. All signals of the respective test cell are available through banana sockets at the front panel. Compatible with any potentiostat or battery tester. #### [Specifications](#1499070248228-07910049-38d3) ### Specifications [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PAT-Stand-1-U-measurements-300x200.png "PAT-Stand-1-U-measurements | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PAT-Stand-1-U-measurements.png) Height approx. 85 mm (without PAT-Cell) Width 105 mm Depth 115 mm Weight approx. 0.6/1.00 kg (without/with PAT-Cell) Temperature resistance -20 to 70° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manual](#1499071073064-e0597fa8-39df) ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Download_Manual_PAT-Stand-1-U_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/4884/)PAT-Stand-1 U User Manual Release 1.0 Type PDF Size 0.7 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4884/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Delivery scope](#1499855015238-6abe19e2-d83f) ### Delivery scope Component Order no. PAT-Stand-1 U (without PAT-Cell) ECE1-00-0010-C Adapter male 4mm to female 2mm (11 pcs.) ELT9081 Note: Cell cables to connect the PAT-Stand-1 U to a battery tester or potentiostat are not included! [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The PAT-Stand-1 U is a single channel docking station compatible with almost any type of PAT-Cell and battery tester/ potentiostat. All connections/ signals of the inserted PAT-Cell are available through the banana sockets at the front of the docking station. This makes the PAT-Stand-1 U the perfect fit for specialized/ customized PAT-Cells such as the PAT-Cell Twin-Ref. For temperature control, the PAT-Stand-1 U can be placed into a climate chamber, while the controlling battery tester or potentiostat may remain on the benchtop. ## PAT-Stand-1 U Overview Features Docking station for use with a single PAT-Cell-TwinRef. May be used to connect with any other PAT series test cell. All signals of the respective test cell are available through banana sockets at the front panel. Compatible with any potentiostat or battery tester. Specifications Height approx. 85 mm (without PAT-Cell) Width 105 mm Depth 115 mm Weight approx. 0.6/1.00 kg (without/with PAT-Cell) Temperature resistance -20 to 70° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Download_Manual_PAT-Stand-1-U_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/4884/)PAT-Stand-1 U User Manual Release 1.0 Type PDF Size 0.7 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/4884/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Delivery scope Component Order no. PAT-Stand-1 U (without PAT-Cell) ECE1-00-0010-C Adapter male 4mm to female 2mm (11 pcs.) ELT9081 Note: Cell cables to connect the PAT-Stand-1 U to a battery tester or potentiostat are not included! [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Products_PAT-Cell-TwinRef.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-twin-ref) ## [PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-twin-ref) Specialized PAT-Cell for testing simultaneously with two reference electrodes. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-twin-ref) [![EL-CELL PAT-Stand-1 docking station for battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-1.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1) ## [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1) The PAT-Stand-1 is a docking station for individual battery testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell-twin-ref/) **Published:** January 9, 2018 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref: specialized PAT-Cell for simultaneous testing with two reference electrodes, compatible with PAT-Stand-1 U docking station. **Content:** # **PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref** ##### Specialized PAT-Cell for testing simultaneously with two reference electrodes. [Request a quote](#quote) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Pageheader_Produktdetail_PAT-Cell-TwinRef.png) # **PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref** ##### Specialized PAT-Cell for testing simultaneously with two reference electrodes. ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Pageheader_Produktdetail_PAT-Cell-TwinRef.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1499069882524-26714e56-4764) - [Features](#1499070009466-7d5a8051-8a3e) - [Specifications](#1499070248228-07910049-38d3) #### [Product description](#1499069882524-26714e56-4764) ### Product description The PAT-Cell-TwinRef is a special version of the PAT-Cell supporting the use of a second reference electrode. This way you can simultaneously measure with two reference electrodes, for instance with LFP and LTO. Since both ring electrodes are arranged face-to-face, their SOC can be easily adjusted. The image below shows the components of the specialized PAT-Core design for the PAT-Cell-TwinRef. [![Component overview of the PAT-Cell-TwinRef insulation sleeves](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Contentbilder_PAT-Core_TwinRef_RefElectrodes.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Contentbilder_PAT-Core_TwinRef_RefElectrodes.jpg)Component overview of the PAT-Cell-TwinRef insulation sleeves #### [Features](#1499070009466-7d5a8051-8a3e) ### Features Ability for conducting long-term half cell measurements with two reference electrodes Compatible with any potentiostat or battery tester. #### [Specifications](#1499070248228-07910049-38d3) ### Specifications [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PAT-Cell-TwinRef-measurements-300x200.png "PAT-Cell-TwinRef-measurements | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PAT-Cell-TwinRef-measurements.png) Diameter 49.5 mm Height 73.1 mm Weight 0.4 kg Electrode diameter 18 mm Temperature resistance -20 to 70° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### Compatible PAT docking stations Features of the PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref Docking / Test station Docking / Test station Docking / Test station Charge Discharge Impedance [PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u)All other [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The PAT-Cell-TwinRef is a special version of the PAT-Cell supporting the use of a second reference electrode. This way you can simultaneously measure with two reference electrodes, for instance with LFP and LTO. Since both ring electrodes are arranged face-to-face, their SOC can be easily adjusted. The image below shows the components of the specialized PAT-Core design for the PAT-Cell-TwinRef. [![Component overview of the PAT-Cell-TwinRef insulation sleeves](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Contentbilder_PAT-Core_TwinRef_RefElectrodes.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Contentbilder_PAT-Core_TwinRef_RefElectrodes.jpg)Component overview of the PAT-Cell-TwinRef insulation sleeves ## PAT-Cell-TwinRef Overview Features Ability for conducting long-term half cell measurements with two reference electrodes No need for cleaning or drying cell components due to single-use concept Compatible with any potentiostat or battery tester. Specifications Diameter 49.5 mm Height 73.1 mm Weight 0.4 kg Electrode diameter 18 mm Temperature resistance -20 to 70° C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### Compatible PAT docking stations Features of the PAT-Cell-Twin-Ref Docking / Test station Docking / Test station Docking / Test station Charge Discharge Impedance [PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u)All other [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Gallery [![All connections/ signals of the PAT-Cell-TwinRef are available at the cell bottom.](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PAT-Cell-TwinRef_Gallery_01-1024x683.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PAT-Cell-TwinRef_Gallery_01.jpg)All connections/ signals of the PAT-Cell-TwinRef are available at the cell bottom. ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Products_PAT-Stand-1-U.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u) ## [PAT-Stand-1 U](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u) Single channel docking station with flexible signal assignment for specialized PAT-Cells. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1-u) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/) **Published:** May 8, 2019 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** The PAT series is a comprehensive, modular system for testing new battery materials --- ### [PAT-Press-Box](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-press-box/) **Published:** November 20, 2019 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Press-Box with data logger records analog gas pressure from PAT series test cells, connects to PC via EC-Link for easy monitoring and analysis. **Content:** # **PAT-Press-Box** ##### Box with data logger for analog gas pressure measurements with PAT series test cells [Request a quote](#quote) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Produktdetail_PAT-Press-Box_01.png) # **PAT-Press-Box** ##### Box with data logger for analog gas pressure measurements with PAT series test cells ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Produktdetail_PAT-Press-Box_01.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) - [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) - [Manual](#1498808146424-05d95834-2e2b) #### [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) ### Product description The PAT-Press-Box is required to read and record the analog pressure signal of a PAT-Cell-Press or PAT-Cell-Gas (P and SP) test cell when the cell is used in a docking station that does not provide this functionality itself. The box is placed between the docking station and the used potentiostat. The integrated data logger records the pressure signal and transmits it to the connected PC. It can then be displayed with the supplied [EC-Link software](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/ec-link/). The PAT-Press-Box is not required for a test cell equipped with a digital gas pressure sensor like the PAT-Cell-Press II and PAT-Cell-Gas II. **Schematic view of a connected PAT-Press-Box** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/PAT-Press-Box_Wiring_schematics-300x300.jpg "PAT-Press-Box_Wiring_schematics | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/PAT-Press-Box_Wiring_schematics.jpg) #### [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) ### Specifications [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/PAT-Press-Box_Measurements-300x300.png "PAT-Press-Box_Measurements | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/PAT-Press-Box_Measurements.png) PAT-Press-Box Height 40 mm Width 160 mm Depth 130 mm Weight 0.6 kg Resolution of pressure signal Resolution of temperature signal [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manual](#1498808146424-05d95834-2e2b) ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Press-Box_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6965/)PAT-Press-Box User Manual Release 1.1 Type PDF Size 400 KB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6965/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The PAT-Press-Box is required to read and record the analog pressure signal of a PAT-Cell-Press or PAT-Cell-Gas (P and SP) test cell when the cell is used in a docking station that does not provide this functionality itself. The box is placed between the docking station and the used potentiostat. The integrated data logger records the pressure signal and transmits it to the connected PC. It can then be displayed with the supplied [EC-Link software](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/ec-link/). The PAT-Press-Box is not required for a test cell equipped with a digital gas pressure sensor like the PAT-Cell-Press II and PAT-Cell-Gas II. # PAT-Press-Box Overview Specifications PAT-Press-Box Height 40 mm Width 160 mm Depth 130 mm Weight 0.6 kg Resolution of pressure signal Resolution of temperature signal [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Press-Box_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/6965/)PAT-Press-Box User Manual Release 1.1 Type PDF Size 400 KB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/6965/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") # Related Products [![PAT-Cell-Gas battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Products_PAT-Cell-Gas_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) ## [PAT-Cell-Gas](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) PAT-Cell for in-situ gas analysis in a flow-through set-up [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) [![PAT-Cell-Press Battery Test Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Cell-Press.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) ## [PAT-Cell-Press](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) The PAT-Cell-Press is the ideal, leakproof cell for pressure testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) [![EL-CELL PAT-Stand-1 docking station for battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Stand-1.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1) ## [PAT-Stand-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1) The ideal docking station for individual battery testing [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-stand-1) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Products_PAT-Clamp-1.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1) ## [PAT-Clamp-1](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1) Docking station with minimized dimensions [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-clamp-1) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/3e-coin-pat-adapter/) **Published:** April 20, 2020 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** 3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter enables testing 2- and 3-electrode coin cells in PAT docking stations/potentiostats with auto ID detection in EL-Software. **Content:** # **3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter** ##### Universal adapter for using 2- and 3-electrode button cells of various sizes in a PAT series docking station or potentiostat [Request a quote](#quote) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Produktdetail_PAT-Coin-Cell.png) # **3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter** ##### Universal adapter for using 2- and 3-electrode button cells of various sizes in a PAT series docking station or potentiostat - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Produktdetail_PAT-Coin-Cell.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) - [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) #### [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) ### Product description With the 3E-Coin-to-PAT-Adapter it is possible to test common coin cells **with two or three electrodes** within the PAT system. The coin cell is clamped into the adapter and then inserted into the socket of a PAT docking station or potentiostat just like a normal PAT-Cell. The adapter can be equipped with coin cells of up to 32 mm in diameter and 5.5 mm in height. Furthermore the 3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter is equipped with a PAT-Button, which contains an electronic memory chip on which the cell ID is stored. When inserted into a [PAT battery tester](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester), the adapter is automatically detected by its electronic signature and displayed in EL-Software. [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Cion-to-PAT-Adapters_800x533.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Cion-to-PAT-Adapters_800x533.jpg) [![PAT-Stand-16 with 3E-Coin-to-PAT-Adapters](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/PAT-Stand-16_with_PAT-Coin-Adapters_800x533.jpg "PAT-Stand-16_with_PAT-Coin-Adapters_800x533")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/PAT-Stand-16_with_PAT-Coin-Adapters_800x533.jpg)PAT-Stand-16 with 3E-Coin-to-PAT-Adapters #### [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) ### Specifications [![E-Coin-PAT-Adapter dimensions diagram for coin cell testing](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/EL-CELL_3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter_Measurements.png "EL-CELL_3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter_Measurements | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/EL-CELL_3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter_Measurements.png) 3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter Height 67 mm Width 43.8 mm Weight 50 g Max. diameter of coin cell 32 mm Max. height of coin cell 5.5 mm [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") With the 3E-Coin-to-PAT-Adapter it is possible to test common coin cells **with two or three electrodes** within the PAT system. The coin cell is clamped into the adapter and then inserted into the socket of a PAT docking station or potentiostat just like a normal PAT-Cell. The adapter can be equipped with coin cells of up to 32 mm in diameter and 5.5 mm in height. Furthermore the 3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter is equipped with a PAT-Button, which contains an electronic memory chip on which the cell ID is stored. When inserted into a [PAT battery tester](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester), the adapter is automatically detected by its electronic signature and displayed in EL-Software. ## 3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter Overview Specifications 3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter Height 67 mm Width 43.8 mm Weight 50 g Max. diameter of coin cell 32 mm Max. height of coin cell 5.5 mm [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2E-Coin-to-PAT-Adapter_250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/2e-coin-pat-adapter/) ## [Coin-to-PAT-Adapter](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/2e-coin-pat-adapter/) Adapter for using a button cell in a PAT series docking station or potentiostat [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/2e-coin-pat-adapter/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) The PAT-Tester-i-16 enables intuitive PAT series testing with the smallest possible footprint. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) Fully featured potentiostat / galvanostat / impedance analyzer with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) The ideal test cell for high-throughput battery testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Metal seal mounting kit](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/) **Published:** June 18, 2020 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Metal Seal Mounting Kit for PAT series test cells—ensures leak-tight sealing with assembly block and torque wrench. Request a quote. **Content:** # **Metal Seal Mounting Kit** ##### Tool kit for using metal seals in PAT series test cells [Request a quote](#quote) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/MSL-Kit_440.webp) # **Metal Seal Mounting Kit** ##### Tool kit for using metal seals in PAT series test cells ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/MSL-Kit_440.webp) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) - [Delivery scope](#1592482492826-4aa6b217-a2aa) #### [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) EL-CELL offers metal sealing rings for PAT series test cells for highest demands on cell tightness and stable long-term measurements. This tool kit is designed to ensure the correct installation when using these metal seals. The handy assembly block holds the cell in place, while the torque wrench allows you to fasten the cell lid using the recommended torque. [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/EL-CELL_Metal-seal-mounting-kit.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/EL-CELL_Metal-seal-mounting-kit.webp) #### [Delivery scope](#1592482492826-4aa6b217-a2aa) Metal seal mounting kit ECC1-02-0040-A EL-CELL offers metal sealing rings for PAT series test cells for highest demands on cell tightness. This tool kit is designed to ensure the correct installation when using these metal seals. The handy assembly block holds the cell in place, while the torque wrench allows you to fasten the cell lid using the recommended torque. Metal seal mounting kit ECC1-02-0040-A # Related Products [![PAT-Cell-Press Battery Test Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_PAT-Cell-Press.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) ## [PAT-Cell-Press](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) The PAT-Cell-Press is the ideal, leakproof cell for pressure testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press) [![PAT-Cell-Gas battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Products_PAT-Cell-Gas_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) ## [PAT-Cell-Gas](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) PAT-Cell for in-situ gas analysis in a flow-through set-up [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) [![PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PAT-Cell-Force_250_02.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force) ## [PAT-Cell-Force](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force) Operando test cell for investigating battery materials under defined force, temperature and gas pressure [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) The ideal test cell for high-throughput battery testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Controller-8](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-controller-8/) **Published:** June 26, 2020 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Controller: Control box for up to 8 PAT channels with LAN connectivity and USB-C ports for reliable battery testing. **Content:** # **PAT-Controller-8** ##### Control box for up to 8 PAT-Channel-1 or PAT-Terminal-1 [Request a quote](#quote) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Controller-8_Produktdetail-comp.png) # **PAT-Controller-8** ##### Control box for up to 8 PAT-Channel-1 or PAT-Terminal-1 ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Controller-8_Produktdetail-comp.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product overview - [Product description](#1592923251446-1fd1d1f3-3278) - [Specifications](#1592923580270-395dd236-3b5f) - [Features](#1592986618555-1d2f839d-8452) - [Manual](#1600688436644-216d695d-e3ed) #### [Product description](#1592923251446-1fd1d1f3-3278) ### Product description The PAT-Controller-8 is the central control box of the PAT-Tester-x that enables the communication between EL-Software server and the connected test channels. It features a network port for server communication and 8 USB Type-C ports for connecting PAT Channel-1 or PAT Terminal-1 devices. #### [Specifications](#1592923580270-395dd236-3b5f) ### Specifications [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Measurements_PAT-Controller-8-300x300.jpg "Measurements_PAT-Controller-8 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Measurements_PAT-Controller-8.jpg) Length 168 mm Height 78 mm Width 170 mm Weight 1.7 kg Humidity Non-condensing [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Features](#1592986618555-1d2f839d-8452) ### Features LAN port for server connectivity 8 USB 2.0 Hi-Speed, Type C ports for connecting PAT-Channel-1 or PAT-Terminal-1 devices #### [Manual](#1600688436644-216d695d-e3ed) ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Controller-8_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/8032/)PAT-Controller-8 Manual Release 1.21 Date October 2024 Type PDF Size 1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8032/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The PAT-Controller-8 is the central control box of the PAT-Tester-x that enables the communication between EL-Software server and the connected test channels. It features a network port for server communication and 8 USB Type-C ports for connecting PAT Channel-1 or PAT Terminal-1 devices. [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Gallery_PAT-Controller-8_01.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Gallery_PAT-Controller-8_01.jpg) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Contentbilder_Gallery_02-1.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Contentbilder_Gallery_02-1.jpg) ## Product overview Features LAN port for server connectivity 8 USB 3 Type C ports for connecting PAT-Channel-1 or PAT-Terminal-1 devices Specifications Length 168 mm Height 78 mm Width 170 mm Weight 1.7 kg Humidity Non-condensing [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Controller-8_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/8032/)PAT-Controller-8 Manual Release 1.21 Date October 2024 Type PDF Size 1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8032/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Contentbilder_Gallery_02-1.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Contentbilder_Gallery_02-1.jpg) ## Related products [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) The PAT-Tester-x-8 potentiostat offers maximum flexibility with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Channel-1_250x250-compressor.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-channel-1/) ## [PAT-Channel-1](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-channel-1/) Single channel station for one test cell, fully equipped with PStat/GStat/EIS [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-channel-1/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) The PAT-Tester-i-16 is our all-in-one solution for multi-channel testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/EL-Software_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) ## [EL-Software](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) Monitoring, analysis and management solution for EL-CELL battery testers [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Modular PAT-Tester-x battery test station](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/) **Published:** June 26, 2020 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Tester-x modular potentiostat/galvanostat with EIS: up to 8 independent channels for flexible small-scale electrochemical testing. **Content:** # PAT-Tester-x ## Modular multi-channel battery cycler / potentiostat / galvanostat and impedance analyser with unique features. ![]( "Pageheader_PAT-Tester-x_productimage_02-comp") ![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat]( "Products_PAT-Tester-x") ![]() # PAT-Tester-x Modular multi-channel battery cycler / potentiostat / galvanostat and impedance analysers with unique features. ## Our Modular Potentiostat for Special and Small Scale Testing The PAT-Tester-x-8 is the perfect choice for small-scale electrochemical experiments and special-purpose testing. It brings the same battery tester hardware and software as the PAT-Tester-i-16. However, the fully featured test channels (galvanostat / potentiostat / impedance analyzer) are separated into individual devices. Up to eight of these PAT-Channel-1 or PAT-Terminal-1 may connect to one single PAT-Controller-8, which serves as the central control unit for storing all measurement data and enabling user access and data transfer via LAN. That way each channel of the PAT-Tester-x-8 can be controlled from any client PC in the same network via the EL-Software control software. The individual PAT-Channels can be placed where they are needed: on the bench, in a climate chamber, or inside the glove box. [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ### The PAT-Tester-x-8 potentiostat offers maximum flexibility with up to 8 channels for small-scale and special-purpose testing. - Up to 8 independent test channels for PAT-series and other test cells - Each channel with a fully featured potentiostat / galvanostat / impedance analyzer [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## PAT-Tester-x Components ## [](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x-8)[![PAT-Controller x component for PAT-Tester-x battery test station](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Controller-8_250x250-comp.png "Products_PAT-Controller-8_250x250-comp | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-controller-8/)[PAT-Controller-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-controller-8/) ### Control box for PAT-Tester-x with 8 USB ports to connect PAT-Channel-1 or PAT-Terminal-1 devices [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-controller-8/) ## [![PAT-Channel single-channel battery tester station module](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Channel-1_250x250-compressor.png "Products_PAT-Channel-1_250x250-compressor | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-channel-1/)[PAT-Channel-1](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-channel-1/) ### Single channel station,with fully equipped potentiostat / galvanostat / EIS [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-channel-1/) ## [![PAT-Terminal-x single-channel battery test station module](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/PAT-Terminal-1_250x250.png "PAT-Terminal-1_250x250_stoerer | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/)[PAT-Terminal-1](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) - Single channel station for performing functional tests and sensor adjustments - Fully equipped with PStat/GStat/EIS [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) --- ### [PAT-Channel-1](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-channel-1/) **Published:** June 26, 2020 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Channel-1 is a single-channel potentiostat/galvanostat/EIS analyzing unit for PAT test cells, for use in a PAT-Tester-x setup. **Content:** # **PAT-Channel-1** ##### Single channel station for one test cell [Request a quote](#quote) ![EL-CELL PAT-Channel-1 potentiostat test channel](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Channel-1_Produktdetail-comp.png) # **PAT-Channel-1** ##### Single channel station for one test cell ![EL-CELL PAT-Channel-1 potentiostat test channel](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Channel-1_Produktdetail-comp.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product overview - [Product description](#1593164296657-93c6b3c8-fbac) - [Specifications](#1593164296748-ac884746-eaa6) - [Features](#1593164296835-b9d33f65-19e5) - [Manual](#1600689049692-348ecaad-f597) #### [Product description](#1593164296657-93c6b3c8-fbac) ### Product Description The PAT-Channel-1 is a fully featured, single-channel potentiostat/galvanostat/ impedance analyzer that is operated in conjunction with a [PAT-Controller](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-controller-8/). It has a docking socket for one PAT series test cell and external connectors to connect a test cell of a different type or a separate docking station. This enables, for example, another docking station with a [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell/) to be tested in a temperature cabinet at elevated temperatures that would otherwise be too high for the tester’s electronics. #### [Specifications](#1593164296748-ac884746-eaa6) ### Specifications (November 2023) [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Stand-1-Abmessungen-300x300.png "PAT-Stand-1-Abmessungen | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAT-Stand-1-Abmessungen.png) Length 164 mm Height 97 mm Width 105 mm Weight 1.3 kg Temperature operation range -20 to + 40 °C Humidity Non-condensing [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Accuracy Contour Plot [![PAT-Tester-i-16 Accuracy Contour Plot](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot-300x300.png "accuracy_contour_plot | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot.png) ### ### General \# Channels per device 1 Control Voltage -7 V to +7 V Compliance Voltage -8 V to 8 V (no load) Current ±100 mA Cell connection / Electrode connection 3 electrodes plus sense wires, Connection matrix ADC 2 x 24 Bit DAC 1 x 18 Bit Bandwidth ranges 500 kHz 50 kHz 5 kHz Slew rate 2.5 V / µs Sampling interval (rate) 1 ms Input Impedance >100 MΩ || 20 pF Computer Interface 1 GBit Ethernet, Runs standalone, Multiuser [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Voltage Acquisition voltages Full cell voltage Both half-cell voltages Auxiliary voltage Measurement accuracy ±0.02% of FSR (Full scale range) Measurement noise floor 30 μV peak-peak typical Control resolution 57 μV (18 Bit) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Current Current ranges ±100 mA ±10 mA ±1 mA ±100 μA Autorange Measurement accuracy ±0.05% of FSR Measurement noise floor Control resolution 1 nA min. (18 Bit) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Impedance (each channel) Frequency range 100 μHz to 100 kHz Impedance modes PEIS and GEIS (each with simultaneous measurement of full- and half-cell impedances) Impedance range 1 mΩ to 100 MΩ EIS quality indicator SFDR (Spurious Free Dynamic Range) EIS drift correction yes EIS adaptive amplitude yes [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Other Additional Measurement (each channel) Digital (I²C) sensor signal, e.g. for cell temperature Analog sensor signal, e.g. for gas pressure Calibration Fully automatic self-calibration with internal voltage reference and three internal calibration cells Software EL-Software with : Experiment designer Cell and material management with database Script editor Live data monitoring Analysing and reporting capabilities Cell Identification PAT-Button with unique serial number stored in EEPROM [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Features](#1593164296835-b9d33f65-19e5) ### Features Fully equipped PStat/GStat/EIS, +-7V control voltage, 100 mA current PAT docking socket D-Sub port for active shielded cell cable, I2C bus signals and analog input USB 2.0 port for additional sensor data USB 2.0 Hi-Speed, type C port for connection to a PAT-Controller box #### [Manual](#1600689049692-348ecaad-f597) ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Channel-1_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/8036/)PAT-Channel-1 Manual Release 1.2 Date October 2024 Type PDF Size 1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8036/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The PAT-Channel-1 is a fully featured, single-channel potentiostat/galvanostat/impedance analyzer that is operated in conjunction with a PAT-Controller. It has a docking socket for one PAT series test cell and external connectors to connect a test cell of a different type or a separate docking station. This enables, for example, another docking station with a PAT-Cell to be tested in a temperature cabinet at elevated temperatures, that would otherwise be too high for the tester’s electronics. ## Product overview Features Features Fully equipped PStat/GStat/EIS, +-7V control voltage, 100 mA current PAT docking socket D-Sub port for active shielded cell cable, I2C bus signals and analog input USB 2 port for additional sensor data USB 3 type C port for connection to a PAT-Controller box Specifications (Last update: November 2023) Length 164 mm Height 97 mm Width 105 mm Weight 1.3 kg Temperature operation range -20 to + 40 °C Humidity Non-condensing [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Accuracy Contour Plot [![PAT-Tester-i-16 Accuracy Contour Plot](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot-300x300.png "accuracy_contour_plot | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/accuracy_contour_plot.png) ### ### General \# Channels per device 1 Control Voltage -7 V to +7 V Compliance Voltage -8 V to 8 V (no load) Current ±100 mA Cell connection / Electrode connection 3 electrodes plus sense wires, Connection matrix ADC 2 x 24 Bit DAC 1 x 18 Bit Bandwidth ranges 500 kHz 50 kHz 5 kHz Slew rate 2.5 V / µs Sampling interval (rate) 1 ms Input Impedance >100 MΩ || 20 pF Computer Interface 1 GBit Ethernet, Runs standalone, Multiuser [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Voltage Acquisition voltages Full cell voltage Both half-cell voltages Auxiliary voltage Measurement accuracy ±0.02% of FSR (Full scale range) Measurement noise floor 30 μV peak-peak typical Control resolution 57 μV (18 Bit) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Current Current ranges ±100 mA ±10 mA ±1 mA ±100 μA Autorange Measurement accuracy ±0.05% of FSR Measurement noise floor Control resolution 1 nA min. (18 Bit) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Impedance (each channel) Frequency range 100 μHz to 100 kHz Impedance modes PEIS and GEIS (each with simultaneous measurement of full- and half-cell impedances) Impedance range 1 mΩ to 100 MΩ EIS quality indicator SFDR (Spurious Free Dynamic Range) EIS drift correction yes EIS adaptive amplitude yes [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### ### Other Additional Measurement (each channel) Digital (I²C) sensor signal, e.g. for cell temperature Analog sensor signal, e.g. for gas pressure Calibration Fully automatic self-calibration with internal voltage reference and three internal calibration cells Software EL-Software with : Experiment designer Cell and material management with database Script editor Live data monitoring Analysing and reporting capabilities Cell Identification PAT-Button with unique serial number stored in EEPROM [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Channel-1_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/8036/)PAT-Channel-1 Manual Release 1.2 Date October 2024 Type PDF Size 1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/8036/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Related products [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) The individual test solution [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) [![PAT-Terminal-1 single channel station for performing functional tests and sensor adjustments](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/PAT-Terminal-1_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) ## [PAT-Terminal-1](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) Advanced test channel with live data display for functionality checks [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Controller-8_250x250-comp.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-controller-8/) ## [PAT-Controller-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-controller-8/) Control box for up to 8 PAT-Channel-1. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-controller-8/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) The PAT-Tester-i-16 is our all-in-one solution for multi-channel testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Quick connect set](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/quick-connect-set/) **Published:** June 29, 2020 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Quick Connect Set ECC: self-locking Swagelok couplings for fast PAT-Cell-Gas carrier gas connections in test mode. **Content:** # **Quick connect set** ##### Quick couplings for easy connection of the PAT-Cell-Gas - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Quick_Connect_Set_Produktdetail_01-comp.png) # **Quick connect set** ##### Quick couplings for easy connection of the PAT-Cell-Gas ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Quick_Connect_Set_Produktdetail_01-comp.png) ## Product overview - [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) - [Delivery scope](#1592482492826-4aa6b217-a2aa) #### [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) In test mode, the cell must be connected outside the glovebox with the carrier gas supply and a gas meter. This quick connect set with self-locking couplings is suitable for this purpose.The set includes two self locking couplings (Swagelok®) with 500 mm stainless steel tubes 1/16 inch x 0.02 inch. Compatible with 1/16 inch Swagelok® Tube Fitting. - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAT-Cell-Gas_Gallery_03_1-comp.jpg) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PAT-Cell-Gas_Gallery_04-comp.jpg) #### [Delivery scope](#1592482492826-4aa6b217-a2aa) Quick Connect Set ECC1-01-0080-A In test mode, the cell must be connected outside the glovebox with the carrier gas supply and a gas meter. This quick connect set with self-locking couplings is suitable for this purpose.The set includes two self locking couplings (Swagelok®) with 500 mm stainless steel tubes 1/16 inch x 0.02 inch. Compatible with 1/16 inch Swagelok® Tube Fitting. Quick Connect Set ECC1-01-0080-A # Related products [![PAT-Cell-Gas battery test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Products_PAT-Cell-Gas_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) ## [PAT-Cell-Gas](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) PAT-Cell for in-situ gas analysis in a flow-through set-up [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) ## Any comments about this page? Please leave us a note Your comment Your email-address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Loading... --- ### [Tools](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/) **Published:** June 30, 2020 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Explore EL-CELL battery research tools—EL-Cut accessories, LiPunch for lithium discs, CellLoad for precise alignment, and metal seal mounting kits. **Content:** Tools EL-CELL offers useful tools to make your life as a battery researcher easier. ![]( "PageHeader_accessories_tools_gross") ![]( "PageHeader_accessories_tools_klein") ![]() # Tools EL-CELL offers useful tools to make your life as a battery researcher easier. What is the right tool diameter for your test cells? Test cells [ECC-Refload](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload/)[ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/)[EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/)(+ [ECC-StopRail](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/)) All PAT series test cells - (diameter = 18 mm) (diameter = 18 mm) ECC-Air, ECC-Air-Ni ECC-DEMS ECC-Press-Air-DL ECC-Opto-10, PAT-Cell-Opto-10 - (diameter = 10 mm) (diameter = 10 mm) ECC-Opto-Std (diameter = 10 mm) (diameter = 10 mm) ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu - (diameter = 10 mm) ECD-3, ECD-3-nano - (diameter = 12 mm) (diameter = 10 mm) ECD-4-nano - (diameter = 9.5 mm) (diameter = 10 mm) = Recommended; standard diameter is 18 mm unless otherwise indicated [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Our Products [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High precision cutting pliers to eliminate torn and chipped electrode edges. - Perfectly cut electrodes - Electrode thickness: max. 300 μm (for coatings on Al and Cu foil (may vary for other support materials)) - Available diameters of the cutting tool range from 6 to 40 mm. Different shapes (e.g. squared) are available on request [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-Stoprail.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-stoprail/) ## [ECC-StopRail](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-stoprail/) Attachment for the EL-Cut to speed up the cutting process and reduce cutting scrap. - Compatible to any EL-Cut diameter up to 22 mm - Very easy assembling to El-Cut, no tools required [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-stoprail/) [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil. - For punching precise and flat lithium discs - Standard size for EL-CELL test cells: 18 mm Other sizes available on request [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-Refload.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload/) ## ECC-RefLoad Tool for loading reference materials such as lithium metal into ECC series test cells . - Suitable for ECC-Ref, ECC-Combi, ECC-Air(-Ni), ECC-DEMS, ECC-Press(-DL), ECC Press-Air(-DL) ECC-Press-Aqu(-DL), ECC-Press-Air-Aqu(-DL), ECC-Opto-Std, ECC-Opto-SBS - Ref cleaning toll set available [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/ecc-refload/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-CellLoad.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload/) ## ECC-CellLoad Electrode alignment and assembly tool - Highly precise alignment of the two electrodes - Suitable for electrodes of 18 mm diameter - Easy handling - Suitable for ECC-Std and ECC-Press-Air(-DL) [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload/) [![Metal Seal Mounting Kit](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/MSL-Kit_250-1.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/) ## [Metal seal mounting kit](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/) Tool kit for using metal seals in PAT series test cells [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/metal-seal-kit/) --- ### [Accessories](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/) **Published:** June 30, 2020 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Explore EL-CELL accessories like PAT adapters and dummy cells—enhance testing, wiring, and compatibility for PAT docking stations and potentiostats. **Content:** Accessories Accessories for enhancing the work experience with EL-CELL products ![]( "Slider_Accessories_02") ![]() # Accessories Accessories for enhancing the work experience with EL-CELL products. ## Our Products [![PAT-Connect-16](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/PAT-Connect-16_250-1.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-connect-16/) ## [PAT-Connect-16](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-connect-16/) Adapter box for flexible wiring connections - Easy-to-access banana sockets for cell signals: current, full-, and half-cell voltages - Sub-D Connector for optional auxiliary signals: buffered half cell voltages, temperature, sensor signals [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-connect-16/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Products_PAT-Press-Box.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-press-box) ## [PAT-Press-Box](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-press-box) Box with data logger for gas pressure measurements with PAT series test cells [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-press-box) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Quick_Connect_Set_250x250-comp.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/quick-connect-set/) ## [Quick Connect Set for PAT-Cell-Gas](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/quick-connect-set/) Quick couplings for easy connection of the PAT-Cell-Gas [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/quick-connect-set/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Products_Coin-to-PAT-Adapter_250px.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/3e-coin-pat-adapter) ## [3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/3e-coin-pat-adapter) Universal adapter for using 2- and 3-electrode button cells of various sizes in a PAT series docking station or potentiostat. For button cells with up to 32 mm in diameter and 5.5 mm in height. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/3e-coin-pat-adapter) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2E-Coin-to-PAT-Adapter_250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/2e-coin-pat-adapter) ## [Coin-PAT-Adapter](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/2e-coin-pat-adapter/) Adapter for using a button cell in a PAT series docking station or potentiostat [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/2e-coin-pat-adapter) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Uni-to-PAT-Adapter_250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/uni-to-pat-adapter/) ## Uni-to-PAT-Adapter Universal adapter for using third party test cells in the PAT system [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/uni-to-pat-adapter) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Cable-to-PAT-Adapter_250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/cable-to-pat-adapter) ## [Cable-to-PAT-Adapter](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/cable-to-pat-adapter) The Cable-to-PAT-Adapter provides ports for various cable types to connect third party test cells to the PAT system. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/cable-to-pat-adapter) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/PAT-Dummy-Cell_1_250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-dummy-cell-1) ## [PAT-Dummy-Cell I](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-dummy-cell-1/) Basic 3-electrode battery cell for performing functional tests of your PAT-Tester, well suited for EIS. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-dummy-cell-1/) [![PAT-Dummy-Cell II](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/PAT-Dummy-Cell_II_250px.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-dummy-cell-2) ## [PAT-Dummy-Cell II](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-dummy-cell-2/) A basic 3-electrode battery cell for performing functional tests of your PAT-Tester. Can execute all supplied scripts. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-dummy-cell-2/) --- ### [Newsletter subscription](https://www.el-cell.com/newsletter-subscription/) **Published:** July 3, 2020 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Subscribe to our email newsletter for updates on products, services, events, and the latest EL-CELL lab application notes. **Content:** # Subscribe to our Email Newsletter Thank you for your interest in our company newsletter. We send it out several times a year and share news about: - Our products and services - Upcoming seminars and exhibitions - Our newest application notes from the EL-CELL lab. ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/newsletter_mood.png) --- ### [Uni-to-PAT-Adapter](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/uni-to-pat-adapter/) **Published:** March 8, 2021 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Uni-to-PAT-Adapter connects third-party battery test cells to PAT potentiostats for fast half/full-cell testing with easy switching. **Content:** # **Uni-to-PAT-Adapter** ##### Universal adapter for using third party test cells in the PAT system [Request a quote](#quote) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Uni-to-PAT-Adapter_440x349.png) # **Uni-to-PAT-Adapter** ##### Universal adapter for using third party test cells in the PAT system - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Uni-to-PAT-Adapter_440x349.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) - [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) #### [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) ### Product description The Uni-to-PAT adapter is a universal adapter that allows third-party battery test cells to be connected directly to the PAT socket of the PAT series potentiostats and docking stations. Use your T-cell, split cell, or any other third-party test cell for 2- or 3-electrode tests directly in a PAT-Tester-i-16 or PAT-Tester-x-8. Benefit from easy handling and advanced features such as the Connection Matrix, which enables software-controlled switching between half- and full-cell measurements without reconnecting any cables. The mounted test cell is connected to the adapter via short cell cables with 2 mm jack plugs. Like our PAT-Cells, the Uni-to-PAT adapter has an integrated PAT-Button, which enables automatic recognition of the cell ID in the PAT-Tester-i-16 or PAT-Tester-x-8 potentiostats. We offer customized holders for various popular cell types, which are screwed onto the adapter. Just ask us for details or if you need a customized solution. #### [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) ### Specifications [![EL-CELL Uni-to-PAT-Adapter for connecting small format battery cells to the PAT testing system](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/EL-CELL_Uni-to-PAT-Adapter_Measurements.png "EL-CELL_Uni-to-PAT-Adapter_Measurements | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/EL-CELL_Uni-to-PAT-Adapter_Measurements.png) Uni-to-PAT-Adapter Height 36 mm Width 68 mm Depth 68 mm [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The Uni-to-PAT adapter is a universal adapter that allows third-party battery test cells to be connected directly to the PAT socket of our PAT series potentiostats and docking stations. Use your T-cell, split cell or any other third party test cell for 2- or 3-electrode tests directly in a [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) or [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/). Benefit from the easy handling and advanced features such as the Connection Matrix, that enable software-controlled switching between half- and full-cell measurements without reconnecting any cables. The mounted test cell is connected to the adapter via short cell cables with 2 mm jack plugs. Like our PAT-Cells, the Uni-to-PAT-Aadapter has an integrated PAT-Button, which enables automatic recognition of the cell ID in the PAT-Tester-i-16 or PAT-Tester-x-8 potentiostats. We offer customized holders for various popular cell types, which are screwed onto the adapter. Just ask us for details or if you need a customized solution. ## Coin-to-PAT-Adapter Overview Specifications Uni-to-PAT-Adapter Height 36 mm Width 68 mm Depth 68 mm [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") # Gallery [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/EL-CELL_Uni-to-PAT-Adapter_Gallery_03-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/EL-CELL_Uni-to-PAT-Adapter_Gallery_03.jpg) EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 potentiostat with connected Uni-to-PAT-Adapter and T-Cells. [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/EL-CELL_Uni-to-PAT-Adapter_Gallery_02-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/EL-CELL_Uni-to-PAT-Adapter_Gallery_02.jpg) EL-CELL Uni-to-PAT-Adapter with attached T-Cell holder. [![EL-Cell Uni-to-PAT-Adapters mounted with different third party](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/EL-CELL_Uni-to-PAT-Adapter_Gallery_04-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/EL-CELL_Uni-to-PAT-Adapter_Gallery_04.jpg) EL-Cell Uni-to-PAT-Adapters mounted with different third party battery test cells ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) The PAT-Tester-i-16 enables intuitive PAT series testing with the smallest possible footprint. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) Fully featured potentiostat / galvanostat / impedance analyzer with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) The ideal test cell for high-throughput battery testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Cable-to-PAT-Adapter](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/cable-to-pat-adapter/) **Published:** March 8, 2021 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Cable-to-PAT Adapter connects third-party test cells to the PAT system, supports various cables, and auto-displays cell ID in EL-Software. **Content:** # **Cable-to-PAT-Adapter** ##### The Cable-to-PAT-Adapter provides ports for various cable types to connect third party test cells to the PAT system. [Request a quote](#quote) - ![EL-Cell Cable-to-PAT-Adapter for connecting various cell formats to the PAT testing system](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Cable-to-PAT-Adapter_440x349.png) # **Cable-to-PAT-Adapter** ##### The Cable-to-PAT-Adapter provides ports for various cable types to connect third party test cells to the PAT system. - ![EL-Cell Cable-to-PAT-Adapter for connecting various cell formats to the PAT testing system](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Cable-to-PAT-Adapter_440x349.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) - [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) #### [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) ### Product Description The Cable-to-PAT adapter provides ports for various cable types to connect third-party test cells to the PAT system. It is thus well suited for connecting small pouch cells, for example. Furthermore the adapter is equipped with a PAT-Button, which contains an electronic memory chip on which the cell ID is stored. When plugged into a [PAT battery tester](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester), the adapter and the attached test cell are automatically displayed in EL-Software, using the electronic signature of the PAT-Button. #### [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) ### Specifications [![EL_Celll Cable-to-PAT Adapter measurements diagram](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/EL-CELL_Cable-to-PAT-Adapter_Measurements.png "EL-CELL_Cable-to-PAT-Adapter_Measurements | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/EL-CELL_Cable-to-PAT-Adapter_Measurements.png) Cable-to-PAT-Adapter Height 46 mm Width 68 mm Depth 68 mm Connections to test cell 2 mm jacks for banana plugs 6-way rectangular connector 2.54 mm (molex) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The Cable-to-PAT adapter provides ports for various cable types to connect third-party test cells to the PAT system. It is thus well suited for connecting small pouch cells, for example. Furthermore the adapter is equipped with a PAT-Button, which contains an electronic memory chip on which the cell ID is stored. When plugged into a [PAT battery tester](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester), the adapter and the attached test cell are automatically displayed in EL-Software, using the electronic signature of the PAT-Button. ## Coin-to-PAT-Adapter Overview Specifications Cable-to-PAT-Adapter Height 46 mm Width 68 mm Depth 68 mm Connections to test cell 2 mm jacks for banana plugs 6-way rectangular connector 2.54 mm (molex) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) The PAT-Tester-i-16 enables intuitive PAT series testing with the smallest possible footprint. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) Fully featured potentiostat / galvanostat / impedance analyzer with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [PAT-Dummy-Cell I](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/pat-dummy-cell-1/) **Published:** March 9, 2021 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** PAT-Dummy-Cell I: basic dummy cell for PAT-Tester functional testing. Overview, specs, downloads, and DC test cases. Request a quote. **Content:** # **PAT-Dummy-Cell I** ##### Basic cell for performing a functional test of your PAT-Tester [Request a quote](#quote) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/PAT-Dummy-Cell_1_440.png) # **PAT-Dummy-Cell I** ##### Basic cell for performing a functional test of your PAT-Tester - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/PAT-Dummy-Cell_1_440.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) - [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) - [Downloads](#1629988731102-2041e4f2-8e79) #### [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) ### Product description The PAT-Dummy-Cell I is used to perform a quick functional test of your PAT-Tester right out of the box, or in case the tester does not work as expected with your electrochemical test cell. The PAT-Dummy-Cell I consists of simple RC circuits: [![Circuit diagram for PAT-Dummy-Cell I test cell](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Circuit_diagram_PAT-Dummy-Cell-1.png "Circuit_diagram_PAT-Dummy-Cell-1 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Circuit_diagram_PAT-Dummy-Cell-1.png) The dummy cell can be considered a simplistic equivalent circuit of the three electrodes of an electrochemical cell. The R2|C1 parallel connection represents the electrode/electrolyte interface of electrode 1. R3|C2 is the same for electrode 2. The bulk (ohmic) resistance contributions between 1 and 2 are represented by R1 and R4. If the current passes between 1 and 2, the voltage drop across R5 is zero. Then the electrode R can be considered the voltage tap between electrodes 1 and 2. In contrast, if the current goes through electrode R, then voltage also drops across R5. #### [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) ### Specifications PAT-Dummy-Cell I Height 36 mm Width 68 mm Depth 68 mm Electric component values R1 10 Ohm R2 287 Ohm R3 1000 Ohm R4 1 Ohm R5 1000 Ohm C1 1 µF C2 10 µF [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Downloads](#1629988731102-2041e4f2-8e79) ### Downloads PAT-Dummy-Cell I User Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Dummy-Cell-I_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/9056/)Release 1.0 Type PDF Size 1.0 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9056/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") EL-Software test scripts for use with PAT-Dummy-Cell I [Download test scripts](https://el-cell.com/download/9053/)Release 02-2024 Type Zip Size 1.0 MB [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The PAT-Dummy-Cell I is used to perform a quick functional test of your PAT-Tester right out of the box, or in case the tester does not work as expected with your electrochemical test cell. The PAT-Dummy-Cell I consists of simple RC circuits: [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Circuit_diagram_PAT-Dummy-Cell-1.png "Circuit_diagram_PAT-Dummy-Cell-1 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Circuit_diagram_PAT-Dummy-Cell-1.png) ## PAT-Dummy-Cell-I Overview Specifications PAT-Dummy-Cell I Height 36 mm Width 68 mm Depth 68 mm Electric component values R1 10 Ohm R2 287 Ohm R3 1000 Ohm R4 1 Ohm R5 1000 Ohm C1 1 µF C2 10 µF [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Downloads PAT-Dummy-Cell I User Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_PAT-Dummy-Cell-I_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/9056/)Release 1.0 Type PDF Size 1.0 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9056/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") EL-Software test scripts for use with PAT-Dummy-Cell I [Download test scripts](https://el-cell.com/download/9053/)Release 02-2024 Type Zip Size 1.0 MB [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Test Cases **1. DC test with constant current** When applying a constant current, the dummy cell behaves, in steady state, as an ohmic voltage divider. For the test shown below we apply a current of 1 mA between 1 and 2, then between 1 and R, and finally between 2 and R. The three cc steps are separated by rest steps. Each step takes 200 milliseconds. The steady state is reached within a few ms, defined by the time constant of the respective RC element. Script used: Dummy-I-CC-i12-i1R-i2R.elc [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/pat-dummy-cell-1_test_case_1.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/pat-dummy-cell-1_test_case_1.png) **2. Impedance (GEIS) test** The RC elements of the dummy circuit are best characterized by impedance measurements. For the results shown below as Bode plots, we applied a sinusoidal alternating current with an amplitude of 1 mA, with frequencies between 100 kHz and 1 Hz. First, the alternating current was applied between 1 and 2, then between 1 and R and finally between 2 and R. **2.1 Current flows between 1 and 2** Script used: Dummy-I-GEIS-i12.elc [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/pat-dummy-cell-1_test_case_21.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/pat-dummy-cell-1_test_case_21.png) **2.2 Current flows between 1 and R** Script used: Dummy-I-GEIS-i1R.elc [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/pat-dummy-cell-1_test_case_22.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/pat-dummy-cell-1_test_case_22.png) **2.3 Current flows between 2 and R** Script used: Dummy-I-GEIS-i2R.elc [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/pat-dummy-cell-1_test_case_23.png)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/pat-dummy-cell-1_test_case_23.png) ## Related products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) The PAT-Tester-i-16 enables intuitive PAT series testing with the smallest possible footprint. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) Fully featured potentiostat / galvanostat / impedance analyzer with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Coin-PAT-Adapter](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/2e-coin-pat-adapter/) **Published:** March 8, 2021 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Coin-PAT-Adapter enables button cell testing in PAT docking stations and potentiostats with automatic detection; available for multiple diameters. **Content:** # **Coin-PAT-Adapter** ##### Adapter for using a button cell in a PAT series docking station or potentiostat [Request a quote](#quote) - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2E-Coin-to-PAT-Adapter_440_02.png) # **Coin-PAT-Adapter** ##### Adapter for using a button cell in a PAT series docking station or potentiostat - ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2E-Coin-to-PAT-Adapter_440_02.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) - [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) - [Variants](#1614867610540-682329fa-8291) #### [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) ### Product description The Coin-PAT-Adapter enables the operation of conventional 2-electrode coin cells in the PAT system. In contrast to the universal [3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/3e-coin-pat-adapter/), this adapter can only accept coin cells with a specific diameter. Therefore different versions are available for button cells with 12, 16, 20, 24 and 30 mm diameter. In addition, the adapter features automatic cell detection in all EL-CELL potentiostats. When plugged into a [PAT battery tester](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester), it is identified by its electronic signature and displayed in EL-Software. ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/EL-CELL_2E-Coin-PAT-Adapter_Gallery-1024x683.jpg) #### [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) ### Specifications [![Coin-PAT-Adapter with labeled measurements and dimensions diagram](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/EL-CELL_2E-Coin-PAT-Adapter_Measurements.png "EL-CELL_2E-Coin-PAT-Adapter_Measurements | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/EL-CELL_2E-Coin-PAT-Adapter_Measurements.png) Coin-PAT-Adapter Height 42 mm Width 68 mm Depth 68 mm Max. diameter of coin cell Coin-PAT-Adapter 12 12 mm Coin-PAT-Adapter 16 16 mm Coin-PAT-Adapter 20 20 mm Coin-PAT-Adapter 24 24 mm Coin-PAT-Adapter 30 30 mm Max. height of coin cell 4 mm [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Variants](#1614867610540-682329fa-8291) ### Variants Name Supported coin cell diameter Coin-PAT-Adapter 12 12 mm Coin-PAT-Adapter 16 16 mm Coin-PAT-Adapter 20 20 mm Coin-PAT-Adapter 24 24 mm Coin-PAT-Adapter 30 30 mm [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The Coin-PAT-Adapter enables the operation of conventional 2-electrode coin cells in the PAT system. In contrast to the universal [3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/3e-coin-pat-adapter/), this adapter can only accept coin cells with a specific diameter. Therefore different versions are available for button cells with 12, 16, 20, 24 and 30 mm diameter. In addition, the adapter features automatic cell detection in all EL-CELL potentiostats. When plugged into a [PAT battery tester](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester), it is identified by its electronic signature and displayed in EL-Software. ## Coin-PAT-Adapter Overview Specifications Coin-PAT-Adapter Height 42 mm Width 68 mm Depth 68 mm Max. diameter of coin cell Coin-PAT-Adapter 12 12 mm Coin-PAT-Adapter 16 16 mm Coin-PAT-Adapter 20 20 mm Coin-PAT-Adapter 24 24 mm Coin-PAT-Adapter 30 30 mm Max. height of coin cell 4 mm [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Variants Name Supported coin cell diameter Coin-PAT-Adapter 12 12 mm Coin-PAT-Adapter 16 16 mm Coin-PAT-Adapter 20 20 mm Coin-PAT-Adapter 24 24 mm Coin-PAT-Adapter 30 30 mm [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Related Products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Products_3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter_250px.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/3e-coin-pat-adapter/) ## [3E-Coin-PAT-Adapter](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/3e-coin-pat-adapter) Universal adapter for using 2- and 3-electrode button cells of various sizes in a PAT series docking station or potentiostat [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/3e-coin-pat-adapter) [![EL-CELL PAT-Tester-x-8 multichannel potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Products_PAT-Tester-x.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/) ## [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8) Fully featured potentiostat / galvanostat / impedance analyzer with up to 8 channels for small scale and special purpose testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Products_PAT-Tester-i-16_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) ## [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) The PAT-Tester-i-16 enables intuitive PAT series testing with the smallest possible footprint. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-i-16/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Products_PAT-Cell_250x250.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) The ideal test cell for high-throughput battery testing. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Newsletter confirmation](https://www.el-cell.com/newsletter-confirmation/) **Published:** April 12, 2023 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Thanks for subscribing to our newsletter! Your subscription is confirmed—stay updated with the latest news and products from EL-CELL. **Content:** # Thank you! Your newsletter subscription was successful. [Back to the homepage](https://el-cell.com/) --- ### [PAT-Core Components List](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/) **Published:** June 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Explore the PAT-Core components list, view recommended configurations, and request a quotation for your testing setup. **Content:** # PAT-Core Components List The following table shows the available components for the PAT-Core. Recommended PAT-Core configurations for the most common testing scenarios can be found [here.](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/common-test-cases) Item nameReference materialSeparator materialTemperature rangeComponent typeUsageMaterialOrder numberCell designOrder ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0026-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0026-APAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-cu?_pos=1&_sid=ad1914166&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0026-B_80px.png)Upper plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0026-B PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-al?_pos=1&_sid=9b3fe34c3&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0026-CPAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ss?_pos=1&_sid=524638c73&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Nickel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-01-0026-MPAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ni?_pos=2&_sid=baf6095a6&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PAT-Core_Upper_plunger_ECC1-01-0026-W.webp)Upper plunger (Cu) for PAT-Cell-Force70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0026-WPAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-b-cu) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PAT-Core_Upper_plunger_ECC1-01-0026-V.webp)Upper plunger B (Al) for PAT-Cell-Force70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0026-V PAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-b-al) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PAT-Core_Upper_plunger_ECC1-01-0026-R.webp)Upper plunger B (Stainless steel) for PAT-Cell-Force70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0026-RPAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-b-ss) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0065-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (PEEK) with upper feed wire (Au), disc spring (Au) and current collector disc (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire, disc spring and current collector disc)* ECC1-01-0065-APAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-peek-au-assy?_pos=1&_sid=f9b3107f6&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0065-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (PEEK) with upper feed wire (Pt), disc spring (Au) and current collector disc (Pt)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Platinum (Pt) *(Feed wire and current collector disc)*Gold (Au) *(Disc spring)* ECC1-01-0065-BPAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0027-B_80px.png)Lower plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0027-B\_x (x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-B_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0027-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0027-A\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-A_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (Nickel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-01-0027-M\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-M_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0027-C\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-C_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_perf-plate_SS_ECC1-01-0037-Cx_80px.png)Lower Plunger (perf. Plate), stainless steel70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0081-C\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-Gas[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_perf-plate_Ni_ECC1-01-0037-Dx_80px.png)Lower plunger (perf. plate), Ni70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel, Ni >99%ECC1-01-0081-D\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-Gas[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0081-d_x/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_flow_SS_ECC1-01-0038-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (flow field), Ni70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel, Ni >99%ECC1-01-0038-D\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-Gas[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0038-d_x/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_flow_SS_ECC1-01-0038-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (flow field), Stainless steel70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0038-C\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-Gas[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0038-c_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0055-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (PEEK) with lower feed wire (Pt), disk spring (Au) and current collector disc (Pt)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Platinum (Pt) *(Feed wire and current collector disc)*Gold (Au) *(Disc spring)*ECC1-01-0055-B\_xPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0055-b_x/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0055-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (PEEK) with lower feed wire (Au), disk spring (Au) and current collector disc (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire, disc spring and current collector disc)*ECC1-01-0055-A\_xPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0055-a_x/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)AluminumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)SodiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-U/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=42826d9ac&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)MagnesiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-H/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-mg-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=d6ba9465d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)AluminumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-J/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-al-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=77c5383d8&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)MagnesiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)* Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (AC-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)Activated carbonProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)SodiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS)-Reference ring, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)Activated carbon on stainless steelBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steel *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-M/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A, 260 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-acss-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=30624130d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Sodium Reference ring, Separator 2325) (10 pcs)SodiumCelgard 232570°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium*(Reference)*Celgard 2325 *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-O/XSeparator type: Celgard 2325, 25 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-2325-separator-pp-pe-pp-25-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=c64d1808f&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (AC(SS) Reference ring, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)Activated carbon on stainless steelPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steel *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-N/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B, 220 µm)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-acss-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=a5506658d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)SodiumPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-X/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=2abf6ac78&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)SodiumCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP (16.5 µm)70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP(Separator) Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-Q/XSeparator type: Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_fid=22fa329f4&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)LithiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)LithiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-O/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=24b290f0d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)LithiumPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-V/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=c7a10f160&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)LithiumCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium (Li) *(Reference)*Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-O/XSeparator type: Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP 16.5 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-li-ring-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=13&_fid=f2de6e24e&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (modified LFP-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs) Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP),partially chemically delithiatedBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-Q/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=db96b3a4f&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (modified LFP-Reference, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP),partially chemically delithiatedCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), modified, partially chemically delithiated *(Reference)*Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-S/XSeparator type: Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-separator-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_sid=d748731a2&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (modified LFP-Reference, Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP),partially chemically delithiatedPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), modified, partially chemically delithiated *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-R/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=3b5f145b2&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0210-N_80px.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel mesh, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless steel mesh70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel mesh *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-N/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-mesh-no-separator?_pos=1&_sid=5e5912651&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0420-M_80px.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel cross, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless Steel Cross Reference70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel cross *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-M/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-cross-no-separator) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator Customized, if appl. Clamping ring) (10 pcs)noneProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)noneBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-P/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=1b9810aa8&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (no R, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)noneCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useNo reference Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-P/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-celgard-qt17p2hx) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)nonePP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)* Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-W/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=9512c3bb0&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0210-D.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PP (disassembled) (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-D/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=a693be367&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0210-T_X.webp)Plain Insulation sleeve (PP), Reed contact (SS), disassembled (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-T/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-reed-contact-ni-on-ss-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1a2894352&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PEEK-Sleeves_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassemblednonenone70°C 200°CInsulation sleeveReusablePEEK *(Sleeve)*Custom reference and separatorECC1-00-0510-TPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-peek-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1dff8bb02&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (GF/A) 21.6 x 0.26 mm, 50 pcsBorosilicate glass fiber70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-useBorosilicate glass fiberECC1-01-0011-A/LPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-26-mm-gf-a?_pos=1&_sid=3c4cc1f48&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator 21.6 mm x 0.016 mm, Celgard QT17P2HX, 50 pcsCelgard QT17P2HX70°CSeparatorSingle-useCelgard QT17P2HX, Trilayer Membrane (PP/PE/PP) ECC1-01-0101-A/LPAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-016-mm-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_fid=1c0ebe051&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (FS-5P) 21.6 x 0.22 mm, 50 pcsPP fiber/PE membrane70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-usePP fiber/PE membraneECC1-01-0051-A/LPAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-22-mm-fs-5p?_pos=1&_sid=968fb8208&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0186-M_80px.webp)Reed contact 2nd Gen. (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-M/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation?_pos=1&_fid=89da4263b&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/ECC1-00-0186-P.webp)Reed contact (Au on SS) (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useGold (Au>99%) on stainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-P/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation-gold-plated?_pos=2&_fid=79f33f2ee&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-F_80px.png)Reference ring (Mg) (10 pcs)Magnesium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useMagnesium (Mg)ECC1-00-0182-F/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-mg?_pos=1&_sid=414711dd4&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ECC1-00-0321-F.webp)Ref mesh IV (PAT) Stainless steel70°C 200°CReference ringReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0321-FPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=Ref+mesh+IV+%28PAT%29&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ECC1-00-0321-E.webp)Ref mesh III (PAT) Stainless steel70°C 200°CReference ringReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0321-EPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=Ref+mesh+III+%28PAT%29&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-O_80px.png)Reference ring (Li) (10 pcs)Lithium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium (Li)ECC1-00-0182-O/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lithium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=a7a331218&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Core_Ringref_LFP_-ECC1-00-0482-C_80px.png)Reference ring (LFP) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP)ECC1-00-0482-C/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lfp-modified?_pos=1&_sid=5270a2e44&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-O_80px.png)Reference ring (Na) (10 pcs)Sodium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useSodium coated (Na)ECC1-00-0182-L/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-sodium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=589def2c1&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_AC_-ECC1-00-0182-W_80px.png)Reference ring II (AC on SS) (10 pcs)Activated carbon70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steelECC1-00-0182-W/XPAT-Cell-HTAC 95%, aqueous binder: CMC 3%, SBR 2%[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-ac-coated?_pos=1&_sid=0ab00b99e&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-AU_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Au (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableGold (Au>99%)ECC1-00-0069-A/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-au?_pos=1&_sid=4858aa965&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ti_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ti (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableTitanium (Ti >99%, grade 2)ECC1-00-0069-C/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ti?_pos=1&_sid=8f8d71837&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Pt_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Pt (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusablePlatinum (Pt>99%)ECC1-00-0069-D/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-pt?_pos=1&_sid=d4969cf23&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ni_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ni (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-00-0069-F/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ni?_pos=1&_sid=cc35bc707&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Slotted-current-collector-SS_80px.png)Slotted current collector 18.0 mm x 0.05 mm, SS (10 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0418-A/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/slotted-current-collector-18-0-mm-x-0-05-mm-ss?_pos=1&_sid=59ba40eec&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Slotted-current-collector-SS_80px.png)Slotted current collector 21.4 mm x 0.05 mm, SS (10 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0418-B/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/slotted-current-collector-21-4-mm-x-0-05-mm-ss?_pos=1&_sid=16fcc9e70&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Seal_PE_80px.png)Sealing ring PE (100 pcs)70°CSealing ringSingle-usePolyethylene (PE)ECC1-00-0232-A/CPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-pe?_pos=1&_sid=2ea96ef8a&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-N.webp)Sealing ring, Al (washer), 10 pcs70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-N/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer-1?_pos=5&_fid=85c379462&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-M.webp)Sealing ring, Cu (washer), 10 pcs70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useCopper (Cu)ECC1-00-0232-M/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-cu-washer?_pos=6&_fid=85c379462&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ECC1-00-0232-G_Metal_Seal.webp)Sealing ring, Al (washer)(annealed), 10 pcs70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-G/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer?_pos=1&_sid=126291964&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-B_80px.png)Sealing ring PTFE (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-usePTFEECC1-00-0232-B/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-ptfe?_pos=1&_sid=e2a0a4c84&_ss=r) \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator) to determine the proper lower plunger. ## Request a quotation: Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Subject Your message Loading... --- ### [Privacy Policy](https://www.el-cell.com/privacy-policy/) **Published:** May 22, 2023 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** EL-Cell Privacy Policy: controller details, data protection officer, GDPR legal bases, newsletters, cookies, YouTube, and applicant data security. **Content:** # Privacy Policy ## Privacy Policy: **Name and contact details of the controller:** EL-Cell GmbH Tempowerkring 8 21079 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 40 79012-737 Fax: +49 40 79012-736 **Name and contact details of the data protection officer:** Thilo Noack Shared IT Professional GmbH & Co KG Saebystr. 17a 24576 Bad Bramstedt If you have any questions about data protection law or your data subject rights, you can contact us directly at the email address [datenschutz@el-cell.com.](mailto:datenschutz@el-cell.com) **Security and protection of your personal data** We consider it our primary responsibility to maintain the confidentiality of the personal information you provide to us and to protect it from unauthorised access. As a company under private law, we are subject to the provisions of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the regulations of the german Federal Data Protection Act (BDSG). We have taken technical and organisational measures to ensure that the regulations on data protection are observed both by us and by our external service providers. **Definitions** The legislator requires that personal data are processed in a lawful manner, in good faith and in a way that is comprehensible to the data subject (“lawfulness, processing in good faith, transparency”). To ensure this, we inform you about the individual legal definitions that are also used in this data protection notice: 1. **Personal data** “Personal data” means any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (hereinafter “data subject”); an identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural person. 2. **Processing** “Processing” means any operation or set of operations which is performed upon personal data, whether or not by automatic means, such as collection, recording, organisation, filing, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction. 3. **Restriction of processing** “Restriction of processing” means the marking of stored personal data with the aim of limiting their future processing. 4. **Profiling** “Profiling” means any automated processing of personal data which consists in using such personal data to evaluate certain personal aspects relating to a natural person, in particular to analyse or predict aspects relating to that natural person’s performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences, interests, reliability, behaviour, location or change of location. 5. **Pseudonymisation** “Pseudonymisation” means the processing of personal data in such a way that the personal data can no longer be attributed to a specific data subject without the use of additional information, provided that such additional information is kept separately and is subject to technical and organisational measures which ensure that the personal data cannot be attributed to an identified or identifiable natural person. 6. **File system** “File system” means any structured collection of personal data accessible according to specified criteria, whether such collection is maintained in a centralised, decentralised or functional or geographical manner. 7. **Controller** “Controller” means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which alone or jointly with others determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data. 8. **Order processor** “Processor” means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which processes personal data on behalf of the Controller. 9. **Receiver** “Receiver” means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body to whom personal data are disclosed, whether or not a third party. However, public authorities which may receive personal data in the context of a specific investigative task under Union or Member State law shall not be considered as recipients and the processing of such data by those authorities shall be carried out in accordance with the applicable data protection rules, in accordance with the purposes of the processing. 10. **Third party** “Third party” means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body, other than the data subject, the controller, the processor and the persons authorised to process the personal data under the direct responsibility of the controller or the processor. 11. **Consent** “Consent” of the data subject means any freely given specific, informed and unambiguous indication of his or her wishes in the form of a statement or other unambiguous affirmative act by which the data subject signifies his or her agreement to personal data relating to him or her being processed. **Lawfulness of the processing** The processing of personal data is only lawful if there is a legal basis for the processing. Pursuant to Article 6 (1) a) – f) GDPR, the legal basis for processing may be in particular: 1. The data subject has given consent to the processing of personal data concerning him or her for one or more specific purposes; 2. the processing is necessary for the performance of a contract to which the data subject is party or for the implementation of pre-contractual measures taken at the data subject’s request; 3. processing is necessary for compliance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject; 4. the processing is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person; 5. processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller; 6. processing is necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests of the controller or of a third party, except where such interests are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject which require the protection of personal data, in particular where the data subject is a child. **Information on the collection of personal data** In the following, we inform you about the collection of personal data when using our website. Personal data are e.g. name, address, e-mail addresses, user behaviour. **Collection of personal data when visiting our website** In the case of mere informational use of the website, i.e. if you do not register or otherwise transmit information to us, we only collect the personal data that your browser transmits to our server. If you wish to view our website, we collect the following data, which is technically necessary for us to display our website to you and to ensure stability and security: - IP address - Date and time of the request - Time zone difference from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) - Content of the request (concrete page) - Access Status/HTTP Status Code - Amount of data transmitted in each case - Website from which the request comes - Browser - Operating system and its interface - Language and version of the browser software After a technical evaluation, this data is deleted immediately. In accordance with Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) GDPR, this data collection serves to protect our legitimate interests in the correct presentation of our website offering, which outweigh our interests in the context of a balancing of interests, as well as compliance with the EU General Data Protection Regulation in terms of security and confidentiality. **Cookie Consent Tool** To obtain effective user consent for cookies and cookie-based applications requiring consent, we use the cookie consent tool beeclever from the provider beeclever GmbH, Friedrich-Mohr-Straße 1, D-56070 Koblenz. By integrating this consent tool, a banner is displayed to users when they access the page, in which consent for certain cookies and/or cookie-based applications can be given by ticking the box. The tool blocks the setting of all cookies requiring consent until the respective user gives their consent by ticking the relevant box. This ensures that such cookies are only set on your end device if you have given your consent. So that the cookie consent tool can clearly assign page views to individual users and individually record, log and store the consent settings you have made for a session duration, certain user information (including the IP address) is collected when our website is accessed by the cookie consent tool, transmitted to the server of the cookie consent tool provider and stored there. This data processing is carried out in accordance with Art. 6 para. 1 lit. f) GDPR on the basis of our legitimate interest in legally compliant, user-specific and user-friendly consent management for cookies and thus in a legally compliant design of our website. Another legal basis for the data processing described is Art. 6 para. 1 lit. c) GDPR. As the controller, we are subject to the legal obligation to make the use of technically unnecessary cookies dependent on the respective user consent. By using our website, information (e.g. IP address) may be accessed or information (e.g. cookies) may be stored in your end devices. This access or storage may involve further processing of personal data within the meaning of the GDPR. In cases where such access to information or such storage of information is absolutely necessary for the technically error-free provision of our services, this is done on the basis of the german § 25 TDDDG (Telecommunications Digital Services Data Protection Act) [Datenschutzeinstellungen ändern / Change privacy settings](#consent-change) [Verlauf der Datenschutzeinstellungen / Privacy settings history](#consent-history) [Einwilligung widerrufen / Revoke consents](#consent-revoke) **German Telecommunications Digital Services Data Protection Act (TDDDG)** The legal basis for the storage and retrieval of information in the end user’s terminal equipment is consent in accordance with Section 25 TDDDG. This consent is requested when the website is accessed. According to Section 25 TDDDG, consent is not required if the storage of information in the end user’s terminal equipment or access to information already stored in the end user’s terminal equipment is absolutely necessary so that the provider of a telemedia service can provide a telemedia service expressly requested by the user. In the cookie settings, you can see which cookies are classified as absolutely necessary (often also referred to as ‘technically necessary cookies’) and therefore fall under the exemption rule of Section 25 (2) TDDDGG and therefore do not require consent. Please note that the legal basis for the downstream processing of personal data then results from the GDPR. The relevant legal basis for the processing of personal data on this website can be found further on in this privacy policy. **Use of cookies** In addition to the aforementioned data, cookies or similar technologies such as pixels (hereinafter generally referred to as ‘cookies’) are used on your computer when you use and visit our website. Cookies are either small databases that are stored by your browser on your end device to store certain information, or image files such as pixels. The next time you visit our website with the same end device, the information stored in cookies is subsequently sent back either to our website (‘first party cookie’) or to another website to which the cookie belongs (‘third party cookie’). Through the stored and returned information, the respective website recognises that you have already accessed and visited it with the browser of your end device. We use this information to optimise the design and display of the website according to your preferences. Only the cookie itself is identified on your end device. Any further storage of personal data only takes place with your express consent or if this is absolutely necessary in order to be able to use the service offered and accessed by you accordingly. This website uses the following types of cookies, the scope and function of which are explained below: - Strictly necessary cookies (type a) - Functional and performance cookies (type b) - Cookies requiring consent (type c) **Strictly necessary cookies (type a)** Strictly necessary cookies guarantee functions without which you cannot use our websites as intended. These cookies are used exclusively by us and are therefore first party cookies. This means that all information stored in the cookies is sent back to our website. Strictly necessary cookies are used, for example, to ensure that you as a registered user always remain logged in when accessing various subpages of our website and therefore do not have to re-enter your login details each time you access a new page. The use of strictly necessary cookies on our website is possible without your consent. For this reason, strictly necessary cookies cannot be deactivated or activated individually. However, you have the option of generally deactivating cookies in your browser at any time (see below). Legal basis: Art. 6 para. 1 lit. f) GDPR **Functional and performance cookies (type b)** Functional cookies enable our website to save information already provided (such as registered name or language selection) and to offer you improved and more personalised functions based on this. These cookies only collect and store anonymised information so that they cannot track your movements on other websites. Performance cookies collect information about how our websites are used in order to improve their attractiveness, content and functionality. These cookies help us, for example, to determine whether and which subpages of our website are visited and what content users are particularly interested in. In particular, we record the number of visits to a page, the number of subpages accessed, the time spent on our website, the order of the pages visited, which search terms led you to us, the country, region and, if applicable, the city from which the access is made, as well as the proportion of mobile devices that access our websites. We also record movements, ‘clicks’ and scrolling with the computer mouse in order to understand which areas of our website are of particular interest to users. As a result, we can tailor the content of our website more specifically to the needs of our users and optimise our offering. The IP address of your computer transmitted for technical reasons is automatically anonymised and does not allow us to draw any conclusions about the individual user. You can object to the use of functional and performance cookies at any time by adjusting your cookie settings accordingly. Legal basis: Art. 6 para. 1 lit. f) GDPR **Cookies requiring consent (type c)** Cookies that are neither absolutely necessary (type a) nor functional or performance cookies (type b) are only used after you have given your consent. We also reserve the right to use information that we have obtained by means of cookies from an anonymised analysis of the usage behaviour of visitors to our websites in order to display specific advertising for certain of our products on our own websites. We believe that you as a user benefit from this because we display advertising or content that we assume, based on your surfing behaviour, matches your interests and you are therefore shown less random advertising or certain content that may be of less interest to you. Marketing cookies originate from external advertising companies (third-party cookies) and are used to collect information about the websites visited by the user in order to create targeted advertising for the user. Legal basis: Art. 6 para. 1 lit. a) GDPR **Opt-out for marketing cookies** You can also manage cookies used for online advertising via the tools developed in many countries as part of self-regulatory programmes, such as the US-based / or the EU-based . Legal basis: Art. 6 para. 1 lit. a) GDPR **Management and deletion of all cookies** In addition, you can set your Internet browser so that the storage of cookies on your end device is generally prevented or you are asked each time whether you agree to the setting of cookies. Once cookies have been set, you can also delete them at any time. You can find out how all this works in detail in the help function of your browser. The cookies and third-party requests described above are placed on your device by the following services through our website: **Cloudflare** We use the Cloudflare service of the provider Cloudflare Germany GmbH on our website Rosental 7, c/o Mindspace, 80331 Munich, Germany. Cloudflare is a web analysis tool that allows us to view the surfing and clicking behaviour of website visitors. The purpose is to optimise our website and better adapt it to the needs of website visitors. This involves collecting and analysing data on user behaviour, performance and security data. Cloudflare collects data about the use of our website, including your IP address, browser type, pages viewed, time spent on the site and other usage statistics. This data is processed on Cloudflare’s servers. Cloudflare is contractually obliged to process this data in accordance with our instructions and in compliance with the applicable data protection laws. Further information on data protection at Cloudflare and the specific provisions relating to its web analysis service can be found in Cloudflare’s privacy policy: . Art. 6 para. 1 lit. a) GDPR serves as the legal basis. **Youtube** We have integrated videos from the provider YouTube, Google Ireland Limited Gordon House, Barrow Street Dublin 4. Ireland, into our online offer, which are stored on http://www.YouTube.com and can be played directly from our website. These are all integrated in “extended data protection mode”, i.e. no data about you as a user is transmitted to YouTube if you do not play the videos. Only when you play the videos will the data mentioned in the next paragraph be transferred. We have no influence on this data transmission. The purpose of the processing is for marketing reasons. By visiting the website, YouTube receives the information that you have accessed the corresponding sub-page of our website. In addition, the data mentioned in section 2 of this declaration is transmitted. This occurs regardless of whether YouTube provides a user account via which you are logged in or whether no user account exists. If you are logged in to Google, your data will be directly assigned to your account. If you do not want your data to be associated with your YouTube profile, you must log out before activating the button. YouTube stores your data as usage profiles and uses them for the purposes of advertising, market research and/or designing its website in line with requirements. Such an evaluation is carried out in particular (even for users who are not logged in) to provide needs-based advertising and to inform other users of the social network about your activities on our website. You have the right to object to the creation of these user profiles, and you must contact YouTube to exercise this right. For further information on the purpose and scope of data collection and processing by YouTube, please refer to YouTube’s privacy policy. There you will also find further information on your rights and setting options to protect your privacy: In order to establish an adequate level of security, your consent pursuant to Art. 49 (1) a) GDPR may serve as the legal basis for the transfer to third countries. To protect your rights and personal data, we have integrated Youtube with a so-called two-click solution that only transmits data to Google after you have explicitly activated the map function. Furthermore, Google offers a number of ways to object to the collection of personal data by Google: Legal basis: Art. 6 para. 1 lit. a) GDPR **Newsletter with Brevo (formerly Sendinblue)** With your consent, you can subscribe to our newsletter, which we use to inform you about topics relating to our company and our services and offers the purpose of using newsletters is for marketing reasons. We use the so-called double opt-in procedure to subscribe to our newsletter. This means that after you have registered, we will send you an e-mail to the e-mail address you have provided in which we ask you to confirm that you wish to receive the newsletter. If you do not confirm your registration within 24 hours, your information will be blocked and automatically deleted after one month. We also store the IP addresses you use and the times of registration and confirmation. The purpose of this procedure is to be able to prove your registration and, if necessary, to clarify any possible misuse of your personal data. Your name and e-mail address are mandatory for sending the newsletter. After your confirmation, we will save your e-mail address and your name for the purpose of sending you the newsletter and for a personalised approach. You can revoke your consent to receive the newsletter at any time and unsubscribe from the newsletter. You can declare your cancellation by clicking on the link provided in every newsletter email or by sending a message to the contact details given in the legal notice. The legal basis is your consent within the meaning of Art. 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. a) GDPR. Our service provider is Brevo (formerly Sendinblue): Sendinblue GmbH, Köpenicker Str. 126, 10179 Berlin. E-mail: support@brevo.com as a certified processor bound by instructions. With the help of Brevo, we are able to analyse our newsletter campaigns. For example, we can see whether a newsletter message has been opened and which links have been clicked on. In this way, we can determine, among other things, which links were clicked on particularly frequently. We can also recognise whether certain previously defined actions were carried out after opening or clicking (conversion rate). For example, we can recognise whether you have made a purchase after clicking on the newsletter. Brevo also enables us to categorise newsletter recipients according to various categories (‘clustering’). Newsletter recipients can be categorised by age, gender or place of residence, for example. In this way, the newsletters can be better customised to the respective target groups. If you do not wish to be analysed by Brevo, you must unsubscribe from the newsletter. We provide a link for this purpose in every newsletter message. Detailed information on the functions of Brevo can be found at the following link: https://www.brevo.com/de/newsletter-software/. The data you provide us with for the purpose of subscribing to the newsletter will be stored by us or the newsletter service provider until you unsubscribe from the newsletter and deleted from the newsletter distribution list after you unsubscribe from the newsletter. Data stored by us for other purposes remains unaffected by this. After you unsubscribe from the newsletter distribution list, your e-mail address may be stored by us or the newsletter service provider in a blacklist if this is necessary to prevent future mailings. The data from the blacklist will only be used for this purpose and will not be merged with other data. This serves both your interest and our interest in complying with the legal requirements when sending newsletters (legitimate interest within the meaning of Art. 6 para. 1 lit. f GDPR). Storage in the blacklist is not limited in time. You can object to the storage if your interests outweigh our legitimate interest. For more information, please refer to Brevo’s privacy policy at: https://www.brevo.com/de/datenschutz-uebersicht/ and . **LinkedIn link** We have integrated a link to the LinkedIn portal on our website. The professional network ‘LinkedIn’ is operated by LinkedIn Ireland Unlimited Company, Wilton Place, Dublin 2, Ireland. We maintain our own company page on LinkedIn. This serves as an active and up-to-date means of addressing potential employees in a professional environment. We also share information about our company on this page and present ourselves to the outside world in this way. Together with LinkedIn, we are responsible for the operation of the site and therefore have a so-called ‘joint responsibility’ towards the user. We have concluded a corresponding agreement with LinkedIn. This regulates the respective responsibilities for the fulfilment of the obligations pursuant to Art. 26 GDPR. In this context, user data may be processed on systems outside the European Union. LinkedIn has undertaken to comply with the data protection requirements of the EU. Data is only transferred to systems outside the EU if the requirements of Art. 44 et seq. GDPR are complied with. You can find out more at: www.linkedin.com/help/linkedin/answer/62533. For detailed information on the processing and use of data by us and by LinkedIn, as well as a contact option and your rights in this regard and setting options to protect your privacy, please refer to LinkedIn’s privacy policy: [https://de.linkedin.com/legal/privacy-policy?trk=hb\_ft\_priv](https://de.linkedin.com/legal/privacy-policy?trk=hb_ft_priv) **Contact** If you contact us by e-mail or via our contact form, the data you provide (your e-mail address, name and telephone number, if applicable) will be stored by us in order to answer your questions. We delete the data accruing in this context after the storage is no longer necessary, e.g. when your request has been dealt with. Otherwise, processing will be restricted if there are legal obligations to retain data. In the event of a contract being initiated from the contact, we process the data accordingly as above. The legal basis for this is Art. 6 para. 1 lit. a) or b) GDPR. **Request for quotation** If you would like to submit an enquiry via our website, it is necessary for the conclusion of the contract that you provide your personal data, which we require for the processing of your enquiry. The requested details are mandatory details necessary for the processing of the contract initiation. We process the data you provide in order to process your enquiry. The legal basis for this is Art. 6 para. 1 lit. b) GDPR If a contract is not concluded, the personal data from your enquiry will be deleted within 90 days of notification that the contract has not been concluded. **Duration of the processing** We only process your data for as long as is necessary to fulfil our contract or applicable legal provisions and to maintain our relationship with you. We inform you about the specific storage period of the data within the scope of the respective description of the individual data processing. If you do not find a concrete indication of the storage period there, then it is not possible for us to name such a period because it depends on various individual factors (e.g. the term of the contract, assertion of claims, etc.). In these cases, we base the duration of storage on the principle of data minimisation and proportionality. Business documents are kept for a maximum of 6 and 10 years in accordance with the requirements of the German Commercial Code and the German Fiscal Code. As long as you do not object or revoke your consent, we will use your data to maintain and intensify our trusting business relationship for our mutual benefit. Should you wish your data to be deleted, we will delete your data immediately, provided that there are no legal obligations to retain the data. **Rights of the data subject** 1. **Revocation of consent** If the processing of personal data is based on consent given, you have the right to revoke your consent at any time. The revocation of the consent does not affect the lawfulness of the processing carried out on the basis of the consent until the revocation. 2. **Right to confirmation** You have the right to request confirmation from the controller as to whether we are processing personal data relating to you. You can request confirmation at any time using the contact details above. 3. **Right to information** If personal data are processed, you can request information about these personal data and about the following information at any time: (a) the purposes of the processing; (b) the categories of personal data processed; (c) the recipients or categories of recipients to whom the personal data have been or will be disclosed, in particular in the case of recipients in third countries or international organisations; (d) if possible, the planned duration for which the personal data will be stored or, if this is not possible, the criteria for determining that duration; (e) the existence of a right to obtain the rectification or erasure of personal data concerning you, or the restriction of processing by the controller, or a right to object to such processing; 1. f) the existence of a right of appeal to a supervisory authority; (g) where the personal data are not collected from the data subject, any available information on the origin of the data; (h) the existence of automated decision-making, including profiling, pursuant to Article 22(1) and (4) of the GDPR and, at least in those cases, meaningful information about the logic involved and the scope and intended effects of such processing for the data subject. (i) If personal data are transferred to a third country or to an international organisation, you have the right to be informed about the appropriate safeguards pursuant to Article 46 DPA Regulation in connection with the transfer. We will provide a copy of the personal data that is the subject of the processing. For any further copies you request as an individual, we may charge a reasonable fee based on administrative costs. If you make the request electronically, the information shall be provided in a commonly used electronic format, unless it indicates otherwise. The right to receive a copy under Article 20 shall not prejudice the rights and freedoms of other persons. 4. **Right to rectification and completion** You have the right to request that we correct any inaccurate personal data relating to you without undue delay. Taking into account the purposes of the processing, you have the right to request the completion of incomplete personal data, including by means of a supplementary declaration. 5. **Right to erasure (“right to be forgotten”)** You have the right to request the controller to delete the personal data concerning you without delay and we are obliged to delete personal data without delay if one of the following reasons applies: (a) the personal data are no longer necessary for the purposes for which they were collected or otherwise processed. (b) the data subject revokes the consent on which the processing was based pursuant to Article 6(1)(a) or Article 9(2)(a) of the GDPR and there is no other legal basis for the processing. (c) the data subject objects to the processing pursuant to Article 21(1) of the GDPR and there are no overriding legitimate grounds for the processing or the data subject objects to the processing pursuant to Article 21(2) of the GDPR. (d) the personal data have been processed unlawfully. (e) the erasure of the personal data is necessary for compliance with a legal obligation under Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject. If the controller has made the personal data public and is obliged to erase it pursuant to paragraph 1, it shall take reasonable steps, including technical measures, having regard to the available technology and the cost of implementation, to inform data controllers which process the personal data that a data subject has requested that they erase all links to or copies or replications of that personal data. The right to erasure (“right to be forgotten”) does not exist insofar as the processing is necessary for any of the following: – to exercise the right to freedom of expression and information; – for compliance with a legal obligation which requires processing under Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject or for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller; – for reasons of public interest in the area of public health in accordance with Article 9(2)(h) and (i) and Article 9(3) of the GDPR; – for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes pursuant to Article 89(1) of the GDPR, where the right referred to in paragraph 1 is likely to render impossible or seriously prejudice the achievement of the purposes of such processing; – for the assertion, exercise or defence of legal claims. 6. **Right to restriction of processing** You have the right to request us to restrict the processing of your personal data if one of the following conditions is met: (a) the accuracy of the personal data is contested by the data subject for a period enabling the controller to verify the accuracy of the personal data; (b) the processing is unlawful and the data subject opposes the erasure of the personal data and requests instead the restriction of the use of the personal data; (c) the controller no longer needs the personal data for the purposes of the processing but the data subject needs them for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims; or (d) the data subject has objected to the processing pursuant to Article 21(1) of the GDPR for as long as it is not yet clear whether the legitimate grounds of the controller override those of the data subject. Where processing has been restricted in accordance with the above conditions, such personal data shall be processed, apart from being stored, only with the consent of the data subject or for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims or for the protection of the rights of another natural or legal person or for reasons of substantial public interest of the Union or of a Member State. 8. **Right to data portability** You have the right to receive the personal data concerning you that you have provided to us in a structured, commonly used and machine-readable format, and you have the right to transmit this data to another controller without hindrance from the controller to whom the personal data was provided, provided that: 1. a) the processing is based on consent pursuant to Article 6 (1) (a) or Article 9 (2) (a) or on a contract pursuant to Article 6 (1) (b) GDPR and (b) the processing is carried out with the aid of automated procedures. When exercising the right to data portability pursuant to paragraph 1, you have the right to have the personal data transferred directly from one controller to another controller, insofar as this is technically feasible. The exercise of the right to data portability does not affect the right to erasure (“right to be forgotten”). This right shall not apply to processing necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller. 9. **Right of objection** You have the right to object at any time, on grounds relating to your particular situation, to the processing of personal data concerning you which is carried out on the basis of Article 6(1)(e) or (f) GDPR; this also applies to profiling based on these provisions. The controller shall no longer process the personal data unless it can demonstrate compelling legitimate grounds for the processing which override the interests, rights and freedoms of the data subject, or for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims. If personal data are processed for the purpose of direct marketing, you have the right to object at any time to the processing of personal data concerning you for the purpose of such marketing; this also applies to profiling insofar as it is related to such direct marketing. If you object to the processing for direct marketing purposes, the personal data will no longer be processed for these purposes. In the context of the use of information society services, notwithstanding Directive 2002/58/EC, you may exercise your right to object by means of automated procedures using technical specifications. You have the right to object, on grounds relating to your particular situation, to the processing of personal data concerning you which is carried out for scientific or historical research purposes or for statistical purposes pursuant to Article 89(1), unless the processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest. You can exercise the right to object at any time by contacting the controller. 10. **Right to complain to a supervisory authority** They shall also have the right, without prejudice to any other administrative or judicial remedy, to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority, in particular in the Member State of their residence, place of work or the place of the alleged infringement, if the data subject considers that the processing of personal data relating to them infringes this Regulation. 11. **Right to effective judicial remedy** Without prejudice to any available administrative or non-judicial remedy, including the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority pursuant to Article 77 GDPR, you shall have the right to an effective judicial remedy if you consider that your rights under this Regulation have been infringed as a result of the processing of your personal data not in compliance with this Regulation. **Children** Our offer is basically aimed at adults. Persons under the age of 18 should not transmit any personal data to us without the consent of their parents or legal guardians. **Data protection information for applicants** We are pleased that you are interested in us and are applying or have applied for a position in our company. We would like to provide you below with information on the processing of your personal data in connection with the application. *Which of your data do we process? And for what purposes?* We process the data you have sent us in connection with your application in order to assess your suitability for the position (or other open positions in our company, if applicable) and to carry out the application process. *On what legal basis is that based?* The legal basis for the processing of your personal data in this application procedure is Art. 6 (1) lit. b) GDPR. According to this, the processing of data is permissible insofar as it is necessary for the fulfillment of a contract or for the implementation of pre-contractual measures. Should the data be required for legal prosecution after the application process has been completed, data processing may be carried out on the basis of the requirements of Art. 6 GDPR, in particular in order to safeguard legitimate interests pursuant to Art. 6 para. 1 lit. f) GDPR. Our interest then consists in the assertion or defence of claims. *How long will the data be stored?* Data of applicants will be deleted after 6 months in case of rejection. In the event that you have agreed to further storage of your personal data, we will transfer your data to our applicant pool. There, the data will be deleted after two years. If you have been awarded a position during the application process, the data from the applicant data system will be transferred to our personnel information system. *To which recipients is the data passed on?* We use a specialised software provider for the application process. This provider acts as a service provider for us and may also receive knowledge of your personal data in connection with the maintenance and care of the systems. We have concluded a so-called order processing agreement with this provider, which ensures that the data processing is carried out in a permissible manner. Your application data will be reviewed by the HR department after receipt of your application. Suitable applications are then forwarded internally to the department heads for the respective open position. The further procedure is then coordinated. In principle, only those persons in the company have access to your data who need this for the proper course of our application procedure. *Where is the data processed?* The data is processed exclusively in data centres in the Federal Republic of Germany. **Legal validity** If sections or individual terms of this statement are not legal or correct, the content or validity of the other parts remain uninfluenced by this fact. --- ### [USB-Feedthrough-4](https://www.el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/accessories/usb-feedthrough-4/) **Published:** June 2, 2023 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** USB-Feedthrough for gloveboxes: gas-tight KF flange with USB Type-C feedthrough and 4 ports for PAT devices. Specs & delivery scope. **Content:** # **USB-Feedthrough-4** ##### USB cable feedthrough for the glovebox [Request a quote](#quote) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/USB-Feedthrough-4-440.webp) # **USB-Feedthrough-4** ##### USB cable feedthrough for the glovebox ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/USB-Feedthrough-4-440.webp) [Product overview](#overview)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product Overview - [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) - [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) - [Delivery Scope](#1685630496476-5e3ad6cb-5477) #### [Product description](#1495192474163-3c8ecec5-2ebc) ### Product description The USB-Feedthrough-4 is a KF-40 flange that can be mounted to any standard glovebox. It provides a gas-tight USB 2.0 Type C feedthrough with four ports for connecting PAT-Channel-1 or PAT-Terminal-1 devices to be operated inside the glovebox. ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/EL-CELL-Schematics-USB-Feedthrough-4_Glove-box-setup.gif)Sample setup with PAT-Tester-x. #### [Specifications](#1495193524189-c3a6183c-38a0) ### Specifications [![USB Type-C feedthrough with KF flange measurements diagram](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/EL-CELL_Measurements_USB-Feedthrough-4.png "EL-CELL_Measurements_USB-Feedthrough-4 | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/EL-CELL_Measurements_USB-Feedthrough-4.png) USB-Feedthrough-4 Height 48 mm Outer diameter 55 mm Nominal size KF 40 Ports 4 Port type USB 2 Type C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Delivery Scope](#1685630496476-5e3ad6cb-5477) ### Delivery Scope Component Order no. USB-Feedthrough-4 Clamping ring for elastomer seal, DN 32-40 ISO-KF VAC0041 Centering ring ISO-KF 40 VAC0042 [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") The USB-Feedthrough-4 is a KF-40 flange that can be mounted to any standard glovebox. It provides a gas-tight USB 2.0 Type C feedthrough with four ports for connecting PAT-Channel-1 or PAT-Terminal-1 devices to be operated inside the glovebox. ## USB-Feedthrough-4 Overview Specifications USB-Feedthrough-4 Height 48 mm Outer diameter 55 mm Nominal size KF 40 Ports 4 Port type USB 2 Type C [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Delivery Scope Component Order no. USB-Feedthrough-4 Clamping ring for elastomer seal, DN 32-40 ISO-KF VAC0041 Centering ring ISO-KF 40 VAC0042 [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Gallery [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/EL-CELL_USB-Feedthrough-4_01-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/EL-CELL_USB-Feedthrough-4_01.jpg) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/EL-CELL_USB-Feedthrough-4_02-300x300.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/EL-CELL_USB-Feedthrough-4_02.jpg) ## Request a Quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Software Downloads](https://www.el-cell.com/support/software/) **Published:** April 10, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Download the latest EL-Software and EC-Link versions and check Windows/Linux system requirements. **Content:** # Software Here you can download the latest versions of our software products. ## EL-Software [EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/) is the control and management software for EL-CELL battery testers. Download EL-Software (latest version) **EL-Software Server and Client (Microsoft Windows)** Please use this MSI file to install or update the EL-Software Server and/or Client for Microsoft Windows: EL-Software Installation or Update for Microsoft Windows Release 3.1.1 Build 15013 Date April 2026 Type msi Installer (234 MB) [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10860/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") **EL-Software Server (Linux, for Appliance Installations only)** The EL-Software Server for Linux can be updated directly via the EL-Software Server Administration website and accessed by the client. Without network access, you can download the required file here: EL-Software Server Update Package for Linux Release 3.1.1 Build 15013 Date April 2026 Type deb (388 MB) [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9626/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Upgrading from EL-Software version 2 to version 3 Upgrading from EL-Software V2 to V3 is straightforward. There are no special requirements or additional migration steps needed. Any existing V2 installation can be updated to V3 using the regular update process. For Windows installations this is done using the new MSI installer, while appliance systems can be updated through the administration page. **Good to know:** - Existing measurement data is preserved - Databases will be migrated during the update - Exported data remains unaffected - Clients and connected controllers will update automatically after the server upgrade Upgrade EL-Software from Version 1 to Version 2 ### Important notes on upgrading from EL-Software version 1 to version Depending on your installed EL-Software version you want to upgrade from, there are different steps to follow. We strongly recommend that you read these instructions first: [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_EL-Software_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/10858/)EL-Software Version 2 Upgrade Instructions Release version 1.1 Date February 2023 Type PDF Size 1 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10858/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Linux: **Upgrading EL-Software Server from version 1.1.53 to version 2** For EL-Software Server version 1.1.53, please use this file to upgrade to version 2. EL-Software Server Upgrade Package for Linux (Version 1.1.53 to Version 2) Release 2.6.1. Build 14071 Date September 2025 Type tgz (475 MB) [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/10854/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") **Updating EL-Software Server from older versions to version 1.1.53** If your EL-Software Server is older than version 1.1.53, you need to update it first to 1.1.53 before upgrading to version 2. EL-Software Server Update Package to Version 1.1.53 for Linux Release 1.1.53 Build 10716 Date December 2023 Type deb (152 MB) [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/13050/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Microsoft Windows **Updating EL-Software Server/Client from older versions to version 1.1.53** If your EL-Software Server is older than version 1.1.53, you need to update it first to 1.1.53 before upgrading to version 2. EL-Software Update Installer to Version 1.1.53 for Microsoft Windows Release 1.1.53 Build 10716 Date December 2023 Type msi Installer (308 MB) [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/9234/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ### Minimum Hardware Requirements EL-Software Server\* CPU: Intel i5-12400 or comparable Intel Xeon or AMD64 processor RAM: 16 GB File Storage: 1 GB SATA-SSD Network: 1 Gbit EL-Software Client CPU: Intel i5 or comparable AMD64 processor RAM: 8 GB File Storage: 500 MB HDD Network: 1 Gbit Display Resolution: 1366 x 768 pixel and higher [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") \*The hardware requirements for the EL-Software Server depend on the number of test channels and the type of measurement protocols. The stated values should only be regarded as a guideline for operating a system with up to 16 test channels. ### Software requirements EL-Software Server Operating system: Windows Server 2022 Windows 10 (x64) version 21H2 or later Windows 11 Linux Ubuntu 18.04\* Other Microsoft Visual C++ 2015-2022 Redistributable (x64) EL-Software Client Operating system: Windows 10 (x64) version 21H2 or later Windows 11 Other: WebView2 (must be [installed manually](https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/webview2/?form=MA13LH#download) on older Windows 10 versions) \* Only on PAT-Testers and Appliance PCs [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## EC-Link [EC-Link](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/ec-link/) is a data logger software provided to any user of the following instruments: [PAT-Stand-16/PAT-Tray](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-tray), ECD-3, ECD-3-nano, ECD-2-DL, [PAT-Cell-Press](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press)[, PAT-Cell-Gas (P and SP versions)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) and ECC-Press-DL. [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/EC-LINK-140.jpg)](https://el-cell.com/download/2636/)EC-Link Software Release 1.3.4.2 Type zip Size 9 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/2636/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") **EC-Link system requirements** You can install the EC-Link software on any computer running one of these operating systems: Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7. ## Any comments about this page? Please leave us a note Your comment Your email-address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Loading... --- ### [Funded projects](https://www.el-cell.com/about-us/projects/) **Published:** April 15, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Explore EL-CELL’s funded battery research projects, from thermal runaway simulation to sulfide solid-state stacks and advanced test cells. **Content:** # Projects EL-CELL GmbH is a project partner in various government-funded research projects. Here is an overview of the current projects: - [SimDural](#1713353476898-618d0118-a444) - [SilKompAs](#1713353476912-7b87719c-98f0) - [BiSSFest](#1713353870389-0544feec-ce09) - [KeNab-ART](#1713354140938-45cbf68a-2610) - [S³B](#1713354210353-8af9d3ee-cd32) #### [SimDural](#1713353476898-618d0118-a444) ### SimDural – Simulation-based safety assessment of uncontrolled thermal runaway in aged battery cells (June 2022 – May 2025) ### What is it about? In the SimDural joint project, simulation models for the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries are being developed, validated, and parameterized based on experiments. Different aging states of the battery cells are taken into account. Various analytical methods are used. Among other things, the reaction gases produced during the cycle are examined. ### What are we doing? EL-CELL is developing a special test cell as part of the project. This cell contains a heating element that can heat the battery stack to over 200 °C to simulate thermal runaway. At the same time, the test cell will provide various connections for continuous and discontinuous sampling of the gas chamber. See also [PAT-Cell-Gas](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas/). ### Who is involved?: - [BMW](https://www.bmw.com/de/index.html) - [Universität Münster, Instituts für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie](https://www.uni-muenster.de/Chemie.ac/) - [Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Particle Technology](https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/en/ipat) - [Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen](https://www.uni-giessen.de/en) - [SGL Carbon GmbH](https://www.sglcarbon.com/en/) - [Thermo Fisher Scientific](https://www.thermofisher.com/de/de/home.html) - [M.Braun Inertgas-Systeme GmbH](https://www.mbraun.com/en/) ### This project is funded by: [Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action](https://www.bmwk.de/Navigation/EN/Home/home.html) [](https://www.bmwk.de/Navigation/EN/Home/home.html)[![Logo Federal Ministry of Education and Research](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/bmwk.png "bmwk | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/bmwk.png)[](https://www.bmwk.de/Navigation/EN/Home/home.html) [](https://www.bmwk.de/Navigation/EN/Home/home.html) #### [SilKompAs](#1713353476912-7b87719c-98f0) ### SilKompAs – Silicon-based composite anodes for use in sulfide solid-state batteries (September 2022 – August 2025) ### What is it about? The SilKompAs project develops solid-state batteries with a sulphidic solid electrolyte and a silicon-carbon composite anode. Particular attention is paid to the composite anode: The project’s scope ranges from material synthesis in the laboratory to electrode processing at the pilot plant. In addition, various physical, chemical, and mechanical analyses are carried out on the test cells. ### What are we doing? EL-CELL is developing two test cells as part of the project. One enables the battery stack to be cycled under a high preload force while simultaneously measuring the force acting on the stack. The other is an extension of the already established electrochemical dilatometer [ECD-4-Nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/). The new cell enables direct dilatation measurement under a pre-set pre-tensioning force. Therefore, both cells are compatible with the PAT system and can be operated cable-fee in the [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/). See also: [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/), [ECD-4-Nano](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/). ### Who is involved?: - [Universität Münster, Instituts für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie](https://www.uni-muenster.de/Chemie.ac/) - [Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Particle Technology](https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/en/ipat) - [Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen](https://www.uni-giessen.de/en) - [SGL Carbon GmbH](https://www.sglcarbon.com/en/) - [Thermo Fisher Scientific](https://www.thermofisher.com/de/de/home.html) - [M.Braun Inertgas-Systeme GmbH](https://www.mbraun.com/en/) ### This project is funded by: [Federal Ministry of Education and Research](https://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/en/home/home_node.html) [![Logo Federal Ministry of Education and Research](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/BMBF_gefordert-vom_en.jpg "BMBF_gefördert vom_en | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/BMBF_gefordert-vom_en.jpg) ### Press Release: **English:** [Download PDF (EN)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11293/?tmstv=1713352893) **German:** [Download PDF (DE)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11295/?tmstv=1713353033) #### [BiSSFest](#1713353870389-0544feec-ce09) ### BiSSFest – Bipolar stacking of sulfide solid-state batteries (December 2021-November 2024) ### What is it about? In the BiSSFest joint project, solid-state batteries with a sulfide solid electrolyte and lithium metal anode are being investigated. The focus is on developing scalable processes from laboratory to pilot scale. A special feature of the project is the stacking of individual battery cells connected in series using bipolar plates. ### What are we doing? EL-CELL is developing a special test cell as part of the project. This cell enables the battery stack to be cycled under a high preload force while simultaneously measuring the force acting on the stack. In addition, a connection for in-situ gas analysis is being created to investigate the reaction gases produced. The cell is compatible with the PAT system and can, therefore, be operated cable-free in the [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/). See also: [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/), [PAT-Cell-Gas](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas/) ### Who is involved?: - [NETZSCH-Feinmahltechnik GmbH](https://grinding.netzsch.com/en) - [IBU-tec advanced materials AG](https://www.ibu-tec.com/) - [Customcells Holding GmbH](https://customcells.com/) - [Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Machine Tools and Production Technology](https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/en/iwf) - [Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Particle Technology](https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/en/ipat) - [Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST](https://www.ist.fraunhofer.de/en.html) - [Universität Münster, Instituts für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie](https://www.uni-muenster.de/Chemie.ac/) - [BASF SE](https://www.basf.com/global/en.html) ### This project is funded by: [Federal Ministry of Education and Research](https://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/en/home/home_node.html) [![Logo Federal Ministry of Education and Research](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/BMBF_gefordert-vom_en.jpg "BMBF_gefördert vom_en | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/BMBF_gefordert-vom_en.jpg) ### Press Release: **English:** [Download PDF (EN)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11272/?tmstv=1713352893) **German:** [Download PDF (DE)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11274/?tmstv=1713353033) #### [KeNab-ART](#1713354140938-45cbf68a-2610) ### KeNaB-ART – Ceramic-based sodium battery with beta-aluminate for applications above room temperature (August 2021 – July 2024) ### What is it about? The KeNaB-ART project researches solid-state batteries with ceramic-based solid electrolytes and sodium metal anodes. In particular, this project is investigating battery cells for operation at elevated temperatures, some of which are above the melting point of the metal anode. ### What are we doing? EL-CELL is developing a special PAT-Core in this project. This PAT-Core is designed for use in the PAT-Cell-HT. Together with the PAT-Heater-4, batteries with liquid metal anodes can be investigated. The cells and the PAT-Heater are compatible with the PAT system and can, therefore, be operated with [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/). See also: [PAT-Cell-HT](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht/), [PAT-Heater-4](https://www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4/) ### Who is involved?: - [IBU-tec advanced materials AG](https://www.ibu-tec.com/) - [Paul Rauschert GmbH & Co. KG](https://rauschert.com/en/) - [Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS](https://www.ikts.fraunhofer.de/) ### This project is funded by: [Federal Ministry of Education and Research](https://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/en/home/home_node.html) [![Logo Federal Ministry of Education and Research](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/BMBF_gefordert-vom_en.jpg "BMBF_gefördert vom_en | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/BMBF_gefordert-vom_en.jpg) ### Press Release: English: [Download PDF (EN)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11268/?tmstv=1713349336) German: [Download PDF (DE)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11265/?tmstv=1713348825) #### [S³B](#1713354210353-8af9d3ee-cd32) ### S³B – Materials and interface design for sodium solid-state batteries (April 2021 – March 2024) ### What is it about? In the international joint project S³B, solid-state batteries with sodium metal anodes and ceramic solid electrolytes are being developed in cooperation with German and Korean partners. A special feature of the project is integrating a specially developed polymer layer into the battery stack to modify interface effects. ### What are we doing? As part of the project, EL-CELL is developing a test cell in which the battery stack can be cycled under a moderate preload force. At the same time, the force acting on the stack during cycling can be measured. This means that a fluctuation in the force can detect the change in thickness of the active materials when the state of charge changes. The cell is compatible with the PAT system and can, therefore, be operated cable-free in the [PAT-Tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-tester-x-8/). EL-Cell is also developing the PAT-Terminal, a stand-alone device for quickly reading out cell parameters to facilitate cell assembly in the glovebox. See also: [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-force/), [PAT-Terminal-1](https://www.el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester/pat-tester-x/pat-terminal-1/). ### Who is involved?: - [Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS](https://www.ikts.fraunhofer.de/) - [SK chemicals](https://www.skchemicals.com/en/) - [Kyung Hee University](https://www.khu.ac.kr/eng/main/index.do) ### This project is funded by: [Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action](https://www.bmwk.de/Navigation/EN/Home/home.html) [](https://www.bmwk.de/Navigation/EN/Home/home.html)[![Logo Federal Ministry of Education and Research](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/bmwk.png "bmwk | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/bmwk.png)[](https://www.bmwk.de/Navigation/EN/Home/home.html)[](https://www.bmwk.de/Navigation/EN/Home/home.html) --- ### [Software Support](https://www.el-cell.com/support/software-support/) **Published:** April 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Excerpt:** Get help with EL-Cell software: download guides, read documentation for EL-Software and EC-Link, or contact our support team **Content:** # Software Support Support for our software products is exclusively handled by EL-Cell GmbH. ## Do you need help? Please check the available documentation first: ### EL-Software: - [Download Installation & Quick Start Guide (PDF)](https://el-cell.com/download/11254/) - [Documentation EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/el-software/#manuals) ### EC-Link: - [EC-Link product page](https://www.el-cell.com/products/el-cell-software/ec-link/) If you cannot find a solution here, please contact us at --- ### [Contact Form Insulation sleeve PP (Separator Customized, if appl. Clamping ring) (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2-2/) **Published:** June 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Request a quote # Request for Insulation Sleeve PP (Separator Customized, if appl. Clamping ring) (10 pcs) Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Please specify the material and thickness of your separator Please specify the material of your reference electrode Additional comment Loading... --- ### [Products](https://www.el-cell.com/products/) **Published:** April 16, 2018 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Electrochemical Test Equipment ## EL-CELL designs and manufactures high performance electrochemical research instruments for Li-ion and next-generation battery technologies. ![]( "PageHeader_Products") ![]() # Electrochemical Test Equipment EL-CELL designs and manufactures high-performance electrochemical research instruments for Li-ion and next-generation battery technologies. # Learn more about the PAT series [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Pageheader_PAT-300x300.png "Pageheader_PAT | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/products/discover-the-pat-series) Learn more about the PAT system. It features a complete testing ecosystem with test cells, docking stations with temperature control and fully equipped battery cyclers. [Read more](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/pat-series-overview) # Get our current product brochure here [![Product Brochure 2025](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Download_product_brochure_2025_Thumb_140x100.png "Download_product_brochure_2025_Thumb_140x100 | EL-CELL")](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Download_product_brochure_2025_Thumb_140x100.png) Head over to our [download page](https://el-cell.com/support/product-brochures) or use the button below to get our latest product brochure. [Direct Download](https://el-cell.com/download/1374/) ## Our Product Range [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Test-cells-1.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/) ## [Test Cells](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/) Our range of electrochemical test cells covers the latest PAT series, the established ECC series, as well as numerous test cells for special purposes, such as the in-situ monitoring of electrode strain (thickness change) or optical properties. - PAT cells for different purposes utilizing the modular PAT-Core concept - ECC test cells including devices for optical characterization - ECD dilatometer for in-situ monitoring of electrode strain [See our products](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/potentiostats_250px.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester) ## [Potentiostats / Galvanostats / Impedance Analyzers](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester) Fully equipped single- and multi-channel potentiostats / galvanostats / impedance analyzers with unique features. - Independent channels for PAT-series test cells - Each channel with fully featured potentiostat / galvanostat /impedance analyzer - Integrated Peltier-temperature-control with a temperature range of +10 to +80°C [See our products](https://el-cell.com/products/pat-battery-tester) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Docking_stations_250.webp)](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations) ## [PAT Docking Stations](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations) Whether high-throughput or individual battery testing, our docking stations for the PAT series test cells suit your needs. - Temperature controlled docking stations - Perform tests with 1, 4 or 16 channels - Compatible with all of today’s multi-channel potentiostats and battery testers [See our products](https://el-cell.com/products/docking-stations) [![Cell Components](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/cell_components.webp)](https://www.el-cell.com/products/cell-components/) ## [Cell Components](https://www.el-cell.com/products/cell-components/) PAT-Core and other cell components for our battery test cells. - Modular PAT-Core Components - Cell Components for ECC and ECD series test cells - Seals and other consumables [See our products](https://www.el-cell.com/products/cell-components/) [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories) ## [Tools and Accessories](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories) We offer useful tools for enhancing the work experience with our test cells and make your lfe as a battery researcher easier. - High precision cutting pliers to eliminate torn and chipped electrode edges. - Punching tools for lithium foil - Assembly and filling aids for our test cells [See our products](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Products_PAT-Stand-1-U.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/customized-devices) ## [Customized Devices](https://el-cell.com/products/customized-devices) We can customize our products to meet your specific requirements. All products shown here evolved from customer requests. [See our products](https://el-cell.com/products/customized-devices) --- ### [Legacy Test Cells](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/legacy-test-cells/) **Published:** April 16, 2025 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Legacy products ## The battery test cells shown here are still available. However, improved successor models are already available. ![]( "Products_ECC-Ref") ![]() # Legacy Test Cells ## The battery test cells shown here are still available. However, improved successor models are already available. ## Our products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-Ref.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/ecc-ref) ## [ECC-Ref](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/ecc-ref/) ### Electrochemical test cell with reference electrode.- Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes - Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis - Easy and reliable electrolyte filling upon assembly - Reusable cell components except for PE sealing [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/ecc-ref/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-Ref.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/ecc-combi) ## [ECC-Combi](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/ecc-combi/) ### Electrochemical test cell applicable both as 2- and 3-electrode test cell for aprotic systems - Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes - Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis - Easy and reliable electrolyte filling upon assembly - Fast assembly and dismantling, and easy cleaning of cell components [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/ecc-combi/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-Std.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/ecc-std) ## [ECC-Std](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/ecc-std/) ### Electrochemical test cell for 2-electrode measurements.- Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes - Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis - Easy and reliable electrolyte filling upon assembly - Fast assembly and dismantling, and easy cleaning of cell components [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/ecc-std/) --- ### [Cell Components](https://www.el-cell.com/products/cell-components/) **Published:** July 22, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # **Cell Components** ## All the consumables you need to operate our battery test cells. [Request a quote](#quote) ![Cell Components](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Cell_components_440.webp) # **Cell Components** ## All the consumables you need to operate our battery test cells. ![Cell Components](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Cell_components_440.webp) [For PAT Series](#pat)[For ECC Series](#ecc) [For ECD Series](#ecd) [Request a quote](#quote) ## Cell Components for Battery Test Cells Here, you can find an overview of our battery test cells’ most common cell components. - [For PAT Series](#1721637760940-aec09c91-aebb) - [For ECC Series](#1721638115001-7367a271-1f4a) - [For ECD Series](#1721639904359-fb5dad06-470b) #### [For PAT Series](#1721637760940-aec09c91-aebb) ### Cell Components for PAT Series Test Cells Recommended PAT-Core configurations for the most common testing scenarios can be found [here.](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/common-test-cases) Item nameReference materialSeparator materialTemperature rangeComponent typeUsageMaterialOrder numberCell designOrder ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0026-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0026-APAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-cu?_pos=1&_sid=ad1914166&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0026-B_80px.png)Upper plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0026-B PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-al?_pos=1&_sid=9b3fe34c3&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0026-CPAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ss?_pos=1&_sid=524638c73&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Nickel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-01-0026-MPAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ni?_pos=2&_sid=baf6095a6&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PAT-Core_Upper_plunger_ECC1-01-0026-W.webp)Upper plunger (Cu) for PAT-Cell-Force70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0026-WPAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-b-cu) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PAT-Core_Upper_plunger_ECC1-01-0026-V.webp)Upper plunger B (Al) for PAT-Cell-Force70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0026-V PAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-b-al) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PAT-Core_Upper_plunger_ECC1-01-0026-R.webp)Upper plunger B (Stainless steel) for PAT-Cell-Force70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0026-RPAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-b-ss) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0065-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (PEEK) with upper feed wire (Au), disc spring (Au) and current collector disc (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire, disc spring and current collector disc)* ECC1-01-0065-APAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-peek-au-assy?_pos=1&_sid=f9b3107f6&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0065-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (PEEK) with upper feed wire (Pt), disc spring (Au) and current collector disc (Pt)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Platinum (Pt) *(Feed wire and current collector disc)*Gold (Au) *(Disc spring)* ECC1-01-0065-BPAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0027-B_80px.png)Lower plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0027-B\_x (x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-B_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0027-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0027-A\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-A_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (Nickel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-01-0027-M\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-M_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0027-C\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-C_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_perf-plate_SS_ECC1-01-0037-Cx_80px.png)Lower Plunger (perf. Plate), stainless steel70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0081-C\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-Gas[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_perf-plate_Ni_ECC1-01-0037-Dx_80px.png)Lower plunger (perf. plate), Ni70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel, Ni >99%ECC1-01-0081-D\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-Gas[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0081-d_x/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_flow_SS_ECC1-01-0038-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (flow field), Ni70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel, Ni >99%ECC1-01-0038-D\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-Gas[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0038-d_x/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_flow_SS_ECC1-01-0038-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (flow field), Stainless steel70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0038-C\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-Gas[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0038-c_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0055-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (PEEK) with lower feed wire (Pt), disk spring (Au) and current collector disc (Pt)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Platinum (Pt) *(Feed wire and current collector disc)*Gold (Au) *(Disc spring)*ECC1-01-0055-B\_xPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0055-b_x/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0055-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (PEEK) with lower feed wire (Au), disk spring (Au) and current collector disc (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire, disc spring and current collector disc)*ECC1-01-0055-A\_xPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0055-a_x/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)AluminumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)SodiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useSodium (Na) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-U/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-na-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=42826d9ac&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)MagnesiumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-H/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-mg-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=d6ba9465d&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)AluminumBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useAluminum (Al) *(Reference)*Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-J/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-al-ring-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=77c5383d8&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)MagnesiumProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useMagnesium (Mg) *(Reference)* Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4/) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PAT-Core_Insultation_Sleeves_PP_with-Separator.webp)Insulation sleeve PP (AC-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)Activated carbonProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useActivated carbon *(Reference)*Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) 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FS-5P) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP),partially chemically delithiatedPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), modified, partially chemically delithiated *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-R/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=3b5f145b2&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0210-N_80px.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel mesh, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless steel mesh70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel mesh *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-N/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-mesh-no-separator?_pos=1&_sid=5e5912651&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0420-M_80px.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel cross, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless Steel Cross Reference70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel cross *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-M/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-cross-no-separator) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator Customized, if appl. Clamping ring) (10 pcs)noneProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)noneBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-P/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=1b9810aa8&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (no R, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)noneCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useNo reference Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-P/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-celgard-qt17p2hx) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)nonePP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)* Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-W/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=9512c3bb0&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0210-D.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PP (disassembled) (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-D/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=a693be367&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0210-T_X.webp)Plain Insulation sleeve (PP), Reed contact (SS), disassembled (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-T/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-reed-contact-ni-on-ss-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1a2894352&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PEEK-Sleeves_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassemblednonenone70°C 200°CInsulation sleeveReusablePEEK *(Sleeve)*Custom reference and separatorECC1-00-0510-TPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-peek-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1dff8bb02&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (GF/A) 21.6 x 0.26 mm, 50 pcsBorosilicate glass fiber70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-useBorosilicate glass fiberECC1-01-0011-A/LPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-26-mm-gf-a?_pos=1&_sid=3c4cc1f48&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator 21.6 mm x 0.016 mm, Celgard QT17P2HX, 50 pcsCelgard QT17P2HX70°CSeparatorSingle-useCelgard QT17P2HX, Trilayer Membrane (PP/PE/PP) ECC1-01-0101-A/LPAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-016-mm-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_fid=1c0ebe051&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (FS-5P) 21.6 x 0.22 mm, 50 pcsPP fiber/PE membrane70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-usePP fiber/PE membraneECC1-01-0051-A/LPAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-22-mm-fs-5p?_pos=1&_sid=968fb8208&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0186-M_80px.webp)Reed contact 2nd Gen. (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-M/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation?_pos=1&_fid=89da4263b&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/ECC1-00-0186-P.webp)Reed contact (Au on SS) (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useGold (Au>99%) on stainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-P/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation-gold-plated?_pos=2&_fid=79f33f2ee&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-F_80px.png)Reference ring (Mg) (10 pcs)Magnesium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useMagnesium (Mg)ECC1-00-0182-F/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-mg?_pos=1&_sid=414711dd4&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ECC1-00-0321-F.webp)Ref mesh IV (PAT) Stainless steel70°C 200°CReference ringReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0321-FPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=Ref+mesh+IV+%28PAT%29&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ECC1-00-0321-E.webp)Ref mesh III (PAT) Stainless steel70°C 200°CReference ringReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0321-EPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=Ref+mesh+III+%28PAT%29&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-O_80px.png)Reference ring (Li) (10 pcs)Lithium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium (Li)ECC1-00-0182-O/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lithium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=a7a331218&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Core_Ringref_LFP_-ECC1-00-0482-C_80px.png)Reference ring (LFP) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP)ECC1-00-0482-C/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lfp-modified?_pos=1&_sid=5270a2e44&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-O_80px.png)Reference ring (Na) (10 pcs)Sodium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useSodium coated (Na)ECC1-00-0182-L/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-sodium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=589def2c1&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_AC_-ECC1-00-0182-W_80px.png)Reference ring II (AC on SS) (10 pcs)Activated carbon70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steelECC1-00-0182-W/XPAT-Cell-HTAC 95%, aqueous binder: CMC 3%, SBR 2%[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-ac-coated?_pos=1&_sid=0ab00b99e&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-AU_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Au (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableGold (Au>99%)ECC1-00-0069-A/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-au?_pos=1&_sid=4858aa965&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ti_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ti (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableTitanium (Ti >99%, grade 2)ECC1-00-0069-C/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ti?_pos=1&_sid=8f8d71837&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Pt_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Pt (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusablePlatinum (Pt>99%)ECC1-00-0069-D/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-pt?_pos=1&_sid=d4969cf23&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ni_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ni (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-00-0069-F/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ni?_pos=1&_sid=cc35bc707&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Slotted-current-collector-SS_80px.png)Slotted current collector 18.0 mm x 0.05 mm, SS (10 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0418-A/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/slotted-current-collector-18-0-mm-x-0-05-mm-ss?_pos=1&_sid=59ba40eec&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Slotted-current-collector-SS_80px.png)Slotted current collector 21.4 mm x 0.05 mm, SS (10 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0418-B/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/slotted-current-collector-21-4-mm-x-0-05-mm-ss?_pos=1&_sid=16fcc9e70&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Seal_PE_80px.png)Sealing ring PE (100 pcs)70°CSealing ringSingle-usePolyethylene (PE)ECC1-00-0232-A/CPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-pe?_pos=1&_sid=2ea96ef8a&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-N.webp)Sealing ring, Al (washer), 10 pcs70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-N/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer-1?_pos=5&_fid=85c379462&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-M.webp)Sealing ring, Cu (washer), 10 pcs70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useCopper (Cu)ECC1-00-0232-M/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-cu-washer?_pos=6&_fid=85c379462&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ECC1-00-0232-G_Metal_Seal.webp)Sealing ring, Al (washer)(annealed), 10 pcs70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-G/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer?_pos=1&_sid=126291964&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-B_80px.png)Sealing ring PTFE (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-usePTFEECC1-00-0232-B/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-ptfe?_pos=1&_sid=e2a0a4c84&_ss=r) \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator) to determine the proper lower plunger. #### [For ECC Series](#1721638115001-7367a271-1f4a) ### Cell Components for ECC Series Test Cells Here you can find the most common components for ECC-Std, ECC-Ref, ECC-Combi, ECC-Aqu Item nameOrder no.Cell designWebshop ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule (plug), 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-D/LECC-Std[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-plug?_pos=2&_fid=a9b11c3ca&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule1.0 mm, 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-B/LECC-Ref[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-1-0-mm?_pos=2&_sid=3478464cd&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Celgard_2325_separator_ECC1-01-0022-D.png)Separator (Celgard 2325) 18 x 0.025 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0022-C/LECC-Std ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-C.png)Separator (GF) 18 x 1.55 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-C/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-18-0-mm-x-1-55-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=461696d97&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ECC_PE-Seal_ECC1-0-0053-A_80px.png)PE Seal, 50 pcsECC1-00-0053-A/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-seal-ecc-series-1?_pos=2&_sid=90a74b8e7&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PEEK-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-D.png)PEEK Seal, 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-D/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-B.png)PTFE Seal (ECC Series), 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-B/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ptfe-seal-ecc-series?_pos=1&_sid=b3dcf2d73&_ss=r) ### Cell Components for ECC-Opto-10 Item nameOrder no.Cell designOrder ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-01-0012-R.webp)Separator 10.0 mm x 0.26 mm, GF/A, 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-R/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-10-0-mm-x-0-26-mm-gf-a?_pos=1&_fid=3713d84ed&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-05-0032-A.webp)PE Sealing foil, 10 pcsECC1-05-0032-A/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-sealing-foil?_pos=2&_fid=3713d84ed&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-05-0016-B-1.webp)Window seal, 10 pcsECC1-05-0016-B/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/window-seal?_pos=3&_fid=3713d84ed&_ss=c) ### Cell Components for ECC-Opto-Std Item nameOrder no.Cell designOrder ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/LAB0018.png)Glass disc 22 mm x 0.3 mm (5 pcs)LAB0018/V[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/glass-disc-22-mm-x-0-3-mm?_pos=6&_fid=f89c34edc&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-J.png)Separator (GF) 10 x 1 mm (with tongue), 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-J/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-with-tongue-10-0-mm-x-1-0-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=34fca63cb&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Current_Collector_mesh_ECC1-00-0328-A.png)Current collector mesh, Cu,16 mm x 0.04 mm (ECC-OPTO), (5 pcs)ECC1-00-0328-A/V[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-mesh-16-0-mm-x-0-04-mm-cu?_pos=1&_sid=537fa9b8e&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Current_Collector_mesh_ECC1-00-0328-B.png)Current collector mesh, Al, 16 mm x 0.04 mm (ECC-OPTO), (5 pcs)ECC1-00-0328-B/V[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-mesh-16-0-mm-x-0-04-mm-al?_pos=1&_sid=2c4523827&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/O-ring_DIC9013.png)O-Ring 6.75 mm x 1.78 mm, (10 pcs)DIC9013/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-set-ecc-opto-std-aqu?_pos=1&_sid=55289ed1a&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/O-ring_DIC9012.png)O-Ring 16 mm x 1.8 mm, (10 pcs)DIC9012/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-set-ecc-opto-std-aqu?_pos=1&_sid=55289ed1a&_ss=r) #### [For ECD Series](#1721639904359-fb5dad06-470b) ### Cell Components for ECD-4-nano Name Order No. Order ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-06-0043-A.webp)PE Sealing, 10 pcs. ECC1-06-0043-A/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-sealing?_pos=1&_fid=c05e9ca1f&_ss=c)![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-06-0041-A.webp)T-Frit 10 mm/12.5 mm/3.5 mm, 10 pcs. ECC1-06-0041-A/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/t-frit-10-mm-12-5-mm-3-5-mm?_pos=1&_sid=6fc43a189&_ss=r)![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-01-0078-B.webp)Reference Ring II, Li coated, ECD-4-nano, 10 pcs. ECC1-01-0078-B/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-li-coated-ecd-4-nano?_pos=2&_fid=805a2fbb7&_ss=c)![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-01-0078-B.webp)Reference Ring II, Na coated, ECD-4-nano, 10 pcs. ECC1-01-0078-D/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-na-coated-ecd-4-nano?_pos=2&_sid=9d01319fa&_ss=r) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Cell Components for PAT Series Test Cells Recommended PAT-Core configurations for the most common testing scenarios can be found [here.](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/common-test-cases) Item nameReference materialSeparator materialTemperature rangeComponent typeUsageMaterialOrder numberCell designOrder ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0026-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0026-APAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-cu?_pos=1&_sid=ad1914166&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0026-B_80px.png)Upper plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0026-B PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-al?_pos=1&_sid=9b3fe34c3&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0026-CPAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ss?_pos=1&_sid=524638c73&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0026-C_80px-.png)Upper plunger (Nickel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-01-0026-MPAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-ni?_pos=2&_sid=baf6095a6&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PAT-Core_Upper_plunger_ECC1-01-0026-W.webp)Upper plunger (Cu) for PAT-Cell-Force70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0026-WPAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-b-cu) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PAT-Core_Upper_plunger_ECC1-01-0026-V.webp)Upper plunger B (Al) for PAT-Cell-Force70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0026-V PAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-b-al) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PAT-Core_Upper_plunger_ECC1-01-0026-R.webp)Upper plunger B (Stainless steel) for PAT-Cell-Force70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0026-RPAT-Cell-ForceFor PAT-Cell-Force[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-b-ss) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0065-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (PEEK) with upper feed wire (Au), disc spring (Au) and current collector disc (Au)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Gold (Au) *(Feed wire, disc spring and current collector disc)* ECC1-01-0065-APAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/upper-plunger-peek-au-assy?_pos=1&_sid=f9b3107f6&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Upper-plunger_PEEK_ECC1-01-0065-A_80px.png)Upper plunger (PEEK) with upper feed wire (Pt), disc spring (Au) and current collector disc (Pt)70°C 200°CPlungerReusablePEEK *(Plunger)*Platinum (Pt) *(Feed wire and current collector disc)*Gold (Au) *(Disc spring)* ECC1-01-0065-BPAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-HT[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Cu_ECC1-01-0027-B_80px.png)Lower plunger (Cu)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useCopper (Cu, 99.9 (E-CU 58))ECC1-01-0027-B\_x (x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-B_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_Al_ECC1-01-0027-A_80px.png)Lower plunger (Al)70°C 200°CPlungerSingle-useAluminum (Al, 99.5 (EN-AW-1050))ECC1-01-0027-A\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-A_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (Nickel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-01-0027-M\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-M_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_SS_ECC1-01-0027-C_80px.png)Lower plunger (Stainless steel)70°C 200°CPlungerReusableStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-01-0027-C\_x(x = height number 50 to 800)PAT-Cell-HT[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=ECC1-01-0027-C_&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PAT-Core_Lower-plunger_perf-plate_SS_ECC1-01-0037-Cx_80px.png)Lower Plunger (perf. 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FS-5P) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP),partially chemically delithiatedPP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), modified, partially chemically delithiated *(Reference)*PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0450-R/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-lfp-ring-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=3b5f145b2&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0210-N_80px.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel mesh, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless steel mesh70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel mesh *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-N/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-mesh-no-separator?_pos=1&_sid=5e5912651&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ECC1-00-0420-M_80px.webp)Insulation sleeve (PP), stainless steel cross, no Separator (10 pcs)Stainless Steel Cross Reference70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useStainless steel cross *(Reference)*without Separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-M/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-stainless-steel-cross-no-separator) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator Customized, if appl. Clamping ring) (10 pcs)noneProvided by customer70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*[Request a quote](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2-2/) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator GF/A) (10 pcs)noneBorosilicate glass fiber70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Borosilicate glass fiber *(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-P/XSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-gf-a-separator-glass-fiber-260-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=1b9810aa8&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (no R, Separator Celgard QT17P2HX) (10 pcs)noneCelgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP, 16.5 µm70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useNo reference Celgard QT17P2HX Trilayer PP/PE/PP*(Separator)*Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0420-P/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-celgard-qt17p2hx) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PE-Sleeves_ohne-referenz_80px.png)Insulation sleeve PP (Separator FS-5P) (10 pcs)nonePP fiber/PE membrane70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference PP fiber/PE membrane *(Separator)* Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-W/XSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/insulation-sleeve-pp-no-r-fs-5p-separator-pp-fiber-pe-membrane-220-%C2%B5m?_pos=1&_sid=9512c3bb0&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0210-D.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PP (disassembled) (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference and separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-D/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=a693be367&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0210-T_X.webp)Plain Insulation sleeve (PP), Reed contact (SS), disassembled (10 pcs)nonenone70°CInsulation sleeveSingle-useCustom reference Custom separator Polypropylene (PP) *(Sleeve)*ECC1-00-0210-T/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-pp-reed-contact-ni-on-ss-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1a2894352&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PEEK-Sleeves_80px.png)Plain Insulation sleeve PEEK, disassemblednonenone70°C 200°CInsulation sleeveReusablePEEK *(Sleeve)*Custom reference and separatorECC1-00-0510-TPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/plain-insulation-sleeve-peek-disassembled?_pos=1&_sid=1dff8bb02&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (GF/A) 21.6 x 0.26 mm, 50 pcsBorosilicate glass fiber70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-useBorosilicate glass fiberECC1-01-0011-A/LPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Whatman GF/A[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-26-mm-gf-a?_pos=1&_sid=3c4cc1f48&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator 21.6 mm x 0.016 mm, Celgard QT17P2HX, 50 pcsCelgard QT17P2HX70°CSeparatorSingle-useCelgard QT17P2HX, Trilayer Membrane (PP/PE/PP) ECC1-01-0101-A/LPAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-016-mm-celgard-qt17p2hx?_pos=1&_fid=1c0ebe051&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Separator_GlassFiber_80px.png)Separator (FS-5P) 21.6 x 0.22 mm, 50 pcsPP fiber/PE membrane70°C 200°CSeparatorSingle-usePP fiber/PE membraneECC1-01-0051-A/LPAT-Cell-AquSeparator type: Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Lydall Solupor 5P09B)[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-21-6-mm-x-0-22-mm-fs-5p?_pos=1&_sid=968fb8208&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ECC1-00-0186-M_80px.webp)Reed contact 2nd Gen. (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useStainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-M/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation?_pos=1&_fid=89da4263b&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/ECC1-00-0186-P.webp)Reed contact (Au on SS) (10 pcs)70°C 200°CReed contactSingle-useGold (Au>99%) on stainless steel 316L (1.4404)ECC1-00-0186-P/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reed-contact-2nd-generation-gold-plated?_pos=2&_fid=79f33f2ee&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-F_80px.png)Reference ring (Mg) (10 pcs)Magnesium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useMagnesium (Mg)ECC1-00-0182-F/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-mg?_pos=1&_sid=414711dd4&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ECC1-00-0321-F.webp)Ref mesh IV (PAT) Stainless steel70°C 200°CReference ringReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0321-FPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=Ref+mesh+IV+%28PAT%29&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ECC1-00-0321-E.webp)Ref mesh III (PAT) Stainless steel70°C 200°CReference ringReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0321-EPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/search?q=Ref+mesh+III+%28PAT%29&options%5Bprefix%5D=last) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-O_80px.png)Reference ring (Li) (10 pcs)Lithium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium (Li)ECC1-00-0182-O/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lithium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=a7a331218&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/PAT-Core_Ringref_LFP_-ECC1-00-0482-C_80px.png)Reference ring (LFP) (10 pcs)Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP)ECC1-00-0482-C/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-AquLithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP), partially chemically delithiated[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-lfp-modified?_pos=1&_sid=5270a2e44&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_ECC1-00-0182-O_80px.png)Reference ring (Na) (10 pcs)Sodium70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useSodium coated (Na)ECC1-00-0182-L/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-sodium-coated?_pos=1&_sid=589def2c1&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PAT-Core_Ringref_AC_-ECC1-00-0182-W_80px.png)Reference ring II (AC on SS) (10 pcs)Activated carbon70°C 200°CReference ringSingle-useActivated carbon on stainless steelECC1-00-0182-W/XPAT-Cell-HTAC 95%, aqueous binder: CMC 3%, SBR 2%[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-ac-coated?_pos=1&_sid=0ab00b99e&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-AU_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Au (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableGold (Au>99%)ECC1-00-0069-A/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-au?_pos=1&_sid=4858aa965&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ti_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ti (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableTitanium (Ti >99%, grade 2)ECC1-00-0069-C/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ti?_pos=1&_sid=8f8d71837&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Pt_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Pt (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusablePlatinum (Pt>99%)ECC1-00-0069-D/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-pt?_pos=1&_sid=d4969cf23&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Current-collector-disc-Ni_80px.png)Current collector 18 mm, Ni (5 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableNickel (Ni>99%)ECC1-00-0069-F/VPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-18-mm-ni?_pos=1&_sid=cc35bc707&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Slotted-current-collector-SS_80px.png)Slotted current collector 18.0 mm x 0.05 mm, SS (10 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0418-A/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/slotted-current-collector-18-0-mm-x-0-05-mm-ss?_pos=1&_sid=59ba40eec&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Slotted-current-collector-SS_80px.png)Slotted current collector 21.4 mm x 0.05 mm, SS (10 pcs)70°C 200°CCurrent collector discReusableStainless Steel 1.4404 / 316LECC1-00-0418-B/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/slotted-current-collector-21-4-mm-x-0-05-mm-ss?_pos=1&_sid=16fcc9e70&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_Seal_PE_80px.png)Sealing ring PE (100 pcs)70°CSealing ringSingle-usePolyethylene (PE)ECC1-00-0232-A/CPAT-Cell\_only[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-pe?_pos=1&_sid=2ea96ef8a&_ss=r) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-N.webp)Sealing ring, Al (washer), 10 pcs70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-N/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer-1?_pos=5&_fid=85c379462&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ECC1-00-0232-M.webp)Sealing ring, Cu (washer), 10 pcs70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useCopper (Cu)ECC1-00-0232-M/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-cu-washer?_pos=6&_fid=85c379462&_ss=c) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ECC1-00-0232-G_Metal_Seal.webp)Sealing ring, Al (washer)(annealed), 10 pcs70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-useAluminum (Al) 3.3315ECC1-00-0232-G/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu, PAT-Cell-Press[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-al-washer?_pos=1&_sid=126291964&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PAT-Core_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0232-B_80px.png)Sealing ring PTFE (10 pcs)70°C 200°CSealing ringSingle-usePTFEECC1-00-0232-B/XPAT-Cell-HT, PAT-Cell-Aqu[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-ring-ptfe?_pos=1&_sid=e2a0a4c84&_ss=r) \*x = Height number (50 to 800). [Use our configurator](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator) to determine the proper lower plunger. ### Cell Components for ECC-Std, ECC-Ref, ECC-Combi, ECC-Aqu Item nameOrder no.Cell designWebshop ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule (plug), 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-D/LECC-Std[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-plug?_pos=2&_fid=a9b11c3ca&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule1.0 mm, 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-B/LECC-Ref[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-1-0-mm?_pos=2&_sid=3478464cd&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Celgard_2325_separator_ECC1-01-0022-D.png)Separator (Celgard 2325) 18 x 0.025 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0022-C/LECC-Std ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-C.png)Separator (GF) 18 x 1.55 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-C/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-18-0-mm-x-1-55-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=461696d97&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ECC_PE-Seal_ECC1-0-0053-A_80px.png)PE Seal, 50 pcsECC1-00-0053-A/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-seal-ecc-series-1?_pos=2&_sid=90a74b8e7&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PEEK-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-D.png)PEEK Seal, 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-D/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-B.png)PTFE Seal (ECC Series), 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-B/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ptfe-seal-ecc-series?_pos=1&_sid=b3dcf2d73&_ss=r) ### Cell Components for ECC-Opto-10 Item nameOrder no.Cell designWebshop ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule (plug), 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-D/LECC-Std[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-plug?_pos=2&_fid=a9b11c3ca&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ECC1-00-0029-D_ferrule-plug.png)Ferrule1.0 mm, 50 pcsECC1-00-0029-B/LECC-Ref[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ferrule-1-0-mm?_pos=2&_sid=3478464cd&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Celgard_2325_separator_ECC1-01-0022-D.png)Separator (Celgard 2325) 18 x 0.025 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0022-C/LECC-Std ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-C.png)Separator (GF) 18 x 1.55 mm, 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-C/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-18-0-mm-x-1-55-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=461696d97&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ECC_PE-Seal_ECC1-0-0053-A_80px.png)PE Seal, 50 pcsECC1-00-0053-A/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-seal-ecc-series-1?_pos=2&_sid=90a74b8e7&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PEEK-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-D.png)PEEK Seal, 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-D/X ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC_PTFE-Seal_ECC1-00-0053-B.png)PTFE Seal (ECC Series), 10 pcsECC1-00-0053-B/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/ptfe-seal-ecc-series?_pos=1&_sid=b3dcf2d73&_ss=r) ### Cell Components for ECC-Opto-Std Item nameOrder no.Cell designOrder ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/LAB0018.png)Glass disc 22 mm x 0.3 mm (5 pcs)LAB0018/V[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/glass-disc-22-mm-x-0-3-mm?_pos=6&_fid=f89c34edc&_ss=c) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Glass-fiber_separator_ECC1-01-0012-J.png)Separator (GF) 10 x 1 mm (with tongue), 50 pcsECC1-01-0012-J/L[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/separator-with-tongue-10-0-mm-x-1-0-mm-gf?_pos=1&_sid=34fca63cb&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Current_Collector_mesh_ECC1-00-0328-A.png)Current collector mesh, Cu,16 mm x 0.04 mm (ECC-OPTO), (5 pcs)ECC1-00-0328-A/V[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-mesh-16-0-mm-x-0-04-mm-cu?_pos=1&_sid=537fa9b8e&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Current_Collector_mesh_ECC1-00-0328-B.png)Current collector mesh, Al, 16 mm x 0.04 mm (ECC-OPTO), (5 pcs)ECC1-00-0328-B/V[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/current-collector-mesh-16-0-mm-x-0-04-mm-al?_pos=1&_sid=2c4523827&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/O-ring_DIC9013.png)O-Ring 6.75 mm x 1.78 mm, (10 pcs)DIC9013/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-set-ecc-opto-std-aqu?_pos=1&_sid=55289ed1a&_ss=r) ![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/O-ring_DIC9012.png)O-Ring 16 mm x 1.8 mm, (10 pcs)DIC9012/X[Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/sealing-set-ecc-opto-std-aqu?_pos=1&_sid=55289ed1a&_ss=r) ## Cell Components for ECD-4-nano Name Order No. Order ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-06-0043-A.webp)PE Sealing, 10 pcs. ECC1-06-0043-A/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/pe-sealing?_pos=1&_fid=c05e9ca1f&_ss=c)![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-06-0041-A.webp)T-Frit 10 mm/12.5 mm/3.5 mm, 10 pcs. ECC1-06-0041-A/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/t-frit-10-mm-12-5-mm-3-5-mm?_pos=1&_sid=6fc43a189&_ss=r)![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-01-0078-B.webp)Reference Ring II, Li coated, ECD-4-nano, 10 pcs. ECC1-01-0078-B/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-li-coated-ecd-4-nano?_pos=2&_fid=805a2fbb7&_ss=c)![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ECC1-01-0078-B.webp)Reference Ring II, Na coated, ECD-4-nano, 10 pcs. ECC1-01-0078-D/X [Buy online](https://shop.el-cell.com/products/reference-ring-ii-na-coated-ecd-4-nano?_pos=2&_sid=9d01319fa&_ss=r) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") ## Request a Quotation: Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Subject Your message Loading... --- ### [About us](https://www.el-cell.com/about-us/) **Published:** July 15, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [ECC-Air-Ni](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air-ni/) **Published:** August 19, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Content:** # **ECC-Air-Ni** ##### Test cell dedicated to the characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in alkaline aqueous electrolytes [Request a quote](#quote) ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Produktdetail_ECC-Air-Ni.png) # **ECC-Air-Ni** ##### Test cell dedicated to the characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in alkaline aqueous electrolytes ![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Produktdetail_ECC-Air-Ni.png) [Product overview](#overview)[Gallery](#gallery)[Request a quote](#quote) ## Product overview - [Product description](#1489503053278-b04b0cef-8a1d) - [Features](#1489503152102-62ed4700-5e81) - [Specifications](#1500038016194-29f4ed8c-21aa) - [Manual](#1524486210561-64415f85-15db) - [Delivery scope](#1489503201035-79be1fe3-c883) - [Heat Resistance Set](#1489503257559-c6d9cdff-88dd) - [Spare parts](#1489503479409-a2031b70-fd68) #### [Product description](#1489503053278-b04b0cef-8a1d) ### Product description The ECC-Air-Ni is another member of the modular ECC series. In contrast to the standard ECC-Air test cell, the current collectors are made of nickel instead of stainless steel. This way, the ECC-Air-Ni is stable against corrosion in alkaline aqueous electrolytes. Basically, the cell accommodates a counter electrode on the cell bottom, a gas diffusion electrode on top and a separator in between. The upper gas diffusion electrode is contacted by and “breathes” through the nickel perforated plate (current collector) above. The cell lid is equipped with one port for gas inlet and one for gas outlet, so that the incoming gas passes along the backside of the gas diffusion electrode and leaves the cell through the siphon. The ECC-Air-Ni can be used with a reference electrode, which is located at the separator edge. #### [Features](#1489503152102-62ed4700-5e81) ### Features Test cell dedicated to the characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in alkaline aqueous electrolytes. Upper electrode is contacted by and breathes through a perforated plate (current collector) made of nickel Gas inlet and outlet for supply of pressurized gases to the gas diffusion electrode A siphon directs the incoming and outgoing gas High precision 18 mm diameter sandwich geometry with Reliable low leakage sealing with PE seal and PTFE ferrules Easy and reliable electrolyte filling during assembly Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Reusable cell components except for PE seal Small and defined electrolyte volume due to minimized dead volume Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes Materials in media contact are nickel and PEEK Modular cell construction with many interchangeable components #### [Specifications](#1500038016194-29f4ed8c-21aa) ### Specifications Height 90 mm Width 54 mm Depth 70 mm Weight 0.6 kg Temperature resistance: -20° to +70°C (150°C)\* Electrode diameter 18 mm Electrolyte volume min 0.1 ml Cell dead volume (head space) approx. 4.3 cm³ \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Manual](#1524486210561-64415f85-15db) ### Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Air-Ni_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/3242/)ECC-Air-Ni User Manual Release 1.14 Type PDF Size 1.6 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3242/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Delivery scope](#1489503201035-79be1fe3-c883) ### Delivery scope [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ECC-Air-Ni_Delivery_scope-300x300.jpg "ECC-Air-Ni_Delivery_scope | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ECC-Air-Ni_Delivery_scope.jpg) Component Order no. ECC-Air-Ni test cell PTFE Plug ECC1-00-0130-B Current collector 18 mm (Ni) ECC1-00-0069-F Accessories kit: Glass fiber separator 18 mm x 1.55 mm (10 pcs.) ECC1-01-0012-C/X Ferrule 1.6 (2 pcs.) ECC1-00-0029-E Sleeve (REF) ECC1-00-0058-B PE Seal (10 pcs.) ECC1-00-0053-A/X Sleeve removing tool ECC1-00-0092-A Nut (2 pcs.) ECC1-00-0125-A Ref electrode ECC (Ni) ECC1-00-0010-D [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Heat Resistance Set](#1489503257559-c6d9cdff-88dd) ### Heat Resistance Set (ECC series) The Heat Resistance Set increases the temperature range for testing with the ECC-Air-Ni to 150 °C. Package content Heat Resistance Set (ECC-Series) ECC1-01-0040-A ECC-Series Cell Cable Set HT ECE1-00-0037-B HT Foot (heat resistant), (3 pcs) ECC1-00-0065-B PTFE Seal (ECC Series), (10 pcs) ECC1-00-0053-B/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") #### [Spare parts](#1489503479409-a2031b70-fd68) ### Spare parts **Test cell** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC1-00-0004-N_Spare-parts_test-cell-300x300.png "ECC1-00-0004-N_Spare-parts_test-cell | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ECC1-00-0004-N_Spare-parts_test-cell.png) **Ref electrode ECC (Ni)** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ECC1-00-0004-N_Spare-parts_ref-eletrode-300x300.png "ECC1-00-0004-N_Spare-parts_ref-eletrode | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ECC1-00-0004-N_Spare-parts_ref-eletrode.png) The ECC-Air-Ni is another member of the modular ECC series. In contrast to the standard ECC-Air test cell, the current collectors are made of nickel instead of stainless steel. This way, the ECC-Air-Ni is stable against corrosion in alkaline aqueous electrolytes. Basically, the cell accommodates a counter electrode on the cell bottom, a gas diffusion electrode on top and a separator in between. The upper gas diffusion electrode is contacted by and “breathes” through the nickel perforated plate (current collector) above. The cell lid is equipped with one port for gas inlet and one for gas outlet, so that the incoming gas passes along the backside of the gas diffusion electrode and leaves the cell through the siphon. The ECC-Air-Ni can be used with a reference electrode, which is located at the separator edge. ## ECC-Air-Ni overview Features Test cell dedicated to the characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in alkaline aqueous electrolytes. Upper electrode is contacted by and breathes through a perforated plate (current collector) made of nickel Gas inlet and outlet for supply of pressurized gases to the gas diffusion electrode A siphon directs the incoming and outgoing gas High precision 18 mm diameter sandwich geometry with Reliable low leakage sealing with PE seal and PTFE ferrules Easy and reliable electrolyte filling during assembly Fast assembly and dismantling and easy cleaning of cell components Electrodes are easily accessible for post-mortem analysis Reusable cell components except for PE seal Small and defined electrolyte volume due to minimized dead volume Adjustable, reproducible and homogeneous mechanical pressure on electrodes Materials in media contact are nickel and PEEK Modular cell construction with many interchangeable components Specifications Height 90 mm Width 54 mm Depth 70 mm Weight 0.6 kg Temperature resistance: -20° to +70°C (150°C)\* Electrode diameter 18 mm Electrolyte volume min 0.1 ml Cell dead volume (head space) approx. 4.3 cm³ \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A \*with optional Heat Resistance Set ECC1-01-0040-A [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Manual [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/manuals/Download_Manual_ECC-Air-Ni_Thumb_140x100.png)](https://el-cell.com/download/3242/)ECC-Air-Ni User Manual Release 1.14 Type PDF Size 1.6 MB [Download](https://el-cell.com/download/3242/) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Delivery scope Component Order no. ECC-Air-Ni test cell PTFE Plug ECC1-00-0130-B Current collector 18 mm (Ni) ECC1-00-0069-F Accessories kit: Glass fiber separator 18 mm x 1.55 mm (10 pcs.) ECC1-01-0012-C/X Ferrule 1.6 (2 pcs.) ECC1-00-0029-E Sleeve (REF) ECC1-00-0058-B PE Seal (10 pcs.) ECC1-00-0053-A/X Sleeve removing tool ECC1-00-0092-A Nut (2 pcs.) ECC1-00-0125-A Ref electrode ECC (Ni) ECC1-00-0010-D [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ECC-Air-Ni_Delivery_scope-300x300.jpg "ECC-Air-Ni_Delivery_scope | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ECC-Air-Ni_Delivery_scope.jpg) Heat Resistance Set The Heat Resistance Set increases the temperature range for testing with the ECC-Air-Ni to 150 °C. Package content Heat Resistance Set (ECC-Series) ECC1-01-0040-A ECC-Series Cell Cable Set HT ECE1-00-0037-B HT Foot (heat resistant), (3 pcs) ECC1-00-0065-B PTFE Seal (ECC Series), (10 pcs) ECC1-00-0053-B/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") Spare parts **Test cell** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ECC1-00-0004-N_Spare-parts_test-cell-287x300.png "ECC1-00-0004-N_Spare-parts_test-cell | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ECC1-00-0004-N_Spare-parts_test-cell.png) **Ref electrode ECC (Ni)** [![](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ECC1-00-0004-N_Spare-parts_ref-eletrode-300x182.png "ECC1-00-0004-N_Spare-parts_ref-eletrode | EL-CELL")](https://el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ECC1-00-0004-N_Spare-parts_ref-eletrode.png) # Gallery [![ECC-Air-Ni wiring setup for testing](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ECC-Air-Ni_Gallery_02.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ECC-Air-Ni_Gallery_02.jpg)ECC-Air-Ni wiring setup for testing [![Schematic view of the gas flow inside the ECC-Air-Ni](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ECC-Air-Ni_Gallery_01.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ECC-Air-Ni_Gallery_01.jpg)Schematic view of the gas flow inside the ECC-Air-Ni [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ECC-Air-Ni_Gallery_03-1.jpg)](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ECC-Air-Ni_Gallery_03-1.jpg)ECC-Air-Ni test cell # Recommended tools [![ECC-LiPunch from EL-CELL for punching lithium discs for use in battery test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-LiPunch.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) ## [ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) Punching tool for lithium foil [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_ECC-CellLoad.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload) ## [ECC-CellLoad](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload) Electrode alignment and assembly tool [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-cellload) [![EL-CELL EL-Cut for punching battery electrode discs](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Products_EL-Cut.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## [EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) High precision electrode cutting pliers [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/) ## Related products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Products_PAT-Cell-Gas_250x250-compressor.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) ## [PAT-Cell-Gas](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) PAT-Cell for in-situ gas analysis in a flow-through set-up [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ECC-DEMS_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-dems) ## [ECC-DEMS](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-dems) Test cell for time-resolved gas analysis. For Li-air and conventional Li-ion chemistries. [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-dems) [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ECC-Air_Gabelseite.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air) ## [ECC-Air](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air) Test cell for electrochemical characterization of gas diffusion electrodes in aprotic electrolytes [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/ecc-air) ## Request a quote Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Tables](https://www.el-cell.com/support/tables/) **Published:** April 18, 2018 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Comparison tables # Separator types **See the abilities and specs of our common PAT-Core separator types** Separator FS-5P (Freudenberg Viledon FS 2226E + Gore Heerlen Solupor 5P09B) Whatman GF/A Celgard QT17P2HX Thickness 220µm 260µm 16.5µm Material PP fiber/PE membrane Borosilicate glass fiber PVDF/PP/PE/PP/PVDF Porosity FS: 67%/ 5P: 86% 91% 54% Wettability Good Excellent Good Resistance to dendrites Good Modest Good Ability for full cell cycle tests Good Good Good Ability for half cell cycle tests (vs. Li) Good Good Modest Ability for full cell EIS Excellent Excellent Excellent Ability for individual electrode EIS Modest Good Modest Order no (Insulation sleeve (PP) with Li reference) ECC1-00-0210-V/X ECC1-00-0210-O/X ECC1-00-0420-O/X [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") # Test cell comparison Purpose/testing Test cells 2-electrode 3-electrode Optical/Raman X-ray Dilatometry Gas pressure Applied force Gas analysis Temperature [PAT-Cell](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/standard-test-cells/pat-cell)[PAT-Cell-Press](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-press)[PAT-Cell-Gas](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/gas-analysis-test-cells/pat-cell-gas)[PAT-Cell-HT](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht)[PAT-Cell-Force](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht)[PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/force-test-cells/pat-cell-solid/)[ECD-4-nano](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/electrochemical-dilatometer/ecd-4-nano/)[ECC-Opto-10](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-10)[PAT-Cell-Opto-10](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/pat-cell-opto-10)[ECC-Opto-Std](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std)[ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-std-aqu)[ECC-Opto-Gas](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/optical-test-cells/ecc-opto-gas) [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") # Tool list **What is the right tool for your test cell?** Test cells [ECC-Refload](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-refload/)[ECC-LiPunch](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/ecc-lipunch/)[EL-Cut](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/)(+ [ECC-StopRail](https://el-cell.com/products/tools-accessories/tools/el-cut/)) All PAT series test cells - (diameter = 18 mm) (diameter = 18 mm) ECC-Air, ECC-Air-Ni ECC-DEMS ECC-Press-Air-DL ECC-Opto-10, PAT-Cell-Opto-10 - (diameter = 10 mm) (diameter = 10 mm) ECC-Opto-Std (diameter = 10 mm) (diameter = 10 mm) ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu - (diameter = 10 mm) ECD-3, ECD-3-nano - (diameter = 12 mm) (diameter = 10 mm) ECD-4-nano - (diameter = 9.5 mm) (diameter = 10 mm) = Recommended; standard diameter is 18 mm unless otherwise indicated [WordPress Data Table](https://supsystic.com/plugins/wordpress-data-table-plugin/?utm_medium=love_link "WordPress Data Table") # What are the differences between PAT-Cell-Press and PAT-Cell-Gas? PAT-Cell-PressPAT-Cell-Gas (P, S, SP) **Cell is dedicated to:**The quantitative (cumulative) measurement of the gas evolved / consumed during the electrochemical cycle by measurement of the gas pressureTime resolved analysis of the gas evolved / consumed during the electrochemical cycle in combination with a mass spectrometer and controlled gas supply **Preferred operation mode:**Pressurized cell without gas flowFlow-through with gas analysis at outlet and mass flow controller at the inlet **Plug flow:** not availableAlmost perfect when using the lower plunger with flow field; significant back-mixing when using the lower plunger with perforated plate **Applicable to:**• Aprotic chemistries such as Li-ion, Li-air, super cap • Some aqueous chemistries may work, but compatibility must be checked by the user • Aprotic chemistries such as Li-ion, Li-air, super cap • Some aqueous chemistries may work, but compatibility must be checked by the user **Upper electrode:**Any compatible electrode, either self-standing or with metal foil current collector; standard upper plunger or perforated upper plunger Any compatible electrode; often Li metal or LFP are used here as a Li ion source; preferably there is no gas evolution or consumption at this electrode **Lower electrode:**Any compatible electrode, either self-standing or with metal foil current collector; standard lower plunger or perforated lower plungerThe lower electrode is seated on a plunger with flow field and must therefore be gas permeable, either self-standing or on current collector mesh. The gas evolution / consumption at the lower electrode is subject of the measurement. ## Any comments about this page? Please leave us a note Your comment Your email-address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Loading... --- ### [Contact Form Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form/) **Published:** June 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Request a quote # Request for Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs) Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Please specify the material and thickness of your separator Additional comment Loading... --- ### [Contact Form Upper Plunger (PEEK) with Upper Feed Wire (Pt), Disc Spring (Au) and Current Collector Disc (Pt)](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form-2/) **Published:** June 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Request a quote # Request for Upper plunger (PEEK) with upper feed wire (Pt), disc spring (Au) and current collector disc (Pt), ECC1-01-0065-B Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Contact Form Insulation sleeve PP (Al-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form-2-2-2/) **Published:** June 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Request a quote # Request for Upper Plunger (PEEK) with Upper Feed Wire (Pt), Disc Spring (Au) and Current Collector Disc (Pt), ECC1-01-0065-B Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Your message Loading... --- ### [Contact Form ECC1-01-0081-C_x](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form-2-2/) **Published:** June 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Request a quote # Request for Lower Plunger (perf. Plate), Stainless Steel, ECC1-01-0081-C\_x Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Please specify the height number (50-800) of the plunger (required) [Click here to get more information about height numbers.](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator/) 50100150200250300350400450500550600650700750800 Additional comment Loading... --- ### [Contact Form ECC1-01-0081-D_x](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0081-d_x/) **Published:** June 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Request a quote # Request for Lower plunger (flow field), Ni, ECC1-01-0081-D\_x Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Please specify the height number (50-800) of the plunger (required) [Click here to get more information about height numbers.](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator/) 50100150200250300350400450500550600650700750800 Additional comment Loading... --- ### [Contact Form ECC1-01-0038-D_x](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0038-d_x/) **Published:** June 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Request a quote # Request for Lower plunger (flow field), Ni, ECC1-01-0038-D\_x Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Please specify the height number (50-800) of the plunger (required) [Click here to get more information about height numbers.](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator/) 50100150200250300350400450500550600650700750800 Additional comment Loading... --- ### [Contact Form ECC1-01-0055-B_x](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0055-b_x/) **Published:** June 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Request a quote # Request for Lower Plunger (PEEK) with Lower Feed Wire (Pt), Disk Spring (Au) and Current Collector Disc (Pt), ECC1-01-0055-B\_x Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Please specify the height number (50-800) of the plunger (required) [Click here to get more information about height numbers.](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator/) 50100150200250300350400450500550600650700750800 Additional comment Loading... --- ### [Contact Form ECC1-01-0055-A_x](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_ecc1-01-0055-a_x/) **Published:** June 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Request a quote # Request for Lower plunger (PEEK) with lower feed wire (Au), disk spring (Au) and current collector disc (Au), ECC1-01-0055-A\_x Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Please specify the height number (50-800) of the plunger (required) [Click here to get more information about height numbers.](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/lower-plunger-configurator/) 50100150200250300350400450500550600650700750800 Additional comment Loading... --- ### [Contact Form Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4/) **Published:** June 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Request a quote # Request for Insulation sleeve PP (Mg-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs) Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Please specify the material and thickness of your separator Additional comment Loading... --- ### [Contact Form Insulation sleeve PP (AC-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2/) **Published:** June 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Request a quote # Request for Insulation sleeve PP (AC-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs) Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Please specify the material and thickness of your separator Additional comment Loading... --- ### [Contact Form Insulation sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2/) **Published:** June 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Request a quote # Request for Insulation Sleeve PP (Na-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs) Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Please specify the material and thickness of your separator (required) Additional comment Loading... --- ### [Contact Form Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2/) **Published:** June 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Request a quote # Request for Insulation sleeve PP (Li-Reference, Separator Customized) (10 pcs) Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Please specify the material and thickness of your separator Additional comment Loading... --- ### [Contact Form Insulation sleeve PP (Separator GF/D) (10 pcs)](https://www.el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept/components-list/contact-form_4-2-2-2-2-2/) **Published:** June 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Request a quote # Request for Insulation sleeve PP (Separator GF/D) (10 pcs) Form of address – Bitte auswählen –Mrs.Ms.Mr. Your name (required) Your company (required) Your email address (required) Bitte lasse dieses Feld leer. Please specify the material of your reference electrode Additional comment Loading... --- ### [High temperature test cells](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/) **Published:** March 29, 2017 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** High temperature test cells Test cells for 2- or 3-electrode testing at elevated temperatures ![]( "Pageheader_Produktdetail_PAT-Cell-HT_02-comp") ![]( "PageHeader_PAT-Cell-HT") ![]( "Vorlage_PageHeader_HT") ![]() # High temperature test cells Test cells for 2- and 3-eletrode battery testing at elevated temperatures. ## Our products [![](https://www.el-cell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Pageheader_Produktdetail_PAT-Cell-HT_02-comp-1.png)](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht) ## [PAT-Cell-HT](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht) Heat resistant PAT series test cell for up to 200°C using the innovative [PAT-Core concept](https://el-cell.com/pat-series/the-pat-core-concept) - Continuous operating temperature: up to 200°C - Superior corrosion resistance for next-generation battery chemistries - Compatible with solid state electrolyte membranes [Product details](https://el-cell.com/products/test-cells/high-temperature-test-cells/pat-cell-ht) --- ### [Newsletter confirmation](https://www.el-cell.com/newsletter-renewal/) **Published:** May 22, 2018 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** # Thank you! Your e-mail newsletter settings were updated. Thank you for staying with us! [Back to the homepage](https://el-cell.com/) --- ### [Mitglieder](https://www.el-cell.com/mitglieder/) **Published:** September 14, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Aqueous test cell](https://www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/aqueous-test-cell/) **Published:** January 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [No Access](https://www.el-cell.com/no-access/) **Published:** March 24, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Support](https://www.el-cell.com/support/) **Published:** January 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Services](https://www.el-cell.com/services/) **Published:** January 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ## FAQ ### [Can I use the ECC-LiPunch to punch lithium disks that are on a carrier material, such as copper?](https://www.el-cell.com/faq/can-i-use-the-ecc-lipunch-to-punch-lithium-disks-that-are-on-a-carrier-material-such-as-copper/) **Published:** October 9, 2023 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** No, the ECC-LiPunch is only suited for punching disks of pure lithium without a carrier material. **Groups:** ECC-LiPunch --- ### [Which cell is right? PAT-Cell-Press or PAT-Cell-Gas?](https://www.el-cell.com/faq/which-cell-is-right-pat-cell-press-or-pat-cell-gas/) **Published:** October 25, 2019 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** The PAT-Cell-Gas is most appropriate for experimental set-ups with continuous gas flow. If only the pressure change of the inside gas volume is to be monitored over time without continuous gas supply, the PAT-Cell-Press is the easiest choice. PAT-Cell-PressPAT-Cell-Gas (P, S, SP)**Cell is dedicated to:**The quantitative (cumulative) measurement of the gas evolved / consumed during the electrochemical cycle by measurement of the gas pressureTime resolved analysis of the gas evolved / consumed during the electrochemical cycle in combination with a mass spectrometer and controlled gas supply **Preferred operation mode:**Pressurized cell without gas flowFlow-through with gas analysis at outlet and mass flow controller at the inlet**Plug flow:** not availableAlmost perfect when using the lower plunger with flow field; significant back-mixing when using the lower plunger with perforated plate**Applicable to:**• Aprotic chemistries such as Li-ion, Li-air, super cap • Some aqueous chemistries may work, but compatibility must be checked by the user • Aprotic chemistries such as Li-ion, Li-air, super cap • Some aqueous chemistries may work, but compatibility must be checked by the user **Upper electrode:**Any compatible electrode, either self-standing or with metal foil current collector; standard upper plunger or perforated upper plunger Any compatible electrode; often Li metal or LFP are used here as a Li ion source; preferably there is no gas evolution or consumption at this electrode**Lower electrode:**Any compatible electrode, either self-standing or with metal foil current collector; standard lower plunger or perforated lower plungerThe lower electrode is seated on a plunger with flow field and must therefore be gas permeable, either self-standing or on current collector mesh. The gas evolution / consumption at the lower electrode is subject of the measurement. **Groups:** PAT-Cell-Gas, PAT-Cell-Press --- ### [Can the PAT-Cell-Gas be operated with a third-party potentiostat?](https://www.el-cell.com/faq/can-the-pat-cell-gas-be-operated-with-a-third-party-potentiostat/) **Published:** October 25, 2019 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** Yes, plug the test cell into the PAT-Stand-1 and connect the stand to the cell cable of your potentiostat. For reading the pressure signal (only PAT-Cell-Gas variants P and SP), the PAT-Press-Box is required. Insert the PAT-Press-Box between PAT-Stand-1 and potentiostat or battery tester. **Groups:** PAT-Cell-Gas --- ### [Can the PAT-Cell-Gas be operated with a PAT battery tester?](https://www.el-cell.com/faq/can-the-pat-cell-gas-be-operated-with-a-pat-battery-tester/) **Published:** October 25, 2019 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** Yes, this is the easiest way to operate the cell. Simply plug the test cell into a PAT-Channel of the PAT-Tester-x and connect the gas in- and outlet. The PAT-Channel can be placed inside a temperature chamber at 0 to +40°C. For more extreme temperatures, the test cell can be plugged into the PAT-Stand-1 which is connected by a cable to a PAT-Channel outside the temperature chamber. Note that the PAT-Cell-Gas only fits into the PAT-Tester-i-16 when disconnected from gas supply. **Groups:** PAT-Cell-Gas --- ### [How can I clean the T-Frit? How much does a stained T-frit affect future results?](https://www.el-cell.com/faq/how-can-i-clean-the-t-frit-how-much-does-a-stained-t-frit-affect-future-results/) **Published:** October 18, 2018 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** The frit is made of borosilicate 3.3 glass (Duran®) and so can be cleaned with any agents lab glass is compatible with, including e.g. hot aqueous HNO3. According to our experience, the staining of the T-frit does not affect electrochemical results. **Groups:** ECD-3, ECD-3-nano --- ### [What are the differences between the built-in sensors of the ECD-3 and ECD-3-nano?](https://www.el-cell.com/faq/what-are-the-differences-between-the-built-in-sensors-of-ecd-3-and-ecd-3-nano/) **Published:** January 5, 2018 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** The sensors of ECD-3 and ECD-3-nano are both able to detect very small expansions of the electrodes. The main difference between the two devices lies in the detection resolution. The ECD-3 uses an LVDT sensor with a resolution of 50 nanometers with a maximum displacement range of 500 μm. The ECD-3-nano uses a capacitive sensor system with a resolution of 5 nanometers and a maximum displacement range of 250 μm. **Groups:** ECD-3, ECD-3-nano --- ### [Why is it possible to measure displacement values below zero?](https://www.el-cell.com/faq/why-is-it-possible-to-measure-displacement-values-below-zero/) **Published:** January 5, 2018 **Author:** Daniel **Content:** The dilatometer does only measure the displacement (=change in thickness), but not the total thickness. The initial displacement reading is arbitrary and can be changed by just turning the micrometer screw at the sensor head. In practice, you turn the micrometer screw so that the initial reading is in the range of zero +/- 20 µm. After the measurement, for convenience, you substract some offset value, so as to set the displacement value exactly to zero at that point in time, where you have started the electrochemical cycle. **Groups:** ECD-3, ECD-3-nano --- ### [Can I use the provided borosilicate glass window with any lithium battery electrodes?](https://www.el-cell.com/faq/intelligente-frage-zum-produkt-2/) **Published:** March 10, 2016 **Author:** el-cell **Content:** Borosilicate glass is a good choice for all common cathode materials and also lithium titanate as the working electrode. However, some anode material such as lithium metal and lithiated graphite may react with the glass window forming greyish spots of elemental silicon on the glass surface. We therefore recommend using sapphire (Al2O3) windows with anode materials. **Groups:** ECC-Opto-Std --- ## Downloads ### [PAT-Cell-Gas Manual Download](https://www.el-cell.com/download/6610/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** September 6, 2019 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [ECC-Opto-10 Manual Download](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8987/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 17, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [EL-Software v3 Quick Start Guide](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11254/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** April 15, 2024 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Products brochure](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1374/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** March 24, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [PAT-Cell-Press II Manual](https://www.el-cell.com/download/12771/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** September 29, 2025 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Manual PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1659/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [ECD-4-nano setup and assembly 04-2026](https://www.el-cell.com/download/15035/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** April 24, 2026 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [EL-Software Release Windows](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9234/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** January 3, 2022 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [EL-Software Server Linux deb 1.1.53 Build 10716](https://www.el-cell.com/download/13050/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** November 25, 2025 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [EL-Software Server Debian Package V3 latest](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9626/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 6, 2022 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [EL-Software Win msi V3 latest](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10860/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** February 12, 2024 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [ECD-4-nano Data Sheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9423/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** March 11, 2022 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Cell Data-Sheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8923/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 1, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [ECD-4-nano manual](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10608/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** September 15, 2023 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Download_product_brochure_2026_Thumb_140x100](https://www.el-cell.com/download/14031/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** March 24, 2026 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Core Components Overview Sheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/5328/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 23, 2018 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Cell-Press Data sheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8979/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 15, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Cell-Gas Data Sheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9084/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** September 21, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Cell-Force Data Sheet 2026](https://www.el-cell.com/download/13579/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** January 22, 2026 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Cell-Solid Data Sheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/13729/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** February 4, 2026 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Manual ECC-Opto-Std](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1657/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [PAT-Cell-Gas-HT data sheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/12454/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 29, 2025 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Video EL-Software: New User Interface (Version 3, 12/2025)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/13217/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** December 18, 2025 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Dummy-Cell-I_test_Scripts](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9053/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** August 26, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [EL-Software tgz from v2 to v3 latest](https://www.el-cell.com/download/13052/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** November 25, 2025 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Upgrade auf latest V2 tgz](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10854/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** February 12, 2024 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [EL-Software Server Linux V2](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11200/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** April 4, 2024 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [ECC-Opto-10 Data sheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9075/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** September 9, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Manual PAT-Chamber-16](https://www.el-cell.com/download/4798/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** November 27, 2017 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Cell-Force_Manual](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10407/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 27, 2023 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Manual_PAT-Cell-Press](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3085/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 13, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [EL-CELL lab checklist and information sheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/7649/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 22, 2020 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Cell-Opto-10 Manual](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9000/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 22, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Manual PAT-Clamp-1 Download](https://www.el-cell.com/download/6702/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** October 8, 2019 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Terminal-1_Datasheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10209/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** February 9, 2023 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Tester-i-16 Data Sheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/5525/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** September 14, 2018 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Tester-x-8 Data Sheet Download](https://www.el-cell.com/download/7912/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** August 19, 2020 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Manual PAT-Terminal-1](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10312/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 26, 2023 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Channel-1 Manual](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8036/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** September 21, 2020 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Controller-8 Manual](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8032/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** September 21, 2020 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Tester-x-8 Manual](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8057/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** September 23, 2020 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Tester-i-16 Manual Download](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10882/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** February 22, 2024 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Manual PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/download/2799/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 29, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [EL-Cut Datasheet download](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11503/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 2, 2024 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Manual PAT-Stand-1](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1667/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Press Release SilKompas DE](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11295/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** April 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Press Release SilKompas EN](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11293/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** April 19, 2024 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [ECC-DEMS User Manual](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1557/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 6, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Manual ECC-Opto-Std-Aqu](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3488/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** October 20, 2016 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Press Release BisssFest DE](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11274/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** April 17, 2024 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Press Release Bissfest EN](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11272/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** April 17, 2024 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Press Release KenabArt EN](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11268/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** April 17, 2024 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Press Release Kenabart DE](https://www.el-cell.com/download/11265/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** April 17, 2024 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [EL-Software V2 Upgrade Manual](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10858/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** February 12, 2024 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Manual PAT-Connect-16](https://www.el-cell.com/download/4431/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 30, 2017 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [ECC-Opto-Std Data Sheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8982/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 15, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Cell-Force Datasheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9476/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** March 23, 2022 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Cell-Opto-10 data sheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8912/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 28, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Manual ECC-Air](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1653/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [PAT-Cell-HT data sheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10804/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** December 20, 2023 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [EL-Software Manual](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8043/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** September 21, 2020 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [ECC-LiPunch Cleaning Instructions](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10431/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 28, 2023 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Video: PAT-Cell-Force Assembly](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10410/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 27, 2023 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Appliance Manual PAT-Tester](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9389/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** February 15, 2022 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Press-Box Manual](https://www.el-cell.com/download/6965/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** November 20, 2019 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Manual EC-Link](https://www.el-cell.com/download/6692/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** October 7, 2019 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Manual_Ecc-Opto-Gas](https://www.el-cell.com/download/5052/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** March 8, 2018 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Manual PAT-Stand-1 U](https://www.el-cell.com/download/4884/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** January 3, 2018 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [ECC-Opto-Std_Potential-gradient](https://www.el-cell.com/download/4477/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 11, 2017 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Manual ECC-Press-DL](https://www.el-cell.com/download/4091/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** March 14, 2017 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Manual ECC-Air-Ni](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3242/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** August 29, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Manual_PAT-Press](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3082/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 13, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [App-note_PAT-Cell in PAT-Stand-1 with BioLogic VSP Potentiostat](https://www.el-cell.com/download/2895/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 1, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [AGB_de](https://www.el-cell.com/download/2892/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 1, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [AGB_en](https://www.el-cell.com/download/2890/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 1, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Manual EC-Link for PAT-Stand-16](https://www.el-cell.com/download/2627/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [PAT-Dummy-Cell I Manual](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9056/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** August 30, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [IMBAT Flyer](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8443/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** February 15, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [EN Decontamination Report](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8379/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** January 13, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [DE RMA Form](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8376/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** January 13, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [EN RMA Form](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8373/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** January 13, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Video: PAT-Core Basics: The lower plunger height (01/2021)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8339/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** January 7, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Introducing the PAT Battery Testers (Video)](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8144/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** November 2, 2020 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [ECD-3 Full Cell Kit Assembly Tutorial](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8012/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** September 11, 2020 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [App Note 2 Disassembly of the PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/download/7499/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 3, 2020 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [App Note 2 Too much lithium Assembly of the PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/download/7495/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 3, 2020 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [EL-Software: The Connection Matrix](https://www.el-cell.com/download/7410/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 6, 2020 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Heater-4 Quick Start Guide](https://www.el-cell.com/download/6971/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** December 3, 2019 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Manual Part Kit for Testing Single Crystals/Grains with the ECD-3 and ECD-3-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/download/2620/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Manual ECC-Ref](https://www.el-cell.com/download/2420/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 14, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Manual ECC-Aqu](https://www.el-cell.com/download/2104/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 2, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Manual ECC-Press-Air-DL](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1992/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 31, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [EL-Cut Manual](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1814/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 23, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Manual EC-Link for PAT-Press,ECD](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1812/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 23, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Manual ECC PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1669/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Manual PAT-Stand-4](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1665/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Manual PAT-Stand-16](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1663/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Manual ECC-Std](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1661/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Manual ECC-Opto-SBS](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1655/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Manual ECD-3-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1651/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Manual ECD-3](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1649/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [ECC-Ref Manual](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1647/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [ECC-Aqu Manual](https://www.el-cell.com/download/1645/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [EL-Software Quick Start Guide](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9214/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** December 17, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Video ECD-4-nano: Assembly procedures](https://www.el-cell.com/download/10055/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** January 2, 2023 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Video PAT-Cell-Opto-10 Assembly side-by-side setup](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9869/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** October 5, 2022 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Förderprojekt SilKompAs](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9838/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** September 8, 2022 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Video ECC-Opto-10 Assembly procedures Side-by-Side](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8993/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 17, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [ECD-3 Assembly and disassembly](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9383/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** February 10, 2022 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Video ECD-3 Full cell kit assembly](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9483/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** March 24, 2022 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Instructions_PAT-Stand-16_Cable disassembly](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9275/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** January 12, 2022 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Video ECC-Opto-10 Assembly face-to-face](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9145/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** October 25, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Video_PAT-Cell-Opto-10 Assembly face-to-face mode](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9139/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** October 25, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [PAT-Cell-Opto-10_Longterm cycling graphite vs lithium in face to face mode](https://www.el-cell.com/download/9105/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** September 30, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [ECD-3-nano Data Sheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8920/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 31, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [ECD-3 Data Sheet](https://www.el-cell.com/download/8916/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** May 31, 2021 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Video_Assembly of the ECC-Opto-Gas](https://www.el-cell.com/download/5064/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** March 13, 2018 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Video ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 1](https://www.el-cell.com/download/5152/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** April 4, 2018 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Video ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 2](https://www.el-cell.com/download/5154/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** April 4, 2018 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Video ECC-Opto-Std Assembly Mode 3](https://www.el-cell.com/download/5156/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** April 4, 2018 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Video_How to assemble PAT HT sleeves](https://www.el-cell.com/download/5026/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** February 27, 2018 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [ECC-Opto-Std_Graphite-vs-Lithium-side-by-side](https://www.el-cell.com/download/4615/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** October 12, 2017 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [ECC-Opto_Std_Graphit-vs-Lithium_Side by Side mp4](https://www.el-cell.com/download/4617/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** October 12, 2017 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Software EC-Link](https://www.el-cell.com/download/2636/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** June 21, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video ECC-Opto-Std_Mode3_Graphite-vs-LFP-with-LiRef](https://www.el-cell.com/download/5159/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** April 4, 2018 **Author:** Daniel --- ### [Video_Assembly ECD-3 nano dilatometer 720p](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3288/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** September 6, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video_Assembly ECD-3 nano dilatometer 1080p](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3256/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** September 6, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video ECC-CellLoad](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3211/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video ECC-StopRail](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3209/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video Howto EL-Cut](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3207/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video ECC-Opto-Std Assembly](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3205/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video ECC-Opto-Std Lithiation viz](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3203/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video ECC-PAT-Core 1280x720](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3201/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video PAT series Part 5 1280x720px](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3199/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video PAT series Part 5 1920x1080px](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3197/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video PAT Series Part 4 1280x720px](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3195/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [VIdeo PAT series Part 4 1920x1080](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3193/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video PAT Series Part 3 1280x720](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3189/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video PAT Series Part 2 1280x720](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3187/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video PAT Series Part 2 1920x1080](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3185/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video PAT-Series 1280x720 Part 1](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3183/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video PAT-Series 1920x1080 Part 1](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3181/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ### [Video PAT Series Part 3 1920x1080](https://www.el-cell.com/download/3191/?tmstv=1787065011) **Published:** July 18, 2016 **Author:** el-cell --- ## Categories ### [Allgemein](https://www.el-cell.com/category/allgemein/) --- ### [News](https://www.el-cell.com/category/news/) --- ### [ECC-Opto-Std](https://www.el-cell.com/category/ecc-opto-std/) --- ### [PAT-Tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/category/news/pat-tester-i-16/) --- ### [PAT Battery Tester](https://www.el-cell.com/category/pat-battery-tester/) --- ### [EL-Software](https://www.el-cell.com/category/el-software/) --- ### [PAT Series](https://www.el-cell.com/category/pat-series/) --- ### [PAT-Core](https://www.el-cell.com/category/pat-series/pat-core/) --- ### [Electrochemical DIlatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/category/electrochemical-dilatometer/) --- ### [Application Note](https://www.el-cell.com/category/application-note/) --- ### [Knowledge Base](https://www.el-cell.com/category/knowledge-base/) --- ### [PAT-Cell](https://www.el-cell.com/category/pat-series/pat-cell-pat-series/) --- ### [PAT-Cell-Solid](https://www.el-cell.com/category/pat-series/pat-cell-solid/) --- ### [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/category/pat-series/pat-cell-force/) --- ## Tags ### [pat-tester-i-16](https://www.el-cell.com/tag/pat-tester-i-16/) --- ### [test case](https://www.el-cell.com/tag/test-case/) --- ### [pat-tester-x-8](https://www.el-cell.com/tag/pat-tester-x-8/) --- ### [pat-core](https://www.el-cell.com/tag/pat-core/) --- ### [el-software](https://www.el-cell.com/tag/el-software/) --- ### [pre-lithiation](https://www.el-cell.com/tag/pre-lithiation/) --- ### [Electrochemical dilatometer](https://www.el-cell.com/tag/electrochemical-dilatometer/) --- ### [PAT-Cell-Force](https://www.el-cell.com/tag/pat-cell-force/) --- ### [pat-cell](https://www.el-cell.com/tag/pat-cell/) --- ### [longterm testing](https://www.el-cell.com/tag/longterm-testing/) --- ### [ecc-opto-std](https://www.el-cell.com/tag/ecc-opto-std/) --- ### [LFP](https://www.el-cell.com/tag/lfp/) --- ### [reference electrode](https://www.el-cell.com/tag/reference-electrode/) --- ### [pat-cell-solid](https://www.el-cell.com/tag/pat-cell-solid/) --- ### [solid-state testing](https://www.el-cell.com/tag/solid-state-testing/) --- ## Groups ### [ECD-3](https://www.el-cell.com/group/ecd-3/) --- ### [ECC-Opto-Std](https://www.el-cell.com/group/ecc-opto-std/) --- ### [ECD-3-nano](https://www.el-cell.com/group/ecd-3-nano/) --- ### [PAT-Cell-Gas](https://www.el-cell.com/group/pat-cell-gas/) --- ### [PAT-Cell-Press](https://www.el-cell.com/group/pat-cell-press/) --- ### [ECC-LiPunch](https://www.el-cell.com/group/ecc-lipunch/) ---